TIM HIEU THEM VE HA VAN MAO TRONG PHONG TRAO CAN
V U O N G XLTTHANH
NGUYEN QUANG HONG*'' HA TRONG THAI '"*
Torn tdt: Xii Thanh Id viing da't dia linh nhdn kiet, Id ndi khdi nguon cho nhidu phong trao ddu tranh gidi phong ddn toe. d the ky XIX, ciing vdi gidi Vdn t/idn, Sy phu yeu nitdc, tdng Idp Thd ty, Lang dao cdng dd phdt dgng va lanh dao phong trao da'u tranh chong thitc ddn Phdp. Trong so do co vi thu linh ddn toe Mudng d mien Tdy Thanh Hoa la Hd Van Mao. Bdng uy tin vd ndng liic ong dd tap help lite litdng, xdy dipig can cd, phdi hOp chien ddu vdi nghia qudn Cdm Bd Thitdc, Bdc Hanh, Ddc Tiet. Tit do, tao nin mot dia ban lien hoan trong khdng chie'n chdng Phdp d mien Tdy Thanh • Nghe, Hoa Binh.
Tit khoa: Hd Van Mao; phong trao Cdn Vitcfng; Xii Thanh.
Abstract: Thanh Hoa is a site of cultural heritage and the starting point of many national liberation movements. In the W' century, together with patriots, tribal chiefs were also motivators and leaders of the war against the French invasion. Among tribal chiefs actively participating in the war was Hd Vdn Mao, head of the Muong tribal in western Thanh Hoa province. His ability and charisma had allowed him to gather people, build military bases and unite with other forces like Cam Bd Thitdc, Boi: Hanh, Bob Tie't to fight against the French, creating the connection between anti- French armies in the western area of Thanh Hoa, Nghe Tinh and Hoa Binh provinces.
Keywords: Ha Van Mao; Can Vuong movement; Thanh Hoa.
Ngdy nhan bdi: 15/01/2019; Ngdy siia bdi: 22/02/2019; Ngdy duyit ddng bdi: 30/3/2019.
1. Dat v a n de Mao, mdt thu linh ngUdi Mudng d Thanh Trong phong trao Can VUdng ehd'ng Hoa sdm cd mat trong cugc khdi nghia Ba Phap (1885-1986), ngoai nhflng ddng gdp Dinh ndi tid'ng (1886-1887), sau dd tid'p to Idn cua tang Idp van thdn si phu yeu tuc chid'n da'u va anh diing hy sinh tren nUdc nhU: Phan Dinh Phung, Nguydn ehinh manh da't que hUdng.
Xuan On, Le Doan Nha, Td'ng Duy Tan, Ngay tren que hfldng Ba Thude Pham Banh,... cdn cd eac thu linh ed Thanh Hda ndi dng sinh ra va Idn len ngudn gd'c xua't than tfl eac ddng hg cd the cung nhan dan chie'n da'u va td chflc chien lUc ddi nd'i ddi lam Iang dao, chua da't, da'u eho de'n khi triit hdi thd eudi cung.
ehua mudng d vung nui phia Tdy thuge Tai thanh phd Thanh Hoa ed mdt eon cae dan tgc Thai, Mudng,... cU tru tren dia dudng mang ten Ha Van Mao, ed mdt ngdi ban Thanh - Nghe,... ngay tfl dau da gdp trUdng dUdc vinh du mang ten dng. Trong edng gdp sfle cho sfl nghiep da'u tranh day saeh giao khoa lich sd dung trong trfldng
hy sinh anh dung cua dan tdc de cung gifl ^ da't, gifl iang, giii mudng, gifl ban. Mdt '"'PGS.TS., Trudng Dai Hoc Vinh.
trong nhiing ng^iM con Uu tu do la Ha Van L ^ f k l J ^ S . ^ ^ a t S / ^ f . S '=^"'^" "^^ <^^^
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI St«-2019
NGUYEN QUANG HONG, HA TRONG THAI trung hgc cd sd, trung hgc phd thdng, hay
cac bd lich sd dan tdc dfldc bien soan tfl trUdc tdi nay ten Ha Van Mao da dfldc nhac dd'n nhieu Idn.
Va'n dd dat ra la: Ong cd phai xud't than td ddng hg Hd Vdn rdi mang ten la Ha Van Mao nhU nhidu tai lidu da cdng hd' tfl trUdc tdi nay hay xua't than tfl dong hg Hd Cong ndi tieng d midn tay Thanh Hoa?
Neu dng xuat than tfl ddng hg Ha Cdng vay ly do gi dng lai ddi ten thanh Ha Van?
Trong phong trao yeu nUdc d mien Tdy xfl Thanh dng ed vai trd nhU the nao? Tren cd s6 ngudn tU lieu gia pha cua ddng hg Ha Cdng, Ha Van, van bia: Hd khdi cong bia tii va Chitting khdi phu nhdn bia tU lap tfl nam Minh Mang thfl 14 hidn cdn d huydn Ba Thude, Than pha Thanh hoang Iang Dam, nha phu den chua, truydn thd Kham Panh, tu lidu didn da tren hien trUdng lich sd cac huydn Ba Thudc, Thudng Xuan, C^m Thuy, Thach Thanh cua tinh Thanh Hoa,... cung nhflng khang dinh cua mdt so' ngUdi thuge hau due ddng hg Ha Cdng chung tdi mud'n gdp phan lam sang td nhflng va'n de neu tren.
2. Khai quat coi nguon dong ho Ha Cong d mien Tay - Thanh Hoa
Gia pha ddng hg Ha Cdng cho biet ddng ho nay de'n mien Tay Thanh Hoa dinh cU vao thdi Hau Le. Diem dat chan dau tien la JMUdng Khodng (Ba Thude). Khun Kha (tfle Kham Panh) ke't hdn vdi con gai ehua da't Mudng Khodng nhd cd tai nang uy tin ma dUde len lam chd Mudng Khodng. Sau khi len lam ehua da't Mudng Khodng, Khun Kha dem quan td'n cdng cae Mudng khac de md rgng lanh thd. Hang loat mUdng khac d mien Tay Thanh Hoa lan lUdt quy phuc. Khun Kha trd thanh ngudi cai quan ca mgt viing da't rgng Idn thuoc nhidu huyen mien Tay Thanh Hoa.
Ve lich sd giai doan ndy, gia pha ddng hg Ha Cdng d Mai Chdu, Hoa Binh chep:
"Tfl khi nha Le bi nha Mac cudp ngdi, dng Tay NgU (tfle Nguyin Kim) chay len mien ngUde. Tao Mudng Khodng la Quan Uy (tfle Khun y Lan) ddn dng Tay Ngfl ve lo viec nfldc. Tao Uy eon van dgng Tao Ha theo giiip dng Tay Ngu, eho nen thanh the' cua dng Tay Ngu len ra't nhanh. Tao Mudng ThUdng da theo nha Mac nen ehd'ng lai dng Tay Ngii. Theo lenh dng Tay NgU, Tao Uy va Tao Ha dem qudn ta'n cdng Tao ut Ngan (Mudng Thfldng) gid't chd't Tao MUdng ThUdng dem toan bd dd't dai, dan chung le vao Mudng Khodng cda Tao Uy. Ong Tay Ngu cung Tao Uy, Tao Ha dem Ifle lUdng hdp vdi eac canh quan khac ddnh thang nha Mae nhieu tran md rdng ca mdt vung dd't dai rdng Idn d mien Tay Thanh Hod den Ninh Binh, Hoa Binh,... Khi nha Le loai bo nha Mae, vua Le phong edng dau eho Mudng Khodng, edng thfl hai cho Mfldng Xang, edng thfl ba cho mudng Mun, edng cud'i eho Mudng Thang...'"''.
Theo tai lieu eua eon chau ddng hg Ha Cdng d Ba ThUde - Thanh Hoa, sau khi Khun Y Lan (Thai Uy Lan dUde vua Le phong) sap qua ddi, dng phan chia dat dai cho eac con cai quan nhU sau: Con trai dau Ha Nhan Dinh (Ha Cdng Dinh) dang ra dUdc d lai cai quan trung tam Mudng nhUng do tinh tinh hien lanh hay nhudng nhin da de cho Ha Cdng Tie'n (em thfl hai) d lai Pogng Lan (trung tam mfldng) eon
*'' H i | n nay con chau dong ho Ha Cong b Ba Thif^c con IxLu gifl mot so sSc phong cua tri#"u n h a Le, n h a N g u y i n cho dong ho, mot ban gia p h a dong ho Ha Cong 0 Mai Chau. Mot s o ' s i c phong da bi hU hong, ke ca t a m bia Ha Cong diec tU bi ky, TrUOng Di6c p h u n h a n tfl bi cung dang t i n h t r a n g xu6'ng c^p nghiem trong can dUOc bao quan neu khong muon no mat di vinh viin.
Sit 4-2019 N H A N LUt KHOA HOC XA H U [ Q
minh di dd'n cai quan (gia pha chep an da't) ban Pd, Ha Thfla Chang an da't ban Don, Ly sun Ha Cdng Thanh an dat ban Leo, dng Lfldng an da't ban Cdc, cdn Tieu Tai va eon trai la Ha Thfla Tu an da't Dam Dan, Mudng Khd, Mudng Kha<^\
Tfl Mudng Khodng dong hg Ha Cdng cua Khun Y Lan vUdn ra cai quan ea mdt vung dat dai rdng Idn d cac mUdng xung quanh va la mdt trong nhflng ddng hg cd the Iflc nha't d mien nui phia Tay Thanh Hoa. Trong cac chi hg thude ddng hg Ha Cdng ehi hg Ha Cdng d Mfldng Khd la manh hdn ea, chi hg nay da sinh ra nhflng nhan vat noi tid'ng trong lich sd dan tdc nhU: Ha Cdng Thdi, Ha Van Mao,... Ddng hg Ha Cdng duy tri chd' do cha truyen con ndi tfl sud't ddi nay de'n ddi khac va khdng ngiing md rdng the Iflc anh hudng eua minh dd'i vdi vung da't phia tay Thanh Hoa. Cud'i the' ky XVIII, Ha Cdng Luan (1759-1823) tfl xflng la Thd'ng Che', cung thd quan la Nguyen Dinh Ba chieu md luc lUdng ddng tdi hang van ngUdi, chie'm gifl viing thfldng du Thanh Hoa, thanh lap khu tfl tri, ly khai khdi tridu dinh nha Le.
The' Iflc cua Ha Cdng Ludn ngay md rdng:
ph^n Idn da't dai thuge dia ban cu trii cua cae dan tdc Thai, MUdng, Dao, Thd, Khd Mu,... 0 vung niii Thanh - Nghe - HUng Hoa, it nhieu deu chiu anh hu6ng cua Ha Cdng Luan. Khi Nguyin Anh cho quan truy dudi vua tdi Canh Thinh (1800- 1801) tfl Phu Xuan ra Bae Ha, Ha Cdng Luan dua toan bg lUc lUdng theo Nguyin anh va dUdc thdng linh toan bd viing da't phia tay Thanh Nghe. Nam 1802, Nguyin Anh len ngdi Hoang de (1802) Ha Cdng Luan dUde xe'p vdo hang edng thdn, phong tudc Quan Cdng, dUdc vua ban tang eho mdt khau sung va mdt thanh dao ed nam vang'^\
Q ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
Tfl Gia Long dd'n Minh Mang, Ha Cdng Luan nhieu lan xdng pha trdn mac danh giac Xa Khoong d tra'n HUng Hoa, danh dep giac dgc bien gidi Viet - Lao,... Ong dudc Gia Long phong tudc Qudn Cdng va cho cai quan toan bd vung dat tfl Eo Le, ehd Mdu, chd Bai, Mudng Ne cho den tan thUdng ngudn sdng Ma. Khi dng ma't dan chung lap den thd d eau Dai Lan, gdn Ddng Trang ndi cd phan md cua dng.
Trong nha thd cd dat tranh va tfldng mdt con hd xam, do tranh tfl buy ky nen nhdn dan eac mUdng do dng cai quan ggi Ho la Meo. Tfl dd nha thd ed ten la chiia Mdo ndi tie'ng linh thieng, quanh nam con chau trong ddng hg, nhan dan hfldng khdi phung thd.
Trong bai van te d Chua Meo td chflc vao ngay 2 0 - 8 Am lich, hang nam thdy Mo mdi cae vi than linh da tflng lam dng Khd trong ddng hg Ha Cdng gdm 9 vi sau day: Ha Cdng Ngon, Ha Cdng Ngoan, Ha Cdng Cd, Ha Cdng Ten, Ha Cdng Thdi, Ha Cdng Quynh, Ha Cdng Mao, Ha Cdng Nguyet, Ha Cdng Thing ve chflng kie'n le te' va phu hd cho dan ban.
Can cfl vao tfl lieu gia pha ddng hg Ha Cdng ma chung tdi trinh bay tdm lUdc tren day eung bai van te' cua eac thdy Mo d Chua Meo, dng Khd Ha Cdng Mao (tfle la Ha Van Mao ma nhieu tai lieu nhac de'n), xua't than tfl mdt ddng tgc Idn nhieu ddi Idm chua da't, chua mudng d mien Tay Thanh Hoa cd ddng ehinh la Ha Cdng chfl khdng phai Ha Van. Ong ndi cua dng la Ha Cdng Thdi, cha de eua dng la Ha Cdng Quynh, eon trai trUdng la Ha Cdng Nguyet va chau dich tdn la Ha Cdng Thang. De'n nay cdc the' he ehau chat cua
^^ N h u Ct 1.
''> Nhfl Ct 2.
SO 4-2019
NGUYEN QUANG HONG, HA TRONG THAI dong hg Ha Cdng ddu la'y Ha Cdng chfl
khdng phai la Ha Van.
Ke't qua khao sat cua chiing tdi tren dia ban eac huyen mien Tay Thanh Hoa cho tha'y: tuy ddng hg Ha Cdng va ddng hg Ha van ciing dinh cfl tren mdt pham vi khdng gian dia ly nhUng dia vi xa hdi cda hai ddng hg nay lai hoan toan khae nhau.
Ddng hg Ha Cdng thudc ddng doi quy tdc, noi ddi lam Lang dao, Chiia mudng, dUdc che do phong kie'n phong ehfle tudc, thfla nhdn quyen Iflc cua hg d dia phfldng va duy t n ehe do cha truyen con nd'i sud't nhieu the ky. Trong khi dd, ddng hg Ha Van ehi thude tang Idp binh ddn (Pay) nhU nhieu ddng hg khac d mien tay Thanh Hoa. Trong phong trao Cdn vUdng chdng Phap eudi the' ky XIX, ddng hg Ha Van cOng cd nhieu ddng gdp sflc ngUdi sflc cda va cd nhflng thu linh kien trung nhU Ha Van Nho, Ha v a n Hue,...
Tai Mudng Ky (Ba Thudc), nhieu cu gia khang dinh: ddng hg Ha Cdng (Kha Khun) la ddng hg ddi nd'i ddi lam Tao Mudng, Tao Ban, cdn ddng hg Ha Van (Kha lac) la dong hg binh dan.
3. Ha Van Mao t h u l i n h t r o n g phong t r a o Can Viiofng d m i e n Tay xii Thanh
Ha Van Mao (?-1887) dan tdc Mudng, la ngUdi thdng minh, thang than, giau long thUdng dan, ban tinh hao phong, cUdng nghi, lai ra't quan tam ddn thdi the'.
Ong dUdc nhan dan trong vung kinh trgng, tin yeu.
Dudi thdi Nguyin dng gifl chflc Cai tdng Dien Lu (nay la xa Dien Lu, huyen Ba Thudc, Thanh Hda) nen cdn cd ten ggi la Cai Mao. Nam 1884, Ha Van Mao tiing ndi day ehd'ng quan trieu dinh. J.Masson da ke lai trong hoi ky cua dng ta rang "Tai ving nay (Phii Quang - Cam Thuy) mdt SK 4-2619
thd linh ngudi Mudng la Ha Van Mao da tflng tim each lap mdt tieu qud'c ddc lap ddng thdi ndi day ehd'ng chinh quyen An Nam". Khi phong trao Can Vfldng bung nd, dng da xay diing luc lUdng, can cfl d Dien Lu (Ba Thudc). Ddng thdi phd'i hdp vdi cac nghia quan Can vUdng Thanh Hda ehd'ng Phap.
Dua vao vi tri chie'n lUdc cua mien rflng nui Yen Dinh, C^m Thuy, Ba Thudc, Ha Van Mao da chi dao nhan dan cae cac dan tdc Mudng, Thai xay dung he thd'ng ddn luy, cdng sU chie'n dd'u nhU: Mii Cudi, Bai Ma, Ben Chieng (Dien Lu), Bai Trang, Be'n Dau, Ben ai (Long Van) va La Han. Mue dich cda nhflng cdng sfl nay la ngan chan thiic dan Phap tan cdng tfl mien xudi len.
De bao ve trung tam khang chien. Ha Van Mao chi dao xay dflng ddn Dan Ne. Ddn nay do Trinh Van Nghi ddng gifl. Co nhidm vu kiem scat, phat hien dich ta'n cdng hang dfldng thuy, lln dudng bd len Dien Lu.
Dien Lu trd thanh trung tam ehd'ng Phap.
Ndi thu hiit nhieu nghia quan d vung mien nui Thanh Hoa tham gia chie'n da'u.
Trong nhieu nam. Ha Van Mao da chi huy va tham gia nhieu tran danh Idn.
Dem ngay mung 8 thang 11 nam 1885, dng ehi huy 1.000 quan ta'n cdng ddn Bai Thfldng. Mac du chUa gianh dflde thang ldi, nhflng cung khien quan trilu dinh phai khie'p sd. Dem ngay 11, rang sang 12 thang 03 nam 1886, dng da phd'i hdp vdi cac nghia quan tan cdng tinh thanh Thanh Hda, huyen ly Ddng Sdn. Ke't qua da tieu diet mdt sd' Knh Phap, linh nguy.
Thang 12 nam 1886, tii can cfl Ma Cao (Yen Dinh) nghia quan da nhieu lan ba't ngd ta'n edng ddn Thg Xuan, Quang Hoa gie't chet vien trung uy Rabier chi huy ddn Thg Xuan. Trong tran chie'n d Ba Dinh (Nga Sdn - Thanh Hda) nam 1886, nghia
NHAN LUG KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
quan Ha Van Mao da chie'n da'u anh dung gay cho Phap nhieu thiet hai.
Nhan tha'y mdi hiem hga ma nghia quan Ha v a n Mao cd thd gay ra, Phap da td ehfle mgt cugc ta'n edng Idn, ba't ngd len can cfl Dien Lfl. Dfldi sfl chi huy eda Doc Rieng, Hidp Xam, Ddc Ldm, Ddc Rdm, quan Mfldng Khd ldi dung tdi da dia the' anh dung chie'n da'u, be gay tflng ddt ta'n edng cua giac, khien nhieu binh hnh Phap td tran.
Trong tran huyet chie'n nay Dd'c Rieng, Hiep Xam, Dd'c Ram anh diing hy sinh, can cfl Dien Lfl that thu. Ha Van Mao cung mdt so' nghia binh pha vdng vay nit chay vd Lang Vdn (Ba Thfldc- Thanh Hda). Giac Phap ddt pha Dien Lu va cdc Iang xung quanh. Bi bao vay tfl phia, Ha Van Mao bat khua't gifl trgn khi tiet eua ngudi nghia sy dng da tfl sat tai gd Ai giap ranh gifla iang Vy va iang Ven de khdi rdi vao tay giac.
4. Tai sao Ha Cong Mao lai m a n g t e n Ha Van Mao?
Trong qua trinh khao sat dien da chiing tdi cd may man dfldc tie'p xuc vdi mdt sd' ngudi thudc ddng hg Ha Cdng, ed quan he huyet thd'ng kha gan gui vdi thu linh Ha Cdng Mao (Ha Van Mao nhfl cae tai lieu da ghi), bao gdm:
1. Cu dng Ha Cdng Quy - ehau ndi eua Ha Cdng Mao, nam 2007 vfla tudi 90 d xa Dien Trung, Ba Thfldc -Thanh Hoa.
2. Ba Ha Thi Yen - ehau ndi eda Ha Cdng Mao - 70 tudi d iang Sen Ngan, xa Dien Trung, huyen Ba Thfldc.
3. Ong Ha Cong Tuan - chat ndi eua Ha Cdng Mao - hien d iang Sen Ngan, xa Dien Trung, huydn Bd Thfldc.
4. Cu dng Ha TrUdng Sau, nam 2007 da trdn 95 tudi d Iang Cdc, xa Dien Trur^, tflng lam thay ly gifl trien eho Ha Cdr^ Nguyet (eon trai eua Ha Cdng Mao).
5. Ong Tao Quang Toai - 80 tudi d xa Dien Q J NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
Trung, Ong Ha Nam Ninh - Nguyen Phd Chu tich Uy ban nhan dan huydn Ba Thfldc da nghi hflu tai thi trah Canh Nang, cung mdt so' chat ndi, chat ngoai cua Ha Cdng Mao Men dang sinh sdiig tai Dien Lfl que hfldng dng.
Ngoai ra cdn ed mgt sd' chau chat ndi ngoai cae dng Dd'c Xieng, Quan Xam, Xa Khd,... ed quan hd than cdn vdi ddng hg Ha Cdng hien dang sinh sdng d Dien Lfl (Bd Thfldc).
NhQng ngfldi thudc ddng ddi Ha Cdng ma chung tdi ke tren dIu khang dinh: thu linh Ha van Mao phai ggi diing la Ha Cdng Mao vi neii ggi Ha Van la ha tha'p ngudn gd'c xua't than cua dng va khdng dung vdi cdi ngudn.
Qudc sd quan trieu Nguyen, Dai Nam thfle lue chinh bien chep: "Ha Van Mao lai dem giac nfldc Thanh den qua'y nhieu mien thfldng du hai phu, huyen Thg Xuan, C^m Thuy (cac tdng: Vfldng Lgc, Quang Thi, An Trfldng, Mue Sdn, Bai Thfldng) Idp dai ddn d xa Hdn Ban (Cam Thuy). Quan tinh Thanh Hod trieu 1.300 hnh Ha Ban, giao eho phd Lanh binh Biii Van Bang di de'n hiep cung De dd'c d quan thfl Id Nguyin Nhu Trung chia ddng de phdng gifl, danh dep". "Quan quan Phap ddng d Thanh Hoa, bat dflde ten thd phi Ha Van Mao dem chem. Mao la thd tu d huydn Cam Thuy, khoang nam Kie'n Phuc (1884) can an dd't giet dan theo giao, ben ehd'ng menh lenh, liic dn luc hien d cae tdng ThUdng du thudc huyen dy, de'n nay xd tdi dan mdi dUde yen tinh..."*'*'.
' Xem: Quoc sil q u a n trieu Nguyin: Dai Nam thflc luc chinh bien - tap 37- Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, tr.82-25.
Quoc sii qua t n e u N g u y i n da chep n h ^ m ve cai chgt cua Ha Cong Mao Thuc te q u a n q u a n P h a p va q u a n doi tay sai khong bat duoc Ha Cong Mao va dem chem nhfl da ghi. Ve sU r a di day khi tiet cua ong nhieu tai lieu da trinh bay ro chung toi khong t r i n h bay lai d day. Con chau dong ho Ha Cong cung k h i n g dinh khong chi doi ten ho ma Quoc sil q u a n con chep sai v6"
cuoc dau t r a n h cua Ha Cong Mao trUdc khi phong trao Can Vudng bung no va ca cai chet cua ong.
s d 4-2019
NGUYEN QUANG HONG, HA TRONG THAI Nha Nguyin ma trflc tie'p la Qud'c sd
quan nha Nguyin khi chep sd da ddi hg Ha Cdng Mao tii ddng hg Ha Cdng quy tdc tiing dUde vua Gia Long va vua Minh Mang sac phong tude Quan Cdng, ban tang Sling, dao quy,... dau the'ky XIX sang ddng hg Ha Van day la ddng hg binh dan (Pay). Tfl dd, thu linh Ha Cdng Mao trong phong trao Can VUdng (1885-1896) dUde cac nha viet sd ghi la Ha Van Mao.
Gan day, Tie'n si Vii Quy Thu can efl vao ldi giai thich eua dng Ha Nam Ninh va cu.
Ha van Quy cd dUa ra cdch ly giai v l nguyen nhan Ha Cdng Mao doi ten thanh Ha Van Mao: "6ng Ha Van Mao khdng la'y ten Idt Ha Cdng de dl dang boat ddng, quy tap luc lUdng ehd'ng Phdp. Bdi vi que hUdng dng hdi dd cd hg Ha Van va Ha Cdng, sau nay cac con chau cua cu ddu lay lai ten lot la Ha Cdng"<^.
Theo chung tdi, trong xa hdi ngudi Thai va ngUdi Mudng trUdc day nhan dan trong vung chiu anh hudng rd't Idn tfl cae ddng ho quy tdc, noi ddi lam Lang dao, chua dat, ehiaa Mudng. Theo dia vi phong kie'n, phong tuc, tap quan cua ngudi Thai, MUdng d mien Tay Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, nhiing ngUdi thudc ddng hg quy tdc, nd'i ddi lam Lang dao dUdc xep vao tdng Idp tdn kinh trong xa hgi hoan toan khdng cha'p nhan ggi ten tue cua minh va khdng ddi sang hg "Pay" binh dan. Day la dieu tdi ky dd'i vdi ngudi Thdi, Mudng. Trong hdn nhan nhflng ddng hg nay thUdng ket thdng gia vdi nhflng ddng hg quy tgc "mdn dang hg dd'i". Do dd, ngfldi ta thudng ggi Ha Cdng Mao la Ong Ldn, dng Khd, dng Cai (vi dng tiing lam Cai tdng Dien Lu), tran trgng hdn la each xUng hd than mat:
Cai Thanh, hoac cung lam la Cai Mao dd phan biet vdi cae Cai khac. Ve va'n d l nay chinh Dflc cha A. Bouriet da cd nhan xet sd 4-2019
khi nghien cflu ve ngfldi Mfldng mien Tay Thanh Hoa: Dflng ddu mdi Mfldng la mdt dng Mudng (Lang dao). Ong ta gid'ng nhfl mgt con ong chua trong td ong. Xung quanh dng ta cugc sd'ng cua dia phUdng rdn rang nhu cai banh xe quay quanh true xe,... dng ta la ngUdi cam dau cd uy quyIn tuyet dd'i, nhan dan nhU nd hoc cua dng ta,... ngUdi dan ban dia da quen thudc vdi che do nay va hg tii nguyen phue tung. Hg tim tha'y d day ca mdt sd' ldi lgc, ne'u dng Mudng la mdt vi chua te khd tinh thi ddng thdi eung la mdt kieu gia trudng dang tdn kinh,... ehfle vu cua dng ta, qua the' la cha truyen con nd'i va khdng bao gid thodt khdi huye'ttdc,..."'^'.
Tfl nhflng trinh bay tren day chung tdi dua ra ke't luan:
Tha nhdt. Ha Van Mao ma nhieu tai lieu da nhac tdi tfl trflde dd'n nay la chUa dung vdi ngudn gd'c ddng hg cua dng va can phai viet lai la Ha Cdng Mao.
Tha hai, khdng phai ehd cd Chid'u Can vUdng, Ha v a n Mao la ngUdi triie tiep hudng flng, phat ddng la lanh dao eudc da'u tranh ehd'ng thiic dan Phdp. Tham gia cugc khdi nghia cd ddng dao eon em cae dan tgc it ngUdi d mien Tay Thanh Hoa.
Trong dd, cd ngUdi dan tdc Mudng, Thai.
Tha ba. Ha Van Mao cdn cd md'i lien he mat thid't, phd'i hdp chie'n da'u vdi cac thu linh nghia quan Ba Dinh; la ngUdi ed ddng gdp quan trgng trong vide xay diing can cfl Ma Cao (huydn Yen Dinh - Thanh Hda), giup dd nghia binh Ba Dinh sau khi can
'^' Xem: Vu Quy Thu (2007), Phong trao yeu nUdc chong thac ddn Phdp cua nhan ddn Thanh Hod tit nam 1885- 1895, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hoi, H, tr.271-284.
'*' A. Bouriet (1932) "La Pro vince de Thanh Hoa et les H u a P h a n Than Hok ou commissariat de Sam Nua", Tap chi Hoi truyen gido niidc niidc ngodi tai Pa ri, so' 131- Tai lieu Iflu tai thfl vien tinh T h a n h Hoa, thfl vien tinh Nghe An.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI [ Q
efl Ba Dinh that thd. Phdi hdp chien ddu vdi nghia quan Cam Ba Thfldc, Doc Hanh, Ddc Tie't. Tfl dd, tao nen mdt dia ban hen hoan trong khang chien chdng Phap d mien Tay Thanh - Xghe. Hda Binh*^.
Tfl nhiing trinh bay tren day chiing tdi cho rang: Ha Van Mao can phai viet lai la Ha Cdng Mao.
TAX LIEU THAM KHAO 1. A.Bouriet (1932), "Ua province de Thanh Hoa et les Hua Phan Than Hok ou commissariat de Sam Xua". Tap chi Hgi truyin gido nUdc ngodi tgi Pari, sd' 131.
2. Ban nghien cflu lich sd Thanh Hoa (2002). Khai nghia Ba Dinh vd phong trao yeu niidc chong Phdp cua nhan ddn Thanh Hod cudi the'ky XIX. Xxb, Thanh Hoa.
3. Charles Foumiau (1983) "Les contacts Franco - Vietnammiens en An Xain et du Tonkin de 1885 a 1889r (Nhflng dui^ do Phap - Viet d Trung Ky va Bac Ky tfl 1885 de'n 1889) (Luan an tien si).
4. Ch.Robequaui (1929), Le Thanh Hoa, Paris.
5. Lam Dinh (19681. Mgt so'vdn de cdn xdc minh trong phong trao Cdn Vudng tinh Thanh Hoa cudi the ky XJX, Nghien cflu lich sd. (115).
6. Huyen uy UBXD huyen Thfldng Xuan (1995), Ky ye'u hdi thao khoa hgc danh nhan Cam Ba Thfldc. Cdm Bd ThUdc con ngUdi vd sU nghiep, Xxb. Thanh Hda.
7. Huyen dy- UBND huyen Ba Thfldc (2003). Ky ye'u hgi thdo khoa hgc danh nhdn Hd Vdn Mao, Xxb. Thanh Hda.
S. Nguyen Van Khanh (1986), Phong trao Cdn VuOng chong Phdp a mien nui Thanh- Nghe cuoi the'ky XJX, Xghien cflu hch sfl.
9. Dinh Xuan Lam (2003), Hd Vdn Mao vdi phong trao chdng Phdp cua Thanh Hoa cudi the'ky XIX, Nghien ciiu lich sd.
10. Trinh Xhu Dinh Xuan Lam (1976). Tim hieu them ve truyen thdng chdng xam lii(^ Phdp cudi theky XIX cua ddng bdo Thdi Thanh Hoa, Dan tgc hgc.
11. Trinh Xhu Dinh Xuan Lam (1975), Phong trao ehd'ng Phdp ciia (^ng bdo Mudng (Thank Hoa) qua mgt sd tit lieu mdi, Nghien cflu lich sd 2.
12. Masson.J (1892), Souvenirs de L'anam et du tonkin. Paris.
13. Qudc sd quan trieu Xguyen. Dai Nam thOc luc chinh bien, tap 37, Nxb.
Khoa hgc xa hdi.
14. Ha Trgng Thai (2008), Dong hg Hd Cong, Cdm Bd d mien Tdy Thanh Hod trong phong trao ddu tranh gidi phdng ddn tgc (1885 - 1918). Ludn van thac sy khoa hgc lich sfl. Dai hgc Vinh.
15. Vu Quy Thu (2006), Phong trao yeu ntidc chdng Phdp cda nhdn ddn Thanh Hoa cuoi the ky XDC (1885-1895), Luan an tien si lich sii. TrUdng Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ndi.
16. Vu The Tuyen (1971), Tim hieu cdn ca Md Cao trong phong trao chong Phdp cua nhdn ddn Thanh Hoa cuoi the'ky XIX, Tu heu khoa sd , TrUdng Dai hgc Khoa hgc xa hdi nhdn van. Ha Xdi. LA 128.
17. Dang Huy Van (1971), Hd Vdn Mao vd Cdm Bd Thudc doi vdi phong trdo ehd'ng Phdp cua miin nui Thanh Hoa hdi cudi the ky XIX, Xghien eflu lich sd, (140).
'^ Ha Trong Thai. "Dong ho Ha Cong. C^m Ba 6 mien tay T h a n h Hoa trong phong t rao d a u t r a n h giai phong d a n toe (1SS5- ISlSV". Ludn cdn Thac si b i o ve 12/01/2008 tai Dai hoc Vinh.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HO
sd 4-2119