•NiHIEN •«*! U--'#ilA<l*»6l
TIM HI^U TU Tl/driQ H 6 CHf MIPiH
VE DAO TAO, BOI D U S N G CAN BQ LY LU^N CHINH TR|
Tiis. NG6 THI HAI ANH*
D
di ngfl can bd ly iuan chinh tri (CBLLCT) la mdt bd phan rit quaii trpng trong toan bd he thd'ng ddi ngu can bpcua Dang. Trii qua cac thdi ky each mang, ddi ngu CBLLCT da cd nhirng ddng gdp to ldn trong cdng tic tu tudng ly Iuan, cdng tac dio tao can bp cua Dang, gop phin truyin bi nhirng quan diim cua chu nghia Mic-Linin, tu tudng Ho Chi Minh va ehu tnrdng, dudng ldi ciia Ding, chinh sach, phap luat ciia Nha nude.Trudc sir bien doi nhanh chdng ciia thue tiln, trudc ylu ciu phat triin dit nude, dac biet trong diiu kiln nude ta chuyin sang nen kinh te thi trudng theo dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghia, diy manh cdng nghiep hoi, hiln dai hoi, hdi nhap kinh t l qud'c tl, nhilu vin dl mdi vl iy luta vi thuc tiin dupe dat ra, nhung chua cd giai dip thiu dio. Ddi ngfl CBLLCT dang bdc Id nhihig bat cap va thilu hut; cdng tic nghiin cim, giang day ly into chi'nh tri (LLCT) cdn nhieu ylu kem, han chl. Nghi qiiylt Hdi nghi lin thii nam Ban Chip iianh Trung uong khoi X nhan dinh: "Cdng tic ly luin cdn lac hSu trin mdt sd mat, chua dap ling dupe ddi hoi cua thuc tiin dang van ddng nhanh chdng, phong phii, phiic tap; chua giai dap dupe nhilu vi'n di do thuc tiln dit nude dat ra; chit lupng cic sin phim nghiin cihi khoa hoc ly luin chua cao; Iy iuan chua lam td't chiic nang dinh hudng
cho hoat ddng thuc tiin, cung cip co sd khoa hpc cho vile hoach dinh dudng ldi, chinh sach cua Ding, Nha nirdc"^ Trong cdng tac dao tao can bd, tinh trang Iy thuyl't sudng, giao diiu, xa rdi thuc tiln, thilu siic thuylt phuc... cdn nang ni vi Nghi quylt Trung Udng 5 khoa X cung chl ro; "Chuong trinh, ndi dung, phuong phap giio due 1^ Iuan ehfnh tri trong cic nhi trudng cham doi mdi, chua theo kip truih dd phat triin va ylu ciu cua xa hdi"^.
Cd nhilu nguyin nhan din din tinh trang trin ma mdt trong nhiing nguyin nhan dd la do cdng tac nghiin ciiu LLCT chua gin chat vdi thuc tiin va chit lupng dio tao ddi ngu CBLLCT chua cao. Nhilu bai giang, cdng trinh nghiin ciiu mang nang ti'nh 1^ luta sudng, giao diiu, kinh viln va sach vd, thiiu siic thuyet phuc...
Dac bilt, trinh dd LLCT cua mdt sd can bd, dang viln chua ngang tim vdi nhilm vu mdi, thi hiln d su nhan thirc cic quy luat khach quan va su van dung vao ddi sdng xa hdi cdn han chl. 'Tham chi, mdt bd phan CBLLCT cdn nhan thiic vi lianh ddng sai lich ddi vdi dudng ldi, chii truong ciia Dang va chinh sach, phip luit ciia Nha nude. Ro rang, cdng tic giao due ly Iuan chfnh tri (GDLLCT) cho ddi ngu can bd,
• Hpc vi#n Chtnh tr| - Hdnh chinh qudc gla Hd Chi ivilnh
TAP CHi QUAN Lt NHA NUdC - s6 198 (7-2012)
NGHIEN CLfU - TRAO DOI dang vien la mdt trong nhOng ylu td co
bin, quylt dinh din nang luc lanh dao va siic chil'n da'u ciia Dang trong cdng cude ddi mdi dit nude.
Nhu vay, GDLLCT cho cin bd, dang viln xua't phat tir quan diim coi frpng vai trd cua ly Iuan ddi vdi hoat ddng thuc tiin.
Ngay trong qui trinh sSng lap Dang, Chii tich Ho Chi Minh da dac bilt nhin manh den vai trd ciia ly Iuan. Ngudi chi ro:
"Khdng ed ly into each mang thi khdng cd phong trao cich mang. Chi cd mdt dang cd ly iuan tien phong hudng din tiii mdi cd thi lim trdn dupe vai trd chil'n sy tiln phong"3.
•Theo Hd Chi Minh, ly Iuan chi dao hinh ddng each mang eua Dang, vi "ly iuan li dem thuc t l trong lich si, trong kinh nghilm, trong cic cudc tranh diu, xem xet, so sanh that ky ludng rd rang, lam thanh kit Iuan. Rdi lai dem nd chiing minh vdi thuc tl. Dd la ly luta chan chinh'"^. Tliirc tiin chi rd ring: ly Iuan la su tdng ket nhiing kinh nghilm eua loai ngudi, la ting hop nhiing tri thiic vl tu nhien va xa hdi tfch trii lai trong qui trinh lich sir. Chinh vi tim quan trong ciia 1;?
Iuan nin trong nhilu bil vilt vl vai trd ly luin va GDLLCT eho can bd, dang viln, Hd Chf Minh diu nhin manli "Iy luSn rit quan trpng", ly Iuan rit cin thilt va "hpc tap ly Iuan la mdt su biic thilt ddi vdi Ding ta"
Can bd, dang viln hpc tap LLCT nhim trang bi he thdng Iuan diim each mang, khoa hpc, phuong phap Iuan biln chlhig, tvr dd nang cao giic ngd I^ tudng cich mang, cung cd nilm tin vao ehu nghia cdng sin bang cic Iuan cii khoa hpc, trang bi cdng cu nhin thirc nham giii qiwit ylu ciu thuc tiin thudng xuyin biln dii dat ra. Hd CJii Minh chi ro: "Cd hpc tip If luin Mac- Lenin mdi ciing cd dupe dao diic each mang, gifl viing lip trudng, nang cao su biiu bilt va trinh dd chfnh tri, mdi lam dupe tdt cdng tic Ding giao phd cho
minh"^.
Khi dl cap din vin dl Iy Iuan vi CBLLCT, H i Chf Minh khdng chi lilu rd muc dfch cia cdng tic GDLLCT, dio tao CBLLCT mi cdn chi rd, vile dio tao CBLLCT phai cd qui trinh, phai thuc hiln mdt cich bii bin, cin trpng, tit vile xic dinh ddi tupng, muc tilu, nhilm vu, tdi ndi dung, phupng phip, nguyin tic day vi hpc 1^ Iuan... 'Theo Ngudi, phii chu § din ddi tupng dupe dao tao, ddi tupng hpc, tir dd cd each giang giii cho phh hop. Ngudi ylu ciu, khi giang giii cho ngudi nghe, phii xem ngudi nghe la ai, phai "lira chpn ngudi day vi ngudi hpe eho cin than". Giing viln day ly Iuan phai thiu hieu trinh dp ngudi iipc di cd phuong phip truyin thu cho thich hpp. H6 Chf Minh chi'nh li tini guong miu muc dd'i vdi vin dl nay. Trong cudn "Dudng Kach minh", Ngudi nlu rd vl each vilt: "Sach nay mudn ndi cho vin tit, dl hilu, di nhd. Chac cd ngudi se chl rang van chuong cut quin. Vang! Day ndi vile gi thi ndi rit gian tien, mau min, chic chin nhu 2 lin 2 la 4, khdng td ve trang hoang gi ca... Sich nay ehi ao ude sao ddng bao xem rdi thi nghi lai, nghi roi thi tinh day, tinh rdi thi diing lin doan kit nhau ma lim cich minh. Van chuong va hy vpng sach nay ehi d trong hai chii: Caeh minh! Cich minh!! Cich minh!!!"*.
Hd Chl Minh eung phi binh vile dao tao, bdi dudng (DTBD) can bd mdt cich klidng thilt thuc do khdng chi y ddi tuong phil hpp. D'TBD CBLLCT phai tlieo trudng, ldp, cd bii ban, cd he thdng, tir thip din cao. Tuy nhiin, Ngudi can dan
"dimg md ldp lung tung". Trong Hdi ngiii huih luyin toan qudc lin thii nhit (thing 5/1950), Hd Chf Minh da chi ro nhOng ban chl ciia cdng tic DTBD can bd la: "Ldp ddng qui. Trinh dd khdng diu. Chuong trinh khdng sit... Ndi dung hpc tap chdng chlo"; tham chf ed tinh trang: "thieu giang viln, giing viln kem, ndi sai, cd hai cho ngudi hpc".
TAP CHi QUAN LY NHA N U 6 C - S 6 198 (7-2012)
NGHIEN CL/U-TRAO 001
Sau nam 1954, nhi6u can b6 cua trung uong, cua dia phuong, cac ng&nh duoc DTBD theo trudng \6p, tham chi c6n duoc DTBD b nu6c ngoai da b6 sung cho each mang mOt ddi ngu can bO hiing hSu. H6 thO'ng cac Icfp dao tao ciia Trudng Dang Nguyen Ai QuO'c tru6c day, nay Ik Hoc vien Chi'nh tri - Hanh chfnh quO'c gia H6 Chl Minh dong mfil vai tro hfi't siJc quan trpng d6'i vcfi c6ng tac DTBD CBLLCT cho Dang theo hinh thiic nay.
CBLLCT phai vCra dugc DTBD theo trudng Idfp, vira dugc ren luygn qua thuc ti6n. M6t trong nhung di san ly Iuan ma Ho Chl Minh de lai cho chung ta la tu tucJng ve su thong nha't giiJa ly Iuan va thuc ti^n nhu mot phuong phap co ban nham ngan ngCra, khac phuc benh kinh nghiem va benh giao dieu. CBLLCT cang phai tranh mSc can bSnh nay.
• Ve moi quan hfe gifla Iy Iuan va thuc tiln. Ho Chl Minh diing nhieu each di6n dat khac nhau: "Ly Iuan di dOi vdi thuc tien", "Ly Iuan k6't hgp v6i thuc hanh",
"Ly Iuan phai lien he vdi thuc te^'^. Dieu cdt loi nha't ma Ngudi mudn nha'n manh la:
"Thd'ng nha't giSa ly Iuan va thuc ti6n la mot nguyen tac can ban ciia chii nghia Mac-L6nin. Thuc ti6n khdng cd ly Iuan hudng dan thi thanh thuc tiSn mu quang.
Ly Iuan ma khdng cd Uen he vdi thuc tien la ly Iuan sudng"^. Thdng nha't giffa ly Iuan va thuc tien dugc Hd Chi Minh hi^u tren tinh thSn bien chiing: thuc tien c^n tdi ly Iuan soi dudng, dan dat, chi dao, hudng din, dinh hudng de khdng mdc phai benh kinh nghiem; cdn 1;^ Iuan phai dua tren co sd thuc ti6n, phan anh thuc tidn va phai ludn lien he vdi thuc tien, neu khdng se mac phai bdnh giao di^u. Nghia la thiic tien, ly Iuan bo sung cho nhau, Ngudi can bd lam cdng tac ly Iuan tdt cang phai cd thuc tiln.
Mudn thuc hiSn nguyen tac thdng nha't giQa Iy Iuan va thuc tien, khac phuc bdnh kinh nghiem, Hd Chf Minh cho rang, trudc
he't cdn khac phuc bSnh kem ly luSn, benh khinh l^' Iuan. Bdi le, k6m \f Iuan, khinh 1^
Iuan nha't dinh se dSn tdi benh kinh nghiem. Hon nfia, khdng cd ly Iuan thi trong hoat ddng thuc tiln ngudi ta dl chi dua vao kinh nghiem, d3n tdi tuyet ddi hoa kinh nghiem, cho kinh nghiem la y^u td quyfft dinh th^nh cdng trong hoat ddng thuc tiln. Thuc t^ cho tha'y, khdng ft can bd, dang vien "chi bo bo" gi5 l^y kinh nghiem le te. Hp khdng hi^u rang ly Iuan ra't quan trpng cho su thuc hanh each mang: "cd kinh nghiem ma khdng cd 1^
Iuan cung nhu mdt mat sang, mdt mat md"^. Va "1^ Iuan nhu cai kim chi nam, nd chl phuong hudng cho chiing ta trong cdng viec thuc t^. Khdng cd ly Iuan thi lung tling nhu nham mdt ma di''^*^. "Lam ma khdng cd ly Iuan thi khdng khac gi di md trong dem tdi, vira cham chap vtra hay va'p vap"'^ Lam md mim chinh la bi^u hien cua benh kinh nghiem. Kem ly Iuan, khinh ly Iuan khdng chl din tdi benh kinh nghiem ma cdn dan tdi benh giao dieu. Bdi le, do kem ly Iuan, khinh ly Iuan nen khdng hi^u thuc cha't ly Iuan, chi thudc cau cha Iy iuan va do dd cung khdng th^ hieu dugc ban ch^t su viec, vi vay, khdng van dung dugc Iy Iuan vao giai quy^t nhttng va'n dl thuc tiln mdi nay sinh. N^u cd van dung thi cung khdng sat thuc te', khdng phil hgp vdi thuc te'. Ngudi nhan dinh: "Ly iuan cd't d^ ap dung vao cdng viec thuc ti.
Ly Iuan ma khdng ap dung v^o cdng viec thuc t^ la 1^ Iuan sudng. Dii xem dugc hang ngan, hang van quy^n ly loan, n^u khdng bi^t dem ra thuc hanh, thi khac nao mdl cai hdm dung sach"^^ DQ ^5^ ^hi van dung ly Iuan vao thuc tiln phai xuait phat tir thuc tiln, phai phii hgp vdi diiu kien thuc tiln.
Nhu vay, theo Hd CM Minh, CBLLCT gidi, mdt mat, phai ra siic hpc tap, nang cao trinh dd ly Iuan cung nhu chuyen m6n nghiep vu; mat khac, phai cd phuong phip hgc tap diing dan, hgc di ddi vdi hanh. Day
TAP CHi QUAN L*^ NHA NUdC - s6 198 (7-2012)
NGHIEN C\JU • T R A O DOI
la mdt nguyen tic co bin va quan trong.
Ngudi chi rd: "Ly Iuan rit cin thilt, nhung neu cich hpc tap khdng dung thi se khdng cd kit qui. Do dd, trong luc hpc tap 1^
Iuan, chiing ta cin nhin manh: Iy iuan phai lien hi vdi thuc tl"l3. Ngudi ludn phi phin kiiu hpc thudc Idng chii nghia Mic-Lenin,
"hpc sich vd Mic-Llnin nhung khdng hoc tinh thin Mic-Ldnin". Dd la hpc theo kiiu
"muon nhiing ldi ciia Mic, Linin di lam eho ngudi ta lim lin". Di khac phuc tinh trang nay, Hd Chf Minh can dan, hoc tap chu nghla Mic-Llnin li "phai lipc tap tinh thin cua chu nghia Mic-Llnin; lipc tap lap trudng, quan diim vi phuong phip cua cliii nghia Mic-Llnin di ip dung lap ttudng, quan diim va phuong phap iy mi giai quyl't cho tdt nhihig vin dl thuc t l trong cdng tic cich mang cua chiing la"'^. Hpc tap chii nghia Mac-Ldnin la hpc tap cai tinh thin xir trf mpi vide, ddi vdi moi ngudi vi ddi vdi ban than minh, la hpc tap nhiing chan ly phi biln cua chii nghia Mac-Linin de ip dung mdt each sing tao vio hoan canh thuc te ciia nude ta. Hpc di mi lam.
Nhu vay, hpc tap chii nghia Mac-Lenin khdng phai vi chu nghia Mic-Llnin, cung khdng phai vi hpc tap thuin tuy, cang khdng phai hpc tap vi muc dfch ca nhan nhim cd cii de "mac ca" vdi t i chiic. Hpc tap trudc hit la di lam ngudi, rdi mdi lim cin bd va phung su T i qudc, nhan dan, giai cip. Cho nin, ngudi CBLLCT phii cd thii dp hpc tap ddng din. Ngudi cung luu y ring, khdng nin coi chii nghia Mic- Lenin Ii kinh thinh, la nhiing cdng thiic cd sin, ciing nhic. Cd nhu vay thi vile nghiin Cliu, hpc tap, van dung Iy Iuan chu nghia Mic-Llnin mdi cd hilu qui. Ding thdi, Ngudi cdn nhic nhd cin bd dang viln phii biet diing ly Iuan da hpc dupe di ting kit kinh nghilm thue tiin nhim nang cao hilu qua cdng lac. Ngudi nhi'n manh, "cin phai nghiin ciiu kinh nghilm cu di giilp cho thuc hinh mdi, lai dem thuc hanh mdi di phit triin kinh nghiem cu, lam cho nd diy
du ddi dio thlm"'5. Day ii biiu hiln sinh ddng cua vile quin trilt nguyin tic thdng nhit gitta ly iuan vi thue tiln 6 Hd Chf Minh.
CBLLCT phai vtta dupe dio tao d trudng ldp, phai vCta tu hpc, tu bdi dudng.
VI hlnh thilc nay, c6 ngudi cd kl hoach hin hoi, khdng qua trudng ldp, nhung cd y thiic hpc tap mpi liic, mpi nPi, nhit la qua ca nhihig thinh cdng vi qua ca nhttng thai bai trong cdng tac di riit ra nhttng bai hpc cho ban than minh. Trong ljch sir Ding ta da cd nhilu tim guong vl tu hpc tap ma tim gupng tilu biiu nhit la Chu tjch Hd Chf Minh. Ddi vdi Chu tich Hd Chi Minh, vile hpc tap khdng ehi d trudng, trong sich vd mi cdn hpe lin nhau va tu hpc cung rit hilu qua, hon nua, nhit djnh phai nang cao va hudng din viec tu hpc, phai ed tinh thin tu ddng hpe tap.
Trong DTBD CBLLCT, phii chu y hpc tap kithira nhttng kinh nghilm tdt trin tlil gidi, ddng thdi, phii thudng xuyen ting kit nhihig kinh nghilm hoat ddng cua Ding de bi sung vao kho tang ly Iuan Mac-Llnin.
Ngudi CBLLCT cin thudng xuyin
"hpc, hpc ntta, hoc mai". Hpc tap phai dupe coi li ylu ciu, la nhilm vu chi'nh thudng xuyin cua ngudi can bd ndi chung va can bd lim cdng tic LLCT ndi rilng. Vi vay, phii dii mdi, nang cao chit lupng, hilu qua cdng tic giing day va hpc tap ly Iuan. Thudng xuyin tong kit thuc tiin, bi sung, phit triin If Iuan, giai quylt diing din nhttng vin dl do cudc sd'ng dat ra.
Nang cao trinh dd LLCT, chit lupng nghien ciiu LLCT ciia Dang... Dii mdi cdng tic GDLLCT, tu tudng trong Dang, trudc hit cho ddi ngu cin bd lanh dao vi quan \f chii chdt cic ci'p. Dii mdi ndi dung, phupng phap hpc tap va giing day trong hi thdng trudng chfnh tri, nSng cao tfnh thilt thuc vi hilu qui ciia chuong trinh. Dd li nhttng giai phip hiiu hilu vi
TAP CHI QUAN LY NHA NUOC - SO 19S (7-2012)
NGHIEN CifU - TRAO 001
thilt thuc di nang cao nang luc lanh dao vi silc chiln diu ciia ddi ngu cin bd, ding vien. Dang khang dinh: mpi cin bO, ding vien, trudc hit li cac cin bd lanh dap chu chd't phai cd k l hoach thudng xuyin hpc tap, nang cao trinh dd LLCT, kiln thttc vi nang luc boat ddng thuc tiin. Hpc tap li nghia vu bit budc ddi vdi mpi cin bd, ding vien va phai dupe quy dinh Ihinh chl dd.
Ludi hpc tap, ludi suy nghT, khdng thudng xuyin tilp nhan nhihig thdng tin mdi, nhttng hiiu bilt mdi cung la bilu hiln ciia su thoai hoa.
Trong cdng tic dao tao, cin chii trpng nang cao chit lupng dao tao, cd nhilu hinh thiic tang cudng cho hpc viln nghiin ciru thuc tl, ngoai khoa, thio Iuan, tranh iuan.
CBLLCT cin tim hiiu ban chit ciia cic quan diem Mic-Llnin, vi phii ghi nhd ldi Chii tich Hd Chf Minh can dan: "Cic chi day cho can bp, dang viln va nhan dan vi chu nghia Mac-Llnin, chic cd nhilu ngudi thupc, nhung cac chii cd lim cho mpi ngudi hiiu chii nghia Mac-Llnin li thi nio khdng? Theo Bac, hiiu chii nghia Mic- Lenin tile la cich mang phan cdng cho viec gi, lam Chu tich nude hay ni'u an, diu phii lim trdn nhilm vu. Khdng nin dao tao ra nhirng con ngudi thudc sich liu Iau, cu Mac ndi thi nay, cu Lenin ndi thi kia, nhung nhilm vu cua minh dupe giao quel nha lai de cho nha diy rac... Hiiu chu nghia Mic-Llnin la phai sdng vdi nhau cd tinh cd nghia. Nlu thudc bao nhilu sich ma sdng khdng cd tinh cd nghia thi sao gpi la hieu chii nghia Mac-Llnin duoc"^^.
Dao tao CBLLCT cung cin phai ren cho can bd dtte tfnh khilm tdn, khdng tu phu, tu man, phai tu giic, khdng ngai khd, ngai kho. "Theo Ho Chf Minh, phai "nlu cao tic phong ddc lap suy nghT vi tu do tu tudng.
Dpc tai lieu thi phai dio siu hiiu ky, khdng tin mdt each mil quang tittig cau mdt trong sach, cd vin dl chua thdng suit thi manh dan di ra va thio Iuan cho vd le.
Ddi vdi bit ett vin di gi diu phai dit cau hdi "vl sao?", diu phai suy nghT ky cing xem nd cd hpp vdi thuc t l khdng, cd that \i dfing If khdng, tuylt ddi khdng nin nham mit tuin theo sich vd mOt each xuli chiiu. Phii suy nghT chfn chin"'^.
Hiln nay, vdi su phat triin cua nin kinli t l tri thiic, ngiy cing cd nhliu cic hi thiic mdi, ki ci nhttng tri thiic If luin Mac- Llnin hiln dai, ngiy cing cd nhilu mdn khoa hpc liln nginh, da nginh thi trong cdng tic dio tao CBLLCT, cin gidi thilu nhttng vin di co ban, nhttng phuong phip hpc tap, nghiin cliu mdi cho hpc viln M hp tim dpc tii lilu cin thilt, md mang kiln thiic. Phai tao diiu kiln tdt nhit cho hgc viln nghiin cliu, dio siu suy nghT, tranh iuan, thao Iuan xir Iy tinh hudng, kit hop hpc tap ly Iuan va thuc tiin. Mdn hoc LLCT dupe coi li mdn hpc khd nin cjn phai nghiin cfiu vi ap dung phuong phap day vi hpc cho phil hpp.
Hem bao gid hit, quan diem ciia Hi Chi Minh vl dio tao CBLLCT ngay cang co J nghTa hit stte to Idn trong tinh hinh hiln nay, nhit la khi chung ta dang budc viio thdi kf diy manh su nghilp cdng nghilp hoi, hiln dai hoi dit nudci^
Chii thich:
1,2. Dang COng san Viet Nam. Vdn kiliiHM nghi ldn IhiJf ndm Ban Chdp hdnh Trung Udng Ddng khod X H. NXB Chinh tri qutfc gia, 2007, tt. 36, 37.
3, 8,13,15,17. HiS Chi Mmh. Todn tfp.Tif 8, H. NXB Chfnh tri qutfc gia, 2(X)2, tt. 495,496,
497, 492, 500. , 4,9,10,12, 14. H6 Chi Mmh. Todn Idp. Tip
J, H. NXB Chfnh tri qutfc gia, 2002, a. 233,23|
235,417. * 5,7. H6 Chi Minh. Todn Idp. Tdp 9. H. NXB
Chinh tri qutfc gia, 2002, tr. 292.
6. H6 Chl Mmh. Todn lap. Tap 2, H. NXB Chinh tri qutfc gia, 2002, tr. 262.
11. H6 lait Minh. Todn tdp. Tdp 6, H. NXB Chfnh Ui qutfc gia, 2002, tr. 247.'
16. H6 Chf Mmh. Todn lap. Tdp 12, H. NXB Chtnh tri qutfc gia, 2002, tr. 554.
10 TAP C H ! QUAN L* NHA N U 6 C - S 6 198 (7-2012)