Tin ngirong dan gian
trong dM song tinh than cua ngiroi Viet Nam
Bui Van Dung", Nguyen Thj Cam Tii^
N Jt,""- *"" ^x °*"*°? "^ * " ° '* •*" '^" " * ^ 1 ™ ' " ' S ciia mat bd phSn ngudi Vi^t hn n^Sng, ton giao ngoa, lai. Bin nay tin ngudng dan gian vln du^c bao t6„, co vai tti, quan n^ngtrong doi song tmh than eua ngudi dan. Vai ud cua tin nguang dan gian VietNam iirifcthi d l K ' ' .!"".=^."«^ «"^8 <^ "tiS" ™ " " "g-'W; trong giao d„c dao due; phat huy da^ chu, doan Icetvigiugm ban sac van hoa cua ngutri Viet Nam.
Tir khoa: Tin nguSng dan gian; dM sSng tinh than; nguoi Vift Nam.
T h ^ r f L-",""^ " ' " " ! " " ' ' " ' ' ° ' ^ ' ="'"•"'' "^""^ °f P ^ °f *^ Viemamese today I ^ l t f V ? " ? " ' : ? • * ' " ' " " " " ' ^ ^ '''^= ""^"'•'^ P " ^ ' " - ''^'^^'^ of ^^'O'ic religions rde t l ^ ; ' ° f^'.^'=,'"™^= folk i^lieft "ave still been piese^ed and playing an important h e n o m t r m f l ' d ' T t ™° 'T '" " = " " ' " ' " ' = ' ' ' " *= =^P'"-=«™ " f - ^ - ' - ^ ^uman phenomena^ moral education, bnngmg democracy and solidarity into full play and the preservation of the Vietaamese cultural identity. i-«»=. v«iioii
Keywords: Folk beliefs; spirimal life; the Vietaamese.
l . M o ' d i u
Tin nguSng dan gian la mOt loai hinh van h6a tin nguong, iirtfc hinh thanh va phdt hien dua tren hojt dong sin xu^t n6ng nghi$p tvt nhien cila nguoi dan. d Vi^t Nam hi$n nay, tin nguSng dan gian van tan tai trong doi s3ng tinh thjn cua nguM dan S khip mgi miSn dSt nuoc. Ba c6 nhi^u cong trinh nghien cuu vS u'n nguSng dan gian Vift Nam, song trong bei cSnh toin cau hoa va hpi nhap qu6c te, chiing ta can ti^p t\ic lam rS hon gia tri tich cvc cua n6 trong sif phit ttiin vin hoa cua dan t9C. BM viet nay phan tich vai tr6 ciia thl nguSng dan gian trong doi s6ng tinh t h ^ ciia nguSi Vi?t Nam.
2. Vai tr6 cua tin n g v t a g dSn gian Irong vif c ly giai cac hi^n tiryng tu- nhiSn vk con Dgirdi
Tin nguSng dan gian Vi?t Nam ducjc hinh thanh tit hojt dpng san xuat cua con nguoi. No khong chi phan anh nguyen vpng ciia con nguoi ve mpt cupc sdng tot dpp hon, ma con phan anh trmh dp nhan thvrc cua hp vi ty nhien.
Til buei h6ng hoang cua lich sii, do phuong thlic san xudt nong nghiep lac hau, thi6n tai, djch hpa luon de dpa cupc song Ph6 giSo su, tien sr, Tnrimg Dji hpc Vinh DT- 0902091969. Email: [email protected]
Thjc st, Tnicmg Bai h(ic Tliuy L(ii. DT:
0985439729. Email: [email protected]
Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 9 (106)-2016 cho nen con nguoi bupc phai tim hieu ve tu nhien. Tir do xuat hien ntnhu loai hinh van hoa, trong do co tin nguang dan gian.
Tfn ngu&ng dan gian co nhi6u hinh thuc.
Moi mpt loai hinh tin ngudng deu chiia dung nhieu tu tuong tri6t hpc. No khong chi thoa man nhu cku tam linh, hay van hoa, ma c6n gop pbin ly giai cac hien tupng t^
nhien, xa hpi va con nguoi. Chang hiin nhu, ngucri Vipt giai thich r§ng, tu nhien khdng phai la cai gi do xa la voi con nguoi ma 1^
khong gian dang song, la nhung yeu t6 chi phoi tryc tidp den qua trinh san xuit nong nghi?p ciia hp. Do 1^ ddt, nuoc, cay, cac hi?n tupfng thoi tiet Theo hp, troi la khong gian sinh song ctia nhieu vi thanh thin (trong do c6 Mau Thupng Thien); ddt la Me - MSu Dja; nuoc la yeu t6 mang tinh am, la g6c cua mpi s\f sinh soi nay no cua cac loai c^y trdng. M? Nu6c la Mau Thuy [9, tr.103, 127-131, 140]. Cung trong tu duy cua ngudri Vi?t, troi g5n li^n vdi duong, dk gSn iien v6i am, cao v6i thap, d\rc v6i cai, nSng voi mua [6, tr.l 10, 114]. Troi co mum phuang, dat co t ^ huong. Khong gian gom CO khong gian ciia nguoi sdng, va ca khong gian ciia "the gioi ben kia" (thd giai cua nhiing ngudri da Idiudt nui, hp di mSy vh gio v^ it nhieu anh hudng d^n doi sdng ciia chinh chiing ta). Trong thd giai c6 hdn va via. The gidi than linh cung phong phii va da dang gidng nhu cupc sdng ciia con nguoi.
Tu duy ve s\r hda nhap ciia tu nhien vdi con ngudi la diem sang trong nh|in thuc sa khai cua ngudi Vi^t. "Trong mdi quan he thii nhat (quan h? mp vdi con), khi coi tu nhien la m?... thi co thh hieu rang ngudi Vi?t coi... gidi tv nhien da sinh ra con ngucri, hay noi each khac con ngudi da duoc sinh ra tir gidi tu nhien, dugc t\i nhien 72
nudi dudng va che chd bSng ngu6n cija cii vd tan cua minh" [9, tr.103, 127-131, 140].
Moi mot sinh linh ( d i la cay co hay d^ag v^t) deu cd mOt linh hdn ma khi sinh linh ehet di, linh h6n 3y chu du trong trdi d ^ tidp tyc trd lai kiep sdng khac. Cu nhu v|y, do lk mgt chuoi luSn hoi bdt tiiu trong vii tm bao la. Con ngudi cung dupc sinh ra do sy hda hpp ciia trdi va ddt; la hoa ciia ddt, U dinh cao h o ^ bi ciia tao hda. Bdn c^nh ddy, m5i ngudi deu co s6 ph|n, do cfin so quy djnh v^ dupc sSp xep tH mrdc [9, tr.103, 127-131, 140]. Con r^udi sinh ra, c6 s?
khac nhau, ai song lau, ai chdt non, ai dupc ddu thai... deu do hai thdn trdn trdi Ih Nam Tao v^ Bdc Dau quyet dinh [6, tr.lIO, 114].
Moi ngudi dugc mOt ba chiia, vj thSnh dO m ^ g che chd vh b^o v? (chdng h^in nhu hk chiia Ngpc, ba chiia Cihi Thidn Huy^n NiJ dgmang...).
Tuy tin ngudng d§n gian ciia ngudi Vi§t Nam cdn mang n ^ g tinh chdt than W nhung nhang s\t ly giai dd phdn nho thda man dugc nhihig thdc mdc ciia con ngudi.
Dieu do chiing td tin ngudng dan gian khdng chi thda man nhu cdu tam linh mi cdn gdp phdn g i ^ thich the gidi.
3. Vai trd cua tin ngtrOng dSn gian trong gido dyc dyo dij-c
Ngudi dan Vi?t Nam thd ciing tb tidn dh the hi|n sy: tri an ddi vdi nhihig b^c sinh thanh ra minh, dong thdi dh cdu mong t6 tidn ludn d gdn con chau, dpng vidn, phii trg giiip con chau trong ddi song thudng nhft Chinh do quan nidm "ehet chua phSi lk hdt", ndn moi gia dinh deu thyc hinh "s6ng tet, ehet gio" doi vdi cdc b|ic sinh th^mh; coi dd la d^o ly, Ih nh nep cua gia dhih, ddng hg. Thdng qua nghi le thd ciing to tien, ngudi ta mudn bay td ldng b i ^ cm, thdi d0
^
Biii van Dung, Nguyin Thj Cam Tu thanh kinh d6i voi t6 ti&i. Trong moi gia
dtah, dao tho ciing t6 ti6n da trir thanh dao ly "uong nuoc nho nguSn", "dao hi6u" va loi sdng nhan van trpng nghiii tmh. M6i nguM khi thanh dat 4Su Mnh bao vffi td tien, ta on ta tien da phii trg va ciing chung vui cimg tiSn nhSn. Tm nguSng thS ciing t8 tien khuySn khich con nguoi hudng d6n cai thipn, phin diu lao dong va hpc tap tdt ii thinh dat, lam tang rS td tiSn, dong tdc, lang xdm, que huong.
Nguoi Viet Nam khdng chi tho ciing nhihig ngucri cd cdng sinh thanh, duong due (B khuat, ma cdn tho cung ca nhihig ngudi cd^cdng vffi cdng ddng, lang xa, dat nudc.
Eiicu dd gdp phan gin kSt giua gia dinh, lang xdm vffi dit nudc; gdp phin cung cd, duy tri, phit huy nhitag gia ui dao diic tmyen thdng ciia que huong (nhu long hiiu Ihao, ldng nhan ai, tlnh cdng ddng, cpng cam, due tmh cin cii, sang tjo, tinh thin hi6u hpc, chi tien thu, Idng yen nuoc...).
Moi klii phai ddi dipn vffi td tien, vffi thanh than (hic la vffi nhirng ding thieng), con nguffi khong dam lira ddi, khdng dam td thai do bit kmh, khiim nha vi sp bi qud ttach, hi trimg ph?t. Hp phai luon to ra th|n trpng, thanh kmh bang nhung cii chi va hanh vi t6t dpp nhit. Niim tm vao mpt ding thieng vd hmh cd thi lam cho nhitag ke lim dudng, ljc loi thlic tinh luong tri, quay trd vi sing luong thipn; ddng thffi, giOp mpi nguffi sdng nhan ai va dp lupng hon, s5n sang cam thdng tha thii, "danh ke chjy di, ai no danh kc chay lai". Niim tin vi cac vi than (vi thin da ra tay uimg phjt nhimg ke khdng biet quy phyc, man Uni phep nudc le iang, hoac nhimg ke cd thai dp bon cpt, bang bd thanh thin...) lam khdng it ngum phai tvr che ngvr hanh vi cua mmh sao cho
dling cHn, phil hpp... Nhttag Iffi hiia hen ttudc td tien, thin thanh (khdng lam diiu gian dei, neu khong se bj "ttffi danh, thanh phjt", bj "qua bao", "phai tpi"...) cimg cd tac dvmg phong ngira, ngSn chan nhang hanh yi xiu cd thi dien ra. Tam ly sp hai cac thi Ivrc sieu nhien khiin mpi nguffi phai che ngvr ban than. Sit tdn tji yeu td thieng giiip diiu chmh nhan thiic va hanh vi ciia con ngum, hudng con nguffi din hoan thito nhan each theo chuin mvrc chung cua xa hpi. Cii thi, vffi mpt siic manh ki dieu, viec thd cung mpt vj thin thanh hoang bao frp cho lang, mpt vi thanh Mau lmh thieng hay dng ba td tien da khuit diu giiip con nguffi tir hoan thien dao diic ciia minh cho phu hpp hon vffi cac gia frj chuin mvrc va quy udc chung cua cpng ddng.
4. Vai trd cua tin nguong dSn gian trong vifc phat hny dSn chii, doin kel
Tm nguSng dan gian cd vai ttd phat huy dan chu, dinh hudng mpi nguffi biit nim vitag va tdn ttpng phep tic, quy udc chung cua cdng dong. Svr dan chii ttong Uii giffi than linh tjo dpng Ivrc cho viec Uiirc hipn dan chli ttong dm sdng xa hdi hien thirc, bffi vi, dm sdng tam lmh chinh la mpt phin quan ttpng frong dffi sdng hipn thvic. Trong nhttng dip sinh hoat Uivtc hanh tin nguong dan gian, nhimg nghi Uuic Uid ciing (khdng phan biet gia tte, gai trai, ding cap, tdn giao hay dan tpc) giiip mpi ngum cung xich lai gan nhau, cimg nhau Uivrc hien nghi le, ciing nhau vui hpi. Dd la thi hien sir dan chu, doan ket.
Tin nguong dan gian la mpt chit keo gin ket con ngum vffi nhau mpt each bin chSt.
Khi den vm ll hdi, dii gia, tre, gai frai, giau, ngheo, mpi nguffi diu hoa ddng vm nhau.
IChoa hpc xi hpi Vigt Nam, si 9 (106)-2016 dam minh vao li hdi. Mpi nguffi ciing chung niem tm vao mdt vi thinh ho^c thin klii xem te ll, cimg reo hd mitag vui hoac lo ling kbi thudng thiic nhimg trd diln. Ll hOi dua mpi nguffi d mpi ting ldp, mpi thi hp gan lji vffi nhau. Ld hdi la hinh thiic smh hoat van hda, la tiip bieu dirong tit nhat sire manh doan ket gan bd mpi thanh vien vffi cpng ddng. Cd II hdi diln cho thanh hoang xem nhitag kit qua hoat dpng ciia dan iang hang n3m. Cd ll hdi lji tai hipn cic ttjn danh (niu than l i mpt v6 tudng); cd l l hpi ghi nhd cdng on mpt vi thin cd cdng khai Uiien ljp dja, khai khin nghe mffi cho dan lang... Sau nhimg nghi thitc cung bai d dmh, nguffi ta td chii-c rude kipu di quanh lang. Ki$u ciia Uianh hoang bao gid cimg di ttudc, sau mffi den kipu ciia cac vj khac.
Dam rude ki$u hiy dupc to chiic ttong phjm vi mpt iang h o ^ mpt sd lang (niu vi Uiinh hoang dd dupc thd chung d nhiiu lang), song cd tiing vang lan ttuyen din khip c4c vimg miin. Ll hpi ttnyin UiSng da nhac nhd mpi nguffi nhd vi cpi nguin, xoi bd mpi khiic mic, bit hoi, doan tvi va gin giii nhau hon.
5. Vai trd ciia tin nguong dSn gian trong vifc b i o t i n v4 giir gin ban s i c van hoi
Ttong mSi loji hmh thi nguSng din gian, cic huyin Uioji, truyin thuyet, ttiin tich... deu cd tinh nghp thujt lit cao. Nhiiu loji hinh tm nguSng gin lien vffi am nhac vi nhay mija de ke chuypn, md phdng, diln ta dffi song, cdng ttjng va Uiinh tteh ciJa cic Ulin lmh. Hon niia, cac nghi Uuic nay Iji Uiudng dupc diln ra d nhitag khdng gian rat ton nghiem va linh Uiieng (nhu ttirdc cia dmh, cita chua, ttong cac din mieu).
Thffi gian tiin hanh hdi dmh, hdi chiia...
cung 14 thffi gian con nguffi dinh tnjn ohs svr thu thai ciia tim hSn d i ^ vffi nhflng tm nguong lmh thieng cito mhih [8, tr.2T|.
Svr kit hpp nhjc l l v i m4a thi&ig lim cho con nguffi ttd nen phan khich, hoi nhjp vdi Uie giffi thin linh. Nhiin hmh thiSc mia, Sm nhac c6 truyin v i sto khiu (nhu hit chiu van, hit chdo, hit a dao, hat xoan, hit giao duySn, cic ttd dien...) cd nguon cpi tii hit ciia dinh ttong hpi ling, nhat l i trong tfa nguSng fliS Miu, Tranh Uid v i ttrpng Uift khdng chi dupc ra dffi trong mdi tnidng tin nguSng dan gian, m i cftn tit gin giii viM tranh dan gian dffi thuftng, flii hi|n qua miu sic, b i CVIC, phong cich Uii hi$n, phuong thlic vS tranh, in tranh, iigh$ thu§t dieu khic. Thdng qua dd, cic Uii hp hdm nay mffi thiy dupc svt tii hoa, sing tjo cia cha dng di UiSm tvr hio ve qui khi. Trong cic ll hpi, cic smh hojt vSn hoi ngh? Uiu^t khdng chi l i cic sinh hojt thdng Uiuftng, m i cdn l i phong tyc, nghi l l duprc chuii hoi, khdng Uie tuJ ti$n Ui6m Uiit hay vit bd. Le hOi din gian l i mdi truftng niy smh, tich hpp, bio tin cac gii trj vta hoi. V i ^ Uiuftng Uiic tii nghp, sy Uiing Uiua, ttong cic cupc ttanh tii diu liSn quan tdi v|n mpnh cua cic c i nhan hay cpng ding. Vi dy, ttong cic cupc dua fliuyin, Uii bffi, boi chai, chpi gi, dau vjt, chpi ttau, k6o co, bit vjt..., giip nao Uling se dupc vmh dy vio ll. Hp tin ring n2m dd hp sS dupc Miu, dupc Thanh hoang phu hp, ttinh dupc tui ro, gSp nhiiu may min. Cic loji hhih tfa nguSng din gian da lim phong phi UlSm van hoa ttnyin Uiing cia nguffi Vipt tten ci hai linh vyc: van hoa vjt Uii v i vta hoi ph!
vit the. Nhitag cdng ttinh kiin ttiic, di&l khac cdn in chia v i ghi diu in dffi song tfa nguSng cia dng cha qua nhiiu ttii h f Stah hojt ttn nguSng diln la ttong cic ll h0i
Bui van Dung, Nguyin Thj Cam Tu I ttTiyen Uidng hang nam l i cich luu gitt cic
gia ttj vta hoa. Cac ttd mua dan gian (nhu mua Ong Dung, B i Di, m i a danh b$n dudi ho, mua ech vd, mua giao cft giio qujt, mua lan...), cac trd chffi dan gian (nhu Uii Uidi com, chffi du, Uii keo co, dua ttiuyin, bffi chai, thi bit chach ttong chum, chpi ga, diu vjt, bat vjt, gieo ing, rude nudc...) diu pUn inh nhOng net vta hoa dpc die cua moi miin que. Nhta dta din vffi le hpi khdng chi don fliuin ii Uiyc hipn cic sinh hojt tfa nguSng m i con di chiem nguong nhttng canh quan vta hoa, su stag tao ki diju bffi bta tay, khdi dc cua dng cha. Vipc duy tti cic tm nguong dta gian, mpt mat dip ing nhu ciu tinh fliin cia nhta dan, mat Idiic, khffi diy Idng ty hio cua cic Uie h? ve ttruyin Uidng vta hoi c i a dja phuong ninh. Dd cung chfah l i cich giio dyc tot doi vffi Uii h j tte ttong vipc gitt gm, bio tdn cic gii trj vta hoi tit dpp.
6. Kit lujn
Tin nguSng dta gian ra dffi, ton tai va phit ttiin ttong suit chiiu dii ljch s i dyng nuftc v i gitt nudc cua dta tjc Vipt Nam; l i mjt hojt djng smh hojt vta hda Unh Uiin, tfa nguSng dta gian khdng Uii Uneu ttong stah hojt vta hda finh Uiin cia nguffi dta lao djng.
Tfa ngudng dta gian cttng nhu tdn giio li nhu ciu tmh fliin cia ttiyjt dai da sd cac ttiinh phan cu dta d nudc ta. Dinh gii dung vai ttd cia tin nguftng dta gian di cd cii nhfa tota dijn ve dffi sing vta hoi ttnh fliin cua nguffi dto Vijt Nam hijn nay, di thiy dupc nhflng gii ttj cia nd ttong dffi song x i hji cia con nguffi, ding ttiM di tu dd bo sung, dieu chmh chi ttuong, chfah sich, phip lujt vi tfa nguSng ndi chung, ttn nguSng dto gian ndi rijng, phit huy mat
tt'ch cue v i hjn chi mat tieu cyc ttong stah hojt ttn nguSng, ttag cuftng cung cd khoi dai dota ket tota dta.
Tai liju tham kliiio
11] Toan Anh (1991), Nip dl tin agtOng Vlfl Nam, Quyin thucjng, Nxb Tp. H 6 Chl Minh, Tp. Ho Chl Minh.
[2] EMng Cpng sin Vist Nam (2016), Van kifn Dffi hpi dai bidu todn tfuoc ldn tht? XII, Nxb Chinh trj quflc gia, Hk Npi.
P I Djng van Hudng (2014), Tim hiiu mdt si tin ngudng & Vift Nam, Nxb QuSn d^i nhSn din, HiNpi.
[4] Quoc hpi (2013), ff/enpAoprawcC^nxMoia hil cha nghia Vift Nam, Nxb Chlnh Iri quoc gia. Hi NOi.
15] NguySn Minh San (1998), Tiip cdn tin nguOng lidn gian Vift Nam, Nxb Van h6a dSn tflc. Hi NSi.
16] Trin Bang Sinh (2002), A M n x t t i J w * Me) hgc Irong tin ngudng tha cung Ti lien ctia ngudi Vlfl df Mng bdng Bdc Bd, Nxb Chinh Bj qu6cgia.HaN0i.
17] Ng6 Diic Thinh (Chil bito) (1998), Tin nguSng vd vdn hda lin ngudng a Vift Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi.
18] Ng6 Diic Thinh (Chu bi6n) (2014), Tin ngudng vd stnh hoift vdn hoa cing dong, Nxb Khoa hpc xahpi. Ha NSi.
[9] Nguyen Hilu Thn (2013), Nhiing thia ctfnh triel htic trong lln ngudng tha Mdu cua ngudi Vlfl a ddng bdng Bdc Bd, Lu|n in liin si triit hpc, Tmdng D?i hpc Khoa hpc xa hji va Nhin van, Dji hpc Quic gia Ha Nfli, Ha N^i.
[10] Djng Nghiem Vjn (1996), Vi ton gido, tin ngudng a Vift Nam hifn nay, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hii, HiNpi.