TIM HIEU NHLTNG CHU DE CHINH TRI CUA MAXIMILIAN WEBER
DOAN TRUdNG THU '
Tom tiu Trongcacnha tutuangchinh tri hien dai trSn the gidi. tutuangci}:i Ma.yinulmn Woberlk kha tieu bieu cho each thuc tie'p can. l$p lu&n vk ly giai cnc chu de cbinh tri. Trong cac nghien cUu ve ly thuyet chinh tri d Viet Sum. nba tU tudng nay chua dUOc gidi hgc gia biet den nbieu. Tren thpc te, da c6 mgt so cdng trinh tiep c$n a nhiing mUc do kbac nhau. chti yeu Ik tijcgoc dd x/l hgi hgc va chu nghia xa hdi khoa hgc. Tuy nhien, de' tiep c$n mgt each c6 be thd'ng tU gdc dg chinh tri hgc tbi chUa cd cong trinh nko thpc sp quan tam chii y vi nhieu ly do khac nhau. Vdi each nbin hien d^i mangy nghia ly lu$n vk thpc tiin siu sic, bai viS't tim biiu nhQng chu de chinh tn cua Maximilian Weber.
Tifkboa: Giai c&'p; quyen lUc: dan chu: chinh tri: thd'ng tri; nhk nUdc.
Abstract: Among modern political thinkers in the world, Maximilian Weber's philosophy is unique in approach, reasoning and interpretation of political topics. However, Weber remains unpopular in studies on political theories in Vietnnm. While some studies (mostly sociology and scientific socialism) have addressed Weber's philosophy to different degrees, none of them have addressed it .'iystematically from a poUtical science perspective. Basing on a modern theoretical and practical approach, the article reviewed political topics in Maximilian Weber's philosophy.
Keywords: Cl:i>!~. power: democracy; politics; dominance; government.
Ng:i\ nhSnbai: 12/1/2020. Ngky sda bki: 13/5/2020; Ngay duy$t d&ng bki: 17/6/2020.
1. Dat van de
Maximilian Weber (1864-1920) - ngfldi Dflc, dupc hiet de'n nhieu vdi tu cfich lfi nha xa hdi hpc, la mdt trong sd' it tac gia ed tam anh hfldng ldn lao trong nganb xfi hdi hpc. vfi dflpe xem lfi mdt trong nhiing ong to eua ngfinh khoa hoc nfiy, ben canb nhflng tac gia ten tudi nhfl Karl Marx, FLmile Durkheim, Vilfredo Pareto... Mot so' luan diem va edng trinh nghien cflu eua dng da va vfin edn tie'p tuc lfi de tai gay tranh luan trong gidi hpc thufit, eac edng trinh cua dng dfi khdng ngflng gay anh hudng ldn lao tdi cfic budc pbfit tnen ciia nganh xfi hdi hoc d hiu nhu tat ea cae nUdc tren the gidi. Ben eanh dd, dng cdn la nhfi tu tudng cbinh tri ldn, vdi nhflng chii de cbinh tri ma ngay nay cin dflde nghien cflu nhim bd sung vao cac cfich thflc nhfin
Q NHAN L I ^ KHOA HOC XA Ht\
thflc mdi ve quyen Iflc, tinh ehinh dang eiia quyen Iflc, ve nha nfldc, ve each thflc tham gia chinh tri,..,
2. Chu de chinh tri cua Maximilian Weber
Tfic pham ldn nhfi't cua Max Weber la Nen dao ddc tin linh vi tinb than cua chu nghia tu ban, dfldc viet xong nfim 1905, vdi npi dung chu ye'u dflpc de cfip trdng eud'n sfich khien nd trd tbanb cud'n saeh kinh dien ddi vdi nbieu nhfi nghien cflu khoa hpe xa bdi ndi chung vfi nghien cflu xa bdi bpc ndi rieng. Cud'n sfich da tra Idi cho eau hdi tai sao va Ifim the nfio ma chu nghia tU ban da xae lap khdng chi nhU mdt md hinh kinh te ma cdn la mdt md
'•^ Vien Chfnh tri hoc. Hoc vi^n Chfnh tri Ho Chf Minh. Email: doantruongthu,ip8©gma 1
DOAX TRUOXC THU hinh van boa ghi dfi'u fi'n len tren tofin bd
cac linh vfle ddi sd'ng xa hdi, tinh than ciing nhu vat chat d chau Au can dai vfi dfldng dai. Hay trong tae pham Chinb tri li mpt nghe chuyin mdn, Max Weber dinh nghia nha nUdc la thfle the dpc quyen hfinh xii quyen phap dinh, dinh ngbia nay dfldc xem nhfl khfii niem mfiu chd't trong ngfinh khoa bpc ehinh tri dfldng dai.
Nhiing nghien eflu quan trpng nhfi't eiia ong dfldc nhie de'n vdi rapt ten chung la lufin de Max Weber.
Vdi cdng trinh Nen dao ddc Tin linh va tinh thin cda chu nghia tu ban Max Weber da neu len efic sfl kien vfin hda vfi cac giai cap xa hpi. Ong chflng minh ring, chl cd the hieu dfldc eae flng xfl cua giai cfi'p tfl san khi nghien cflu each nhin cua hp ve the gidi vfi ve he thd'ng eac gia tri ciia hp. Sfl xufi't hien ban diu ciia hp d phudng Tay khdng phai ngiu nhien, mfi nhd mdt loat eac bie'n ddi vfin hda gfin vdi sfl ra ddi eua tdn giao Tin lanh.
Nen dao ddc Tin linh vi tinh than cua chu nghia tU ban cd gia tri dae biet ve phfldng phap lufin. Trai vdi eac nd Iflc ly giai sfl ra ddi ciia chii nghia tu ban tfl mdt nguyen nhan ddc nhfi't, MaxWeber de xua't nhilu each tie'p can khfic nhau ve mdt hien tfldng lieh sd ca biet lfi chu nghia tu ban hien dai nhUng cd y nghia pho quat ciia tien trinh "duy ly hda" ciia phUdng Tay. Cfich trinh bfiy mdi quan he gifla nen dao dflc Tin lanh va tinh than chii nghia tfl ban eua dng da md ra mot cudc thao lufin sdi ndi ve cae ed sd va efic each tie'p c^n ed tinh phfldng phfip luan trong cae ngfinh khoa hpc xa hdi. Lue dau, cdng trinh nfiy dfldc hieu mot each ddn gian nhfl la ddi lap lai vdi quan niem duy vfit lich sd cua Karl Marx. Tuy nhien, ehinh Max Weber da phan ddi each hi§u phien dien nfiy, vi theo dng, van de khdng phai s i 7-2020
la thay the each ly giai gian ddn nay hing mdt each ly giai gian ddn khae mfi phai nd luc ly giai va tie'p can cac hien tupng phflc tap ciia xfi hdi vfi lieh sii bfing nhieu each khfic nbau vfi bo sung eho nhau. .\en dao ddc Tin linh vi tinh than cda chd nghia tu ban, do dd, da gdp phan qu_\et dinh trong viec thay dd'i va bd sung them eac phfldng phap ngbien cflu khoa hpc xa hdi ngay nay.
O Nen dao ddc Tin lanh vi tinh thin cua chd nghia tu ban, dng khdng nghien cflu ngudn goc cua cbu nghia tfl ban theo nghia rdng, ma chii ye'u de cfip tdi qufi trinh hinh thfinh van hda dflpe dng gpi lfi
"tmh thin" eua giai cfi'p mdi - giai cap tu san, gdp phin tao ra chu nghia tU ban hien dai. Giai cap ddng vai trd quyet dinb phat trien ehii nghia tu ban hien dai khdng phai la dai tU ban thUdng mai theo truyen thong, ma dd lfi gidi ehu tu ban trung lflu, "ting ldp dang len, ehu ye'u xufi't thfin tfl eae ehii doanh nghiep" hdi dfiu ky nguyen edng nghiep.
Chinb giai cfi'p tfl san trung lflu eung vdi he thd'ng gia tri eiia chii nghia tfl ban hien dai da gdp phfin hieu qua nhfi't eho sfl phd bie'n eua chu nghia tfl ban. Dfic diera ciia tang ldp tfl ban trung lflu, theo each bidu cua Max Weber, lfi "Id'i sd'ng",
"nep sd'ng", ndi each khae Ifi mpt vfin hda rieng, dfla tren tap tinh radi la "Idl song the tuc khd hanh", doan tuyet vdi cae nguyen tac truyen thd'ng. Tdn giao Tin lanh da tao ra mdi trfldng van hda thuan ldi cho ehu nghia tfl ban pbat trien, bing each phd bie'n cae gifi tri khd hanh dflpc the tue hda. Tap tinh tfl ban bao gdm dao ly ve y thflc nghe nghiep vfi gia tri lao ddng nhu la boat ddng cd mue dich tu than. Lao ddng khdng ehi lfi phUdng tien de kiem sd'ng. Lao ddng cdn Ifira cho cupc sd'ng ed y nghia. Tbdng qua "lao ddng tu
NHAN LMC KHOA HOC XA Hdi Q
TIM HIEU XHCXC. CHU DE CHIXH TRI...
do", nhd cd ehe tien lUdng, con ngUdi hien dai the hien minh vdi tu each lfi ngfldi tU do va cd trfich nhiem.
Max Weber cbo ring, khi lao ddng trd thanh gifi tri trung tam cua nep sd'ng mdi, ddi hdi eon ngudi dfinh bet nfing luc va tbdi gian cua minh cho lao dpng, thi dieu dd khdng cbi nhim muc dieh tim each lam giau eho ca nhan. Lfim gifiu nhu raue dich tu than khdng phai la dfic diem cua tinh thin chii nghia tu ban bien dai. Ma ngupc lai, cai dupc tim kiem chinh la lpi nhuin vfi tich til tu ban. Dieu nay ddi hdi ve phia cfi nhfin mpt dang "khd hanb", y tfl vfi de dat, khae xa vdi logic tieu xfii hoang phi va phd trflpng theo truyen thd'ng. Cfi nhfin phai sfl dung ldi nhuan cua minh theo cfich cd ich cho xfi hdi, tflc lfi ehuyen sang diu tfl. Dao dflc the tue mdi dupc thfla nhan lfi y thflc tiet kiem, tiet che va nd Ifle. Dd mdi la ed sd ky cfldng ciia cae xfi hpi edng nghiep... thi se dan den ehd khd thanh cdng'".
Qua Nen dao ddc tin linh vi tinh than cda chu nghia tu ban, Max Weber phan tich rd nhflng sfl can thiep ve vat cbfi't se khdng bao gid cd ket qua, bdi trfldc bet, day thfle sfl khdng phai la mpt vfi'n de ve vfit cbfi't mfi phai b i t diu tfl ca'p dp tu tudng. Trong phan tieh eua Weber, mpt sd' nUde that bai trong viee van hfinh Cbu ngbia tu ban bdi bp khdng cam thay du lo ling va tdi ldi, hp dat qua nbieu niem tin vfio phep mfiu. bp thieb tan hfldng hien tai bdn Ifi tai diu tu eho tUdng lai, va ngUdi dfin cam thay viee trom cip tfl cdng ddng di lam gifiu eho gia dinh lfi chfi'p nhan dflde, hp ilng hp sd'ng vi ddng tpc bdn la vi dan tpc.
Max Weber khdng tin con dfldng duy nhat de trd thanh mdt dat nfldc tfl ban thfinh cdng la phai eai dao sang dao Tin lanb. Ong lap lufin ring, dao Tin Ifinh cbi
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA H6I
mang lai nhflng y niem thflc thi dfiu tien.
ma ban than chung hien ed the ton t^i ben ngofii he tfl tfldng tdn giao. •tach rdi gifio hdi va nha nfldc"'-^ Theo Max Weber, mud'n md rdng cbu nghia tfl bin. ein tap trung vao mdt linh vUc tfldng dfldng vdi tdn giao, la van hda. Cbinh thai dp, by vpng va cam nhfin eiia mdt dan tdc ve cupc song la nhflng yeu to san smh ra mdt nen kinh te hofic phdn vinh hoac lui tan. Bdi the, theo dng, eon dudng cai cfieb mpt nen kinb te khdng nen di qua trd cfip ve vfit ehfi't mfi nen vdng qua trd giflp tfl vfin hda.
Trong efic phan tieh eua minh. Max Weber cung mud'n thflc tiln thay ddi, dng eho ring trUdc bet phai tim hieu quyen lUe chinh tri vfin hfinh tren the gidi ra sao.
Quyln Iflc, theo dng, "la cd hpi ciia mot ngfldi hofic mpt so' ngfldi nhfin ra y chi eiia cbinb hp trong mdt hfinh dpng chung thfim chi chdng lai sfl khang efl ciia nhflng ngfldi khae khi hp cung dang tham gia vfio hfinh ddng fi'y"'^'. Quyen Iflc gfiy anh hfldng nhieu hdn cfic mdi quan hi efi nhan;
nd dinh hinh cfic dpng Iflc I6n hdn nhfl cae nhdm xa hdi, cac to cbfle ehuyen nghiep va chinh phu. Quyen Iflc eiia nha nflde khdng nha't thie't phai gidi ban trong viec kiem sofit edng dan cua ehinh minh*'*'. Ong khfing dinh, nhan loai da trai qua ba loai quyln Ifle khac biet trong sud't chieu dfii lieh sxi. Nbflng xa bdi ed xUa nha't vfin hfinh theo cai dng gpi la quyen luc truyen
"' Max Weber (2008), Nen dao rfu-c tin l^nb vk tinb thin ciia chu nghia tu ban, Nxh Tri thiic H t r 119-120. ' '
«' Max Weber (2008), .Ven dao dCtc t,n lanh vk tinh thin cua chU nghia tU ban, Nxb. T n thdc, H tr 331 '*' Max Weber. PoUtics as Vocation, New York University Press, p.lBO.
"' Theo httpB://cour8es.lumenleaming com/soci 1 chapter/power-and-authority/
S6 7-2020
DOAX TRUOXC, THU tiidb^, dd lfi viec khi bfic quan vfldng dfla
vfio sflc hfi'p din tfl than thoai, truyen thuyet de thie't lap dia vi va ciing co quyen Iflc ciia minh. Nd se din trd nen ngay eang tri tr^ vfi khd khan ddi vdi viec chap thuan sang kie'n mdi. Nhflng xa hpi nhfl vay se din hi thay the bdi quyen lUc loi cud'n. Mdt each thfle tiln hdn, la kieu van hanh quyen Ifle mfi d do, rapt ca nhfin anh hflng, dien hinb nbfl mdt Napoleon, cd the vfldn tdi quyen lUc nhd vao ca tinh ldi cud'n - vfi c6 kha nfing thay ddi mpi thfl quanh minh bfing khao khat va y ehi. Theo dng, giai doan lich sii dd, hien nay, da hi vfldt qua de ehuyen de'n ki nguyen thfl ba eiia quyen lpc td chdc. Day la loai quyen Iflc dflde nim bdi nhflng he thd'ng quan tri phflc tap va to ldn ma nhflng edng dan binh thfldng khd ed the nim dflpc, hieu dflde each chung vfin hfinh. Loai quyen Iflc nfiy dflde the hien thdng qua edng cbfle thflc hi$n trong each thflc va qua trinh lfim viee cua hp. He thd'ng to' cbfle nfim quyen hanh thdng qua kie'n thfle: ehi ed nhflng edng chflc mdi biet cfich mpi thfl da vfi dang van hfinh, trong khi rapt ngudi ben ngofii phai raa't hang nfim radi nfim dfldc dieu dd. He thd'ng ay ddi hdi de van hfinh dfldc, ngfldi dd ein phai ed tri thfle, k^ nang va kinh nghiem nghe nghiep.
Phan ldn mpi ngfldi se ddn gian tfl bd - dieu nay lai vd eiing ed ldi eho nbflng ngfldi nfim quyen.
Sfl thd'ng tri ciia he thd'ng quan ly nay c6 tae ddng ldn de'n bfi't cfl ai mud'n dem lai SU thay ddi cho mdt qud'c gia. dfin tde.
Thdng thfldng, se cd rapt mong mud'n de hieu, nhflng sai lim ve mat nhan thfle la chi can thay ddi lfinb dao, ngfldi dfldc tfldng tfldng nhfl la mot "sieu nhan" tfl minh quye't dinh mpi thfl. Tren thflc te.
viec loai bd lanh dao hfiu nhfl khdng bao gid gay dflde anh hfldng ldn nhfl mong ddi.
Max Weber khfing dinh, ring ngfiy nay.
mdt cfi nhan khdng the dem lai thay ddi ldn lao cho xa hdi chi vi tinh each cua dng ta Idi cud'n. Chung ta cd the cd cam tfldng cfic bie'n chuyen cbinh tri nen dflpc thue dfiy bing nhiing ldi hung bien ndng nhiet.
bfing dieu hanh, bing nhflng eii chi kich ddng ldng dan. ldn lao vfi mfinh liet, nhfl xufi't ban rapt cud'n sfich ban ehay ve each mang chfing ban. Nhflng dng lai khfi bi quan ve nhiing hy vpng nhfl vay. bdi chung di lech khdi hien thflc vfin hfinh the gidi hien dai. Cfich duy nhat d§ vupt qua dUde quyen Ifle gin lien vdi bp tbdng quan tri quan lieu la con dudng tbdng qua tri thfle va td ehflc cd he thd'ng.
Max Weber nha'n manh, .su thay ddi khdng ban la bat kha thi, nhflng phflc tap.
va can thdi gian. Ne'u mud'n mpi viee trd nen tot dep hdn. thi cfin ban lfi se khdng ein trai qua cac thay ddi, cac bien co.
Thay vfio dd se lfi sfl sip dfit cin trpng nhflng bing chflng thd'ng ke. nhflng bfio cfio tdm t i t kien tri tdi cfic bp trudng, nhiing chiing efl cho cfic phien dieu tran vfi cac ngbien cflu ky Ifldng ve ngfin saeh.
Nhin theo each nay, chung ta thfi'y mdt su nhfi't qufin dfing ehu y trong tfl tfldng cua Max Weber. Vfi'n de ehinh cua dng la vin de tfl chu va tfl do efi nhan trong mdt xfi hdi ngay cang duy ly hda. Dfinh gifi bi quan cua dng dfi din dng den tim kiem cfic giai phfip thdng qua chinh tri vfi khoa h(x;.
ma rdng rfii bdi tu tren mdt so thpc te cua ban than. Nhiing gi dng gpi la "ngfldi cua chuyen mdn" lin diu tien dfldc neu trong Nen dao ddc Tin linh vi tinh than cua cbu nghia tU ban, cung cfi'p mdt nen tang cho nhiJtng nd Ifle khae nhau cua minh de eflu sd'ng mdt nhan vat nao co tinh ed the ket hpp niem tin khdng nao nung va hdp ly cd phudng phap tham ehi trong mpt xfi hdi dang hi bao vfiy bdi sU
1^7-2020 NH&N LMC KHOA HOC Xl HOI Q
TIM HIEU XHU^'G CHU DE CHIXH TRI...
quan lieu hda da va sU phan chia gia tri. Dd cung lfi nhiing anh hudng lau dai cua dng ve tU tudng chinh tri vfi xa hdi cua theky XX.
Trong tac phim Politics as Vocation (Chinh tri nhU rapt nghe chuyen mdn), dng khfing dinh ..."nba nudc lfi moi quan he eua eon ngUdi thd'ng tri eon ngUdi.
rapt mdi quan he dupc bd trd bdi bao lue chinh dfing"'^'.
Weber cho ring, chinh tri Ifi su Ifinh dao ciia (hoac anh hudng cua sfl lanh dao ddi vdi) mdt nha nUde. Dieu nfiy tfit nhien din dng den vfi'n de trung tfim khfic: NTia nudc la gi? Weber dinb nghia nha nUde la hinh thflc cdng ddng eua eon ngUdi dUa ra yeu saeh eho su dpc quyen eiia bao lUc the xac dinh tinh cbinb dang trong mdt lanb thd eu the.
Cbinh tri sau dd, ed the dupe dinh nghia la pha'n da'u de chia se quyen lUc hofic anh hudng den sfl phan phdi quyen Ifle gifla cac qud'c gia khae nhau, boae gifla nhflng con ngudi trong rapt nha nUde. Do dd, rapt ngfldi lara ehinh tri. ve cd ban la quan tam de'n quyen Iflc, hoac lfi mdt phfldng tien phuc vu ehd eac mue tieu khfic, khfic nhau hofic vi ldi ich eua rieng minh. Theo Weber, cd ba each de quyen Ifle ed the dupe tinh chinh dfing: dd la nhfi lfinb dao cd the hdp phfip quyen lUc ciia minh nhu Ifi ket qua eiia phong tuc. fin sung, hofic nhd vfio dao lufit. Tinh ehinh dang eua hp dupe the hien tbdng qua nfing Iflc sfl Idi cud'n vd'n xufi't phfit tfl pbfim chat lanh dao the hien trUc tiep nhfi't cua hp.
Viee lanb dao, do vay. cfin tbiet phai tuyen dung mdt dpi ngfl lfim cbinh tri tinh hoa. Ting ldp ay. do vay. cd dam me chinh tri vfi nfing lUe bap din cdng chung, vfi se cd cam ke't vdi chinh tri ma khdng bien chinh tri thanh cdng cu de mUu ciu nbCrng
ldi ich kinh te cho ban than, cfic nha chmh tri. do dd, dupc sfl hd trp cua dai chung, dupe giai phdng de hp hanb ddng cd trach nhiem vdi ldi ich cdng edng"*'.
Cd thd eho ring, cac iy thuyet xfi hpi quan trpng nha't cua the ky XX. Max Weber dUdc biet den nhu mdt kien true sfl ehinh eua khoa hoc xa hdi hien dai cung vdi Kari Marx vfi Emil Durkheim. Ddng gdp cua Max Weber cung tao ddng Iflc quan trpng ebo sfl ra ddi cua cac mdn hoc mdi nbu xfi hpi hpc quan ly vfi quan hd cdng chung eung nhu efic dinh hUdng quan trpng trong Iuat, kinh te, chinh tri hoc, vfi nghien eflu tdn gifio. Bfii viet ve phfldng phfip luan eiia dng da dflpc cu the trong viee xfiy dflng ban sfic ciia khoa hpc xa hpi hien dai. Hai ddng gdp dang ki, noi tie'ng nha't ciia Weber la tinh duy ly hda, mdt phan tich lieh sd vi dai ve sfl thd'ng tri ciia phfldng Tay trong thdi hien dai, va cud'n Nen dao ddc Tin lanh va Tinh thin cua chu nghia tU ban, mpt each nhin ciia cbu nghia tfl ban bien dai. Nhiing cdng trinh nay da lam danh tieng cua ong nhfl lfi mdt trong nhflng nha ly luan sfing Ifip ciia tinh hien dai. Nhu vfiy, anh budng cua Max Weber la sau rpng tren cac mang rpng ldn ciia cfic nguyen tic, phfldng phap luan, tfl tfldng triet hpc chinh tri, xa hdi hpc chinb tri, kinh te bpc chinh tri va ehinh tri bpc...
dang phan chie'u de'n chung ta ngay cang nhieu hdn nhu vay.
Cd the thfi'y, Max Weber da gdp phin lfim lung lay cac cd sd ciia niem tin dan ehu CO dien. Nhiing lufin diem quan trpng ve ly tinh bda, ve quyen Iflc cua nhan dan, ve ca nhan sd'ng duy li va tu tri ve mfit dao
"' Max Weher, Politics as Vocation, New York UnivLT.sity Press, p.4
"" http://press-files anu.edu.au/downloads/
pre9s/p80351/mobile/ch04602 himi
Q KHAN L^C KHOA HOC XA HOI Sfi 7-2
DOAN TRUOXC. THU dflc. ve phue ldi chung dfi hi hoai nghi. Sfl
phat trien cae tU tfldng va cfic ly thuyet ve dan chu d the ky XX ta't nhien da dupc dinh hudng bdi viec tim kiem cau tra ldi cho nbflng thach thfle eiia cac ly thuyet tinb hoa vfi chi ed the dupe hieu dung khi dflde ddi chie'u vdi chung. Cd the phan chia mdt cfich fldc le qua trinh pbfit tridn cae ly thuyet ve dan ehii trong tfl tfldng chinh tri phfldng Tay ra thanh ba giai doan nhfl sau:
Giai doan thd nhi't la tfl diu the ky XX de'n khoang gifla the ky XX. Vao giai doan nfiy, dan chu dflpc tach biet nhfl ddi tfldng nghien eflu rieng biet trong chinh tri hoc dang hinh thfinh, dflde phan tich tren phfldng dien triet hpe chinb tri. Trdng khi d6, viec nghien cflu efic qufi trinh dan ehii ciing vdi vi§e ap dung nhflng phfldng phap chuyen ngfinh vin ehfla dfldc tie'n hanh.
Dac trflng cho giai doan nay la viec hinh thanh eae bien the khac nhau cua quan diem "chu nghia tinh hoa dan ehu". Song song vdi nd thi ngfldi ta ciing phat trien cac quan diem mang tinh xet lai ve "dfin chu san xufi't" vfi "dan cbii Idl sd'ng".
Giai doan thd hai \a tfl gifla nhflng nam 50 den gifla nhflng nfim 70, nhieu qufi trinh eiia nhfi nfldc dan chu hien dai da dfldc nghien eflu nhd nhiing phfldng phap khoa hpe ehuyen nganb. Ke't qua eiia eac cdng trinh nghien cflu nfiy da dua de'n viec dd'i mdi cac quan niem ve dan chu ndi chung. Dfic trUng cho giai doan nfiy lfi viee hinh thfinh cfic quan niem duy tdi tbieu ve dan ehii ciia H.Almond, eua S.Werba, ciia J.Sartori,... Cae quan diem duy tdi da va dd'i chpn dfi dUde phat trien manh me. Khi do, ngfldi ta cung da phfit trien cae hpe thuyet ddi hdi mot eai nhin khae ve din chii, thi du quan diem "da dan ehu da nguyen" (polyarchy) eua R.Dahl la quan diem he thd'ng ve dan ehu cua N.Luman.
s i 7-2020
Giai doan thd ba la tfl gifla nhflng nam 70 de'n eudl the ky XX. la qufi trinh ehuyen rapt each cd quy md ldn sang che dp dfin cbu d nhieu nflde tren the gidi.
Nhflng nhu ciu eua qua trinh nfiy da dfla de'n viee thao tac hda nhieu khfii niem gin lien vdi dan chii va viee t i t yeu xem xit lai nhflng vfi'n de ddng cham tdi ban eha't cua dfin ehu. Ke tfl nhflng nfim 90.
nhflng vin de truyen hfi dan ehu dfi dflde bd sung nhiing van de dae thu ve bfldc qua dp cd he thd'ng d cac nflde xa hdi ehii nghia, ve dien mao mdi cua hp thd'ng ehinh tri the gidi va quan he qudc te.
eung nhfl toan bd td hdp nhflng va'n de gin lien vdi qua trinh toan ciu hda. Diem dfic trUng cua thdi gian nfiy lfi sU xufi't hien cac quan diem "dan chii dipn tfl" va dfin ehii dinh tinh nhim khic phue sfl ddi diu gifla bpc thuyet duy tdi thieu vfi hpe thuyet duy tdi da.
Dfinh gifi giai doan thfl nha't trong ba giai doan neu tren, ein phai khang dinh, de'n giai doan nfiy, dfin ehu d nhieu nfldc phfldng Tay, it nha't lfi dfldi hinh thflc cfic the che nhfi nflde vfi quyen biu cii, tfl muc dieh ly luan chu yeu dfi bie'n thfinh vfi'n de eiia thfle tien ehinh tri. Khi mfi ngfldi ta edn dfi'u tranh vi nen dfin ehii nbfl muc dich, thi ta't nhien hp dat nhflng hy vpng ldn len van de dan chu. Thflc tidn chinb tri d diu the ky XX cbo chung ta tha'y ngay mdt rd rfing hdn ring, dan chu khdng phai lfi giai phap, mfi lfi nhiem vu; Ban thfin dfin ehu khdng dfla tdi viee thflc hien nhiing kbfit vpng cua nhfin dan vfi hoan toan khdng dam bao giai quyet nhieu vin de cua ddi so'ng xfi hpi. Chinb thfle tien
"tdn tai" nfiy cua dan chu d diu the ky XX da lam gia tang tfim trang hofii nghi ddi vdi nd. Theo y kie'n ciia nhieu nha chinh tri hpe cd tfl duy kinh nghiem, d diu the ky XX, quy md va tinh chat phflc tap cua NHAN LVC KHOA Hpc XA Hdi Q
TIM HIEU XHU^'G CHU DE CHIXH TKI
cae xa hdi cdng nghiep. cung nhfl su xufi't hien cac h i n h thflc q u a n lieu trong to chflc cua c h u n g dfi lam cho ngfldi t a hoai nghi k h a n a n g d a t tdi dfin c h u theo q u a n niem t b d n g thUdng ve nd.
Ket q u a cua thflc te dd cu t h e Ifi \ i e c h i n b t h a n h eac ly thuyet mdi ve dfin ehii ma, xet ve thUe chat, t h e bien sU doan tuyet t r i e t de vdi t r u y e n thd'ng ed dien. Vdi t o a n bd >u khfic biet ve thufit ngfl mdi ve dfin ehu dfldc sfl d u n g trong eae ly t h u y e t fiy, dfiy lfi eae ly t h u y e t ve "gidi tinh hoa dfin chu" dfldi nhflng hinh thfle khfic n h a u cua nd. Xit ve mfit lich sfl. hpc t h u \ e t thfl nhfi't trong sd'dd lfi q u a n d i i m d a n c h u da sd' ciia Max Weber. Ong dfi x u a t phfit tfl qua t r i n h q u a n lieu hda bp mfiy nhfi nude, chflng minh r i n g bfi't ky mdt q u a t r i n h h i n h thflc hda nfio q u a n be t r o n g xa hdi ldn hien dai deu d i n de'n che dp cflc quyen. Do vay, t r o n g xa hdi hien dai, d a n cbu cfing phfit tri^n hdn vfi tfldng iing so' lupng nhflng n h i e m vu nhfi nUde giai quyet c a n g dUde md rdng, tbi quyen Iflc hien thflc ciia t i n g ldp q u a n lieu cfing trd nen ldn bdn. Theo Max Weber, cfic t h e che dfin c h u CO dien khdng cd k h a n a n g chd'ng lai q u a n lieu bda ngay rapt gia t a n g . Weber cbo r i n g , c i n p h a i ed mdt sfl dflt doan r a khdi t i n h h u d n g thd'ng tri eua t i n g ldp q u a n lieu, va dng g i n lien sfl dflt doan ay vdi sfl cam quyen eua thii l i n h ed p h e p raau.
Max Weber eoi eac cudc b i u cfl d a n c h u la phflpng thflc de k h a n g d i n b t b u Hnh nhfl vay. Trong q u a n diem eua dng. b i u cii ddng vai trd h a n b vi duy nha't ddi hdi ed sU t h a m gia c b i n h tri ciia n h a n dan. D a n cbu. theo dng, la viec n h a n dfin lfla chpn cho minh t h u linh mfi bp tin tudng. S a u dd. t b u linh dupc nhfin d a n lfla chpn se ndi: "Bfiy gid cfic b a n hay yen lang va h a y p h u c t u n g tdi". Ca nhfin dfin, ca d a n g deu
khdng dupe can t h i e p vfio nhflng cdng viec t h u linh lfim. X h u vay. quy t r i n h bau c- d a n chfl eua n h a n d a n chi dMpc Weber xem la phUdng tien t a o d u n g "tbu linh cd p h e p m a u " va hdp thflc hda quyen Iflc De d a n g n h a n t h a y r i n g , vdi q u a n niem nhfl vay v i dfin cbii thi sfl khac biet gifla c h e dp dfin c h u va che dp ddc tai q u a n sfl la rfit mdng m a n h .
Ne'u eae q u a n diera ve d a n e h u d d a u t h e ky XX c h u yeu q u a n t a m de'n h i e u q u a khdng d i y du cua cae h i n h t h a i n h a nUdc d a n ehu da tflng t d n tai, t h i vao cudi nhflng n a m 30 - d i u nhflng n a m 50, ldi thach thfle ehii yeu mfi cac t a c gia eiia efic q u a n diem ve dfin chii tim k i e m cfiu t r a ldi chd nd, lai lfi ldi t h a c h thflc ve c h e do cflc quyen, dfi d i y lofii ngfldi vao cupc chien t r a n h t h e gidi. Do vfiy, k h i x e m xit d a n c h u nhfl lfi m p t efii vd cflng q u a n trpng, n b u lfi mpt gia tri t u y e t ddi, eae tac gia v i dfin cbii dfi t i m kiera t r o n g d a n c h u trfldc b e t la cae d a m bao de cd t h e chd'ng lai moi sfl x a m p h a m mdi doi vdi tfl do c u a ca n h a n va eiia xa hdi.
T a t n h i e n , ly t h u y e t c h u n g h i a t i n h h o a d a n ehii da m a n g lai cam hflng cho each tie'p can duy thfle vdi e h i n h t r i . T r e n thfle te, so vdi eac Ifldc do c h u a n tfic co dien, e h u n g da q u a n t a m n h i e u h d n d a n g ke de'n t i n h cbfi't bien thfle eua ddi sd'ng c h i n b tri phUdng Tay. T u y n h i e n , ehflng c h u yeu da d a n h m a t t r i e n vpng cua n h a n dfin la cai ca'u thfinh mdt bd p b a n rfi't q u a n t r o n g c u a dfin chu vdi t u each la gifi t r i va ly tudng. Do vay, k h d n g p h a i n g i u n h i e n m a ea ly lufin k h a c ve dfin e h u eung dfi h i n h t h a n h d gian d o a n nay. Va'n de t r u n g t a m t r o n g nhflng bfi't ddng gifla cac nbdra ly lufin nfiy, xet de'n cflng lfi vfi'n de vai trd c h u a n tfie eua n h a n d a n , eua cone dfin t r o n g tie'n t r i n h c b i n h tri, tflc lfi vi t r i cii t h a r a gia c h i n b tri cua q u i n c h u n g
Q NHAN LMC KHOA HOC XA HOI Sti 7-2020
DOANTRU(^X(i THU Mdi ly thuyet dan chii deu cd 1^ vpng
neu len nhan thflc dung din ve dan chu, nhflng thflc te lai eho thiy, mflc dp eiia nee lufin giai nhiing vfin de cfin ban nhat cua dfin ehu lai khfi ldn. Cfich thflc tiep can vfi lufin giai eua Max Weber vfi Joseph Schumpeter ve dan chu la mdt each thflc cd gia tri tham khao doi vdi Viet Nam, dac biet trong giai doan hien nay.
Cd the nhan thfi'y dieu nay qua each Ifip lufin ring dfin ebii lfi rapt dfie trflng tdt cho xfi hpi, nhflng nd khong la dfie trflng duy nhfi't. Sfl lien he ciia dan ehu vdi eac dac trUng khae eiia xa hpi chi cd the hieu rd hdn ne'u ta tach rdi dan ehii ra khdi efic dfic trUng khac eiia cac he thd'ng ehinb tri. Dan cbu Ifi mot hinh thflc nha nUde, trong dd, ngfldi dfin ed quyen kiem sofit so' phfin eiia ban than.
Trong ch6' dp dan chii, dan la ngfldi ed quyet dinh eudl cung, ngfldi dan cd quyen tao nen hofic it nhat cd kba nang tfic dpng den eae quye't dinb anb hfldng de'n cudc sd'ng ban than. Qua nhflng lap luan ciia eae dng, ehflng ta eung cd the nit ra nhfin xet. rang nin dan chu thflc cha't nhfi't chinh la nen dan chu xuat phat tfl sfl binh ding, sfl binh ding rafi phfip lufit d qud'c gia nfio cung hfldng tdi.
Dan chu cdn la sfl tdn trpng tinh da dang ciia cac nbdm ldi ieh, va nhiem vu ciia nd khdng phai la de bep y ehi ciia nbflng thieu sd', mfi la tim ra trdng so' nhflng nhdm lpi icb dd tieng ndi chung, vfi dd cung chinh la quyen Iflc dich thflc ciia ngfldi dan thdng qua eac cd che thflc thi dan chii. Trong mdi quan he vdi nhdm tinh hoa, dan chii vi vay. khdng the la yeu to' thfl yeu khi trinh dp dan tri dflpe cai thien va khing dinh.
3. Ke't luan
XTiflng ndi dung tu tfldng chinh tri eua Max Weber tfl gdc nbin tren day. d Viet Nam la tfldng ddi radi me, xet \e tdng quan, van edn mpt so" diem chua thfle sfl tudng minh ve mat tri thflc va ky nang, chfla thflc su hap dfin ve phUPng thflc fip dung vfi cfic gia dinh, song nhiing each lap lufin eiia efic dng ve quyen luc vfi nen dan ehu, ding nbU nhiing cd'ng hie'n khae ve khoa hpe Ifi rfi't ed gifi tri.
Viec van dung nhiing tU tfldng dan ehu fi'y vfio hoan canh Viet Nam, hay chi it, ciing lfi sU so sfinh, soi chieu qua lfing kinh ciia cfic gifi tri, theo tac gia, la viec lara cin thie't, qua dd, ed the lay dfldc nhiing gifi tri tich cue, gdp phin vfio nhan thflc va van dung vfio thflc tiln qua trinh efii cfich the ehe ehinb tri.
nang cao nang Ifle thfle hanh chinh tn cua ngfldi dfin d Viet Nam hien nay.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Iain McLean (1970), The concise Oxford Dictionary ofPoltics.
2. Michael Curtis (1975), The Great Political Theories.
3. David Held (2013), Cac md hinb quan ly nhi nUdc hien dai, Nxb. Tri thfle.
4. J.N. Figgs (1960), Political thought.
5. Max Weber (2008), Nen dao ddc Tin linh vi tinh than cua chu nghia tU ban, Nxb. Tri thfle.
6. Max Weber (1946), Pohtics as Vocation, New York - Oxford University Press.
7. http://press-files.anu.edu.au/
downloads/press/p80351/mobile/eh04s02.h tml, truy cap ngfiy 16/06/2020.
8. https://courses.lumenlearning.eom /sociology/cbapter/power-and-authority/
truy cap ngay 12/05/2020.
d 7-2020 NHAN LOC KHOA HOC XA Hdi Q