HOAT
O O N GKH-CN
T I M HIEU VE
NHU CM DINH DUONG CUA CA TRAM DEN
Ci trim den
(Mylo|>haryngo(ion pieeus
Richardson, 1846] la ea an dpng vat day, thirc dn ua thich U cac loai nhuyin th^ thu6c l6|> chan bung va l6|> 2 minh vo nhv oe, trai, hS^n... (Nguyin Van Hio va Ngo Sy Van, 2 0 0 1 ) . NhOng nam gin day, nhu cau v l ci trim den thuong |>ham khong ngung tang Un trong khi nguon thue an t u nhiin la eie loai nhuyin t h i ngay cang giim nin vile sir dung thih: in hin hp|> ii nuoi ei tram den ngiy cing tra nin pho bi^n.
M nang eao sin luong ci trim den, vile tim hiiu v i nghiin cuu nhu clu dinh duong eua ci trim den, tu dl nghiin eihi cing nghi nuli |>hu ho^, ting ty l l ei trim den trong ao kit hof V6i nghiin cihi sin xuit thiie in hin hop thay t h i thire in tu nhiin l i khiu d|t phi.
1. Nhu cau protein va axit amin
l.L Nhu cdu protein Nhu ciu protein trong thirc an ciia cic loai c i nudc ngpt thudng dao ddng trong khoing tir 25-55%, trung binh khoing 30%. Nhu ciu protein tdi uu cua mdt loii c i nhit dinh phu thudc vio nguyen lieu che bien thirc an, giai doan phit trien ciia ca the v i nhieu yeu td ben ngoai khic (Vu Duy Giing, 2007).
Mac dil da cd mdt sd ket qui ban diu ve nhu ciu protein ciia ci tram den, song hien nay cic nha kboa hpc van tiep tuc tien hinh nhtrng nghien ciru nham xic dinh
• Ta Thj Binh
nhu cau protein d timg giai doan phat trien ciia chiing nham xiy dung cic cdng thirc thirc an hieu qua.
Michael C. Cremer, Zhou Enhua and Zhang Jian (2006) da sir dung khiu phin 36%
protein nudi ci tram den gidng trong hai thi nghiem d tinh Shenyang v i Hac Long Giang (Trung Qudc) cho ket luin: khiu phin 36% protein li phii hpp de sir dung nudi c i tram den tir cd gidng len cd thuong pham.
Yang Guohua va ctv (1981) lay casein lim protein ngudn, sir dung phuong pbip tang dan (phuang phip bic thang) tinh ra lupng protein
Ca tram den
So 5 / 2 0 1 1
Jhdng tin KH-CN Nghe An (11)
yeu li tinh bdt, khi tinh che thirc an ngudi ta ciing dimg hd tinh bdt, dudng glucose lim dudng nguyen lieu (Leng Xiang-Jun v i Wang Zun, 2003).
C i tram den la loai an thirc an cd ngudn gdc ddng vat. Thirc an cua chiing ngoai tu nhien chii yeu li dc cd lupng cacbonhydrat rit thip (Thii B i Hd va ctv, 2004).
Trong cac thi nghiem tim hieu inh hudng ddi vdi su sinh trudng cua c i trim den gidng (cd the trpng trung binh 48,32g) khi sir dung cic loai protein va dudng (hd tinh bpt) vdi cic ham lupng khic nhau, thiy rang: khi him lupng protein trong thirc an nam trong khoing 37,0- 43,3%, him lupng dudng (hd tinh bdt) trong khoing 9,5-
18,6% thi ci tram den gidng sinh trudng tdt nhat; khi ham lupng protein trong thirc an nam trong khoing 27,15- 41,3%, ham lupng dudng
10,17-36,83%, ty le tang trpng giiia cic nhdm c i trim den kem v i khdng rd ring;
khi him lupng dudng trong thiic an dat tren 36,83% thi tdc dp sinh trudng ciia c i trim den giim. Thirc in hdn hpp cho c i tram den gidng khi him lupng dam li 30- 41%) thi bd sung him lupng dudng khoing 20%) li phii hop (Leng Xiang-Jun v i Wang Zun, 2003).
Li Ai-jie (1996) nhan thay khi ham lupng dudng trong thiic an li 30%), sinh trudng cua c i tram den l i tdt nhit, trong pham vi 25-30%), hieu
qua thu dupc tuong ddi ly tudng. Ong ciing dua ra him lupng thich hpp cua cic loai dudng trong thirc an cho c i tram den gidng, c i tram den 1 tudi nudi qua ddng v i c i thit lin lugt li 30%, 35%, 35%.
Nam 1998, Zhou Yu da nghien ciru ham lupng thich hpp cua dudng trong thirc an c i tram den l i 25-35%o.
Leng Xiang-Jun va Wang Zun (2003) nhin dinh c i tram den khdng cd men phan giii cic hpp chat cellulose, nhung trong thiic an vin cin mdt lupng thich hpp cellulose de duy tri cdng nang binh thudng trong he thdng tieu hda, dd ciing la cich giim gii thinh thirc an v i tang sin lupng.
Khi trong thirc an khdng cd cellulose thd hoac him lupng cellulose thd qui cao (24%)) thi tdc dp sinh trudng ciia ci trim den deu khdng tdt. Khi him lupng cellulose nim trong khoing tir 8-16%o thi tdc dp sinh trudng cua c i tram den la rit tdt, trong khi dd nhdm ci an thiic in cd bd sung 8%) cellulose cd he sd thirc an tuong ddi thip v i hieu suit protein tuong ddi cao hon. Vi vay, tic gii de xuit him lupng cellulose vira phii trong thirc an li vio khoing 8%.
5. Nhu cau vitamin
Nhu ciu vitamin d c i ciing nhu d ddng vat khic l i khdng nhieu nhung vdi mdt lupng nhd bd sung vio thirc an hdn hop l i rit cin thiet cho su phit trien ciia vit nudi (Vii Duy Giing, 2007).
Nam 2006, Wang Zun va ctv da nghien ciiu hieu suit sir dung cua c i tram den ddi vdi VC-2 Neoichthammol rit thip, tuc la cho them VC-2
Neoichthammol dat 2083,3mg/kg (chira VC
lOOOmg/kg), bieu hien xuit huyet CO the, than cong queo do thieu VC. Him lupng VC thich hpp cho vio thirc an ca gidng i i 200mg/kg (VC-2- LAPP) hoac 400mg/kg (VC- CAA) (Leng Xiang-jun v i ctv, 2002).
Nghien ciiu cua Sd nghien ciiu thiiy sin Thupng Hii da chi ra ring khi him lupng vitamin trong thiic an qui cao (24%o) hoac khdng bd sung vitamin thi tdc dp sinh trudng cua c i tram den chim, he sd thirc an cao, hieu q u i sir dung dam thap. Khi him lupng vitamin li 8%
hoac 16%), tdc dp sinh trudng cua c i tram den kha tdt, trong do vitamin l i S% se cd he sd thiic an khi thip v i he sd tieu hda chat dam cao. Vi vay, him lupng vitamin trong thiic an cua c i tram den khdng cao ban 8%o l i thich hpp (Lee Dan va ctv, 2006).
Shiwen Lei va ctv (1998) da lay c i tram den gidng lam ddi tupng nghien ciru nhu cau vitamin. Trong 11 Id thirc an thi nghiem, mdi Id thieu 1 loai vitamin hda tan, ddng thdi liy thirc an hoin toin khdng thieu vitamin de lam thi nghiem ddi chiing. Ket q u i cho thay vitamin cd vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi sinh trudng ciia c i tram den.
So 5/2011 Jhong tin KH-CN Ngh§ An (i4)
HOAT DONG KH-CN
Bang 2: Nhu cau vitamin cua ca trim den (Lee Dan v i ctv, 2006)
Vitamin VBl
VB2 VB6 VB12 VC VE VK
Niacin (VB3)
Calcium pantothenate (VB5) Folic acid
VA
Nhu cau (mg/kg thuc an)
5 10 20 0.01
50 10 3 50 20 1 5000
VD 1000 6. Nhu cau khoang
Ci tram den trong tu nhien da hip thu dupc mdt lupng khoing nhat djnh tir mdi trudng, dac biet li thirc an trai, dc. Dd li do trong dc cd chira mdt him lupng canxi vi photpho tuong ddi cao:
1356mg canxi/lOOg dc van;
1310mg canxi v i 64mg photpho/lOOg dc buou. Him lugng canxi v i photpho niy cd the dil de cung cap cho
nhu ciu ci tram den sdng trong mdi trudng tu nhien hoac duoc tha ghep trong ao dim vdi sd lugng nhd. Tuy nhien, khi tien hanh nudi thuang phim ca tram den vdi sd lugng ldn, mat dp cao, sir dung thirc in cdng ngbiep thi him lugng cic chit khoing trong tu nhien khdng the cung cip dil cbo ci trong khi ci cin dupc cung cip dil cic chit khoing da lupng v i vi lupng
de chdng ldn. it benh (Vii Duy Giing, 2007). Trong thirc an hdn hpp cho ci tram den thi hai loai khoing da lupng quan trpng nhat li canxi v i photpho, cd the bd sung Ca3(P04)2. Cic loai khoing khic dupc bd sung qua premix khoing, tuy nhien him lugng vi ty le cic loai khoing nay cd thich hop cho c i tram den hay khdng thi cin phii xem xet v i nghien cim.
Shiwen Lei v i ctv (1998) da tien hinh nghien cim him lupng thich hop ciia 5 loai nguyen td khoing trong thirc an hdn hpp ciia ci tram den, ket qui thi nghiem di chi rd him lupng P li 0,57%, Ca li 0.68%, Mn li 0.06%, Fe li 41 mg/kg, Zn li 92mg/k^. Nhu ciu ve Ca ddi vdi ci tram den li 0,58-0,78%, vdi lin li khoing 0,42-0,62% (him lupng Ca trong nudc khoing 39,1 mg/kg vi P khoing 0,005 mg/kg), vdi Cu li 3mg/kg, vdi Mg li 0,04mg/kg. (Leng Xiang-jun v i ctv, 1998).
Bang 3: Thanh phan premix khoang cho thuc an ca tram den Muoi vo CO"
MgS04
2H20.CaHP04 Citric axit (7H20).ZnS04 NaCI
MnS047H20 CUSO4.5H2O K2SO4 C0CI2
(NH4)6M07024.4H20 Fe2(S04)3.7H20 KI
Li Dan va ctv (2006) (g/kg VCK)
14,415 - 0,220
- 0,092 0.020
- 0,001 0,0004
0,250 0,0016
Leng Xiang-Jun va Wang Zun (2003) (%)
12,50 75,70 5,10
1,47 ' 1,03
1,13 0,13 0,106 0,067 0,027 2,74
- Viec tim hieu ve nhu ciu
dinh dudng cua c i tram den la CO sd de lip cdng thirc
thirc an, che bien thiic an vien bang nguyen lieu dia phuong, md ra trien vpng ve
phit trien sin xuit thirc an cdng nghiep nudi ci trSm den thuong phim d Viet Nam./.
S6 5 / 2 0 1 1
Jhdng tin KH-CN Nghe An iis]
can thiet trong giai doan c i tram den huong la 41%), c i 2 tudi li 33% va c i trudng thinh la 28%.
Leng Xiang-Jun v i Wang Zun (2003) sir dung ca gidng tram den cd cic khdi lupng l i 37,12-48,32g, ddng thdi liy ty le ting khdi lupng lim chi tieu, tinh dupc dudng hdi quy thang va dudng hdi quy parabol, phit hien thay rang khi him lupng protein thip ban 29,54%o thi quan he giiia ty le tang khdi lupng va him lupng protein gin nhu l i mdt dudng thang; Khi h i m lupng protein l i 29,54- 40,85% thi ty le khdi lupng dan dan tang len v i dat tri sd cao nhit; Khi him lupng protein vugt qui 40,85%o thi ty le ting khdi lupng giam xudng. Phit hien cho thiy lupng protein thich irng ddi
vdi ca tram den gidng la khoing 30-41%o, tuang duang vdi him lugng protein thd cd trong thit dc ddng v i hen lim thirc an cho c i tram den (vdi dc ddng la 38,8%, hen la 32,2%).
Dai Xiang-qing (1988) cung da sir dung c i tram den cd 3,5g lam thi nghiem de tim ra lupng dam thich hgp nhit trong thirc an. Ket qua chi ra rang, him lupng chit dam phdi hpp trong thirc an cho c i tram den gidng tir 35- 40%.
Tdm lai, nhu ciu protein trong thirc an cin thiet cho c i tram den trong giai doan c i huong li 40%), giai doan c i gidng li 35%), giai doan c i thit li 30% (Leng Xiang-Jun v i Wang Zun, 2003).
1.2. Nhu edu cdc axit amin thiet yeu
Can bang axit amin trong khiu phan nudi li rat quan trpng vi mdt hdn hgp thiic an can bang dugc axit amin, dac biet l i cic axit amin khdng thay the, se cho vat nudi ting trudng tdt ban (Vu Duy Giing, 2007).
Tren thuc te, chat dinh duang protein chinh li chat dinh dudng cua axit amin. Ca tram den ciing gidng nhu cac loai c i khic, cin 10 loai axit amin thiet yeu bao gdm:
Lysine (lys), Tryptophane (Trp), Methionine (Met), Isoleucine (Iso), Leucine (Leu), Arginine (Arg), Histamine (His), Phenylanine (Phe), Valine (Vai), Threonine (Thr), nhu ciu ve lugng acid amin trong thirc an cua c i tram den dugc trinh biy trong bang 1 dudi diy.
Bang 1: Nhu cau ciia ca tram den voi 10 axit amin trong thirc an (Lee Dan va ctv, 2006)
Acid amin thiet yeu Lysine
Tryptophan Methionine Isoleucine Leucine Arginine Valine
Pbenylalaniije Histidine Threonine
Nhu cau ("/o thirc an) 2,40
2,50 1,10 0,80 2,40 2,70 1,00 0,80 2,10 1,30
Nhu cau (% protein) 6,00
1,00 2,80 2,00 6,00 6,80 2,50 2,00 5,25 3,25
Chu y: Protein tho trong thuc dn deu Id 40%, hdm lugng casein trong thuc dn Id 0,5%, hdm luang cytine Id 0,32%.
Khi bd sung them 0,2%o axit amin vio thiic an cho c i tram den (thirc an thi nghiem cd dp dam thd li 43,31%),
ket qui cho thiy cd the ning cao tdc dp sinh trudng ciia c i tram den, giim he sd thiic an, giim gii thinh nudi c i tram
den. Ddng thdi thi nghiem bd sung them axit amin cho ci cd chit lupng cao hon so vdi khdng them axit amin. Ngoai
So 5 / 2 0 1 1
Jhong tin KH-CN Nghg An (12]
HOAT DONG KH-CN
ra, khi thirc an dupc bd sung them axit amin, hieu suit chuyen hda chit vd ca cao, cd kha nang thiic diy sir hip thu mdt cich cd hieu qua cic chit dinh duong cua c i trSm den.
2. Nhu cau chat beo va axit beo
Neu trong thiic an cd dii ham lupng chit beo thi cd the cung cip nang lupng, vira cd the cung cip lupng acid beo cin thiet cho ca the.
Trong thuc nghiem sir dung dau c i mat ngua lim ngudn ma chinh cho thiy, lugng chit beo trong thiic an cin thiet ddi vdi c i tram den gidng 1 tudi (cd khdi lupng thin tir 44,23-59,69g) ' l i 6,2% v i c i tram den gidng trong nam (cd khdi lupng thin tir 10,25-13,73g) ' la 6,7%). Khi him lugng chit beo trong thiic an dudi 3%o hoac tren 9%o thi ca tram den gay, sinh trudng cham, ty le tang trpng giim (Leng Xiang-Jun v i Wang Zun, 2003).
Wang Zun va ctv (1987) bang phuang phip hdi quy da tinh dugc lupng chit beo tdi uu trong thirc an c i tram den mdt tudi l i 6,03%).
Nhieu ket q u i nghien ciiu khic ciing nhit tri vdi nhin dinh tren. Ket q u i nghien ciiu cho thiy, trong giai doan thanh thuc, lupng md cin th'ik tuong ddi thip, cho nen cic n h i khoa hpc d^ xuit l i ddi vdi c i mdt tudi v i c i trudng thinh, lupng md phii hgp nhat l i 6% v i 4,5%.
Ngudn chat beo trong thiic an khic nhau thi mirc dp inh hudng len tdc dp sinh trudng v i phit trien cua c i tram den cung khic nhau. Tir cic loai dau c i (ci mat ngua), md triu bd, diu diu tuong, diu ngd phdi che thinh bdn loai thirc an cd him lugng chit beo 7% lim thirc an cho ci tram gidng mdt tudi, ket qui cho thiy nhdm sir dung thiic an cd diu c i dat hieu qui cao nhit, tiep den li nhdm thiic an cd ma triu bd, rdi den nhdm thiic an chiia diu cic loai diu v i nhdm thiic an chiia diu ngd (Leng Xiang-Jun va Wang Zun, 2003).
Nhin chung, nhu ciu axit beo ciia cic loii c i nudc ngpt cd 4 loai: Ci8H2n-6,
ClgHsn-S, C2oH5n-3 v i C22H6n-
3. Wang Zun v i ctv (1986) cimg mdt sd nhi khoa hpc khic da tien hinh nghien ciru so bd ve inh hudng cua axit beo ddi vdi su sinh trudng cua c i trim den, thay rang khi thieu chit beo trong thtic an (khdng cd cic td chiic ma) hoac khdng cd du cic acid beo (cd cho them lauraldehyde acid 5%) thi c i cd cic bieu hien: mat ldi ra, viy dung dirng, thin miu den, mang xung huyet v i ty le chet cao. Neu trong thirc an bd sung them 6% diu c i thi tdc dp tang trpng ciia ca tdt nhit. Neu chi bd sung Linoleic acid 1% hoac chi Linolenic acid 1 % thi tdc dp sinh trudng cua c i cung tuang ddi khi. Trudng hgp bd sung them Linoleic acid
1% + Linolenic acid 2%
hoac Linoleic 2% + Linolenic \%, hoac Oleic acid (20: 4n-6) 1% thi tdc dp sinh trudng va phit tri6n cua c i khdng nhu mong mudn (Leng Xiang-Jun vi Wang Zun, 2003).
3. Nhu cau nang luong Nhirng ngbien ciiu lien quan den nbu ciu ve nang lugng cua c i tram den khdng nhieu. Dai Xiang-qing v i ctv (1988) da sir dung dam v i chit ket dinh lim nguyen lieu, phdi che thinh thiic an thuc nghiem cd him lugng dam 35-40%), diing cic chi tieu ve tdc dp tang trpng, hieu qui sir dung dam v i he sd thirc an de danh gii d i xic dinh dugc tdng nang lugng thd (GE) trong thirc an tdng hgp cho ci gidng tram den li 13.377-15.288KJ/kg; ty le nang lugng dam C/P = 38,2KJ/g li thich hgp. Nam 1992, Wang Zun khi liy thiic an tdng hpp tinh che cho ci gidng trim den an da tim ra lupng yeu ciu thich hpp ve khi nang tieu hda nang lupng (DE) trong thiic an tdng hop ciia c i tram den l i 14592,0 -
14426,2KJ/kg. Ty le nang lugng dam phii hgp nhit (DE/P) ' = 41,034 49,560KJ/g.
4. Nhu cau cacbonhydrat Dua theo cdng nang sinb ly, cd the phan cic hgp chit hydrocarbon thinh hai loai dudng: loai dudng cd the tieu hda (hoac li hgp chit khdng chira dam (NFE) v i mdt loai li cellulose thd (CF). Dudng de tieu hda trong thirc an chii
Sd 5 / 2 0 1 1
Jhdng tin KH-CN Nghe An ii3}
yeu li tinh bdt, khi tinh che thirc an ngudi ta ciing dimg hd tinh bdt, dudng glucose lam dudng nguyen lieu (Leng Xiang-Jun va Wang Zun, 2003).
C i tram den li loii an thirc an cd ngudn gdc dpng vit. Thirc an ciia chiing ngoii tu nhien chii yeu li dc cd lupng cacbonhydrat rit thip (Thii B i Hd v i ctv, 2004).
Trong cic thi nghiem tim hieu inh hudng ddi vdi su sinh trudng ciia c i tram den gidng (cd the trpng trung binh 48,32g) khi sir dung cic loai protein v i dudng (hd tinh bdt) vdi cic him lupng khic nhau, thay rang: khi him lupng protein trong thirc an nim trong khoing 37,0- 43,3%, him lupng dudng (hd tinh bdt) trong khoing 9,5-
18,6% tbi c i trim den gidng sinh trudng tdt nhat; khi him lupng protein trong thirc in nam trong khoing 27,15- 41,3%), ham lupng dudng
10,17-36,83%o, ty le tang trpng giGa cac nhdm c i tram den kem v i khdng rd ring;
khi ham lupng dudng trong thirc an dat tren 36,83% thi tdc dp sinh trudng ciia c i tram den giim. Thirc an hdn hgp cho c i tram den gidng khi him lugng dam l i 30- 4 1 % thi bd sung him lugng dudng khoing 20%o li phii hpp (Leng Xiang-Jun v i Wang Zun, 2003).
Li Ai-jie (1996) nhin thiy khi him lupng dudng trong thiic an li 30%o, sinh trudng cua ci trim den l i tdt nhit, trong pham vi 25-30%), hieu
qui thu dugc tuong ddi ly tudng. Ong ciing dua ra him lugng thich hgp ciia cic loai dudng trong thirc an cho c i tram den gidng, ca tram den 1 tudi nudi qua ddng va ca thit lin lugt la 30%, 35%o, 35%.
Nam 1998, Zhou Yu da nghien ciru him lugng thich hgp ciia dudng trong thirc an c i trim den l i 25-35%).
Leng Xiang-Jun v i Wang Zun (2003) nhin dinh ci trim den khdng cd men phan giai cic hgp chit cellulose, nhung trong thirc an vin cin mdt lupng thich hpp cellulose de duy tri cdng nang binh thudng trong he thdng tieu hda, dd ciing li cich giim gia thanh thirc in v i ting sin lupng.
Khi trong thirc an khdng cd cellulose thd hoac him lupng cellulose thd qui cao (24%)) thi tdc dp sinh trudng ciia c i tram den deu khdng tdt. Khi him lupng cellulose nam trong khoing tir 8-16%o thi tdc dp sinh trudng cua c i trim den li rit tdt, trong khi dd nhdm c i i n thiic in cd bd sung 8%) cellulose cd he sd thiic in tuong ddi thip v i hieu suit protein tuong ddi cao hon. Vi vay, tic gii de xuat him lupng cellulose vira phii trong thirc an li vio klioing 8%.
5. Nhu cau v i t a m i n
Nhu cau vitamin d c i ciing nhu d ddng vat khic la khdng nhieu nhung vdi mdt lupng nhd bd sung vio thirc an hdn hpp l i rit can thiet cho sir phit trien cua vat nudi (Vii Duy Giing, 2007).
Nam 2006, Wang Zun va ctv da nghien ciiu hieu suit sir dung cua ca tram den ddi vdi VC-2 Neoichthammol rat thap, tire li cho them VC-2
Neoichthammol dat 2083,3mg/kg (chira VC
lOOOmg/kg), bieu hien xuat huyet ca the, than cong queo do thieu VC. Him lupng VC thich hgp cho vio thiic an ci gidng i i 200mg/kg (VC-2- LAPP) hoac 400mg/kg (VC- CAA) (Leng Xiang-jun va ctv, 2002).
Nghien cim ciia Sd nghien ciru thuy sin Thupng Hii da chi ra rang khi him lupng vitamin trong thiic an qua cao (24%o) hoac khdng bo sung vitamin thi tdc dp sinh trudng cua c i tram den cham, he sd thirc an cao, hieu qui sir dung dam thip. Khi him lugng vitamin li 8%
hoac 16%), tdc dp sinh trudng ciia c i trim den khi tdt, trong dd vitamin l i 8% se cd he sd thiic an khi thip v i he sd tieu hda chat dam cao. Vi vay, him lupng vitamin trong thiic an cua c i tram den khdng cao hon 8%) la thich hgp (Lee Dan v i ctv, 2006).
Shiwen Lei v i ctv (1998) da liy c i trim den gidng lim ddi tugng nghien ciru nhu cau vitamin. Trong 11 Id thirc an thi nghiem, mdi Id thieu 1 loai vitamin hda tan, ddng thdi lay thiic i n hoin toin khdng thieu vitamin de lim thi nghiem ddi chirng. Ket q u i cho thay vitamin cd vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi sinh trudng cua c i tram den.
So 5 / 2 0 1 1