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TIlP CAN i HiNH OAO TAO GIAD Villi TRIN i Gim VAODAOTAOGiAOVilNllVifTIIAMHifNNAY
Q TS. N G U Y E N X U A N T H A N H - ThS, VO TH| M A I H U O N G '
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p n g bd'l cdnh cOa nln kinh t l h-l thi/c (KITT) vd qud trinh h$l nh$p q u ^ t l , ddo tgo gido vlSn ( O I G V ) dang cd nhffng budc djch chuyin ddng k l d l cd t h l cung cd'p cho xd hdl nguSn nhdn IK/C chd't lugng cao. Xu t h l d}ch chuyin chung cOa h6u h i t cdc quie glo tr&n i h l gidl dang cd nhCtng hfic dgng nhd't djnh d i n si/iioy d^l cOa n l n su phgm (SP) Vl#t Nam. Gido di/c su phgm (GDSPJ nude ta dang cti>ng trudc thdi CO vd thdch thue to Idn ddl hdl phdi cd nhi/ng budc chuyin djch cho phu hgp.
1 . Xu i h ^ phdt h-l^n cOa md hinh DTGV trdn thlgk^l
i ; Md hinh GDSP *dlnh hudng' hay md hinh tckfn", «don nhit". Ddy Id md hinh DTGV do cdc hpc vlin SP, cdc trudng SP ddc ldp ddm nhdn,
^joc ra ddl sdm nhd't vd cd tinh phS qudt h-en phgm vi lodn th^ gldi. D$c dllm cua md hinh nay Id Knh djnh hudng dupc xdc djnh hvdc, to rdng (ngudi hpc dupc djnh hudng trudc se h-d ihdnh GV), t h l hl^n d nhChig uu dllm sou: - Tinh k l hogch trong OT r5 rdng, nhd nude kllm sodt vd dllu chinh duge k l hogch DTGV v l mdl so lugng; - Cd tfil kit hpp mgt each chdt chS giiJa cde ngdnh khoa hgc co bdn vd khoa hpc GD trong qud hinh DT; - Cd d l l u kiSn thu$n k^l d l hinh ihdnh vd cung co tinh cdm nghl nghlip cho sinh vlSn (SV).
Tuy nhlSn md hinh ndy cDng b$c 1$ m^t so mdt hgn chi: - COng h^ng mpt khodng thdi gian hpc tgp nhv nhau, nhung SV SP phdl ddnh mgt lugng thdi glan d l hpc v l NVSP, n3n mdt bdng k l ^ ihik khoo hpc co bdn vd h'inh d$ hpc thudt cOa SV nhin chung thdp hon so vdl SV cdc h^rdng DH td'ng hgp; - Xudt phdt h> nhl^m vy chO y i u cOa cdc trudng DH SP Id DTGV nSn v l ^ nghlSn PJIU khoa hoc chua duge col trgng vd ddu Kr thdo
ddng; - Cdc trudng DH SP ft cd mil llSn h§ vdl cdc trudng DH, cdc coquan khoa hgc khdc ngodl SP d h'ong nude vd t h l gldl.
2) Md hinh GDSP icphi dfnh hudng' hay md hinh <cmd'. Theo md hinh ndy, DTGV khong phdi do cdc trudng DH SP ddc l$p ddm nhgn md do nhllu trudng DH, chu y i u Id DH tdng hgp ddm nhdn. U ddy, ngudi hgc s8 khdng djnh hudng trude s@ h'd thdnh GV md sou khi hodn thdnh bde DH, nhffng ngudi chgn nghl GV s3 tlep h^c duge DT ve khoa hpc SP.
Md hinh ndy cd mdt sd uu dllm nhu: Thdi gian hpe tdp, nghign cuu khoo hgc co bdn nhleu hem, do dd kiln thiJC khoo hpc, h"lnh dp hpc thu^t cOa SV vffng chdc hon vd khi ra trudng SV cd nhllu CO hgl v l ^ Idm hon. Bgn cgnh dd, cung cdn mdt sd hgn chi: khd kit hgp DT ehuyen mdn vd hudn luySn NVSP; khdng thudn loi cho vigc GD tinh cdm nghe nghlip; Nhd nude gdp khd khdn h'ong klem sodt vd dllu chinh ke hogch DTGV v l sd lupng.
3) Md hinh GDSP *hSn hgp', (kit hgp hai md hinh ndi IrSn). Sau Chlln franh the gldl thu II, nhleu nude Au - MTdd ndng cd'p cdc hrudng SP l§n bgc DH (xdo bd h3 hung hgc SP), dong ihdl hgp nhdt mgt sd* hvdng DH SP vdo DH long hgp.
Ben cgnh dd, von duy Iri cdc trudng DH SP ddc ldp, hinh thdnh md hinh GDSP «h5n hgp". Hlfn nay, cde nude phdt trlln Au - M l da hodn todn thi/c hi$n theo md hinh «phl dinh hudng"; cdc nude cd nln kinh 1^ hrong ddl phdl h-len d Ddng Au vd chdu A do chuyin song gial dopn thi/e hlen md hinh hon hgp; cdn phdn Idn cdc nude dang phdt h-lln vSn duy tr\ hi thdng hvdng SP ddc lgp, tuy nhlSn, bdt dau cd xu hudng ede hvdng DH ngodl khdl SP thorn gla DTGV.
* Tnflliig fi^i hQC stf pli^ni Ha N$i
I^Ghi Glao due so 2 9 6 (in a - lo/aoia)
Xu t h l cua DTGV trdn the gldl hl^n nay Id sv c h u y i n dich h> md hinh djnh hudng song md hinh phi dfnh hudng. Tuy nhlfin, muc d d c h u y i n ddl cdn hjy t h u ^ vdo d l l u kl§n kinh t l • xd hdt cua mdl qud'c gla.
2 . Thi/c h-gng md hinh DTGV d V l | t N a m M d hinh DTGV t r u y i n thd'ng cuo Vl^f N a m t ^ p t r u n g t r o n g c d c t r u d n g chuySn D T G V (trudng/khoa SP). G d n ddy, d d xud't hl^n DT n g h l day hgc khi ngudi hpc d d c6 bdng cu nhdn cdc ngdnh khdc (hpl Trudng DH G i d o dye vd D H Q G Hd N$l). Si/ xudt h l | n vd dupc cdng nhdn cua Trudng DH G i d o dye cho thd'y, cdn llnh hopt hon trong DTGV vd vl$e tdn tgl song song hal md htnh trfin Id khd phu h p p vdl Vl^t N a m , t l l n hfrl tung budc ehuyin tu md hinh dinh hudng sang md hinh phi djnh h u d n g .
Thi/c t i d nude to hl§n noy, cdc trudng mong t i n SP cung khong chi DTGV (2 h-udng DH trpng d l l m nhu DHSP Ha Ndl vd DHSP TP. Hd Chi Minh cung DT do ngdnh, da linh vi/c); ehl nhung trudng SP trong cdc DH vCing, DH qudc glo vd cdc khoo SP h-ong cdc frudng DH mdl chuySn DTGV. Khdc vd! logi hinh DT 4 ndm nhu d hdu h i t cdc h-udng SP, d Trvdng DH Gido dye, md hinh 3 (hodc 4) + 1,5 ndm dang dupc h-lln khol DT d l dgy ede mdn khoo hpc co bdn, ddp ung nhu cdu gidng dgy 6 phd thdng. M d hinh ndy cd uu d l l m Id chi too ro nhung G V khi hpc da cd mgt klen thue chuydn mdn vffng vdng (cu nhdn chuy&n ngdnh da dupc DT 4-5 ndm). Tuy n h l i n , vdl nhung ngdnh ddl hdl k i n d n g SP n h l l u hon (GV mdm non, GV H I U hge, G V ehuySn v l tr6 khuyet tgt, GV Idm cdng tdc GD...) phdl dupc DT NVSP vdl thdi lupng Idn thi md hinh ndy khdng t h l d d p ung. Vi vdy, cdc h v d n g n i n chgn cdch t l l p nhgn cdc cu nhdn v l DT NVSP. Rling vdl cdc ngdnh hgc d^c thu cdn DT frong h v d n g / k h o a SP thi h j y I n SV ngoy h> ddu khdo hgc. Ngodl ra, nhffng ngudi cd bdng cu nhdn cde ngdnh khoa hgc khdc von cd myc t l i u dgy hgc d cdc ngdnh hpc ddc thu thi phdl theo hpc todn thdi glan (4 ndm}.
Tuy n h l i n , trong gial dogn ehuyen ddi dd GDSP Viet Nam ndl l i n mot so vdn de bdt cdp; - Trinh dd GV sou khi ra hvdng khdng ddng d i u (vi dupe DT d n h l l u mdl h-udng khdc nhau); - DTGV t h l i n
v l li thuylt nh? thyc hdnh, k i m trong v$n dyng;
- Cdc trudng SP ddc lOp ngdy cdng gdp n h l l u khd khdn trong DT (tinh cgnh hanh chua coo). Hon nOa, sd lugng ngudi ddng ki hong ede ki thl hjyIn ngdy edng gldm sut v l sd lupng vd chdt lupng.
3. M d t s d g l d l p h d p c h o c d n g tdc DTGV d Vl§t N a m hi$n nay
1) Thay dil/ndng cd'p chuong Irlnh DT.
Chuong h-inh DTGV phd thdng hl§n hdnh dang tin tgl n h l l u bdt cdp, chi tdp hvng DTGV dgy mdt hodc hoi mdn, khdng cd khd ndng dgy tfch hgp cho m ^ sd mdn cung tfnh vyc; mdf chu h'png k i l n thue vd kf ndng, ehuo col trgng DT ndng lye, Idm gldm khd ndng phdt h-lln nhonh cua GV trong thyc hin hogt ddng dgy hgc. Di gidl quylt nhung hit cdp h-in, cdn t6 chuc DTGV chdt lupng coo (Idp cu nhdn tdl ndng ho^c c h ^ lupng cao) theo chuong trinh mdl d l cd khd ndng dpy tfch hpp m^t sd mdn hpe cijng Ifnh vyc, Idm ndng cdt cho vl$c d l l mdt chuong h-inh ph6 thdng cua nude to trong gial dogn 2010- 2020. Dd Id gldl phdp huu h l i u frong v f ^ chudn bj m$t dn ngO GV do ndng, ddp ung y i u cdu ngudn nhdn lye cho vlic md rgng quy md tu thye, thu hep quy md cdng ldp h'ong edng cudc cdl cdch hdnh ehinh ddl vdi GD hl§n nay.
Ba lopl chuong h-inh c u nhdn DTGV dgy Kch hpp cd t h l dp dyng Id: Chuong trinh cO nhdn DTGV dgy tfch hgp cde mdn fdioa hgc tg nhlSn (ggl tdt Id Chuong trinh A ) ; Chuong trinh cunhdn DTGV dgy tfch hgp cdc mdn Ngogi ngu. Tin hgc vd Cdng ngh$ (Chuong trinh B) vd Chuong trinh cu nhdn DTGV dgy tfch hgp ede mdn khoa hgc xd hdl nhdn vdn {Chuong Wnh C). Cdc GV DT theo mdt trong ede chuong h-inh cu nhdn frin ed t h l d u n g Idp eho td't cd cdc kfrp cuo chuong h'inh phd thdng h> mau gido d i n kjrp 12.
Chucmg trinh c i i nhdn DTGV dgy h'ch hpp Id chuong trinh DT 4 ndm g d m 2 1 0 don vj hpc trinh {hodc 140 tfn chi) vdl khii klin thue ehung, khii klin thue ea bdn, khd'l klin thue ea sd cd't Idi vd khii klen thOc NVSP. Trong d d , K l i k i l n thue ehuyin mdn vdl n g h l i p vy Id 2 / 1 , h" l i «kTndng eung' vdl «kT ndng mim' Id 1 / 1 . N g u y i n l6c chung cuo v i i c thiet k l mdt chuong Wnh OT nin Id: cdc mdn hpc dupc module hdo thdnh cdc hpc phdn de cd the dffng chung eho n h l l u chucmg
Tap chi Glao due so 2 9 6 (k* a - io/aoia)
trinh vd d l ddng td chffc DT theo hpc e h l tin chi;
mdn hpc ndo khd h/ hgc thi cho nhleu g i d , mdn hpc ndo t y hpc duge thi b d trf It g i d ; t h i l t k l k i l n thi>c r§ng, cdt Idl sdu vffa du de cd t l l m ndng ty hpc, h/ phdt t r l l n . Cdc mdn hpe cdn cd chuong trinh ehl t i l t sogn kT vd ngdn hdng edu hdl h"dc nghlim, bdi tdp d l ddm bdo ehd't lupng, hl^u qud coo trong dpy vd hoc..
2) Md ring hgp tdc giffa cdc trudng SP Irong nude vdl khu vge vd quie ti. Hl$n noy, Vl?t Nam da cd Htip hil cde trudng DH {cd cdc trudng SP), ddng thdi, h>ng h-udng cDng da I l i n kit vdl cdc don vj nude ngodl d l ndng coo chd't jugng DT. Tuy n h l i n , cdn t h i l t ldp thdnh hi thdng d l cd mdl quon h§ chdt che hon nffo t r i n cdc mdt: Chuyin glao cdng nghi dgy hgc; /ipp tdc DTGV. Hon nffo, khi h§ thd'ng DT theo hpc e h l tin chi hodn thl^n, chung ta s i cd ddl ngu G V hrong lal dupe DT trong n h l l u mdl trudng cd chuyin mdn, nghlip vy vCrng vdng vd khd ndng thich ung vdl sy thoy doi cua hodn cdnh.
: 3) Hodn ihlSn DT theo md hinh «phl dinh hudng' trdn todn h$ thing GDSP. Hlin nay, md hinh GDSP d nude \a dong Id md hinh hdn hgp. Ngdy cdng cd nhleu trudng DH tham gia DTGV ben cgnh ede frudng DH SP dde ldp, cdc hudng SP dde ldp cung md t h i m nhffng md ngdnh ngodi SP. Vdl thyc t l d d , cdn t h i l t cd mdt quy c h i chung cho cdc h-udng trong DTGV thdng nhdt y l : chuong h'inh, ndl dung DT, chudn ddu ro cuo GV d l frdnh sy c h i n h l i c h , x u If phu hgp nhu cdu viic Idm cua ddl ngu dupc OT.
4) Trao quyin tg chO, Ig chlu Irdch nbldm cho ede ea s6 DT SP trong vl$c quyil dfnh chuong trinh, ndl dung DT, chd't lugng diu vdo vd diu ra. Gdn ddy, cde trudng SP {cd cdc hvdng SP hpng dllm) khdng cdn Id lya chgn hdng ddu trong cdc ki thl h j y I n sinh {so lupng ddng kf vdo trudng, ddc bl?t Id cdc khoa xd hdl ngdy cdng gldm mgnh); cdc hvdng SP vd cdc khoa DTGV trong cdc hvdng DH da ngdnh xudt h l i n 6 gt; co hoi vlic Idm, luong bdng cung nhu co hdl thdng tiln eua GV so vdt cdc ngdnh nghe khdc dong cd su chinh lech ngdy cdng to Idn... vi vdy, cdc h-udng can cho ddng h-ong DT, cdn mdt co c h i thdng nhdt d l ihllt ldp cdc mdi Ilin h i h> cdp hvng uong den
Tap chi Glao due so 2 9 6 (ki a • lo/aoia)
dja phuong d l cd mdt chlln lupc tdng t h l cho ngdnh SP. Do dd, cdn tgo cho cdc h-udng SP ed mdt eo e h l thdng thodng hon, d d Id: ty chu vd chju h-dch nhl^m trong lya chgn md hinh, con dudng phdt h'lin; h/ chO trong hjyln sinh, h-ong chuong h-lnh DT, kllm djnh ehd't lupng ddu vdo vd dciu ro;
cdn mdt quy djnh rd rdng cho sy phdt trlen cua ngdnh SP h'ong sy phdt t r l l n chung cOa GDDH h-dnh tinh h-gng DT h'dn Ion.
Cung vdl sy thoy ddl cOa n l n kinh t l trong nude, sy ehuyin 66i ddn trong cdch thue qudn li nhd nude v l GD cung nhu hfic dpng cuo qud h-inh khu vyc hod, qude t l hod, bOng nd v l khoa hpc cdng ngh^... cdng tdc DTGV d V l i t Nam dong h>ng bude cd sy thoy ddl. Tff md hinh trudng SP don nhdt, md hinh trudng DH SP hon hop dd hinh thdnh. Cde hvdng/khoa SP h-ong cdc trudng DH da ngdnh xudt h l i n ngdy cdng n h l l u . Tuy n h l i n , nhffng b l l n doi ndy Igi ddt ro nhllu vd'n vd'n d l . Vi vdy, chung to cdn ed hudng dl phCi hpp cho DTGV d V l i t Norn ddm bdo ed sy thdng nhdt v l trinh d d , du v l sd luong. •
Tdl li^u tham k h i o
1. Dinh Quang B i o . "Nghifin ciiu kinh nghi§m c4c nud'c vk di xuit mO hinh d i o tjo giao vifin phyc vy sy nghidp cOng nghidp h6a, hi$n d&i h(5a dit aa6c".
Ki yffu "Nghiin ciiu kinh nghi$m cdc nu&c vd di xudt md hinh ddo tgo gido viin ph^tc vii sit nghiSp cdng nghlip hda, hiin dgi hda ddtnit&c", H. 1993.
2. L6 Dijrc Nggc. "Nang cao ch^t luyng d i o tjio giAo vien phyc vy cho sy nghi$p cOng nghfp h6a, hi§n dgi h6a". ICi ytfu "Nghiin ciiu kinh nghi^m cdc nude vd di xudt md hinh ddo tgo gido viin ph^tc vii sifnghiip cdng nghlip hda, hiin dgi hda ddt nude". H. 1993.
3. Nguyfin Th^ Hthi. "C6 th^ thyc hi^n duc?c quyfin ti/
chu Ichi khOng c6 c3c quy&n d6". Ki ySu "Vdn di t\c cha, tit chfu trdch nhiim & cdc trudng dgi hoc vd cao ddng vat Nam", TP. H6 Chi Minh 2009.
SUMMARY
The authors Introduce several teacher training models In the world In relating to Vietnamese reality and propose several solutions to ihe work of teacher training In Viet Nam today, relating to the ^elds: train- ing curriculum, training cooperation, training man- agement..
