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TIN NGUdNG T H 6 CUNG TO TIEN CUA NGUOI MONG LAO CAI
TRAN THI PHUONG THUV
1. Vai net ve ngudl Mdng Lao Cai Ngudl Mtfng d Lao Cai co btfn nganh chi'nh.
Mtfng Hoa (Mdng Linh) la nganh cd stf dfin ddng nhfi't, chitfm tdi 70%, cu trft d 8 huydn nhung chu ytfu tfip trung d huydn Bfic Ha, Mudng Khuong, Sa Pa,
Bao Thfing, Bao Ydn.
Mdng Den (Mdng Dft) cu trft rai rac lai Bat Xat, Sa Pa. Mdng Xanh (Mdng Chtia) cu tru tfip trung tai xa Nfim Xe huyen Vfin Bfin. Mdng Trfing (Mdng Du) d Bfic Hfi, Bat Xat, Van Ban. Sa Pa, Si Ma Cai. Tuy phfin bidt thanh bon ngfinh khac nhau nhung trft nganh Mdng Xanh, d Van Ban cdn ed 3 nganh Mdng Hoa, Mdng Trfing, Mdng Den, vl ngdn ngft
van hda co ban gid'ng nhau, sy khac nhau gifta cfic nhdm chft ytfu la dya tren trang phtic phu nu.
Trong ngdn ngft, han 93% tft vi, each phat fim cua cac nhdm Mdng la gitfng nhau.
Ngudi Mdng Lao Cai thudng cu trft d nhftng sudn nui son nguyen cd dd eao trung binh lis 700 - 1800m. Dja hinh ngudi Mdng cu iru ehu ytfu la hai day nfti ctf chay song song vdi nhau theo hudng tfiy bfic - ddng nam, day nui Con Voi d phfa ddng va day nfti Hoang Lidn d phfa tfiy.
Day Hoang Lidn cd cac dinh eao: Phan Xi Pfing (3143m), Ta Gifinh Phinh (3090m), Phu Ludng (2983m) va cac be mat san bfing ctf nfim d cae bfic dd cao khfic nhau (1350m, 1450m,
Ldo Cai Id mat tinh vfing cao, bien gidl; diSn tich tu nhien 6.357,08l(mz;
t6ng ddn sd' 55,7 van nguoi vdi 25 ddn tfic sd'ng dan xen nhau, trong dd cd 24 dan tdc thid'u sd' vdi 39 van ngudi, chiem 64,8%, cu trd d 142 xa vung cao, vung sdu, vfing xa. Trong sd' cdc ddn tdc thieu so thi dan tdc Mong cd stf lugng ddng nhat, gom 22.125 hd, 131.306 khau, chiem t j Id 22,21% tlan so todn tinh. Theo cac nhd nghidn cdu, ngudi Mdng d Ldo Cai Id mgt trong nhiimg ddn tgc thieu so cd mat mudn hon cdc ddn tdc khde trong tinh (1).
1700m...). Day Hoang Lidn la vftng nfti dtf sd cd nhilu deo hilm trd nhu ddo O Quy Htf, Khau Co - d mien ddng, ngudi Mdng cu tru tfip trung o son nguyen cd Bac Ha, Si Ma Cai. Mudng Khuong thudc khtfi vdm nhd sdng Chay nfim d phfa ddng bfic day nui Con Voi. Dd la cac khtfi son nguydn phfin bfic khdng ro rfing va phfin btf, phfin tan thanh nhung khd'i nho xen kep vdi cae khtfi nui sdt. Trdn be mat son nguydn bi eat xe bdi he thd'ng mang trung cd ea dang doi. dinh bfing nhieu lung khd va cac long chao ctf.
Do khdng cd dfa vyc cu tru tap trung, cang khdng cd mdt nin tang kmh ttf thtfng nhfi't, ndn sftc manh ctf ket cfta tdc ngudl nay ehi tfip trung d chinh tfim thftc cua ho mfi sy lidn kd't cua cac mtfi quan hd xa hdi la mdt bilu hidn diln hinh. Xa hdi truyin thtfng cua ngudi Mdng cd cfi'u true kha thtfng nhfit. Dd la xa hdi phu quyln rfit manh vdi su dl cao vai trd, quyln lgi cung nhu trach nhidm cua ngudi dan dng. Cfi'u tnic xa hdi fi'y dugc xfiy dung trdn co sd cua cac ttf bfio xa hdi: gia dinh, ddng hg va lang.
Khai nidm gia dinh dugc ngudi Mdng ggi la ziv hay ziv nenhs dlu cd nghia chi tap hop ngudl cftng stfng chung, gfin bo vdi nhau bang quan hd hdn nhfin va ddng mau dudi mdt mai nha. Nd thudng gtfm vg ehtfng, eha me. con cai.
Theo quan mdm fi'y, cdng dong gia dinh cua
Stf 3 4 6 1 Thang 4-20131
VAN H(^A NGHI^ T H U A T I R O M C MlffJC ngudi Mtfng phfii tft hai ngftdi ird ltfn vfi ntfu dfin tfng khtfng ed vg, dfin bfi khtfng ctf ehtfng.
du d nha cao cfta rtfng bao nhilu cung khdng dugc coi Ifi ZIV ndnhs vdi dung nghia eiia ntf.
Sau ktft cfi'u gia dinh thi dtfn ddng hg. Ddng ho d ngudi Mdng cd mtft vi trf vtf eung quan trgng, do Ifi nhftng ytfu ttf cdt ldi ca'u thfinh le xa htfi Mdng vfi ihl hitfn ban sic dfin tOe eua hg.
Ndl cfich khac, ddng hg la nin tang eho su ttfn tai cua xa hdi Mdng uuyin thd'ng vfi chi phtfi mgi hoat dtfng trong ddi stfng hling ngfiy eua ea ctfng ddng. Ngudi Mdng ggi ddng hg Ifi xeng.
6 Viei Nam. ldc ngudi iiiiy ed khoang 20 ten xing khiic nhau, dd Ifi cac ddng ho: Vfing, Gifing, Sftng. Ly, Thao. Mua, Chang, Lu, Vft, Vi, Hd. Hang, Dinh, Cft, Hfiu...
Cudi cung la dtfn lang. Lang Ifi don vi xa htfi CO ban vfi duy nhat d dfin tdc nay. Ngudi Mdng ggi lang la jaol hay jol, jez jol - dlu ctf nghia la tf hay ttf, tftc chi mdt edng ddng eung chung stfng trong khu vyc dia ly nha't dmh. Lang Mtfng dugc hinh thfinh tren su tu cu eua nhOng nhdm ngudi cd hay khdng ed mtfi quan hi huyd't thtf'ng. Bdi vfiy, md'i quan he cdng dtfng lang thyc chfi't la mtfi quan he cua cac thanh vien cftng ddng hg va gifta eac ddng hg eung dia vyc cu trft. Ndi each khac, mtfi quan he lang gilng cua hg duge hinh thanh vfi phat triln thtfng qua sy ung xft giua eac ddng hg khac nhau. Thdng thudng, mdi lang Mdng gtfm vfii ba ddng hg vdi vai chuc nde nha. ed hg ldn. ho bl. Song, nhftng dilu dd khdng anh hudng dtfn sy ctf ktft eua hg. Tu ra'l lau. •^ thftc ctfng dtfng
Ifing gilng is itfe ngftdi nay da duge hinh thanh vfi phfit triln bdi mtft ihue tai sdm itfi eo nhau vfi cung chung mtft qufi khft lieh sft khd qudn.
Do sy di cu vfio Vidt Nam khfi mutfn, lOc ngudi nfiy chi ctf sy lua chgn duy nhfit la eu tni trtfn cfic dai nui cao, stfng gfin bd vdi rftng va d&.
rftng eho dft hg ed ngutfn gdc Ifi cu dfin Ifta nudc.
Hofin canh dtf lfim cho ntfng nghitfp nuong riy trd thanh nin tang kinh ttf vd eung quan trgng eua ngudi Mdng. Hien nay, nin kinh ttf ty cung ty ca'p dd bitfn mdi gia dinh Mdng \xb thanh mil don vj kinh itf dtfc Ifip. Dudi mtfi nde nhfi, ho tu lfim ra mgi thft thitft ytfu phuc vy eho cudc sdng cua minh trft mutfi, dfiu... vfi khdng bitft tft bao gid, ngudi Mdng ntfi titfng vdi nghi thu cdng nhu: dan Ifit, xe lanh dll vai, in hoa vfin bfing sap ong, rin due... vdi cac san p h ^ vfta ctf chfit lugng cao, vfta mang dfim ytfu ttf nghe thufit, ttnh nhfin van va thl hitfn ban sdc van htfa Itfe ngu^.
2. Tin ngudng thd cung to tien ciia nguoi Mdng Lao Cai
Theo cfic nha nghien cuu, tin nguong, tdn gifio eua ngudi Mdng d Lfio Cai ed nhilu net tuong dtfng vdi tfn ngudng, tdn gifio cua cfic tdc ngudi khae. Su khae biet ihudng bde Itf 6 mdt sl loai hinh va it chju anh huong cua tam gifio nhu mdt stf tde ngudi lang gilng nhu Dao, Tay, Nung. Trong eac hinh thftc ltfn gifio truyin thtfng eua ngudi Mdng, \ iec thd cftng td tien, dac biet la Saman gifio tuang dtfi phat triln. Nhftng hinh thftc tdn gifio sa khai nhu vfit luih, td tem giao, cfic loai ma thufit... vin ttfn tai d dang tan du va ddng vai Ird quan trgng. Ttfn gifio, tin ngudng da
Ngudi Mdng 6 Sa Pa
Anh Vi ntfn Thap huong trudc ban thd \6 tidn cua ngudl Mdng d Ldo Cai. Anh Phgm Minh
I
Stf 346 Thang 4-2013hda quy^n vdi sinh hoat ddi sd'ng hfing ngfiy lao nen nhflng sde thfii phong phft trong ddi sd'ng vfin hda tinh thfin ngudi Mtfng.
Ngudi Mdng cho rfing trong vu tru cd hai Ihtf gidi ehinh cftng ldn tai. Dd Ifi thtf gidi tren mat dfit, noi con ngudi sinh stfng vfi thtf gidi tren trdi, noi ed tfng trdi va eac vi thfin cua ngudi Mdng. Dtfng thdi d mtfl gde nao dtf tren u-di Ifi noi Id lidn cua hg sinh sd'ng. Nhftng ngudi gifi Mdng kl lai rfing, bfiu trdi va mfit dfi't Ifi do dng Chfiy ba Chfiy tao ra, cdn ngudi Mdng dugc sinh ra tft ldng dfi't. Xua kia hg vtfn stfng hanh phftc vinh viln d trin ddi, chfing bao gid bitfl dtfn cai ehtft. Cudc stfng vinh hfing eua ngudi Mdng da lfim cho tfng Irdi tftc gifin bdi tfng la khdng thl cha'p nhfin con ngudi ctf thl ttfn lai ngang eung trdi dfi't. Ong trdi quyet dinh mang cai ehtft dtfn vdi ngudi Mdng, tft dd ngudi Mdng mdi phai ehtft.
Dtfng bao Mtfng eho rfing, khi at dd irui hoi thd cutfi cftng, cd nghia la da hoan Ihanh phfin sy d thtf gidi mat dfit dl trd ve vdi ttf titfn. Dl ngudi ehtft ed thl vl duoc vdi the gidi ttf tiln, ngudi Mdng lfim II chl dudng dua hdn ngudi chtft di qua nhftng dia danh da eu trft vl dd'n tfin vftng dfit ttf Quy Chfiu (Trung Qutfc), rtfi tft dtf mdi ldn trdi lim vl vdi td titfn. Thay cftng phai Ifiy con ga trtfng hoa dfin dudng eho htfn ngudi ehtft va dfin ngudi chet each tra ldi khi gfip thfin nhfi trdi va nhd nha trdi ehi dudng vl vdi Id tidn.
The gidi ttf tidn cua ngudi Mdng mdi la nai cd cudc stfng vinh hfing.
Ngudi Mdng cung cho rfing, dl ed thl ltfn tai duge trin trfin gian, ludn cd cfic vj thfin giftp dd hg, day hg each lfim an, lam utfng, each ftng xft Irong ndi, ngoai tdc... Hg ludn ghi nhd dng Cho NghTa day dfin, nhi, ken, sao, ca mua va giftp hg xay dyng dudng ly, dudng le trong ftng xft, dng Lias Lu dinh ra lufit cudi xin, ba Niav Ngfiul Cho day each thiu thfta, dng Xyz Zi cftu hg khoi binh tat vfi eai ehtft, dng Sfiuz chi bao eho hg giai quytft nhftng dilu vao thdi diem khd khfin nhfit... Nhflng vi thfin dd duge ngudi Mtfng eoi Ifi nhftng dng ttf da ctf cdng xfiy dyng nin mdng cho he Ihtfng vfin htfa muu sinh va ftng xft eua ldc ngudi nfiy, dtfng thdi giup hg cd du sftc manh
V A N H 6 A CQ TRUYEN ehtfng lai fip bftc, ehtfng lai su de dga cfta thitfn nhitfn, bao vd su stfng edn eua ctfng dtfng.
Vfiy ngudi Mtfng quan nitfm vl ttf tidn la tfi^t ca nhftng ngudi da khufit thutfc efie thtf hi, ma chu ytfu tft thtf he eha dng trd vl trude. Dd la nhftng ngudi da lam nen sy nghitfp dl lai eho eon chfiu, gifim sat eon chfiu ttf chftc thuc hien dudng ly, dudng le cfta ctfng dtfng. Ttf lien eung Ifi ngudi ludn phu hd cho con chfiu lfim fin thufin lgi... Bdi vfiy, bfit cft ngudi Mdng nfio cung ghi nhd cdng lao eua ttf titfn vfi lap noi thd eftng ttf lien.
Ngudi Thfii quan niem, ttf lien (ma nhfi) chi la thtf he eha cua chu nha. Ngudi Tay quan niem ttf titfn gtfm 4 ddi (cha, dng, cu, ky). Ngudi Mdng quan nitfm ttf litfn Ifi nhung ngudi da chtft trong ba ddi trd lai (cha, tfng, cy). Quan niem nfiy thl hien trong cfic bfii khfin mdi ttf tidn (eftng nam mdi, eftng ma irfiu...), ehu nha hoac thfiy cftng dlu ggi tdn tutfi nhihig ngudi thutfc ba thtf he da khuit trd vtf fin ttft vdi eon chfiu, phu htf eho eon chfiu lfim fin. Trong mdt ban ngudi Mdng thudng cd vai ddng hg, mdi ddng hg cd mdt dng ttf da chtft mfi ngudi gia d thtf he eao nhfi't trong pha htf cdn nhd dugc.
Cfic thfinh vien irong dtfng hg gfin btf chat ehe vdi nhau bdi cung mtft pha he ddng nam do mdt dng ttf sinh ra. Thdng Ihudng ntfu tinh tft thtf he con len dtfn dng ttf Ifi ba ddi. Trong dip lam ma bd (ma trfiu) nhu da. tfit ea cfic thfinh vien trong ddng ho phai ldi dy. Dtf cftng bay theo dftng quy each, stf lugng eu Ihl cfta tftng ddng hg, nhung thdng thudng bat eftng thft nhfit mdi ttf tien, bat eung thft hai mdi eha me da mfit, bat cftng thft ba mdi nhftng ngudi da khufit cftng thtf he eha me, bfit cftng thft tu trd di mdi nhung ngudi da khufi'i trong ddng hg, mdi ma nha, ma rftng, ma sutfi, ma nui... Trong Id cftng, dng trudng hg ihudng kl vl su nghidp cua ttf tidn, cfic quy udc kieng ky cua ddng hg. Mtfi Ifin eftng nhu vfiy, hinh anh cua ttf tien lai dugc khfic sfiu vfio trong tfim trf cfta mtfl thfinh vitfn.
Khae vdi ngudi Vidt, ngudi Tay, bfin thd ttf tien Ihudng dat d vi tti gian gifta, nhilu ddng hg Mdng khdng Ifip ban thd itf tien riing. Noi did eftng itf tidn chi la mdt mitfng gifiy hinh chft nhat kieh thudc 20 x 30cm gfin noi thd xd ca d
Stf 3461 Thang 4-20131
VAN H 6 A NIRHt; THUAT TBOMfl trtfn bftc vfich hfiu gian gifta. Mdt stf ddng hg nhu Vft, U u , va... 6 Bfio Yin cd lap bfin thd ttf titfn. Ban thd duge ddng vao chfnh gifta gian eung, efich mat dfi't khoang 1,2m dtfn 1,5m.
Trang trf ttdn bfin thd chi Ifi manh gifiy ban vfi cfim ba tfng huong thd tfng bfi, btf me, cha tfng, cu, chft bfic, nhftng ngudi anh em cung thtf h|.
Nai dat bfin thd la noi thiing, chi cd chu gia dinh mdi dugc lfim chft ll eung mdi ttf liln, ehi ctf con trai mdi dugc dtfn gfin ban thd. Ngudi Mdng chi cftng ttf tidn vao dip nam mdi, ll cdm mdi hofic khi cfiu cftng chfta bdnh... Dtfi vdi htfn cfic cha. dng, cy... d thtf gidi bin kia, con chfiu phai ttf chftc eac Id cung iheo tuc Id lang ma: ll liln dua htfn, ll sfta mtf ma, ll ma khd... Ttf titfn thudc loai ma Ifinh phu htf cho eon ehau. TYiy nhidn. khdng thd cftng cfin than, ttf tien cung cd thl bat phat, iam cho con chfiu tfm dau. Hofic ddi khi ttf tiln dtfi edn vl ddi trfiu, lgn... Thtf gidi ben kia etf mdt noi danh cho ttf tidn d. Noi eu ttft eua td tidn, cung gitfng nhu noi cu ttft cua con chau d dudi trfin gian, theo ddng hg.
Thd eung ttf tidn la mtft hinh thftc ldn gifio, tfn ngudng ehfnh thd'ng cua nhieu tdc ngudi d Lao Cai. Nhimg hinh thftc cung nhu quan nitfm thd cftng ttf titfn ciia ngudi Mtfng cd nhftng dfic dilm khfic cfic dfin tdc lang gilng.
Dl so sfinh, ehung tdi titfn hanh dieu tra vfi dtfi ehitfu dtfi tugng thd eung cua cac tdc Khang, Kho Mu, Ha Nhi, Phu La, Thai Den, Tay, Nung, Day.
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Bin canh thd cftng nhftng thfinh vift trong gia dinh, ngudi Mtfng cdn thd ciini nhftng ngudi trong ddng hg. Dtfi vdi ngui MOng, cflng dtfng ddng hg hofin tofin khfluj phai Ifi nhftng ngudi ehi cftng ttfn hg. DID{
bfio cho rfing, etfng dtfng dtf phai Ifi cfic thfinli vitfn etf ehung mtft ifn hitfu dugc thl hifiu trong tfn ngudng ttfn gifio cua dfin itfe nfiy vi hg ggi tfn hilu ehung fiTy Ifi cung ma (thdngn dangz hay ihflngx daz). Trtfn binh dien cua he Ihtfng than itfe, nhftng ngudi eftng ma khdng phai Ifi tofin btf khtfi ctfng dtfng mfi cbi bao gtfm ctfng dtfng cliel vfi pham lr& ddng hg dugc d l cap d dfiy ehfnh la khtfi nguiri cung hg eftng ma.
Trong giai doan hien nay, ngudi Mtfng duoc dfinh gifi Ifi mtfl itfc ngudi edn gift dugc tr^n ven ban sfic dfin tflc cfta minh. TTiuc ttf cho thiy hien nay da stf cae gia dinh ngudi Mdng slog d noi xa xfli, heo lanh, ddi stfng kinh ttf xSbOi khtf khan, ttinh dfl dan tri ihfip nen bi ke xiu lgi dyng.
Dtfn nay mfic dft dai da stf cac xa c6 tOe ngudi Mtfng sinh stfng da etf nhflng thay ^ can ban ttong tang ma, cftng ll, da ttf chftc ck hdi nghi gia Ifing, trudng ban, ngudi cd uy tin;
trong ddng hg ngudi Mdng d l kJ cam ktft cai lao phong tue tfip qufin lae hfiu, thyc hidn n^p stfng vfin minh..., tuy nhitfn, nhftng hu tyc, lifiu eye ttong ddi sdng eua ngudi Mtfng Lfio Cai hien nay v3n diln ra khfi phfte tap vfi vSn la ganh nfing vdi dtfng bfio. Mil khae, tinh hinh hoat dflng tfln gifio d vftng dtfng bfio ngutt MOng Lfio Cai viin edn ctf nhflng diln bift phftc tap, lilm in nhftng nhfin id eo thl gay mfi dn dinh. Vi vfiy, cfin tfing cudng cflng ifie qiin ly eiia cfic efi'p ehfnh quyln dtfi vdi edng tfic van htfa, tin ngudng lOn gifio nhfim khfic phuc nhftng hu tue lae hau. dua hoat ddng ltfn giio tuan thu dftng ehinh sfich phap lufit cua Dang, Nha nude •
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