Tim hieu quan diem bien chung vh chan Iy
T r i n h Thi H a n g '
' Vi?n Trilt hgc, Vi$n Hin lim Khoa hgc xi h$i Vi^t Nam.
Email: [email protected]
Nh§n ngiy 22 thing 7 nSm 2019. Chap nhin ding ngiy 22 thing 9 nim 2019.
Tom tat: Chan !y la mpt khai ni?m CCT ban cua ly luan nhan thuc. Ciing c§p vdi khai ni|m chan ly la khai ni?m sai lam. Chan ly ia quan diem (lu|ln dilm, quan nifm, tu tudng, y kiln, phan doan) dung dan; con sai lam la quan diem khong diing dan. Theo ly luan nhan thuc cOa chii nghia duy tam, chan ly c6 tinh chii quan, phy thupc vao chii the nhan thuc. Trai ngugc lgi, theo ly Iuan nhin thiic cua chii nghTa duy vgt, chan ly co tinh khach quan, khdng phy thu$c vao chii the nhan thuc.
Theo 1>' luan nhan thftc sieu hinh, chan ly doi lap tuy?t doi vdi sai lam. Trai ngupc lgi, theo ly lu§n nhgn thiic bi^n chftng, chdn l;y khong doi lap tuy$t do! vdi sai lam.
Tir kh6a: Chan ly, Iy lugn nh|n thftc, quan dilm bi?n chiing.
Phan logi ng&nh: Triet hpc
Abstract: Truth is a basic concept ofthe theory of knowledge (epistemology). Coupled with the concept is that of falsehood. Truth is a correct view (argument, conception, thuought, pinion, guess), while falsehood is a view which is not correct. According to the theory of knowledge of idealism, tmth is subjective, dependent on every's person. On the contrary, according to that theory of materialism, it is objective, independent ofthe person. The metaphysical theory of knowledge says that truth is absolutely opposite to falsehood. On the contrary, the dialectical theory deems that it is not.
Keywords: Tmth, theory of knowledge, dialectical view.
Subject classification: Philosophy
1. Md dau bidn chftng vl chan ly nhu sau: "Ndi mot each khac: tinh tdi cao cua tu duy chi dugc Chan 1^ la mot khai niem ca hm cua 1^ ludn thuc hidn trong mdt loat ngudi tu duy cuc nhdn thftc. Jrong tac phdm "Chdng ky khong tdi cao; nhan thuc cd quydn tuyet Duyrinh", Ph.Angghen trinh bay quan dilm ddi nim chan Iy thi dugc thirc hien trong
Trinh Thi Hang mpt loat nhfing sai lam tuang ddi; ca hai
dlu khdng thi thuc hidn dugc diy dft bing each nao khac ngoai each thdng qua mdt doi sdng dai vd tan cfta nhan logi" [2, tr.I26]; "Vd nhung chdn ly vTnh curu thi cung nhu vgy. Ndu nhan logi dat tdi chd chi vdn dung toan nhung chan Iy vTnh ciiu, nhimg kit qua cua tu duy cd gia tri tdi cao va CO quyin tuyet ddi ve chan Iy, thi dieu d6 CO nghia la nhan logi da tdi mdt diem ma tinh vd tan cua the gidi tri thftc da cftng kiet xet ve mat hien thuc ciing nhu vd mat tidm nSng, va nhu the la da thuc hidn dugc cai diSu than ky ndi tieng la ddm dugc hdt con so vo ban" [2, tr.l27]; "Chan ly va sai lam, cung gidng nhu tit ca nhung pham trii Id gic hpc van ddng trong nhiing cue ddi lap, chi CO gia tri tuydt ddi trong. mpt phgm vi circ ky hgn chd", "Mdt khi chftng ta dem ihig dung su ddi lgp gifta chdn ly va sai Iam ra ngoai phgm vi chat hep ma chung ta da chi ra d tren, thi sir ddi lap ay trd thanh tuong ddi va do do khdng thich hgp vdi , phucmg thftc bidu hidn khoa hgc chinh xac.
Nhrnig neu chftng ta cd ftng dung su ddi ldp ay ra ngoai ITnh vuc ndi trdn nhu la su ddi lap tuypt ddi thi chftng ta se hoan toan that bai; mpt cue trong hai cue cfta mat d6i lap ay se hien thanh cai ddi lap vdi nd, nghia la chan Iy se trd thanh sai ldm va sai Iam se trd thanh chan Iy" [2, tr.132-133]. Trong cac tac phdm "Chft nghia duy vat va chft nghia kinh nghidm phd phan" va "Bftt ky trilt hpc", V.I.Lenin cung khang dinh quan diem bipn chftng ve chdn Iy nhu sau: "Nhu vay la theo ban chit cua nd, tu duy cfta con ngudi cd thd cung cap va dang cung cdp cho chiing ta chan ly tuydt doi ma chdn ly nay chi la tdng sd nhung chan Iy tuong ddi.
M6i giai dogn phat triln cfta khoa hgc Iai dem them nhung hgt mdi vao cai tdng sd ay Clia chan Iy tuydt ddi, nhung nhiing gidi hgn
chan ly cua mpi dinh ly khoa hpc ddu la tuong ddi, khi thi md rdng ra, khi thi thu hep lai, tfty theo sir tang tiln cfta tri thuc"
[3, ft. 15 8]; "Chan ly tuydt ddi dugc cdu tiianh tft nhftng chdn ly tuong ddi dang phdt trien; chdn ly tuang ddi la su phdn dnh tuong ddi dung cfta mdt khach thi tdn tai dpc lap ddi vdi nhan logi; nhftng phan anh dy ngay cang trd ndn chinh xac hon; mdi chdn ly khoa hpc, dft la cd tinh tucmg ddi, van chfta dung mdt yen td cua chdn ly myet ddi" [3, tr.383]; "Con ngudi khdng thd nam bat dugc = phan anh = mieu ta todn bg gidi tu nhidn mdt each day dft, "tinh chinh thd true tiep" cfta nd, con ngudi chi cd thd di gdn mdi den dd, bang each tgo ra nhiing trftu tugng, nhiing khai niem, nhftng quy lugt, mdt bftc tranh khoa hpc vd the gidi, v.v. va V.V.." [4, tr.l93].
Trong quan diem ndi trdn ciia Ph.Angghen va V.I.Lenin, cd cac khai nipm chan Iy tuong ddi, chan Iy tuyet ddi, chan Iy vTnh cftu. Vay, quan hd gifta ba khai nidm nay nhu thi nao? Day la van dd phftc tap chua dugc gidi dap rd rang trong cdc sach giao khoa ve tridt hpc Mdc - Lenin, va do do, dang cd nhung each hidu khac nhau ve tfnh chdt cua chdn Iy. Bai vidt nay tim hieu quan didm bipn chftng vd chdn ly tuong ddi, chdn ly tuydt ddi, chdn Iy viiih cuu vd cac yeu td quy dinh tinh tucmg ddi cfta chan ly.
2. ChSn ly tirffng doi, chan Iy tuyet doi va chan ly vTnb cftu
Chan ly tucmg ddi va chan ly tuypt ddi gidng nhau d cho chung dlu la chdn ly, tuc la ftai ngugc vdi sai Idm. Chan Iy tuong ddi va chan Iy tuyet ddi cd sir khac nhau. Chan Iy tuong ddi la chan ly chua hoan toan dung ddn, va do do, se dugc con ngudi thay thd 45
Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 11 - 2019 bdng chdn ly khac dftng dan hem. Chan ly tuyet ddi la chdn ly hoan toan diing dan, va do dd, se khdng thd bi thay the bang chan ly khac dftng dan hem. Mdt chan Iy nao dd cfta con ngudi ndu chua hoan toan dftng din thi sdm hay mupn se dugc bd sung va phat trien de trd ndn diing dan hem, chan ly nhu vgy la chdn ly tuong ddi. Mpt chan ly nao do cfta con ngudi neu da hoan todn dftng din thi khdng can phai dugc bd sung va phat trien dd trd ndn dung ddn hon, chan ly nhu vay la chan ly tuyet ddi. Trong chdn ly tuong ddi van chfta dung mdt phan sai Iam. Trong chdn ly tuydt ddi thi khdng chfta dung mdt phan sai Iam nao. Nhung ddn day, mpt vdn de phftc tgp lai dugc dgt ra la d chd, cd chan ly nao la chdn ly tuyet ddi khdng, ndi each khac, phai chang mpi chdn ly ma con ngudi dgt dugc deu la chan ly tuong ddi?
Theo V.I.Lenin: "Chan ly tuydt ddi dugc cdu thanh tft nhiing chdn ly tuong ddi dang phat trien", "Con ngudi khdng thi ndm bit dugc = phan anh = mieu td todn bg gidi tir nhien mdt each day dii". Tft lugn dilm nay, chung ta cd the hidu ring, theo V.I.Ldnin, con ngudi ngay cang di gan tdi chan ly tuypt ddi, chft khdng the dat tdi chan ly tuydt ddi; mpi chdn ly ma con ngudi dgt dugc ddu khdng hoan toan dftng hay khdng tuyet ddi dung, tftc ddu la chdn ly tuong ddi chft khdng phdi Id chdn ly tuyet ddi; bit ky quan didm nao ciia bat ky ai vd bat ky van de nao dft dung dan ddn ddu cung ddu chua day dft. Nhftng chdn ly don gian nhu "Mat Trdi mpc d hudng ddng lan d hudng tdy", "ddng la kim Iogi" cung chi la chdn ly tuang ddi, chft khdng phdi la chdn Iy tuyet ddi vi se dugc thay thi bing cac chan ly khac day du han, dftng din ban. Khdng cd chan Iy nao dftng dan din mftc khdng can phai bd sung va phat tridn cho dftng dan han.
Quan dilm cho ring con ngudi khdng thi dgt tdi chan ly tuydt ddi la quan diem bien chiing, chft khdng phai la quan didm sidu hinh. Bdi vi, theo quan didm bipn chftng, mpi chdn Iy ddu cd tinh tucmg ddi;
cdn theo quan dilm sieu hinh, mpi chdn Iy dlu CO tinh tuydt ddi. Ddi vdi quan diem bidn chftng, giua chan ly va sai lam khdng cd ranh gidi tuyet ddi, mdt quan diem nao dd neu la chan I^ thi van cdn phai lam cho dftng dan han; mpt quan diem nao dd ndu la chdn Iy thi dd la chan ly tuong ddi. Doi vdi quan diem sidu hinh, gifta chdn ly va sai ldm cd ranh gidi tuydt ddi, mdt quan diem nao do ndu la chan ly thi khdng can phai lam cho dftng dan hem; mdt quan diem nao do ndu la chan ly thi do la chdn Iy tuydt d6i.
Ngudi theo quan diem bipn chiing thi xem xet mpi chan Iy ddu la qua trinh; cdn ngudi theo quan didm sidu hinh thi xem x^t mpi chdn Iy deu la kdt qua cfta qua trinh.
Quan diem cho rang con ngudi khdng the dgt tdi chan Iy tuydt ddi la quan diem bien chftng, chft khdng phai la quan dilm bit khd tri. Bdi vi, ngudi theo quan didm bdt kha tri cho ring trong thi gidi cd mpt dudng ranh gidi tuydt ddi phdn bift cdi con ngudi cd thd nhgn thftc dugc vdi cai con ngudi khdng thi nhdn thftc dugc; trong khi do, ngudi theo quan dilm bidn chftng cho rdng trong thd gidi khdng cd mdt dudng ranh gidi tuyet ddi nhu vdy,
Khi thfta nhgn mgi chan Iy dlu la chan ly tuong ddi, chft nghia duy vat bien chiing khdc vdi chu nghta tuong ddi. Sy khac nhau dd la d cho, chft nghia tuong ddi khdng thfta nhan chan Iy cd tinh khach quan, cdn chu nghia duy vat bipn chung thfta nhan chan ly cd tinh khach quan. Chu nghTa tuang ddi cho ring mgi chan ly dlu la chdn Iy tuong ddi vdi nghia ngi dung cfta chdn Iy ph\i thupc vao chft thi nhgn thftc.
Trinh Thi Hang ttrc la cho ring chan ly khdng cd tinh
khach quan. Cdn chu nghTa duy vat bifn chftng cho rang mpi chan ly ddu la chan ly tuong ddi vdi nghTa npi dung cua chdn ly khong phu thudc vao chft thi nhdn thuc, tiic la cho rdng chan Iy cd tinh khdch quan.
Khi thfta nhgn mpi chan Iy ddu la chdn Iy tucmg ddi, tftc la thfta nhdn tinh tuang ddi cua chan ly, chft nghia duy vat bidn chftng cung thfta nhgn cd chan Iy vinh cftu. Vi du, theo Ph.Angghen, "Napdiddng chdt ngay..."
la mpt chdn ly vinh cftu. Chan ly vinh cftu ma Ph.Angghen ndi d ddy, theo chftng tdi, cdn dupc hieu khdng phdi la chdn ly tuyft dli, ma cdn dugc hidu la chan ly tuong ddi.
Chdn ly vTnh cftu la chan Iy khdng thd bi bac bo, chft khdng phai la chan ly tuydt ddi.
Chan ly vTnh cftu cung la chdn ly tuong ddi vi vin CO thd dugc lam cho dftng dan hon.
Tuy nhien, cac chan ly vTnh cihi la cdc chan ly dcm gian, dft cd thd bd sung va phat trien nhung ngudi ta khdng cdn phai bd sung va phat trien.
3, YIU to quy dinh tinh tvcmg doi cua chdn ly
Vi sao mpi chdn ly ddu la chdn ly tuong doi, noi each khac, nguydn nhan nao quy djnh tinh tucmg ddi cua chan Iy? Bdi vi, mpi chdn Iy dlu phu thudc vao cac ydu td chii quan sau ddy:
Yeu to. thir nhdt Id gidc quan vd bg ndo cm con nguai. Giac quan va bp nao la cdc ylu tl sinh hpc cfta con ngudi. Giac quan va bp nao dugc dinh hinh chft ylu tft Iuc con ngudi mdi sinh (do ydu td di truydn vd dpt biln gen). Qua trinh sdng tilp theo ciia con ngudi ciing gdp phan hoan thidn them giac quan va bp nao. Giac quan la noi tidp nh$n tin hidu tac ddng tu bdn ngoai va
truyen tin hidu tdi bd nao. Bd nao la noi xu Iy tm hipu. Ket qua nhdn thftc cua con ngudi phu thudc trudc hit vao hoat ddng cfta giac quan va bd nao. Giac quan cfta mpt sd Ioai ddng vdt bdc thdp khdng kem gidc quan cua con ngudi. Chdng hgn, mui cfta con chd cd thd phan biet dugc nhilu vi hem con ngudi, mat cua con chim dgi bang cd the nhin xa hon con ngudi. Tuy nhidn, bd nao Clia con ngudi thi hoan thien hon bg nao cua mgi lodi ddng vdt bdc thdp. Con vat khdng cd nhdn thuc ly tinh (tu duy, y thuc), trudc het, vi nd khdng cd bd nao nhu con ngudi. O nhiing ngudi khac nhau, can tgo cfta giac quan va bp nao la khdc nhau.
Nhung thin ddng va nhung nha ngogi cam cd giac quan va bd nao dac bift hon ngudi binh thudng. Bdi vi, than ddng cd mpt sd kT nang vugt xa so vdi mftc chudn cfta nhung ngudi cung dp tudi; cd trinh dp nhu mdt ngudi trudng thanh dugc ddo tao can than trong mdt ITnh vuc. Nhftng nha ngoai cam cd kha ndng cam nhan bing "gidc quan thft sau" (kha nang nay khong cd d nhftng ngudi binh thudng, nhu kha nang "ndi chuyf h dugc vdi ngudi chit", "dpc dugc ^ nghT cfta ngudi khac", "tidn doan dugc tucmg Iai", "bilt dugc qua khft"). Nhung kha nang ky lg dd cua con ngudi cd dugc do cac nguyen nhdn vat chit, trudc hdt va chft ylu do ciu tao dgc biet cfta gidc quan va bp nao, chft khdng phai do nguyen nhdn
"thin thdnh". Giac quan vd bp nao cd tac ddng ldn din nhgn thftc chan ly; trong khi dd, ngudi nao cung cd gidc quan va bd nao khdng hoan hdo tuyft d6i; tii do kit qud nhdn tiiftc bi hgn chl. Trong qua trinh phat tridn vd tgn, con ngudi nhm chung se ngay cang hoan hao hon; theo dd gidc quan va bg nao cung ngay cang hoan thidn. Giac quan va bd nao cua con ngudi ngay cang hoan thidn thi tiidng tin tiiu dugc cang chinh xac.
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Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 11 - 2019 kha nang nhgn thftc ngay cang cao, tft do kdt qua nhdn thftc ngay cang dftng dan. Ai ciing cd han che vd gidc quan vd bp nao; do dd, quan diem cua bat ky ngudi nao vd bdt ky vdn de nao cung ddu khdng hoan todn dung dan. Tuy nhien, nhin chung, con ngudi ngdy cang phat tridn vd giac quan, bd nao; quan didm cfta con ngudi vd bdt ky vdn de gi cung deu ngay cang dftng dan hem.
Yiu to thu hai Id tri thuc, tinh cdm, ngon ngir cita con nguai Kbi tien hanh nhgn thftc, con ngudi phdi dya trdn tri thftc, tinh cam, ngdn ngft. Tri thuc va tinh cam la
"phdn hdn" cua con ngudi. Tri thftc va tinh cam cua mdt ngudi khdng cd ngay tu khi ngudi dd sinh ra; ciing khdng phai la cai bdng nhien tft trdn trdi roi xudng; ma hinh thanh trong qua trinh con ngudi dugc giao due vd ren luyen. Tu nhftng tin hieu thu nhgn dugc tft giac quan, nhd cd tri thftc va tinh cam ma bd nao con ngudi mdi sang tgo ra cac quan didm. Neu so sanh con ngudi vdi rd bdt, thi giac quan va bd nao cua con ngudi gidng nhu "phdn cftng" cfta rd bdt, tri tiiftc va tinh cam cua con ngudi gidng nhu
"phdn mem" cua rd bdt, quan diem cua con ngudi gidng nhu "thdng tm sang tao" cfta rd bdt. Tri thuc va tinh cam cfta chft thi nhan thftc cd tac ddng quyet dinh ddn su hinh thanh quan didm cua chu the nhan thftc;
trong khi do, ngudi nao cung cd ban che ve tri thuc va tam ly; tft dd ket qua nhan thftc chan ly ciing bi ban chd.
Tri thftc cfta mdi ngudi gdm cd tri thftc rieng va tri thftc chung. Tri thftc ridng cfta mdt ngudi la tri thftc chi cd d ngudi dd (do ngudi dd tu kham pha); tri thftc chung cfta mdt ngudi Id tri thftc cd d nhidu ngudi khac (do ngudi do hpc tap). Tri thftc cfta mpt ngudi chu ylu la tri thftc chung, nhung cflng chi la mdt phdn nhd cfta tri thftc chung md nhan loai da xay dung dugc. Trong qua
trinh phat tridn, tri thftc cfta mdi ngudi va cua xa hgi ngay cang hoan thifn hon.
Ngudi nao cang cd nhidu tri thftc thi ngudi do cang thu nhgn va xft ly thdng tin cd dd chinh xac hon. Vi du, so vdi nhftng ngudi binh thudng, nhge sT phdn bift dugc nhieu Ioai dm thanh han; hpa sT phan bift dugc nhieu iogi mau sac hon; bac sT phdn bift dugc nhieu logi bdnh hon.
Gidng nhu tri thuc, tinh cam cua mdi ngudi gdm cd tinh cam ridng va tinh cam chung. Tmh cam ridng cua mdt ngudi la tinh cam chi cd d ngudi dd; tinh cam chung cfta mdt ngudi la tinh cam cd d nhilu ngudi khdc. Ddi sdng tinh cam cua mgt ngudi chft ydu la tinh cam chung. Vi du, ydu nudc Viet Nam la tinh cam chung cfta mpi ngudi Viet Nam. Tinh cam cfta mdi ngudi d mdi thdi didm khac nhau cd sir khac nhau. Ngudi nao khi nhgn thuc vdi tmh cam say md, tdp tnmg, bmh tirih, khdng qua vui, khdng qua budn, khdng qud ydu, khdng qua ghdt, khdng qua gign, khdng qua thuong, khdng qua sCmg bai, khdng qua coi thudng, thi ngudi dd cdng thu nhan va xft ly thdng tin chinh xdc han.
Khi ydu hay kinh trpng ai, ngudi ta de tin theo nhung didu ngudi dy tin, ma khdng can nhac ky cang xem nhiing dilu do cd dang tin hay khdng. Ddy la bilu hien hidn cfta tinh cdm sung bdi ca nhdn, tinh cam nay cd anh hudng tidu cyc ddn kit qua nhdn thftc, vi mgi ngudi, ke ca vT nhdn, ciing dlu cd thi nidc sai ldm. Khi mdt dilu ndo dd dugc da sd ngudi tin theo tiii ngudi ta cung de tin theo didu dd, ma khdng cdn nhic ky cang xem nhung dieu dd cd dang tm hay khdng.
Day la bilu hidn cua tmh cam dam ddng, tmh cam nay cd dnh hudng tidu cyc din kit qua nhan thftc, vi chan Iy khdng phu thuge vdo sd ddng. Mdt loai tmh cam khac cd anh hudng din kit qud nhdn thftc la ham Igi, nhung ngudi cd ham lgi khi tiiiy didu gi do
Trinh Thi HJng CO lpi thi khdng quan tdm ddn vide xem xet
tinh diing sai cfta didu ay; ham lgi cd dnh hucmg tieu cue ddn kdt qua nhgn thftc, vi khong phai cai gl cd lgi cflng la chan Iy. Tft kinh nghifm sdng hang ngay, chftng ta d l dang thdy dugc tac ddng cua tri thuc va tinh cam cua chft the nhdn thftc den kdt qua nhdn Ihiic. Thanh ngft Vidt Nam cd cdc can; "Dan gay tai hdu", "ca gian mat khdn", "ydu nhau yeu ca dudng di, ghet nhau ghet ca tdng chi hg hang". Nhftng cdu nay ndi ve tac dpng cua tri thftc va tmh cam ddi vdi ket qua nhan thiic ciia con ngudi. Trong cd tich Trung Quic CO chuyen vd me Tang Sam do bi anh hucmg bdi du lugn ndn Ordng rang con minh giet ngudi. Theo chuydn do, dng Tang Sam, hoc tro cua Khdng Tft, la ngudi hidn hdu, me Clia ong la ngudi tin con. Dot nhien, rapt ngudi hdt hdi ehgy ddn bdo me dng rang:
'Tang Sam gidt ngudi". Ba me ndi: "Chang khi nao con ta lgi giet ngudi". Rdi ba diem nhien ngoi det ciii. Mpt luc, lgi cd ngudi ddn bao; "Tdng Sdm gidt ngudi". Ba me khdng noi gi, cft didm nhidn det ciii. Mpt Iftc nfta IEU CO ngudi din bao: "Tdng Sam giet nguoi". Ba me sg cudng, quang thoi, treo qua tudng chay trdn. Thuc ra, khdng phdi Tang Sdm, ma mpt ngudi triing ten vdi dng giet ngudi. Chuydn ndy ndi vd anh hudng tieu cue cua tinh cam dam ddng den nhdn thiic chan ly.
Ngdn ngft khdng phai la tri thftc, ma la phucmg tifn truyin tai tri thuc. Mdi ngudi d£u CO ngdn ngu ridng va ngdn ngft chung.
Mat ma ma y nghia cua nd chi dugc bidt bdi mgt ngudi Id ngdn ngu ridng cfta ngudi dd.
Ngon ngft Clia mdi ngudi chu ydu la ngdn i ^ chung cfta xa hpi; hem nfta cung chi la mot phan nhd trong ngdn ngft chung cua xa hoi. Ngdn ngft la mdt ydu td cfta qua trinh nhdn thftc. Khdng cd ngdn ngft thi con Dgtidi khdng thd nhan thftc. Nhung ngudi
cang cd vdn ngdn ngu phong phu, cang nam vuiig quy t i c ngu phap cua ngdn ngft, cang bidt nhilu ngogi ngft, thi cang co khd nang tilp nhan va xft ly thdng tin tdt; tft do kit qud nhdn thftc cang tdt hon. Tuy nhidn, ngdn ngu cfta xa hdi d thdi dilm nao cflng cd ban chd va khdng ngftng dugc phdt triln.
Sy ban chd dd la mpt nguydn nhdn Iam cho chan Iy cd tinh tuong ddi.
Yiu to thir ba la phuang tien nhdn thirc vd thuc tiin cua xd hgi Phuong tien nhgn thftc (nhu bftt, giay, thudc, kinh, may tinh, tau vft tru) la san pham dugc con ngudi sang tao ra va dugc con ngudi diing d l nhdn thuc. Mdi van de nhgn thuc cdn cd mpt phuong tien nhgn thuc phu hgp. Vi du, dd nghien cuu cac van dd cfta tridt hpc va toan hpc thi cdn phai cd gidy, bftt, myc, thudc; de nghidn cftu cdc vdn de cfta vat Iy hpc vi md thi can phai cd kinh hien vi, mdy tinh, may gia tde hat; dd nghien cftu cac vdn dd cfta thien van hpc thi cdn phdi cd kinh viln vgng, tdu vu tru. Nhidu vdn dd nhdn thftc ddi hdi phuang tien nhdn thftc Idn. Vi du, dd tiln hanh nghien cftu vG tru,tri tuf nhan tao, hang nam cac chinh phu va cac doanh nghidp tu nhdn phai ddu tu hang chuc ty do la My (USD). Khdng cd sy diu tu tdn kem thi se khdng cd kit qua nghien ciiu khoa hgc cd gia tri. Phuong tifn nhdn thftc cd tde dpng ldn d i n kit qua nhdn thftc.
N I U con ngudi cang cd nhilu tri thftc thi con ngudi cdng tgo ra dugc phuong tidn nhdn thftc tdt. Ndu con ngudi cang cd phuang tidn nhan thftc tdt thi thdng tin thu dugc tft ddi tugng nhgn thuc cang nhidu va chinh xdc, tu dd kit qud nhdn tiiuc cdng chinh xdc. Tuy nhien, khdng cd phuang tifn nhdn thuc nao la tuyft ddi hoan hao;
phuong tifn nhgn thftc nao cflng cd han che.
Dd la mpt nguydn nhdn ddn din tinh tuong ddi cua chan Iy.
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Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 11 - 2019 Thyc tien la hogt ddng vat chit cua con ngudi va cd anh hudng quylt dinh din nhdn thftc. Ndu khdng cd nhdn thftc thi khdng cd thyc tidn vi ket qua nhan thftc chi dgo thyc tidn. Ngugc lgi, khdng cd thuc tiln thi se khdng ed nhdn thftc, bdi vi nhd cd thyc tien ndn con ngudi mdi cd tai lieu cho nhgn thftc, phuong tien nhdn thftc, hoan thidn ban cac giac quan. Khi nhan thftc, con ngudi phai so sdnh, phdn tich, tdng hgp, khai quat hda cac tai lifu nhgn thftc cam tinh thu dugc tft sy tac ddng cua thd gidi vdo cac giac quan cua minh. Neu chi trdng chd vao sy tde ddng thu ddng cfta cdc sy vdt cung gidng nhu con vdt, thi con ngudi se khdng cd dupe eac tai lifu cdm tinh can thiet. Nhd hogt dpng thuc tidn ndn con ngudi mdi lam cho sy vdt phdi bdc Ip rd hon nhftng thudc tinh cua chung va mdi nhgn dugc cac thdng tin cdn thilt cho nhdn thftc. Nhd hoat dpng thyc tidn ndn con ngudi mdi cd dugc cdc phucmg tifn nhdn thftc, vi phuang tifn nhgn thftc khdng cd sin trong tu nhidn ma dugc con ngudi sang tao ra. Ciing nhd hoat dpng thuc tien nen con ngudi mdi hoan thifn hon cac giac quan cfta minh. Vi du, trong giai dogn hinh thdnh con ngudi, chinh nhd thyc tidn lao dpng nen lodi vugn mdi di thang dftng dugc bdng hai chdn, mdi cd tam nhin bao quat hon, va mdi cd bd dc phat tridn hon. Con ngudi cang hogt ddng thyc tien nhidu d ITnh vyc ndo thi giac quan thich hgp vdi ITnh vyc dy cang phat tridn hon. Thyc tidn la dilu kidn khdng the thieu dd con ngudi nhgn thftc. Tuy nhien, thuc tien nao cimg cd ban che. Trong qua trinh phat trien cua xa hpi, thyc tien se khdng ngimg hoan thidn hon. It hgn chd han; tu dd kdt qua nhgn thuc cdng chinh xdc hon. Su han che ciia thuc tien la mpt nguydn nhdn dan den tinh tuong ddi cua chdn Iy.
Chan ly phy thudc vao cac ydu td ndi trdn (giac quan, bp nSo, tri thftc, tinh cdm, ngdn ngft cfta con ngudi, phuong tifn nhgn thuc vd thyc tien cua xa hdi). Trong khi do, cdc yen td chft quan nay ludn ludn khdng hoan hao (nghTa la ludn ludn cd nhfing hgn chd). Chinh sy khdng hoan hao hay sy han chd cfta cac ylu td dd la nguydn nhan quy dinh tinh tuong ddi cfta chan Iy.
4. Ket luan
Chan ly la nhdn thftc dftng din cua con ngudi vd mdt van de bat ky nao dd. Chan Iy nao cung ddu tuang ddi vi se bi thay thi bang chdn Iy khdc dftng dan han. Chdn ly nao ciing cd tinh tuong ddi. Tinh tuong ddi cfta chdn Iy bi quy dinh bdi sy hgn chd cfta chft thd nhdn thuc, cu thd bdi hgn chl cua phuang tidn nhdn thuc va thyc tidn ciia xa hdi, vao giac quan, bp nao, tri thftc, tmh cam, ngdn ngu cua con ngudi. Chdn Iy la muc dich cfta hoat ddng nhan thftc cua con ngydi. Chan ly cin dugc xem xet theo quan didm bien chftng. Ndu khdng xem xet chdn Iy theo quan didm bien chftng thi chftng ta se thda mdn vdi kit qua nhgn thftc hifn cd ma khdng tiep tuc bd sung va phat triln kit qua nhan thftc dd.
Tai li^u tham khao
[1] BQ Gido dye v^ Dio tao (2006), Gido trinh triet hgc (Diing cho hgc vien cao hgc va nghien ciru sinh khong thuoc chuyin ngdnh Triet hgc), Nxb Ly lu$n chinh tri, Kh Npi.
[2] C.M^ vk Ph.Angghen (2002), Todn tgp, t.20, Nxb Chinh trj Qu6c gia, H^ Ngi.
[3] V.I.Lenin (1980), Todn tap, t.lg, Nxb Tiln b?, Mitxcova.
[4] V.I.Lenin (1981). Todn tgp, t.29, Nxb Tiln bo, Mdtxccrva.