Nghien cuu Ton giao. Sd8 - 2011 51
TIM HIEU DOI NET VE Ml THUAT
^PHAT GIAO THOI TRAN
DINH VIET Lire*' T ^ ao P h i t trf An Dp v i o Viet Nam ri't
•^-^ sdm. Theo t i c gia Nguyin Lang thi
"Dao P h i t truyen v i o Viet nam trf d i u ki nguyen T i y Lich. T i i lieu chac chan cho bie't r i n g vao ha b i n the' ki thrf hai, tai nrfdc ta da cd mdt trvmg t i m P h i t giao phdn vinh va quan trpng, nhvfng cd the dao P h i t da du n h i p v i o nrfdc ta trong the' ki d i u cua ki nguyen"<'\ P h i t g i i o v i mi thuat P h i t giao ludn ddng h i n h vdi nhau trong q u i t r i n h p h i t trien. Nhrf viy, mi thuat P h i t giao Viet Nam d i cd trf khdi ngudn.
Trong lich srf p h i t trien cua d i n tdc ta, mdi trieu dai phong kie'n qua di deu de lai nhiing thanh tvfu ve kinh te, van hda, chinh tri. D i y la nhrfng i n son ghi n h i n v i k h i n g dinh svf ddng gdp cua mdi trieu dai cho d i n tdc. Trong nhrfng t h i n h tvfu v i n hda cdn lai de'n nay, chvmg ta phai ke de'n mi thuat P h i t giio, bdi nhiing g i i tri mi thuat P h i t g i i o da in d i m di'u i n trong hau he't nhiing "Di san v i n hda truyen thd'ng cua d i n tdc" cd g i i tri d i e biet.
Trai qua bao nam t h i n g , bao the' ki, trrfdc svf t i n p h i cua thien nhien, cua con ngrfdi, nhiing gia tri mi thuat P h i t g i i o cdn lai de'n hdm nay cung du de minh chiing, de k h a n g dinh srfc sd'ng manh liet
cua mi t h u i t P h i t g i i o trong ldng van hda d i n tdc Viet Nam.
L Ml thuat P h i t giao Viet Nam da thu hut ng^idi Phrfdng T i y
N h i n d i n ta da tao ra nhieu t i c p h i m mi thuat P h i t g i i o tuyet vdi, mang di'u an thdi dai, mang phong each nghe thuat ddc dio, cd tinh cich rieng biet so vdi khu vrfc. Cudi the' ki XIX khi xa hdi Viet Nam bi cudn vao quy dao cua chu nghia trf ban P h i p , thi mi thuat P h i t giao Viet Nam cd gia tri d i e biet, da Ipt v i o "con mat xanh" cua ngrfdi Phrfdng Tiy, d i e biet I i cic n h i nghien ciiu khao cd hpc, mi thuat hpc va d i n tdc hpc. Nim 1886 t o i n quyen Ddng Drfotag I i Paul Bert treo giai khuye'n khich vie't ve dia Ii, d i n crf, phong tuc v i san v i t nrfdc ta, thi sau mdt nam, n i m 1887, G. Dumoutier (mdt thanh vien cua trrfdng Viln Ddng Bac Cd) da cdng bd' mdt sd' cudn s i c h nhrf Cac ngdi chua 6 Ha Npi va van khac Viet Nam;
Phac thao va nghien cvtu ngitdi xit Bac;
Tin ngitdng cua ngitdi Viet Nam; Nghien cihi ve biic titdng dai Phat (Tit ca deu xui't ban tai Ha Ndi, in tai Schneider).
Trong dd Georges Dumoutier ludn nhac
* ThS.. Ha Ndi.
1. Nguyen Lang. Viet Nam Phdt gido sir htdn.T&p I, Nxb. Van hoc. Ha Ndi. 1994. tr. 21.
52 Nghien cuu Ton g i a a ^ ^ ^ 2011
tdi n g h e t h u a t t r a n g t r i cua ngrfdi Viet N a m v a n g h e l i m s d n t a p h u c v u cho t r a n g t r i trfdng P h i t v a dd thd, tie'p t h e o I i h a n g l o a t t i e u l u i n v a s i c h vie't ve m i t h u a t P h i t g i i o Viet N a m . T r o n g dd p h a i k e d e h c u d n s i c h t i e u bieu, cd g i i t r i n g h i e n ciiu c a o c u a t i c g i a L. Bezacier c d n g bd' v a o n a m 1954 I i Nghe thuat Viet Nam (L'art V i e t n a m i e n , P a r i s , 1954). Q u a dd cho thi'y m i t h u a t P h i t g i a o Viet N a m ludn cd g i i t r i d i e biet t r o n g l o n g v i n h d a d i n tdc Viet N a m v a t r o n g con rait cua n h i e u h p c g i a n g h i e n ciiu nrfdc n g o a i .
2. Ddi n e t v e m i t h u a t P h a t g i a o t h d i T r i n
Ndi de'n t h d i T r i n c h i i n g t a thrfdng n h d n g a y t d i chie'n c d n g h i e n h i c h b a l l n chie'n t h i n g g i i c N g u y e n M d n g . Srf g i a cua de' qud'c t r a i r d n g g i n k h i p h a i luc d i a A Au, tvf xvfng I i "Thien Trieu", k h i s a n g Dai Viet c u n g p h a i khie'p h a i , he't h d n t h u n h i n :
"Kim qua anh Ii dan tam khd
Dong cd thanh trung bach phat sinh "<^^
Dich:
Tha'y giao sat Ide sang ma long sdhai Nghe tie'ng trdng dong ma tdc bac trang dau
Ndi de'n t h d i T r i n c h u n g t a c u n g n h d n g a y tdi p h i i t h i e n T r u e L i m Y e n Trf, n h d tdi P h i t H o i n g T r i n N h i n T d n g vdi l d n g trf bi, b i c a i v i v i t h a . Thdi T r i n , P h i t g i i o cd tie'ng n d i r i e n g , g i n g i a o 11 P h i t g i i o v d i h o i n c a n h thrfc te' c u a t h d i dai, t u y k h d n g c d n d i a v i c h i n h t r i nhrf t h d i Ly nhvfng v a n t h u h u t drfdc srf ngrfdng v p n g c u a n h i n d a n . T h d i T r i n ,
N h o g i i o b i t d i u c a n h t r a n h g a y g i t vdi P h i t g i i o n h r f n g v l n thrfa n h i n anh hrfdng I d n l a o c u a n h a P h i t : " T r o n g tii k i n h t h a n h , de'n n g o a i c h i u p h u , cho de'n t h d n c i i n g n g d h e m , k h d n g p h a i r a lenh m a t u i n t h e o , k h d n g p h a i t h e n g u y e n ma girf diing"<^>; " T r o n g t h i e n h a , c h d n i o da't td't d e p t h i c h u a p h i n nrfa"^'". T r e n tinh t h i n i'y t r o n g chie'n t r a n h chd'ng giac n g o a i x i m t h i "Vua t d i d d n g ldng, ca nrfdc d i n h giac", "trfdng si y e u thrfdng n h a u nhrf c h a con" ( P h u Trf Chi Binh).
G i a i ci'p t h d ' n g t r i c i i n g t h i ' y r d srfc manh c u a d i n t d c q u a svf d d n g g d p Idn l a o cua t i n g Idp n h i n d i n . K h i d i t h a n g giac, di't nrfdc drfdc h d a b i n h , cd srf k i c h thich v e m a t t i n h t h i n eiia ngrfdi chie'n thang, k i n h te' n h a n h c h d n g p h u c h d i v i on d i n h , x i h p i sd'ng t r o n g c a n h t h a i binh t h i n h t r i , n h i n d a n t a t h a n h t h d i sang t a o n g h e t h u a t , p h i t t r i e n k i n h te'. Mi t h u a t t h d i T r a n t r e n t i n h t h i n chie'n t h i n g i'y m i hvfng k h d i tie'p t h u t i n h hoa c u a m i t h u a t P h i t g i i o t h d i Ly, p h i t huy v i s i n g t a o m i t h u a t P h i t g i i o thdi T r i n , d e d d n g g d p m d t tie'ng n d i rieng c u a m i n h t r o n g k h o t i n g m i t h u a t Phat g i a o Viet N a m .
N d i de'n m i t h u a t t h d i T r i n l a ndi deh kie'n t r u e Chua, T h i p v i d i e u k h a c P h i t g i i o . Kie'n t r u e v i d i e u k h a c l u d n g i n vdi n h a u m d t c i c h h i i u cd, n g h e n h i n Viet N a m t h r f d n g ldi d u n g n h i i n g m a n g va chi tiet cua k i e h t r u e d e t h e h i e n t r a n g tri, d i t t i c p h i m d i e u k h a c c u a m i n h vao 2. Trin Cudng Trung. Sit hoan cam sir.
3. Le Quat: bai "Chita Thieu Phitc"
4. Truong Han Sieu ghi 6 bia chua Khai Nghiem (Yen Phong, Bdc Ninh) ghi thien han chd nao da't tdt.
canh dep thi chiia da chiem nira phan rdi.
Dinh Viet Lire. Tim hieu doi net ve mi thuat. 53
khdng g;:ian kie'n true. De'n nay mdt sd' cdng trinh kie'n true chiia thap v i dieu k h i c thdi T r i n van cdn g i i tri nguyen ban vdn cd; sd' k h i c nrfa tuy khdng cdn nguyen ven, nhvfng van I i nhufng hien v i t gd'c, I i nhiing t i c p h i m nghe thuat, I i nhiing t i i lieu rat quy cho chvmg ta. Tit ca nhrfng g i i tri i'y da t i p trung t o i t ra mdt phong cich thdi dai, phong cich nghe thuat P h i t g i i o thdi Trin, li'y tinh t h i n thrfdng vd l i m nguyen II cho cii dep.
Trong linh vrfc trf trfdng, do nhu c l u cua viec tri nrfdc, thdi T r i n dao Nho da cd vfu the' rd ret, c i c nha srf da l i n h d i n ve vdi chua t h i p , nhrfdng lai viec cai quan chinh quyen cho cic Nho si drfdc dao tao cd he thd'ng v i quy c u
Tuy nhien, trong n h i n gian, P h i t g i i o van chie'm vi the' ri't quan trpng, dpi ngii srf s i i van ddng. T h i m chi cd vrfdng hau, khanh trfdng, n h i vua tinh nguyen quy y Tam bao. Trieu dinh ci'p di't (Phit dien) cho nha chua. Kinh s i c h P h i t g i i o van drfdc i'n td'ng de h o i n g drfdng P h i t p h i p . Nhrfng t i c p h i m cd g i i tri drfdc ra ddi nhrf "Khda Hu' Luc", Thien Tdng Chi Nam""...
P h i t giao thdi T r i n cd nhieu p h i i , nhvfng d i n g chu y la p h i i Thien Triic Lim Tam To, do T r i n N h i n Tdng, dng vua cd cdng Idn dd'i vdi d i n tdc t r o n g k h a n g chie'n chd'ng Nguyen v i ciing I i vi vua d i rdi bd n g a i v i n g de xud'ng tdc di tu xui't gia, md d i u P h i p p h i i v i sau dd la c i c "To" P h i p Loa v i Huyen Quang ke tuc. P h i i thien True L i m d i d i o tao drfdc h i n g van n h i srf "Hp cdn td chrfc nhieu hdi Idn cd tie'ng nhrf hdi Thien P h i t " bay n g i y bay dem d chua Quynh Lim""».
Cung phai ndi P h i t g i i o thdi T r i n ve sau tuy cd bi mdt sd' Nho si khich bic, song P h i t g i i o thdi T r i n van Icfn manh.
Chiia thap van drfdc x i y drfng, van la ndi thu hut quang dai q u i n chiing. Ddng thdi cung la ndi hdi tu tinh hoa v i n hda cua ngrfdi Viet, d i e biet I i nghe thuat kie'n true v i dieu k h i c . Le Quit, mdt Nho gia thdi T r i n ciing phai cdng nhin: "Nha P h i t li'y hpa, phuc de cam ddng ldng ngrfdi, sao ma drfdc ngrfdi tin yeu s i u ben nhrf the'. Tren trf Vrfdng Cdng, drfdi de'n d i n thrfdng h i bd' thi vao viec nha Phit, du de'n he't tien cung deu khdng sen tiec.
VI ngay nay grfi gam vao t h i p chua, thi trong ldng sung srfdng nhrf n i m drfdc k h o i n rfdc de b i o iing ngay sau. Cho nen, trong tvf kinh t h i n h , ngoai de'n c h i u phu, cho de'n thdn ciing ngd hem, khdng phai ra lenh m i t u i n theo, khdng bat phai the ma girf diing, chd n i o cd ngrfdi t i t cd chiia Phit, bd di rdi lai drfng len, nat di rdi lai srfa lai, l i u dai chieng trd'ng chie'm de'n nrfa p h i n so vdi crf din. Dao Phat thinh ri't dl, m i drfdc ri't mrfc tdn siing"^*'. Khdng chi rieng Le Quit ma cic srf gia thdi sau nhrf Trrfdng Han Sieu ciing n h i n dinh nhrf viy.
3. Ddi net vexay ditng chda, thap Phat giao
Cdng viec x i y drfng chiia thap la nhu c l u to Idn trong viec tao drfng cd sd v i t c h i t cho gidi thien, cdng viec nay ri't drfdc n h i nrfdc quan tim, ben canh cic ngdi chua to Idn cua thdi Ly de lai, ngrfdi ta cdn x i y drfng nen nhieu chua t h i p mdi, tac them nhieu pho trfdng P h i t mdi.
5. Vien Nghe thuat Bd Van hda. Mi thuat thdi Trdn. Nxb. Van hda. Ha Ndi. 1997. tr.l9.
6. Dai Viet Sic Ky Todn Thu. tap 2. tr.71.
54 Nghien cuu Ton giao. Sd8 2011
Srf cu d i ghi lai nhiing ngdi chiia drfdc triing tu nhrf: chua Mdt Cot (1249), t h i p Bio Thien (1258), chua Khai Nghiem (Yen Phong, Bac Ninh, 1333 - 1335). Die biet I i t h i p Linh Te' (Ha Nam Ninh xrfa) phai l i m lai hoan t o i n tren nen cu d niii Due Thuy, keo d i i s i u n i m mdi song (1337 1342). Nhieu cdng t r i n h mdi drfdc x i y drfng them nhvf: chua Hoa Long, chua Thdng (Vinh Ldc, Thanh Hda), chua Hrfdng Tich tren nui Hdng Linh (Can Ldc, Nghe Tinh), chiia Hang d nvu Uc (Hoing Lien Sdn xrfa), chua Bd'i Khe (Thanh Oai, Ha Tiy), chua H i o X i (Thanh Hi, Hai Hvfng), chua Thai Lac (Vin Lim, Hai Hvfng), chua t h i p Phd Minh (ngoai t h i n h Nam Dinh), chua Drfdng Liiu (Dan Phrfdng, H i Tiy) v i h i n g loat c i c ngdi chua d nui Yen Trf (Ddng Hvfng, Quang Ninh). Thrf vien Lan Kha to Idn drfdc x i y drfng them v i o t r o n g q u i n the kie'n true chiia thap vd'n cd trf thdi Ly do danh Nho Tran Tdn dufng r a t r d n g coi. Ndi d i y (nui P h i t Tich, Trf Sdn, Bac Ninh) vd'n I i mdt trung t i m Phat g i i o drfdc chpn lam ndi thi crf, d i o tao t a n g tai v i I i ndi k h i c vin, in kinh nha P h i t .
Srf P h i p Loa, vi td thrf hai trong phai Triic Lim Tam To cung c i c de trf cd cdng Idn trong viec coi t r d n g viec tu tao, x i y drfng them h a n g tram gian dien g i c , k h a n g t r a n g long l i y .
T r i n Quang Trieu (chiu ndi T r i n Hvfng Dao) ciing chi rudt I i Thuan T h i n h Bao Trf H o i n g T h i i H i u (vd T r i n Anh Tdng) da cvmg vao chua ngdt hai n g i n mau rupng v i g i n mrfdi van quan tien cdng drfc v i o ngdi tam bao.
Hoa Lvfu (crfsa), Nguyin TrUidng cang dang cung vao chiia nhieu rupng, nhieu tien.
T r i n Anh Tdng cd luc cdn cvmg vao chua nam mrfdi l a n g v a n g de x i y t h i p Bao Thang va due trfdng Phat^'^'.
Die biet I i x i y drfng he thd'ng chiia thap thdi T r i n d t r u n g t i m P h i t giao Yen Trf, nao I i chua D i u (Long Dong), chua Giai Oin, chua Hoa Yen, chua Bao Sii, am V i n Tieu, Vien Thach Thi't Mi Ngrf, Vien Phu Dd,v.v...
Chua Hoa Yen<^' drfdc coi I i ngdi chiia
9 9
chinh, I i t r u n g t i m t r o n g tdng the cac ngdi chua d Yen Trf, x u n g quanh cd lau chudng, g i c trd'ng, n h a khich, nha drfdng t i n g , n h a t i n g kinh, i'n kinh, nha g i a n g dao.
4. Vai net chung ve nhiing g i i tri mi thuat cua kie'n true, dieu khac chua thap P h i t giao thdi T r i n
4.1. Cac ngdi chiia go
Nhieu cdng trinh kie'n true to Idn bing gd trrfdc thdi n h i Tran d i khdng cdn da'u ve't. Nen kie'n true thdi Ly dd so I i the', ma cho tdi nay van chrfa tim r a drfdc mdt di'u tich nao cdn lai cua dd go. Kie'n triic thdi Le Sd (the' ki XV) g i n hdn ma ciing chung mdt sd' p h i n dd. May thay cho kie'n true thdi T r i n , de'n nay chiing ta tim thi'y mdt sd' t h i n h p h i n kie'n true go thdi T r i n , mac du sd' lrfdng chrfa nhieu v i k h d n g cdn nguyen ven, dd la vi keo chua T h i i Lac, mdt sd' m a n g Idn, v i n nong cd cham khac ri't dep drfdc ghep d girfa cac x i dpc thrfdng v i xa dpc ha; d chua Bd'i Khe la hinh d i u r d n g dang ha mieng n g i m hat ngpe, phia n g o i i la h i n h con chim (gid'ng nhrf Garuda d cic 7. Dai Viet SitKy Todn Thu. tap 2. tr. 128.
8. Ten chua cu la Van Yen - de'n thdi Le Thanh Tdng ddi thanh Hoa Yen.
Dinh Viet Luc. Tim hieu doi net ve mTthudt. 55
gde be di); d i e biet la bd c i n h crfa bd'n ti'm bang gd lim, cd kich thrfdc k h i Idn (1,92 cm X 0,79 cm) drfdc lap g i i p d Id'i di v i o chinh cua tda b i i drfdng da tdn tai hdn 700 n i m , v a n cdn k h i td't v i ri't dep, mac du thdi g i a n da lam mdn siit di mot sd' chd. De t i i trang tri van I i hinh rdng cudn khuc, hoa v i n s d n g nrfdc v i hoa van hinh hoa la, mdi ti'm crfa I i mdt dd i n ddc l i p , khi ddng bd'n c i n h crfa lai ta thi'y mdt tdng the t h i m mi hoan chinh, trpn ven va rat sinh ddng, tao cam g i i c uy nghi, trang nghiem, tdn kinh ndi crfa Phit.
Nhiing m a n g cham k h i c gd d chua T h i i Lac (Hai Hvfng) I i nhiing canh d i n g hoa, ti'u nhac vdi n h i i n g n h i n vat d trvmg t i m la vu nrf, I i nhac cdng hay ciing cd the la Garuda h a y chim t h i n thoai Kimnari nrfa tren h i n h ngrfdi, nrfa drfdi hinh chim. O d i y nhiing pho trfdng P h i t chrfa drfdc p h i t hien, nhvfng can crf vao sd' lrfdng be trfdng tim drfdc, c i n crf vao srf thinh dat cua P h i t g i i o thdi Trin, diia v i o g h i chep t r o n g thrf tich cd, cd 11 do de nhan d i n h trfdng P h i t thdi T r i n ri't p h i t trien, c h i n g nhiing nd drfdc t o i n dan ddng gdp m i ca t i n g Idp quy tdc phong kie'n quan t i m v i bao trd.
4.2. Thap da, thap dai nung
Trong kie'n true chua, t h i p cd vi tri ri't quan trpng. Thap vrfa I i ndi thd P h i t , vrfa m a n g y n g h i a cua p h i p mdn P h i t phip, (Kim Thach Tu Linh) vrfa cd tinh chi't ki niem nhrf thap Phd Minh (Nam Dinh), t h i p Binh Sdn ( L i p Thach, Vinh Phuc), t h i p Bao Thang, chua Quynh L i m (Ddng T r i e u Quang Ninh). Cd loai t h i p chi la l i n g md cua chrf vi srf td (nhrf t h i p cua T r i n N h i n Tdng, P h i p Loa, Huyen
Quang d niii Yen Trf). N g o a i ra, chiing ta cdn thi'y nhiing t h i p nhd hefti diing l i m ncft thd cung. Nhrfng am t h i p n i y thrfdng la t h i p gd'm t r i n g men (nhrf d chua Chd, Binh Xuyen, Vinh phuc), hoac t h i p di't n u n g nhrf d h a n g Thien Ke' (Tuyen Quang) v i mdt so' t h i p tim thi'y d qvianh Ha Ndi (do Dd D i n h T h u i n srfu tip).
Thdi T r i n ciing trung tu mdt s d thap vd'n cd trf thdi Ly bi hrf hdng, nhrf t h i p B i o Thien hoac lam lai h o i n toan tren nen t h i p cu bi phe'tich nhrf t h i p Linh Te'.
Nhiing t h i p thdi T r i n cd kieu thrfc v i hinh d i n g cd ban gid'ng c i c t h i p thdi Ly, nhvfng kich thrfdc nhd hdn. Mdt so' t h i p cd mat cat h i n h luc g i i c nhrf t h i p T r i n N h i n Tdng d Yen Trf. Cic t i n g t h i p cd m i i hep nhd ra v i c i c mat deu cd trd crfa, c i n g len cao t h i p thu nhd d i n , tren dinh cd hinh qua b l u (gpi I i qua hd Id de hiing Mdc Ngpe cua trdi di't).
Thdi Ly, t h i p thrfdng la kie'n true chinh, I i trung t i m cua t o i n bd ngdi chua, thdi T r i n thi lai I i kie'n true phu them vao cho tdng the kie'n triic khu chiia.
T h i p thdi T r i n khdng phong phu nhrf thdi Ly, khdng cd trfdng Kim Crfdng diing bd'n gde crfa d bd'n gde t h i p , nhiing thie'u nrf bvfng m i m hufng Mdc Ngpe d dinh, nhrfng chim t h i n d c i c con sdn m i chi I i nhiing trang tri hoa la ddn gian.
T h i p thdi T r i n srf dung chi't lieu va ki thuat drfdc tie'p thu trf thdi Ly, nhieu t h i p drfdc drfng len ke't hdp girfa d i v i gach, vrfa m a n g y n g h i a cua ke't c i u chiu Irfc, vrfa cd g i i tri t h i m mi cua ye'u to' trang tri mi thuat. T h i m chi cd nhiing t h i p hoan toan la di't n u n g nhrf t h i p Binh Sdn ( L i p Thach, Vj^h Phuc). Chiing ta cdn
56 Nghien cuu Ton giao. 5^^^ 2011
tha'y ngrfdi xrfa d i dung chrf Han d i n h di'u d c i c t i n g t h i p de viec thi cdng khdng bi n h i m l i n va cd c h u i n mrfc ri't cu the t r o n g q u i t r i n h thi cdng.
5. Vai net cu the ve mi thuat d mdt so chua t h i p thdi T r i n
Chua t h i p Phd Minh (xa Ldc Vrfdng, huyen My Ldc, Nam Dinh): Trieu dinh x i y drfng vao budi d i u cua vrfdng trieu (1262), quy md to Idn, t r o n g chua cd thuy tpa de le hdi, cd dinh ddng I i mdt trong bd'n dai khi cua An Nam trf dai khi "cung dien nguy nga, dinh ddng nghin q u i n t r i n girf, quy md long lay, t h i p P h i t t r i m thrfdc drfng nen"<^l
Hien v i t cd g i i tri ve mi thuat cdn lai I i mdt sd' t h i n h b i c b a n g d i cham rdng va si'u tao h i n h r d n g ri't khde va ddng, hai canh crfa go cham r o n g uyen chuyen, rdng i n miy, m i y an rdng,v.v... Die biet hdn ea I i hinh r d n g m i y cham k h i c da d t i n g mdt c i y t h i p drfng d s i n trrfdc chiia.
T h i p n i y drfng mudn hdn chua ngdt nrfa the' ki (1305) t h i p cao 21,2m v i 14 t i n g , mat c i t thap hinh vudng (5,21 x 5,21m) quay mat ve phia nam, cd crfa chinh cua thap de vao d i n g hrfotag (1,09 x 0,77m).
T h i p drfdc x i y tren mdt c i i hd vudng (8,6 X 8,6m), t h i n h b i c cd cham khac rdng d i , s i u da cung vdi nhrfng c i n h sen d be t h i p (y trfdng mdt bup sen khdng id dang ndi len tren mat nrfdc, bieu trfdng cua srf thanh tinh, tinh khie't cua dao Phit). Cd mdt vien da d c h i n thap khac chrf H i n
"Hvfng Long T h i p Tam Nien" (1305).
Thap Binh Sdn chua Vinh K h i n h (cdn gpi I i t h i p Then, chua Then d xa Tam Sdn, huyen Lap Thach, Vinh Phuc) la cdng trinh kie'n true thdi Trin, d xa t r u n g t i m T h i n g Long, ^ phia Tay Bic.
T h i p drfng d mdt ngpn ddi tha'p trong c i c trien ddi mien t r u n g d u T h i p drfdc drfng girfa s i n cua chua Vinh Khinh (chiia chi cdn I i phe' tich) mat c i t vudng (4,45 X 4,45m), 11 t i n g , cao 15m. Thip drfdc x i y b i n g gach k h i u cd loai vudng (22 X 22 cm), ed loai d i i (22 x 45 cm).
Toin bd mat n g o i i cua t h i p drfdc g i n gach vudng (46 x 46 cm), tao t h i n h mdt Idp i o bao bpc v i t r a n g tri cho t h i p thdng qua c i c mdng chd't v i nhiing vien gach due cd c h i n gi'p khuc kieu thrfdc thd de cho Idp gach dp khdi bi bong ra.
Trang tri tren t h i p Binh Sdn chu ye'u la nhiing hoa v i n rat phong phii, t i t ca cac t i n g deu cd trang tri. O Idp de' t h i p cham cic phu dieu hinh srf trf vdn qua c l u hai qua trang tri hinh rdng mao nhpn dang cudn khuc, trong d trdn drfdc bd' cue ba mang dpc dai, mdi mang ba d. Phia tren la nhrfng con sdn ba chac, xen ke I i hinh srfng te (hoac I i de), cic t i n g tren hinh rdng drfdc thay bang hinh t h i p dang tda hao quang v i nhiing hinh hoa chanh, cdn cic diem m i i thi trang tri b i n g nhiing hinh hoa diy ud'n Irfdn m i ta quen gap tren cic hoa van bia da thdi Trin. Ngdi thap chac nich, chi b i n g di't nung m i van tdn tai viing vang hdn s i u tram nam cung vdi cac chua thip khic cua nha Phit.
T h i p d i bi n g h i e n g v i sut id nhieu N i m 1973 Cue Bao tdn Bao t i n g cua Bd Van hda d i tu bd lai.
6. Vai net ve dieu khac d i thdi T r i n Dieu khac Viet Nam trf the' ki XIII deh he't the'ki XIV h l u he't I i dieu khac l i n g md v i dieu k h i c P h i t g i i o . K h o a n g thdi 9. Xem bia Phd Minh Tu dung ben phai ciia chiia Phd Minh.
Dinh Vie't Lire. Tim hieu doi net ve mTthudt... 57
g i a n dd t d i n a y l a q u i Idn, bie't b a o bie'n CO cua l i c h srf v a tvf n h i e n , d a h u y h o a i mi't k h i n h i e u e a e t i c p h a m v i t a o r a mdt k h o a n g b i m a t t r o n g kie'n thrfc ve dieu k h a c P h i t g i i o t h d i T r i n .
Do v i y , p h a i k h a o s i t t r e n nhrfng phe' tich. N h i e u n i m qua, s o lrfdng n h i i n g t i c p h i m d i e u k h a c n h i T r i n drfdc p h i t h i e n k h d n g n h i e u , v i h l u he't d e u g a n bd c h i t che vdi c d n g t r i n h kie'n t r u e . Mac d u t r o n g thrf t i c h cd cd n h a c de'n n h i e u vi d u nhrf N g d Si L i e n t r o n g Dai Viet svt ky
toan thu" viet: ( N i m 1231) Thrfdng H o a n g xud'ng c h i e u r i n g : t r o n g nrfdc p h a m chd n i o cd d i n h t r a m d e u p h a i td trfdng P h i t de thd'*°>.
"(Nim 1270) T i n h Qud'c Dai Vrfdng Qud'c K h a n g drfng p h u d e d C h i u D i i n , l o n g v a v u v d n g q u a n h l o n g l i y q u i mrfc thrfdng, v u a n g h e t i n s a i ngrfdi de'n x e m , Tinh Qud'c s d m d i td trfdng P h i t thd'<">.
"Drfeftig t h d i sd' lrfdng trfdng P h i t l a m r a ri't nhieu, ed n h a srf c u n g m d t l l n d a cho due tdi 1.300 p h o trfcftig Idn, nhd. Cd nhrfng trfdng cd k i c h thrfdc Idn nhrf trfdng Di Lac c a o 1,6 trrfdng, h o a c h d n nrfa c i c b i c v u a c h u a , c i c n h a q u y tdc bd tien r a due trfcftig k h a n h i e u nhrf v u a Minh T d n g k h i m d i l e n n g d i , chi r i e n g chua Sieu Loai d i c h o due tdi b a p h o trfdng Idn, ti't ca d e u c a o de'n mrfdi b a y thrfdc"<'2).
Dieu d i n g c h u y t r o n g sd' trfdng d i it di p h i t h i e n drfdc t h i trfpfng d l i n g m d chie'm m d t ti le g i n nhrf t u y e t dd'i (nhrf d
l i n g T r i n T h u Dp, n i o l a hd d i cd k i c h thrfdc t o g i n nhrf h d thrfc, c h i m da, ddi d i , b i n h p h o n g d i . Le Quy Ddn c u n g da x i c n h i n t r o n g Kien van tieu luc).
Bii v a o sd' trfdng it di dd ngrfdi ta lai t i m drfdc k h i n h i e u be trfdng b a n g d i cd h i n h d i n g I i khd'i h o p chrf n h a t d i t n a m , t r e n cd d a i s e n d c i c d i t i c h chiia t h a p t h d i T r i n .
P h i n p h u d i e u v a c h a m k h a c t a thi'y sd' lrfdng c d n n g h e o n i n v i t d n t a i r a i r i c t r o n g c a c c h u a t h i p n h a P h i t . Thi d u nhrf srf trf d i d c h u a T h d n g drfng n i m 1270 b i p h i h u y h o i n t o a n , chi cdn v i i d i v i t n a m r a i r a c t r e n n e n phe' tich.
T r o n g dd d i n g c h u y la p h o trfdng srf trf k i c h thrfdc d a i t d i 1,25m n a m x o a i d i i , c h i n t h u v e p h i a trrfdc, n g i n g d i u cao, c i c h d i i n t a k h d n g m a n g t i n h t a thrfc m i t h i e n n h i e u v e cac ye'u td' t r a n g t r i , c i c h dieu, i n chrfa srfc m a n h k i n d i o , trf td'n v a p h i n g l i n g cua P h i t g i i o ( k h i c vdi ldi t a thrfc h d d i d l i n g md I i r d r a n g , m a n h liet, sdi d d n g v i u y h i e p t i n h t h i n ) . Nhrfng di s a n v e m i t h u a t P h i t g i i o t h d i T r i n k h d n g cdn n h i e u nhvfng vd c u n g q u y g i i . T i t ca n h i i n g c i i dd I i t i i s a n vd g i i c u a d i n tdc. Viec girf g i n , b a o tdn, t d n t a o v a girf n g u y e n c i c g i i t r i v i n h d a cua c h u n g I i n h i e m v u c u a c h i i n g ta./.
10. Ngd SI Lien. Dai Viet sir ky todn thu. Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha Ndi. 1967, tap 2. tr. 11.
1 i. Ngd Si Lien. Dai Viet sirky todn tine. Sdd, tr. 24.
12. Ngd Si Lien. Dai Viet sifky todn thu. Sdd. tr. 38.