NGON
NGtr
s o 9NGON N G O V A VAN HOA
2009
DAC DIEM DINH DANH CUA DIA DANH HUYEN VIET YEN
• • •
TINH BAC GIANG
La mdt vung da't co cua ngUdi Viet, huyen Viet Yen thugc tinh Bic Giang cdn lUu giQ dUdc nhieu truyen thd'ng td't dep phan anh qua trinh dung nUdc va giQ nUdc ciia cha ong ta. Truyen thdng td't dep a'y cdn lUu lai da'u tich trong nhieu dia danh lich sQ - van hoa ndi day gan vdi nhQng chien cdng lay IQng cua dan tgc, vdi nhieu cudc khdi nghia ldn ciia ndng dan va si phu yeu nUdc, dac biet la cugc khang chien cho'ng Td'ng mua xuan 1077 va cupc khdi nghla Yen The do Hoang Hoa Tham lanh dao (1884-1913).
He thd'ng dia danh Vidt Yen nhu mgt ta'm gUOng phan chie'u giup hieu them nhQng ki tich do chinh ngudi dan nPi day sang tao ra trong sud't chieu dai lich sii cua dan tdc Viet Nam trong nhieu linh vUc cua ddi sd'ng xa hgi: kinh te, van hoa, khoa cii... Dong thdi qua dd chung ta cung tha'y dUdc eae the he cha dng ta ngay trUdc da tao ra cho manh da't nay nhQng cdng trinh kie'n tnic- dieu k h i e ddc dao, nhQng truyen thuyet dan gian dac sic de'n nhudng nao! Dd la nhQng di san vd cung quy gia can dUdc giQ gin va phat huy trong thdi dai ngay nay.
Qua tai Ueu thd'ng ke cua chiing tdi, he thd'ng dia danh Viet Yen gom cd 652 ddn vi dUdc thu thap tQ: Nien
H O A N G
THI PHU'dNG LAN HUdNG
giam thd'ng ke cua tinh, huyen; Ban do cac loai cua huyen Viet Yen; Cae tai lieu dUdc lUu giQ d chinh quyen dia phUdng; TU lieu t h u thap qua dieu tra dien da tQ cac ddng ho cl cac lang va tai lieu ghi chep lich sQ ciia cac lang.
Cd the ndi dia danh Vigt Yen, dae biet la cac dia danh cd ndi day, cdn lUu giQ ra't nhieu diem thu vi, ha'p dan, cd gia t r i nhieu m a t ve van hoa - lich set cua dan tgc, ra't can dUdc nghien cQu.
Hien nay, dii an bien soan va xua't ban bp sach Dia chi Viet Yen dang dUdc Phdng van hoa - thdng tin cua huyen thiic hien tQ n a m 2008- 2012. Ngoai viec cd the phuc vu cdng trinh nay, tim hieu dia danh Viet Yen dudi gdc dp ngdn ngQ hpc se cdn giup phac hoa bQc t r a n h toan canh ve cac cdng trinh vat the cung nhQ phi vat the t u nhien va nhan tao lien quan de'n di tich lich s^ va van hoa tren dia ban huyen Viet Yen - Bac Giang, dong thdi gdp phan xay dung bg mdn dia danh hpc vd'n chUa dUdc phat trien ci nUdc ta.
Dia danh la nhQng tQ ngQ dUde dung lam ten rieng ciia cac ddi tUdng dia ll cu the cd vi tri xac dinh tren be m a t trai da't. Dd'i tUdng nay ed the la dd'i tUdng dia Ii tU nhien hay dd'i tUdng dia li phi tu nhien. Dia
danh dUdc xem la vat hoa thach, la ta'm bia b i n g ngdn ngQ ve thdi dai ma nd chao ddi. Dia danh la bUc tranh sinh dpng, la bp tQ dien sd'ng ve mgt vung da't. Mdi dia danh ra ddi trong mgt hoan canh lich sQ cu the nen nd phan anh nhieu mat cua ddi sd'ng xa hdi. Qua dia danh cua mpt vung ta ed the bie't dUde dac diem dia hinh, cay co, cam thu...
ciia ndi ma nd mang ten, tham ehi cd the biet dUdc thdi gian xua't hien cua dia danh ay.
Viee nghien cQu dia danh co the dUdc tie'n hanh theo hai phUdng dien la ca'u true npi bg va nguyen tic dinh danh hay dat ten dUdc the hien trong dia danh. Ca'u true ngi bp cua dia danh chinh la ca'u tao ngQ phap, cdn nguyen tac dat ten ciia dia danh chinh la nguyen t i c dUde the hien qua viec tra ldi cac cau hoi dat ten dUa vao cai gi hay gpi theo cai gi. Ndi each khac la chu the dinh danh da lUa chgn nhQng dac trQng nao ciia dd'i tUdng de lam cd sd cho ten gpi cua nd.
Khi dinh danh mdt sU vSt, khdng gi li tudng hdn la chpn dUdc dae trUng ban cha't phan biet sU vat, hien tUdng nay vdi sU vat, hien tUdng khac. Mat khac, khi dinh danh nhiing dd'i tUdng cd chung thugc tinh cd ban nao dd, chi khac nhau cl thupe tinh khdng can ban, ngUcfi ta phai chpn den loai dac trUng "khdng caii ban" nhUng cd gia tri khu biet de iam cd sd cho ten ggi [5]. Qua ket qua khao sat, chung tdi tha'y ngUdi Bic Giang ndi chung, ngUdi Viet Yen ndi rieng, khi dat dia danh thudng dUa vao nhQng ye'u to, dac diem ed lien quan den dd'i tUdng dia Ii dUdc bieu thi de chpn iam cd s6 cho ten gpi va dd chinh la 11 do va cung la hinh thai ben trong cua ten gpi dd'i tugng dia 11 nay. Li do a'y c6 the la
li do khach quan khi mdt dac trUng CO t h a t cua doi tUdng dia li dUdc chgn lam ed sd cho ten ggi. Chang han, ten ggi Yd Nhai (Thai Nguyen) la "vung cd ldi the quan sU bdi cd nhQng sQdn/ day nui cao" [6, 4]).
Tuy nhien, ben canh dd cdn cd ca nhQng li do chii quan, tQc la nhQng 11 do phu thudc vao chii the dinh danh. Do vay ddi vdi ngUdi Viet Yen, ggi ten mgt do'i tUdng dia li ndi day cdn bao ham ca y thQc cua con ngUdi do'i vdi ngoai canh xung quanh dUdc the hien trong mpt ki hieu ngdn ngQ dae biet. Dia danh dUdc dat ra khdng ehi ddn thuan nham khu biet, dinh vi ve dia li mdt dd'i tUdng ma cdn la sU the hien tu tudng, tinh cam, nhan thQc, ghi lai nhQng trang sQ hao hung trong sU nghiep danh giac cQu nUdc eiia cac thanh vien trong cpng dong dd'i vdi da't nUdc, que hUdng xQ sd ciia minh.
TQ ket qua phan tich, co the neu nhQng dac trQng thUdng dUdc ngUdi Viet Yen chgn iam cd sd cho viec dat cac dia danh ndi day nhU sau.
1. Dia d a n h diiOC dat theo dac trUng h i n h t h i i c c u a doi txiOng dia li
NhQng dia danh nay dUdc dat diia theo sU gid'ng nhau ve hinh thQc giQa dd'i tUdng dia li can dinh danh va mpt sQ vat g^n gui quen thupe nao dd vd'n da cd ten gpi. Trong trUdng hdp nay, ngUdi ta dung ngay ten ggi cua sU vat de ggi do'i tUdng dia ll kem theo ten ggi chi loai d dang trUdc trong phQc the dia danh. Thi du: - Nui Con Voi (Trung Sdn), nui Con Riia (Tien Sdn)... (cac nggn nui nay trdng gid'ng hinh con voi, con rua), hay Gd Hinh Nhdn (Tien Sdn) (gio'ng hinh ngUdi dang nim)... Cac dia danh nay chu ye'u chi cac ddi tUdng dia li thudc dia hinh tii nhien.
62 Ngon ngiir so 9 nam 2009 2. Dia d a n h difOc dat t h e o
dac triing vi tri, phiidng hiidng cua doi tiipfng dia li
Chang han: thdn Ddu (TU Lan)- nam d dau xa, thdn GiUa - n i m ci trung tam xa, thdn Ddng - n i m ci phia ddng ciia xa...
Cac den ci Tien sdn: Din ThiiOng- n i m tren dinh nui PhUdng Hoang, den Trung - n i m lung chQng nui PhUdng Hoang din Hg - n i m d chan nui PhUdng Hoang.
Cac dia danh thugc loai nay cd chQa yeu to'chi vi tri la: ddu, gitta, dtong, trung, thi6Mg, hg... Day chu ye'u la dia danh chi cac ddn vi dan cU.
3. Dia d a n h diiOc dat t h e o dac triing kich thxidcl kich c 5 cua doi tUdng dia li
Chang han: - Thdn Cd, dinh Cd (Quang Minh), nui Cd (hay nui NhSm- Trung Sdn), nui Be (Bich Sdn)...
Cac dia danh thudc tieu loai nay chie'm sd'lUdng ra't it: 5/652 dia danh.
4. Dia danh ggi theo ten ngUdd khai sinh hoac ten dong hg cii tru C h i n g han: Trgi Ong Thiiy (Trung Sdn): Trai do dng Nguyen Van Thuy khai lap; Thon Nguyen (Trung Sdn ): la thdn cua hg Nguyen sinh so'ng thon Chu Xd (Quang Chku):
la thdn cua hg Chu sinh sd'ng...
5. Dia danh goi theo loai cay coi diiOc t r o n g h o a c moc n h i e u tai k h u vUc
Ctiang han: Thdn Trgi Duoc, thdn Oi, ngdi Sim, riing Vdu...
6. Dia danh goi theo con vat nuoi hoac cii tru nhieu d ncrf day
Thi du: thon Bdi Bd (Hong Thai), riing Cd (Bich Sdnj, thdn Ddng Md'i (Hudng Mai), v.v..
7. Dia danh ggi theo doi tUOng dia li dac thii c6 gia tri khu biet ton tai d k h u viic dia li nay
Thi du: Ldng Nui (Viet Tie'n):
la lang nam dUdi chan niii, thdn Chiia (Minh DQc) - thdn nam canh chua, thdn Cdu Treo (Minh DQc) - thdn n i m canh Cau Treo, pho Ga (Hoang Mai): la phd' nam canh ga Sen Hd...
8. D i a d a n h goi t h e o huyen thoai, t r u y e n t h u y e t va nhiifng b i e n c o l i c h suf x a y ra tai dia phiidng
Chang han: Ndi Tien Lat (Ngu Phiic ), nui Bdn Cd Tien (thugc nui Bo Da - Tien Sdn): tUdng truyen cac ndi dd cd tien xudng du ngoan.
Nui Nham Biin (cdn gpi CiCu Thap Cttu Phong, nui 99 nggn hay nui Phuang Hodng, nui Neo thudc dia phan huyen Yen Dung va mpt phan thugc Van Trung huyen Viet Yen) cung la ndi gdi ra bao huyen thoai ki thu. Moi ten ggi g i n vdi mgt each giai thieh khac nhau ciia dan gian.
Theo mdt truyen thuyet, thdi co Cao Bien d i n quan sang xam lUdc nUdc ta, han "ban mgt mui ten xe dge mgt so' qua nui d sdn phan xa Yen Diem nen nui cd ten Nham Bien" [5].
Cdn cac ten ggi khac g i n vdi truyen thuyet: cd mgt tram con chim phUdng hoang bay di tim da't ddng dd. De'n Nham Bien thi cd 99 con dd tren 99 ngpn^ edn eon dau dan vi khdng CO chd dd da bay di, keo theo ca dan den ndi khac. Do vky nui cd ten niii Cttu Thdp Cttu Phong, nui PhMng Hodng hay cdn ggi nui Neo {Neo co nghia la: qua it, khdng du, nhU trong neo ngudi). Nui Nhdm (ndi Cd - Trung Sdn) g i n vdi truyen ti'ch ba budc chan cua dUc Khd'ng TQ. Theo ngUdi dan cao tud'i nha't cua dia phUdng ke Iai thi Khong TQ ganh hai qua nui den Van Cd'e lap 100 ngpn nui de lam ndi nay thanh kinh do, nhung de'n Trung Sdn thi bi gay ddn ganh. Hai qua nui rdi xud'ng
63 tao nen nui Con Voi (Tudng Sdn)
va niii Nui Nhdm (niii Ca), cac manh vd ban ra tQ hai qua nui dd thanh cae nui nhd nhU nui Trdu Ghi, ndi Qud, niii Trdu Che... Budc chan dQc Khdng TQ lun xud'ng da't tao thanh cac ho nUdc: chd bUdc chan phai la ho Dinh Sdn. cho bUdc chan tr.ii ]:\ li6 /u Quang, do mat da ngai budc them budc niia tao nen ho Chai...
nui Bdi (Van Trung) thudc day Nham Bien vdi cae nggn: ndi Ddn, Ddu Hd] Bd Xdi, Gie'ng Mat, Thdc Tien, Trdc Tay. Rieng nui True Tay cdn ggi la nui Khao Tuc hay Khdu True (co le la nui mix nhieu true, do trong tieng Tay khao hay khdu cd nghia la "nui, rQng" [4, 8], gan vdi truyen tich Cao Sdn - Quy Minh la bg tudng eua Hung Vudng 18 khi danh giac da dong quan, dUng thanh luy tai nui Bai. Nhan dan gop lUdng thiic nudi quan "xdi nhieu thanh bd, mat nhieu thanh gie'ng". Vi vay trong dia phan nay cdn cd ten cac nui Khe Cung, Khe Bdn, BdXdi, Gie'ng Mat, Hang Tinh, Ddng Mom... Dinh nui Khe Cung cd cam cd nen nui con cd ten la nui Cdu Phttdn. Mdi quan si dUdc ca'p phat mdt eheo soi lam hieu nen cho ca'p phat dd ggi la khe Sdi.
Ndi vu khi giao eheo n h a u ggi la khe Cheo. Ndi phat binh khi cho quan si ggi la ddng Mdc. Ndi cd vgng canh gac ggi la nui Hd Tieu. Tien quan ciia hai dng ddng ci bai Lang, ai dUdc tuyen vao quan chinh thQc thi dUdc len nui nhap vao quan chu lUc, nui a'y ggi la nui Ndc Chinh.
Dudi chan nui Ndc Chi'nh co Ddng Cd la ndi hen nhau tap trung sau tran danh nen ndi a'y cdn cd ten khe Sum (tiic sum hgp). Ndi kiem quan va mac niem quan si bi tQ tran ggi la nuiXd'c Xa (Xdt Xa)...
Thdi Ly, quan xam lUdc Td'ng (TK XI) chgn ndi Bdi dat phdng
tuyen, ndi ay ggi la nui Don. Tran Khao Tuc dien ra d khu vUc dong trung phia nam nui nen nui cdn co ten nui Khao Tuc (Khau True). Nhiing trang sQ ve vang a'y cdn mai in da'u qua nhQng dia danh - di tich lich sii sud't tQ Pha Lai len Yen Lu, Yen Tap qua nui Bai len Hoang Mai, cho den nay van la niem tU hao ciia nhan dan Viet Nam noi chung va nhan dan Viet Yen ndi rieng.
9. Dia danh diiOc goi theo e a c h thQc xay dUng h o a c dia hinh kien tao ciia doi tiiOng dia Ii
Chang han: - sdng Ddo (Bich Dgng), cdu Treo (Minh DQc). (1)
- dong Mom (Vdn Trung), thon Chdm (ThL), thon Dia, xdm NiMng... (2)
Nhom (1) gom nhQng dia danh chQa cac yeu to' phan anh phUdng thQc xay diing, cdn nhom (2) gom nhQng dia danh chQa cae yeu to' mieu ta kieu dia hinh kien tao.
10. Dia danh diiOc goi theo thdi gian thanh lap
Cac dia danh thugc loai nay chQa nhQng ye'u to' chi thdi gian dUdc tao lap so vdi dia danh khac, nhU: tdn, mdi, cd. Chang han: thon Tdn (Bich Dgng) la thon mdi dUdc thanh lap sau each mang Thang Tam, xdm Cdu Mdi (Van Trung) la thdn n i m canh cay cau mdi dUdc xay dting lai, xdm Cd (Van Trung) la xdm dUdc thanh lap tQ lau...
11. Dia danh diidc goi theo nghe nghiep chii yeu ciia cuf dan trong vung
Chang han: thdn Vgn Vdn (Van Ha) - la thdn cd dan cU chii ye'u Iam nghe danh ca, thdn Ld Ren (Minh DQc) - la thdn cd niiieu nha lam nghe ren cac ndng cu, khu VUdn Lb (ngd Thon - Quang Minh) la khu vUc xUa kia CO nghe lam do gom gia dung.
64 Ngon ngiir so 9 nam 2009 12. D i a d a n h diipfc d a t t h e o
c o n so h o a c chiif cai
Kieu dia danh nay chu ye'u la ten ggi cac ddn vi dan eU do chinh quyen dat. Cach dat ten nay cd Uu diem la cd tinh he thd'ng, n g l n ggn va de nhd, ra't phu hdp khi dat ten cho cac td dan phd hoac tieu khu.
Thi du: Khu I, khu IL khu HI (thj tra'n Bich Ddng)...
De phan biet hai thdn cd ten gpi gid'ng nhau chi khac nhau ve vi tri (co the chung chi la mdt thdn dUdc tach ra) ngUdi ta thUdng dung so'Arap nhU: Thdn Nui 1, thdn Ndi 2, thdn Nui 3, thdn Ddng 1, thdn Ddng 2, thdn Vdn Cdc 1, thdn Van Coc 2...
De ggi ten cac dUdng qud'c Id, dUdng lien tinh, ngUdi ta thUdng dung so' dem. Chang han: Qud'c Id 37, qudc Id IA, dttdng 269, dttdng 272, dudng284...
Ngoai cac loai dia danh dUdc dat theo nhQng dac trQng neu tren, Viet Yen cdn cd nhQng dia d a n h dUde tao thanh b i n g each ghep cdc ye'u to' Hdn Viet. NhQng dia danh a'y chu ye'u la ten ggi cac ddn vi dan cu do chinh quyen dat. Hau he't cac yeu to' Han Viet nay deu cd y nghia mong Udc mgt cugc sd'ng td't dep, binh yen, vQng ben, chang han nhU:
Xudn, Lgc, Nghla, An, Yen, Phuc...
Thi du: Viet Yen (ten huyen) nghla la "vung da't Viet b i n g an", thdn Yen Ninh (Hoang Ninh) cd ten ndm la ldng Ne'nh - bie'n am cua chQ Ninh nghia la "yen on", hay thdn Phuc Ldm ngiiia la "rQng phuc, phuc nhU rQng"... Cung cd khi cac ye'u to'Han Viet nay trong dia danh the hien niem mong Udc con chau minh hgc hanh ta'n tdi. Chang han: thdn Kha Ly (Quang Minh) la thdn ed ten dUdc ghi bang chQ Han ben trai la bd xa... (xe), ben phai la chQ Kha...
Theo Hdn Viet ttt dien cua Dao Duy Anh [1], chQ Kha cd 2 nghla: 1) Cai true xe; 2) ten th^y Manh TQ: Manh Kha. Ten lang nay dQdc viet theo chQ K h a la the hign sU mong mud'n lang thinh dat ve viec hgc hanh, do dat.
Tdm lai, khi dinh danh mgt doi tUdng dia li, ngUdi Viet Yen thUdng diia vao ket qua tri giac, nhan thQc, danh gia va mieu ta dd'i tQdng trong thiic te ve cae mat hinh dang, vi tri ton tai, phQdng hUdng, dac diem... de tao nen nhQng dia danh cd sQc gdi ta cao, dong thdi the hien nhiing Qdc md, nguyen vgng cua minh ve cudc sd'ng.
N h u vay, viec tim hieu dae diem cua he thd'ng dia dalih mpt dia phUdng, trong dd cd dia danh Viet Yen, g i n lien vdi viec tim hieu li do dinh danh tQ dac diem dia li tu nhien va dac diem lich sQ - van hoa ciia dia phUdng a'y se gdp phan lam sang to truyen thd'ng van hoa - lich sQ ciia dia phUdng ndi rieng, cua dan tdc ta ndi chung.
T A I LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Cdo Duy Anh, Han Viet tQ dien, Nxb Van hod ddn tgc, H, 2005.
2. Nguyen Vdn Au, Mpt so va'n de ve dia danh hoc Viet Nam, Nxb DHQG, H, 2000. '
3. Hgi dong stt hgc Hd Bac, Npi san sQ hoc Ha Bac, Hdi nghi khoa hoc 1210711985.
4. Vuang Todn, Ma'y nhan xet ve dia danh cl Lang Sdn, Tic Ngon ngtt. So'7, 2009. '
5. Nguyen Dttc Tdn, Dac trUng van hoa dan toe cua ngon ngQ va tU duy, Nxb KHXH, H, 2008.
6. Nguyin Dttc Ton - TriiOng Thi My, ThQ tim hieu y nghia ciia dia danh Vd Nhai (Thai Nguyen), Tic Ngdn ngtt. So 6, 2009.
7. Sd van hod thong tin Bac Giang, Dia chi Blc Giang, TQ dien, XN in Trung tdm thdng tin thuang mgi, 2006.