TAP CHi KHOA HQC BHSP TPHCM S6 7(85) nim 20161
MQT SO Y TirdNG TiCH HQIP TRONG D^Y HQC TOAN dTIEU HQC
DUONG MINH THANH", TRLfONG THj THOY NGAN"
TOM T A T
Day hoc lich hap Id mot xu hudng tdt yiu trong dgy hoc hi$n dgi vd da dufc dp dung tir nhiiu ndm truac a cdc nudc phdt Iriin. Tuy nhien a Vi$t Nam, xu hudng nay con Mm mdi me. vdn dang duoc Iranh lugn vd dimg 6 mite khuyin khich dua vdo trong dgy hpc s phd Ihdng. trong do co dgy hoc mon Todn. Muc lieu cda bdi bdo ndy nhSm dS xuat mgt rf y tuang cu thi cho viec lich hop trong dgy hoc mon Todn a lieu hge
Tie khoa: day hoc tich hop, toan tieu hge, y tucmg day hoc.
ABSTRACT
Some integrated ideas in teaching primary math
Integrated teaching is an inevitable trend of modem leaching and has been applied in developed countries since many years. But in Vietnam, it is still quite new, still being discussed and encouraged to apply in leaching al schools, including in teaching math The objective of this paper is to propose some specific ideas for integrating in leaching primary math.
Keywords: integrated teaching, primary math, teaching idea.
1. GiM thi^u v8 d?y h9C tich hgrp
Bp Giao due va Dao tao da ban hanh Chuong ttinh giao due ph6 ttiong tong ttie nham phuc vu cho viec ddi mcri can ban, toan dien giao due va dao tao. Diem dgt pha ttong he flldng quan diSm cua chuang trinh chinh la nh4n manh vao tinh toan dien va tinh hai hoa gifta diic, tri, thl, mi voi muc tieu giao due la phiim chat, nSng luc cua hoc sinh; liy do lam can cil di chi d?o, giam sat va danh gia ch4t luong giao due. Chuong trinh con dua ra dugc nhieu quan di6m moi khac, vi du nhu "noi dung giao dye pho thong dam bao tinh gian, hien dai, ttiiSt thuc, thuc hanh, v jn dung kien thilc v4o th\ic tiln", "tjp ttnng day each hoc va ren luyen nang luc tu hge", "coi ttong ca day hge ti:eii lop va cac hojt dgng xa hgi, trai nghiem sang tao, tap dugt nghien cilu khoa hge" [1].
Chinh nhOng quan diSm moi nay la co so cho viec dua day hoc tich hop vao trong dinh huong xay dyng chuang ttinh cac mon hge, trong do co chuang trinh mon Toan.
Theo quan dilm ciia Bg Giao due va Dao tao, day hoc tich hgp la dinh hutag day hge giiip bgc sinh phat trien kha nang huy dgng tong hgip kiSn thilc, ki nang... thufic nhieu ITnh vuc khac nhau de giai quyet hieu qua c^c van de trong hoc tSp va ttong cugc s6ng, dugc thuc hien ngay trong qua trinh linh hgi tii thiic va ren luyen ki nSng; phit trien dugc nhung nang lire can thiet, nhat la nang lire giai quyet van de. Tinh tich hgp
* TS, Tnrd'ng Dgi hpc Su' phgm TPHCM; Email. [email protected]
~ GiSo ViSn, Jniimg Tilu hpc Nguyen Van TrSn, Binh ChSnh, TPHCM 28
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Duang Minh Thdnh va tgk
the hi^n qua s\r huy dong, k^t hop, lien he cac ygu t6 co lien quan vol nhau ciia nhi^u ITnh vuc de giai quySt co hiSu qua mgt vin d6 va thu£mg dat dugc nhi^u muc tiSu khac nhau'.
Toi day ta co thl d|it ra cau hoi nhu sau: T^i sao day hoc tich hgp la can thiSt trong chuong trinh giao due ph6 thong noi chung va chuong trinh giao due ph6 thong m6n Toan noi rieng?
Cau tra loi nSm a ch6 sir cin thilt cua day hge tich hgp trong viec hinh thanh nhiJng nang lire, nhGng hilu bilt mang tinh chit tdng hgp, lien nganh ciia hge sinh trong cugc song hien dai [4]; giup tang co hgi cho cic m6n hoc trong viSc dua th\rc hanh, van dung kien thuc vao thuc tien; tao m6i tnrong d6 xh chiic cac ho£it dgng xa hgi, hoat dgng trai nghiem sang tao va tap dugt nghien cuu khoa hoc; chuan bj cho ngiroi hge nhiing pham chat va nang luc de trcf thanh mgt cong dan tien bg trong xa hgi hien d^. Cu the hon, day hge tich hop giup hoc sinh:
Kit noi nhiing ki nang va kiln thiic tir nhieu Hnh vuc khac nhau, lien kit cac ngi dung cua cac mon hge, ket hgp giua kien thiic va thirc hanh, ket hgp voi kinh nghiem cua ban t h ^ khi hoat dgng trong va ngoai lop hge;
Ap dung kl nang va thuc hanh trong cac tinh huong khac nhau;
Sii dung nhieu quan diem hoac tham chi la nhiing quan diem mau thuan nhau de giai thich mgt v3n de trong nhihig ngu canh khac nhau. [3]
Ngoai ra, khi hge sinh dugc hoc nhiing ngi dung d^y hge tich hgp, cac em sg co CO hgi huy dong kiln thiic, kT nang tong hgp nhieu nganh, nhieu ITnh vuc nham hieu bilt vl thuc t l nhieu hon, giiip cac em co dugc nhOng trai nghiem thuc sir boi vi trong thl gioi thirc bSn ngoai lop hoc, m6t van de khong bao gio dugc giai quyet bang mgt ITnh vyc rieng le.
CJ phuong dien tdng quat, co 3 hinh thiic tich hgp: tich hap da mon (multidisciplinary integration), tich hgp lien mon (interdisciplinary integration) va tich hgp xuyen mon (transdisciplinary integration). Trong khuon kh6 bai bao, chiing toi khdng di sau vao viec phan tich cac hinh thiic tich hgp ve mat li luan ma chii yeu tap trung vao viec dl xuit nhOng y tudng tich hgp cy thl, phiu hgp thuc tl gi^o due d Viet Nam sao cho giao vien co thl nim bit va ap dung dugc.
d phuong dien cy thl hon, mdt sd hinh thiic day hge tich hgp da dugc de xuat d phothong [3]:
Trgn kiln thiic va kT nang tir nhung ITnh vuc khac nhau, vi du chiing ta tien hanh d^y hge tich hgp kiln thiic toan va kiln thiic khoa hge ty nhien blng each cho hge sinh do dac, tinh toan, th6ng ke, xii li sd li?u hoac I^p md hinh toan hoc dl giai quylt mgt vin dl cu thl thude ITnh vyc khoa hge ty nhien.
Dua li thuylt v^o trong cac hoat d^ng thyc hanh nhim ap dung, li giai ho^c dua ra kit li4n, vi dy hge sinh diing nhiing hieu bilt vl dg thlm thIu de giai thich nhung
TAP CHi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM S6 7(85) nim 2016 |
van dl liSn quan din viec giu nudc fl-ong djt, con de giai ttiich v4n dl 16n hon la hi^n i tugng xoi mon, hoc sinh co thl van dung them nhOng kiln thilc USn quan din dac diSm dia hinh, luang mua hay tham chi de cap din thoi quen canh t4c cua ngucri dan.
Giai quyet nhung vJn dl, nhung nhiem vu hoc tap doi hoi phai lam viec nhom, vl , du trong day hoc du an (project-based leaming), hoc sinh dugc phan thanh timg nhom- di thuc hien mgt du an hoc tap (co thl lam true tilp hoac dong vai). D6 cu tii6 ban, d06.
gia CO till xem them 6 Muc 2d).
Ap dung nhung kiln thiic, kT nang dugc hge trong mgt tinh hu6ng nao do vao viec giai quyet nhimg vin dl gap phai o mgt tinh hulng khac, vi du hoc sinh co the sft dung nhung kiln thiic hinh hge trong viec thilt kl nhihig mSu hinh trong mon Nghe thuat, hoac nhung hilu bilt vl bilu dl dl phan tich mite do thay doi cua lugng mua do dugc hang nam.
Nhimg nhiem vu hoc tap duoi hinh thiic lam bai lu&i nhim phan tich, tong hop dl thu dugc nhimg hilu bilt ve mgt vin dl nao do. Vi du hoc sinh vilt nhiing bai tong luan vl mgt giai doan lich sir, gidi ttiieu mgt kilu kiln tnic, mo ta dac tirung xa hgi cua mgt vung miln hoac tim hilu vl mgt nghi nghiep trong xa hgi.
2. Mot s6 y tirong tich hop trong thilt kl noi dung day hoc mon Toan & ti§u hoc Chuang fl-inh giao due phi thong ting thl da xac dinh nhimg nang luc toan hoc nhu sau: nang luc tinh toan, nSng luc tu duy toan hoc, nang luc giai quyet cac van de toan hge, nang lire mo hinh hoa toan hge, nang luc giao tilp toan hoc (noi, viet va bieu diin toan bgc), nang luc su dung cac cong cu, phuong tien hoc toan (dac biet la c6ng cu cong nghe thong tin va tinyin fliong); giiip hge sinh nhan bilt toan hoc nhu la mgt phuang tien mo ta va nghien cim flil giai hien thuc, la cong cu thuc hanh ilng dung trong hge tap cac mon bgc khac. Chung ta co thl nhan thiy rtog cac nang luc nay khong chi cin thilt trong mon Toan ma con trong cac mon hge khac, va sau do trcf thanh nhimg nang luc cin co cho mgt cong dan hien dai. Do do, phat triln cac nang lue toan hge khong nen chi dimg Iai trong viec djy-hgc mon Toan ma phai gan chiing vffi cac mon hpc khac cQng nhu dua chung vao trong cac boat dgng gan vol thuc tien. He thing nang luc toan hoc nay din din yeu ciu cip thilt cin ap dung day hge tich hop trong cac mon hoc, trong do co mon Toan.
Hien nay toan hoc ttong truong phi thong chi dimg chii yeu 6 mire cung cap kien thuc va ren kT nang giai toan. Ching ban bgc sinh ve dugc bilu dl va diing no de bieu diln cac si lieu ling vol kiln thiic dugc bgc trong mon hge. Tuy nhien, dieu ma chiing ta cin d^y cho hge sinh la hieu dugc nhimg bieu do xuat hien trong tinh huong thuc te bang ngay (khi do doi hoi hoc sinh phai co kiln thiic ting hgp, lien nganh); vi du biea dl xuit hien tren bao hoac tivi trong mgt phan tich du bao vl thai tilt (kiln tiiiic toan tich hgp v6i kiln thuc vl tu nhien), du bao vl gia ca (tich hgp giiia hilu bilt vl toin v6i hilu bilt vl kinh tl). Can thilt ban la day hge sinh sit dmg bilu dl nhu la mgt 30
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Dirirng Minh Thanh va tgk
cdng cu de phan tich dti lieu thu dugc qua mdt hoat ddng hoac nhiem vu hge tap dl rut ra dugc nhiing kit luan nao dd. Vi dy d MT, trong gid hge Toan d mdt ldp 9, hge sinh phan tich mgt loat cac do thi de tim kiem xu hudng trong thdi quen an udng cua ngudi MT va de xuit mgt sd md hinh y tl cdng cdng. Mdt vi du khac trong mdn Tilng Anh, hge sinh cung nhau thilt kl cac chiln dich van dgng (co su dung bilu dd) de thuc day dinh duong tdt hon trong cdng ddng co thu nhap thip, noi ma benh tilu dudng anh hudng den nhieu gia dinh. [6]
Dua tren cac ngi dung va hoat ddng day hge hien nay d tieu hge (day kien thiic va kl nang qua cac mdn hoc, td chiic hoat ddng ngoai gid len ldp, ren luyen nang khieu, sy sang tao va kha nang cam thu nghe thuat qua mdn Thii cdng - KT thuat va Am nhae, ren luyen the chat qua mdn The dye...), kSt hgp vdi viec tham khao cac tai lieu ve day hoc tich hgp va sach giao khoa cua mgt sd nudc, chiing tdi xin cu the hoa mdt sd y tudng tich hgp trong day hoc Toan d tilu hoc nhu sau:
a) Tich hop kien thuc todn vdo viec xdy dimg hoat dong thuc hdnh, quan sdt thuc te vd giao nhiem vu hoc tap
O cap tieu hge, giai doan dau cap la giai doan bat dau hinh thanh kien thiic va nhiing kT nang co ban. Ddi vdi giai doan nay, khdng de de cd the tich hgp da mon theo kieu hge sinh huy ddng kien thiic nhieu mdn hoc de giai quyet mot van de nao dd ma each thiic tich hgp chi nen dimg lai d miic do gin viec hge tap vdi vui choi; day kien thiic, kT nang thdng qua td chiic nhiing hoat ddng thuc hanh va quan sat thyc te. Vi du, d Singapore, khi hge ve tien, ve mat kien thiic va kT nang, chuong trinh Toan d Idp 1 quy dinh hge sinh hge each dem tien va giai toan cd ldi van mdt budc giai lien quan din cdng va trir tiln chi bang do la (hoac chi bang xu). Tuy nhien, chuong trinh Toan
&h nghi giao vien can td chiic them cho hge sinh tham gia vao hoat dgng giao tiep va chia se kinh nghiem mua sam, sau dd cho hoc sinh thyc hien cac hoat dgng quy ddi tiln, dung tiln dd choi de thuc hien hoat dgng mua sam gia lap. [8]
Ngoai ra, giai doan diu d p tieu hge cd the sir dyng each tich hgp theo kieu giao nhiem vy giai quylt mdt vin de cy the. Vi dy, hoc sinh tieu hoc dugc chia nhdm va tien hanh hogt ddng can do chieu cao, can n$ng de lam quen va thuc hanh vdi nhiing don vi do (ndi dung Do ludng trong chuong trinh Toan tieu hoc), sau dd tu van dinh duong cho cac bgn. Hoat ddng nay cd the kit hgp vdi hoat dgng len kl hoach dinh dudng cho ban thSn va cho ngudi than.
d giai doan cudi d p tieu hge, hoc sinh cd the quan sat thuc te de phat hien nhiing vin dl toan hge d miic do phiic tap hon, vi dy do dac dd dai cua re cay hoa de tinh toan xay dyng bin trdng hoa va de xuat mat dg trdng hoa hgp li; tien hanh thii nghiem trdng cay, ve bilu dd miic do tang trudng, tinh toan lugng nudc cin thilt dl cay phat trien tdt.
TAP CHi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM S6 7(85) nam 2016
b) Tich hap kiin thitc todn trong nhitng mon khoa hge khac hogc ngugc lgi' Dl CO till tich hgp kiln thirc toan trong nhttng mon hge khac hoac ngugc lai, m|t s6 nghien cuu (xem [3], [4] va [7]) ggi y ring: Nen tSp trung vao vi|c dua ra nhitag y tuong nhitag noi dung khac nhau xoay quanh mgt kh4i nifm toan hoc, chSng han tti day vi mot hinh hinh bgc, giao vien n6n xay dyng nhttng nOi dung ttiyc tien xoay quanh hinh do. Dl cu thl hon vl y tuong nay, chiing ta xem mOt so vi du duoi day:
Day hoc sinh nhan dien cac hinh hinh hge (tam gidc. hinh chO nh|t...) ttiong qua viec giai thich mgt si biln bao an toan giao thong; do d,c tinh toan chu vi, di6n tich va so sanh kich ttiuoc cac san thl thao khac nhau tiong git> the dye.
Djy vl ti s6 gin vol viec phan tich mli tuong quan giua cac lye lugng ttong mot tran danh lich sir; d^y vl ti le, ti s6, ti s6 phin tram co till lien kit vol kiln ttiiic ve ti 18 cic chit ttong khong khi, so sanh tic do, kich tiiuac cua mgt s6 loii vat hoac ket hop vdi nhimg kiln thiic xa hgi nhu ti le tang dan si, ti le gilng cay ttong cua mot dia phuong nao do.
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Dwong Minh Thanh va tgk
c) Tich hap kien thuc todn vdo trong hoat dong nghe thudt (thu cong mX thudt, dm nhqc, nghi thuat trinh dien)
Tich hgp nhiing kien thiic toan vao trong cac hogt ddng thilt kl mT thuat dang dugc nhilu giao vien tren the gidi su dung trong viec day hge, ngay tu ldp cudi bac mIm non din nhiing ldp dau cap tieu hge. 6 tieu hoc, hoc sinh thudng dugc giao thiet kl va trang tri mgt do vat gi dd cd sii dyng mgt sd hieu biet ve hinh hge, vi du thiet ke va trang tri mdt ten iiia hoac dau toa xe lua blng gily bia.
Ngugc lai giao vien day toan cd the cho hge sinh thyc hanh viec cat dan thii cdng dl qua dd day vl cac vin de toan hge: nhan dien hinh (tam giac, tii giac...), phan sd (thilt kl dai phan sd - fraction trip)...
Ddi vdi am nhae va cac mon nghe thuat trinh dien, giao vien cd the cho hoc sinh do dac lugng nudc thich hgp do vao chai nudc de tao ra nhiing ndt am, do dac va ty thilt kl mgt dyng cy am nhae nao dd, vi dy lam ken tir dng nudc, sau do trinh diln cho ca ldp xem. Ngoai ra viec do dac thiet ke cac mau quan ao phuc vy trinh dien thdi trang, do dac thilt kl san khiu phuc vy nhung hoat dgng trinh diln cung cin nhimg kien thiic ve toan.
d) Tich hop kien thuc todn trong viec day hoc du dn
Y tudng nay dugc the hien qua mdt vi du cy the da dugc thyc hien d MT nhu sau [5].
TAP CHi KHOA HQC BHSP TPHCM So 7(85) nim 2016 •
Trinh do: HS lop 4 Linh vu-c tich hop:
Khoa hoc tu nhien:
khoa hge Trai Dit Toan hoc: thu thap va phan tich dii ligu phep nhan, ti le, bilu do
Dgc/vilt: dgc hilu do lieu, thong tin thuat ngQ khoa hge, vilt bao cao
Giao tilp: hgp tac, lam viec nhom, thao luan y tuang v6i nguoi khac Muc tieu:
Hilu bilt vl tim quan ttgng ciia nuoc doi vai cugc song
Riit ra dugc nhung each thuc nhim nang cao chit lugng va bao tin tai nguyen nuac
Kilm tra dugc nhung tac dgng cua hoat dgng hing ngay len moi truong xung quanh
Nu-*c trong diri song cua chiing ta Hoc sinh 16p 4 ciing vdi giio vien 6 Shoreline School District, Bic Seattle, voi sy ho trg cua Dy an Homewaters, da true tilp tim hilu thyc tl su dyng m6c.
Diu tien, hge sinh dugc hge vl nhitag tinh chit cia nuoc, lugng nu6c duoc su dyng hing ngay va lugng nuoc roi ttiim vao dit. Hge sinh se tim hilu nhitag each dl giam lugng nudc dugc sOt dyng nhim myc dich bao tin nguIn tai nguyen nuoc. Cac hoat dflng se dien ra ttong cac toa nha hoac ngoai sSn tincmg, dong thoi hgC sinh se tiiyc hien nhung tinh toan va ve cac bieu do.
Giao vien se tfl chuc cho hge sinh di bg vao mgt ngay mua dl tim hilu vl nuoc tten bl mat va luu vyc. Hp nghien ciiu vl sy ttiim thiu qua nhitag kilu dit khac nhau. Hge sinh se do lugng nuoc dugc sir dyng ttong truang, tiln hanh cac cong viec kilm tta, do dac a nhOng dia dilm cu thl, dli chilu cac hoa dan sir dung nuoc. Sau khi co kit qua, hge sinh chia se chiing vol cgng ding trong truong hoc, bao gom b?n be, phy huynh va cac nha quan U. Culi cimg hpc sinh se de xuat nhttng y ttitag dl giam lugng nudc dang dugc su dyng.
Tham khao: http://www.homewalersproject.org Danh gia
Bai kiem tta Hoan thanh bai bao cao
ve dugc nhiing dfl thi thl hien rS lugng nuoc dugc sit dung tai truong hge
Kit qua thao luan voi cgng dflng tincmg hpc ve nhimg phat hien.
3. Kit qua nghien cihi
Trong phin nay chiing toi se trinh bay mflt nghien ciiu ngin da thuc hien o mot truang tilu hge tten dia ban TP Hi Chi Minh. Day la mflt truflng tilu bgc mcri dugc thanh lap o huyen Binh Chanh giap ranh voi Quan 8, la noi co chit lugng giao due cap tilu hpc fl muc trung binh cua Thanh phfl.
3.1. Thiit ki bai hoc
Dya tten y tuong a Muc 2a), chung tfli lya chpn mflt bai hge thuflc nfli dung h'lnh hge va tiln hanh tim kilm nhOng tinh huflng thuc tl dl hpc sinh co co hgi quan sat
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Duffng Minh Thdnh vd tgk
Tuy nhien, de phii hgp vdi dilu kian day hge d trudng tilu hoc, chiing tdi lya chgn each tiep can tinh hudng thyc tl thdng qua cac hinh anh dugc chyp cd sin tren intemet.
Viec nay dugc tiln hanh di dang hon khi cd su hd trg cua may tinh va tivi gin trong ldp hge.
Ket hgp vdi y tudng d Myc 2b), chiing toi thn kilm cac vi du thuc tl xoay quanh khai niem toan hoc xuit hien trong bai hge. 6 day, chiing tdi xSy dyng vi dy thyc tl, gan gui vdi tre tilu hge, cd tinh nhSn hda dl xay dyng thanh mgt cau chuyen hoan chinh theo hudng md ta mgt du an nhd va dugc gin vdi mdn Kl chuyen. Ngo^i ra, chiing tdi them mgt sd ylu td ml thuat: thilt kl, mau sic, chit lieu dl them phin sinh ddng nhung bd qua viec hge sinh true tilp thyc hien dy an do khdng cd dilu kien (chi quan sat dy an, thao luan, nhan xet). Nhim tSng them tinh chit tich hgp, chiing tdi tao them nhung tinh hudng gia dinh gin vdi sinh hoat hing ngay cila tre; kit qua bai day nhu sau:
Trinh do: HS lop 3 LTnh vuc tich hop:
Toan hge: Hinh hge (Hinh cho nhat va chu vi hinh chu nhat)
Ke chuyen: nghe ke chuyen, tra ldi cau hdi ve cac nhan v§t, danh gia cac tinh hudng cau chuyen.
Giao tiep: hgp tac, lam viec nhdm, thao luan y tudng voi ngudi khac
Giao dye dao diic, kT nang sdng: tinh ban, y thiic ca nhan trong cdng ddng.
Muc tieu:
Nhan dien diing hinh chii nhat
Tinh chu vi va ling dung each tinh chu vi de giai quylt mdt sd vin de don gian trong thyc tien cudc sdng
Hinh chtr nh^t va chu vi hinh chir nhat Noi dung bai hge
Giao vien ke mgt cau chuyen ve 3 ngudi ban than la De, Heo, Ga ciing xay mdt can nha mdi de sdng chung. Giao vien minh hga blng hinh anh ciia mgt ngdi nha va mgt sd vat dung cd hinh chit nhat. Hoc sinh lam viec nhdm de liet ke them nhung vat dung khac cd hinh chii nhat. Trong cau chuyen se cd tinh hudng Heo xe manh gd khdng phai hinh chii nhat va hge sinh se neu y kien giiip Heo xe diing manh gd hinh chij nhat, mdt tinh hudng khac la can tinh toan sd thanh gd, chieu dai, chieu rdng mdi thanh de hoan thanh mdt cai giudng. Chu vi hinh chii nhat se Idng vao doan truyen tinh toan khudn banh dl lam banh quy cho btra tiec an mimg nha mdi va lam hang rao kin cho manh vudn. Ket thiic cau chuyen la bai hoc vl tinh ban, vl sy xin ldi, vl y thirc ca nhan khi De, Heo, Ga sdng chung da sua ddi nhimg tat xlu ciia ban than.
Danh gia
Hinh thiic hdi dap: tra ldi cau hdi vl cac vat dung trong gia dinh, cau hdi ve dac diem hinh chit nhat, each tinh chu vi va ap dyng trong cac tinh hudng ciia cau chuyen.
TAP CHi KHOA HQC BHSP TPHCM Sd 7(85) n&m 2016-
• Hilu them ve tinh ban, y thttc ca nhan khi song ttong cgng dong.
L
• Hge sinh phat bilu y kiln ve cau chuySn, tu nhan xet nhttng t jt xiu cua ban tiian va dua ra each dl cai thien. Hge sinh khac co thl bfl sung dl giup &6 ban lam tflt hon.
3.2. Cdch thitc tiin hanh
Dl danh gia hieu qua cua tilt day, dya vao myc tieu bai hge dugc flitt nghiem Chung tfli tiln hanh xay dyng bai danh gia vl muc dfl nSm vung kien fliuc, kl mng cua hpc sinh. Nhitag danh gia khac vl thai dp, mttc dp httng thu, kha nang giao tiep, mttc dp nhan thuc vl khia canh dao due, kl nang sing cua hpc sinh cttng nhu danh gia cua giao vien vl tilt day se dugc chiing tfli trinh bay a mflt bai bao khac.
Chung tfli tiln hanh day thtt nghiem o mflt lop 3 co ttinh dp tinng binh ttong unong tilu hge rli so sanh voi mgt lop dli chung, kit qua thu dugc co sy chenh lech chung to hieu qua cua tilt day tich hgp. Tuy nhien, kit qua chenh l?ch nay hoan toan CO till dy doan dugc nen chung toi khflng di sau vao viec so sanh kit qua cua hai ldp.
Thay vao do chung toi se tap trung vao viec phan tich y tudng tich hgp dugc stt dung ttong ttiilt kl tilt day hge (da dugc ttinh bay ttong Myc 3.1) kit hgp vdi viec phan tich mflt vai kit qua chttng td tinh chit kha ttii cua y ttidng khi ap dung cung nhu nhung khd khan cua bgc sinh khi van dung kiln thuc vao viec giai quylt cac bai toan fliyc te.
Ldp thu nghiem (Ldp A - co tilt day tich hgp): 33 hpc sinh (HS)
• Ldp doi chimg (Ldp B - khflng co tilt day tich hap): 33 hge sinh (HS) Bai danh gia gflm 4 cau:
Cau 1: Nhan dien hinh chu nhat
Cau 2, 3: Tinh chu vi hinh chu nhat khi bilt chilu dai va chilu rflng Cau 4: CTng dung tinh chu vi vao bai toan thyc tl
0 Cau 1, chung toi thilt kl hinh dua theo cac cip dp tu duy hinh hpc do Van Hiele dua ra (xem them tai liSu [2]) va cho hpc sinh to mau de nhan dien.
36
TAP CHl KHOA HQC BHSP TPHCM Dittnig Minh Thanh vd tgk
Hinh 1. Nhdn dien hinh chit nhdt
Cau 2 va 3 chi la hai bai tap don gian tinh chu vi manh dat va bttc ttanh hinh chtt nhat khi biet chieu dai va chieu rflng cua chung. Rieng Cau 4, chung toi dua mttc dp khd hon, yeu cau hpc sinh tinh tong chieu dai hang rao cin xay (khong tinh cong) thong qua hinh anh minh hga kem so lieu.
Hinh 2. Tinh chieu dai hdng rdo cdn xdy 3.3. Mot s6 kit qua th^ nghiem
Sfl lieu phan tich ttt kit qua thuc nghiem kha nhilu, bao gflm phan rich bai lim, each lam, tung loi sai cua bgc sinh. Tuy nhien, chung tfli chi ttinh bay mot sfl ket qua dang chtt y, tap tinng vao kT nang nhan dien hinh va ap dung rinh chu vi vao bai toan thyc tl. Viec dl hai ldp tiiyc nghiem va dli chttng ttong cac bang khflng nham muc dich so sanh ma chi dl doc gia co cai nhin tong quan hon vl nghifln cuu cua chung tfli.
Cu thl nhu sau:
TAP CHi KHOA HQC BHSP TPHCM
LdpA ,
"LdpB
Bane 1. Ti le ldi sai cua hoc sinh theo cdu Caul
"42,4"
Can 2 21,2..'^
18,2
Can 3
36,4
SS 7(85) nim 2^
(%)
Can 4
87,9 1 Bang 1 ttinh bay cac si lieu tflng quan cua bai danh gia. Kit qua nay mjc du chuai du dl kit lu$n hiflu qua cua day hpc tich hgp cao ban so vdi d?y hpc thflng tiiuong;
nhung cho thiy ring d?y hpc tich hgp ed thl ap dyng dugc. ' I Bang 2. Thdng ke ldi sai cua hoc sinh trong nhdn dien hinh chu nhgt a Cdu 1
L8i sai 11 va 14 Iii hen 15 vii 16 la hen 17 la hen
LdpA :., 6 ...,,, . , O- ^1 ^ ' Ldp B 4 6 3 17
6 Bang 2, chung tfli chi thflng ke nhOng Ifli sai cho nhitag hinh "gin giflng hinh cha nhat", khong thflng ke Ifli sai doi vdi Hinh 1 vi 100% hpc sinh d ca hai ldp deu khflng chgn Hinh 1 la hinh chtt nhat. Dilu dd la hgp li va cd thfl li giai vi hge sinh Idp 3 chua thl dat dugc cip do 3 ttong 5 cip do tu duy hinh hge cua Van Hiele (d cap do 3, bgc sinh cd thl hilu hinh vuflng la mgt tindng hgp rieng ctta hinh chtt nhat, cip dfl nay chi dat dugc dli vdi hge sinh trung hge co sd, xem [2]). Kit qua cho thiy bgc sinh d c4 hai ldp diu nhim lln hinh binh hanh cd sfl do gdc gan bing 90° la hinh chu nhat.
Bdng 3. ThSng ke hoc sinh soi khi dp dung cong Ihitc tinh chu vi d Cdu 4 (%) , K. Tinh diine chu vi manh vircm , x. . . . . . _ .... „,.„
Loisai . . . . ... . ,..1 ji-u- • Loi sai khac hoac khong lam nhimg khong tmh dirge chieu dai hang rao ; LdpA 36,4 24,2 ;z
LdpB 30,3 57,6
Ket qua d Bang 3 cho thay, dfli vdi viec ap dung cflng thttc tinh chu vi vao giai quylt bai toan trong thuc tl cuoc sing, hoc sinh d ca hai ldp diu gap khd khan, sfl hpc sinh lam sai kha cao: ldp A (20 hge sinh; 60,6%), ldp B (29 hge sinh; 87,9%). Dilu do cho thSy kl nang van dyng vao thyc te cua hge sinh hien nay vSn kha ylu. Kit qua niy phtt hgp vdi kit qua khao sat nang luc ctta hpc sinh tilu hge Viet Nam cua PASEC' cong bfl nam 2014.
38
T^P CHl KHOA HQC OHSP TPHCM Dirong Minh Thanh vi tgk
4. Kit lu|n
Day hoc tich hgp mjc du khflng phai la mflt y tudng day hoc mdi nhimg dl ap dyng vao thyc tl djiy hge d Vi?t Nam thi cin phai cd nhung nghien cttu dl chttng minh su kha thi va tinh hiflu qua. Muln nhu vSy, ben canh nhitag phSn tich dl lam ro khai niem day hoc tich hgp cdn phai xay dung nhttng y tudng day hpc tich hgp cy the di kem vdi nhitag tilt d?y thtt nghiem.
Mgt dilu chtt y ring, ttong qua ttinh ap dyng day hge tich hgp chttng ta cin hilu day hoc tich hgp khflng ehi don gian la su pha tron cac npi dimg mfln hge dl cho tilt hpc sinh dgng ma cin hudng tdi myc dich ding sau viec tich hgp, do la su hilu bilt lien nganh. Veronica Boix Mansilla cung vdi Howard Gardner, dflng sang ISp dy an nghien cttu Hen nganh tai Project Zero - nhan manh rang: "Khi hge sinh cd the cttng luc stt dung cac khai niem, phuang phap, hoac cac ngdn ngtt tu hai hoac nhieu nganh, nhieu chuyen mfln de giai thich mgt hi^n tugng, giai quyet mflt van de, tao ra mflt san pham, hojc dat ra mgt cau hfli mdi thi do ehinh la su hilu bilt lien nganh" [4].
Mot sfl nha giao dye con khuyin cao ring: Ap dung day hge tich hgp khflng dflng nghTa vdi viec tu bd cac y tudng day hge khac, trong do co day hpc don mfln. Mfli mfln hpc vin cd nhitag cau hoi va cac phuong phap rieng cua minh dl md rflng kiln thttc. Mgt nha khoa hge ty nhien se theo each tilp can cua gia thuylt, thtt nghiem va phan tich dl tim ra nhttng gi 14 su that, trong khi mflt nha stt hge danh gia nguIn tu lieu dl di din mgt giai thich, bien minh cho nhitag sy kien ttong qua khtt. Cttng nhu the, mot ngh? SI va mgt nha toan hge s5 giai quylt vin dl theo nhilu each khac nhau. Do do, mgt nIn tang chuyen mfln cho mfli mfln hpc van thyc sy can thiet trudc khi mufln yeu ciu hoc sinh kit nli kiln flittc, kT nang gitta cac nganh [7].
' Quan dilm niy dugc lanh dao cua Bp GiAo due vi Dao tao thl hien qua nhCng phat bilu tren cac phuong
ti^n thdng tin dai chiing. . . .
^ (3 day khii ni#m "m6n hpc" chi mang tinh chat tuong d6i, c6 the hieu rOng hon la nganh, ITnh vuc hojc c6 thl higu h?p hon la mpt chii M nao dd tuong dli dOc lap.
' PASEC la vilt tat cua Chuong h-inh phan tich h? thing giao dye cua Hpi nghj BO truong Giao due eac nu6c sir dpng tilng Phap, dupe thanh l^p nam 1991.
TAP CHl KHOA HQC BHSP TPHCM ^ 7(85) Ham i
TAX LI|:U THAM KHAO .V.- 1. Bg Giao due va Dao t»o (2015), Chuang trinh gida dycphS thdng tdng thi (T«lt?
chuong ttinh giao dye pho tiiflng mdi). J . 2. Hiele, V. & Piem, M. (1984), A Child's Thought and Geometry, Nation^ Schgfr'
Foundation, Washington D.C. Vl® \\\\
3. Huber, M. T., Hutchings, P. & Gale, R. (2005), Integrative Leaming for Lib^^\\\\
Wucarton, peerReview, Summer/Fall 2005, Vol. 7, No. 4.
4 Nikitina, S. (2002), Three strategies for interdisciplinary teaching: Contextuglizj^:
conceptualizing and problem-solving Cambridge, MA: Harvard Graduate SchooJ!f
Education. ,r 5. http://www.edutopia.org/integraled-studies-history jil^;;;;
6. http://www.interdisciplinarysludiespz.org/index.html ^*
7. http://your.kingcounly.gov
8. i,ttp://www.moe.govsg/education/syllabuses/sciences/files/maths-primary-2013.pdf (Ngiy Tda sosn nli$n iiigc bii: 16-3-2016: ngiy phin biin dinh gii: 15-4-2016:
ngiy chip nh$n ding: 22-7-2016)
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