NGHIEN cau THUC T I I N GIAO DUC
Giao due van hoa giao tiep clio hpc sinh tieu hoc
qua mon Tieng Viet d cac tinh mien nui phia Bac Viet Nam
Dang Thj Le Tam TnJiing Oai hoc SU pham Thai Ngjyen 20 LilOng Ngoc Quyen, ttianh phd Thai Nguygn, tinh Thii Nguyen, Viet Nam Email: [email protected]
TOM TAT: Ngdn ngQ la su the hi$n sau sac nhat mdt nen van hda va yeu Jo v^n hda hien dien trong mgi binh dien cOa ngon ngii. Day hgc theo quan diem giao tiep ridi chung va day vSn hda giao tiSp ndi rieng la mgt trong nhdng tu tudng chd dao cua chien luge d^y hoc tieng me di d trddng phi thdng. Vi$t Nam /a mdt quoe gia da dan tdc. Phat then giao due vung dong bao eac din toe thieu sd la nhiem vu chien ludc. Vi v§y, vi$c tieh hdp giao due van hda giao tap cho hgc sinh tiiu hoc qua mdn Tieng Viet d eac tinh mien ndi phia Bac la can thiet, nham trang bi eho cac em mot si kT nang giao tiSp. ning cao n^ng luc ci nhan va chat lUdng cudc song, tien tdi thue hiSn muc tieu giio due toan dien nhan each hoe sinh.
TtJ KHOA: Tich hop; tigng Viet; van hoa giao tiep; hpc sinh tieu hgc; dan tpc thieu sd.
4 Nhan bai 09/12/2019 • * Nhan ket qua phan bien v^ chinh sila 20/12/2019 • * Duyet dang 25/01/2020.
1 . Bat v a n de
Ngon ngu la mpt mat cue van hoa, la noi t^ng trii van hoa va bieu hien van hoa ciia ca nhan, gia dinh va ciia toan xa hoi. Ngon ngu va van hoa, cu the la van hoa giao tiep - van hoa ling xir khong the tach roi nhau. Trong giai doan hien nay, chung ta dang song trong mot the giai hoi nhap quoc te va khu vuc ngay cang sau rpng. Cong cupc hoi nhap va phat tnen ay da tao ra mpt "the gidi phang" khien cho khoang each giiia cac dan toe, quoc gia va con ngucn duac rut ngan lai rat nhieu, cir chi, each x\mg ho ciing anh hudng, pha trpn nhau...khien cho tinh van hoa, dao dire trong ngon ngu giao tiep it nhieu bi anh hudng.
Cac nude phat tnen tren the gidi deu quan tam nghien ciru van de van boa giao tiep (VHGT) va dua npi dung nay vao day hpc trong nha trudng tir tieu hpc (TH) den dai hpc.
Xu hudng phat trien chung cua giao due (GD) cac nude tien tien tren the gidi la hudng den viec hinh thanh cac loai nang lire cho hpc smh (HS), trong do giao tiep co van hoa la mpt nang luc quan trong. Viet Nam la mpt quoc gia da dan tpc. Phat trien GD viing dong bao cac dan tpc thieu so la nhiem vu chien luac duoc xac dinh bdi Dang va Nha nude ta nham dua cac dan tpc sara thoai khoi tinh trang doi ngheo, lac hau, tien tdi cong bang trong xa hpi.., Viec ke thira va bao ton van hda ngon ngir ciia dan tpc phai dat tren pham vi toan xa hoi, nhung quan trong va nong cot nhat la nha trudng pho thdng, dac biet la nha trudng TH - nai dat nh&ng "vien gach" nen mong cho he thong GD pho thong, quan trpng han la su hinh thanh va phat trien nhan each con ngudi sau nay.
GD kT nang song ndi chung va kT nSng giao tiep cd van hda ndi rieng trong nha trudng TH khdng dug-c tien hanh nhu mot mon hpc hay mot boat dpng GD cu the ma duQc tngn khai b5ng phuang phap tich hgp vao mpt so mdn hoc cd tiem nang, trong do cd mon Tieng Vi?t. Vi vay, vif c tich hgp GD VHGT cho HS TH qua mon Ti^ng Vi?t d cac tinh
mien niii phia Bac la can thiet, giiip trang bi cho cac em mpt so kT nang giao tiep eg ban va the hien VHGT trong cupc song, gdp phan nang cao nang lire ca nhan va chat lugng cupc song, tien tdi thuc hien muc tieu GD toan dien nhan each HS.
2. Noi d u n g n g h i e n ciiru
2.1. Van hoa giao tiep, vai tro cua giao due van hoa giao tiep cho hoc sinh tieu hpc
2 . 1 . 1 . Van hoa giao tiep
Trong qua trinh phat trien ctia lich sir xa hpi, luon luon dien ra sy giao tiep giua ngudi vdi ngudi. VHGT la mgt pham trii mang tinh xa hpi ma trong do yeu to van hoa chi dugc de cap den trong pham vi giao tiep. VHGT la nhiJng hieu biet ve phong tue, tap quan, ciia ddi song xa hpi, Mpt ngudi cd hanh vi ling xu diing dan khi giao tiep phai hian theo nhirng chuan mirc xa hpi nhat dinh, hanh dpng theo mot so quy udc va yeu cau ma mpi ngudi eho la thich hgp nhkt VHGT la mpt bp phan trong tdng thk van hoa nham chi quan he giao tiep cd van hda ciia moi ngudi trong xa hpi (Giao tigp mpt each lich su, thai dp than thien, edi md, chan thanh, the hien su tdn trong), la td hgp cae thanh td: Idi noi, eir chi, hanh vi, thai dp, each img xu...
GD VHGT nghia la giiip HS lam ehii cac cdng cy va hinh thiic giao tiep ciing nhu biet ling xir mgt each co van hoa trong nhimg tinh hudng khae nhau la nliiem vy quan trpng ciia nha ttudng. Tuy nhien, do chira phai la tit ca, cai ehinh la giup HS CO kha nang giao ti^p vdi nhau. D^ co di^u dd, ngoai VHGT, HS phai dugc GD ve tam li giao ti^p, 16i sdng, quan nifm va nhimg pham chat nhu sy chan thanh, cdi md, khong ich ki, khong kliep kin, bia chap nhan cai khac minh, chip nhan ddi thoai. Day mdi la "goc" ciia su giao ti^p.
2.1.2. Vai trd ciia giao liuc van hoa giao tiep cho iicc smh
- GD VHGT gdpphdn hinh thank nhdn each cho HS
54 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUG VIET NAM
Trong cudc sdng, giao tilp cd van hda cd vai tro vd ciing quan trpng vi viec van dung VHGT vao trong cudc sdng ciia mdi con ngudi chinh la nang luc van dyng cd hieu qua nhiing tri thiic vi giao ti^p, tir dd hinh thanh va hoan thien nhan each con ngudi, giup con ngudi cd mpt vi the nhat dinh trong xa hdi. HS d cap TH dang trong giai doan hinh thanh va phat trien nhan each, vi vay tir giao tiep den giao tiep cd van hda dong vai tro vd cimg quan trgng bdi vi nhd CO giao tiep, HS tu tin tham gia vao eac hoat dong cua nha truang, gia dinh va xa hpi. Trong qua trinh tham gia cac hoat dgng va giao tiep, cac em biet ndi ldi yeu eau, de nghi, noi Idi cam an, xin loi, biet chia se niem vui, ndi buon ciing ngudi khac, biet bay td thai do, quan diem ciia minh trudc nhijng tinh huong trong cupc song hang ngay. Tir do, giup cac em tu tin hon, manh dan hon trong cupc sdng.
- GD VHGT t^o nen gid trf sdng tich cue cua HS; GD VHGT cho HS TH giij vai tro rat to Idn trong viec bat dau tao nen he gia tri song eho cae em, giiip cac em the hien dugc gia tn cua ban than vao cudc song va lir dd cac em trudng thanh vdi mdt he gia tri tich cue bdi thanh qua cua qua trinh GD. Ben canh do, viec GD VHGT cdn xay dung va tao len net van hda trong nha trudng. Do la van hoa ling xii va VHGT
- GD VHGT giup HS tao lap cdc moi quan hi trong cupc song: Ddi vdi Ilia tudi hoc tro, giao tiep la phuang tien cho phep HS xay dung cau noi vdi ban be, vdi cac nen van hoa cua nhan loai, vdi thay eo giao, vdi ngudi khac va vdi chinh ban than minh; Thuylt phue ngudi khae chap nhan y kiln cua minh de giai quyet cac van de hgc tap, ren luyen va bay td dugc nhu cau cua ban than. Giao tiep la mpt npi dung quan trgng cua GD va GD dang thuc hien ndi dung giao tilp dl giijp HS hinh thanh nhan each, giiip cac em cd thi van dung vao cac mdi quan h^ xa hoi va phue vu xa hpi.
Do vay, GD VHGT cho HS TH eo vai tro vo cimg quan trpng va can phai dugc ap dyng, phd bien rpng rai trong nha tmdng hien nay.
2.2. f)ac diem ve moi triTdng song, ki nang giao tiep cua hpc sinh tieu hpc khu vuc mien nui phia Bac
2.2,1. Oac fliem ve moi trUflng song cua hpc sinh tieu hpc mien nui phia B^c
Cac dan tdc thilu s6 d khu vue mien nui phia Bac Viet Nam chu ylu sinh sdng d nhiing viing niii cao, nai cd khi hau khdc nghiet, dia hinh hilm trd, giao thdng di lai kho khan nen chdt lugng cupc song va trinh do dan tri con rat th4p Cac dan tpc thilu sd d day cd the sdng xen ke trong cac cpng ddng ngudi Kinh hoac cu tni rieng biet theo mpt cdng dong van hoa theo viing nhu: H'mdng, Mudng, Thai, Giay, Ha Nhi... Do sinh song d khu vuc cd dilu kien tu nhien khong thuan Igi, cupc s6ng lai g^n liln vdi ndng nghiep nen ddi sing cua eae dan tpc thilu sd khu vuc mien nui phia Bic con gap rat nhilu khd khan. HS TH d vimg niii, ngoai viec din trudng, cac em cdn phai phy gitip gia dinh de kiem song. Chinh nhung ylu td nhu: moi trudng sinh sdng, dieu kien kinh tl, phong Uic tap quan.,, da va dang tao ra nhiing nguy ca, thach thiic ddi vdi su phat trien ciia cae em. Vi
vay, viec GD cho HS kT nang sdng ndi chung, kT nang giao tiep ndi rieng cd y nghia to Idn. Ben canh do, dudi tac dgng cita nen kinh te thi trudng, viec md rgng, tang cudng giao luu kinh te, van hoa giua cae dan tdc, cac khu vuc ciing tac dpng khdng nhd den HS TH mien nin phia Bae. Do cd nhiing han che ve moi trudng giao tiep nen khi HS tiep xiic vdi cudc song ben ngoai thudng thieu tu tin, de bi anh hudng bdi cac tac ddng tieu cue,
2.2.2, Oac diem ki nang giao tiep cua hpc sinh tieu hpc mien nui phia Bac
Do tinh chat dac thii, trong qua trinh hpc tap, giao tiep d gia dinh va d trudng, HS TH ngudi dan tdc thieu sd sir dung ca hai ngon ngir: tieng me de va tieng Viet, Trong do, ngdn ngir tieng me de van la ngon ngii dugc sir dung phd bien ban. Kha nang sir dyng ngdn ngii tieng Viet con han ehe va cd nhieu kho khan. Trong trudng hpc, ngon ngii phd thdng van dugc coi la phuang tien, eong cu ca ban de to chirc qua trinh day hpe, ggi md tu duy cho HS nen nhieu em ngai phat bieu, thao luan, neu y kien vi sa sai, xau hd.
Ben canh do, doi tugng giao tiep ciia HS TH mien nui phia Bac chii yen la nhiing ban be, thay cd trong trudng, ngudi than, ngudi ciing ban, eiing thon, rat it khi duge md rpng cac mdi quan he giao tiep. Do vay, qua trinh giao tiep ciia HS TH mien niii phia Bac trong mdi trudng trudng hpc ndi rieng, mdi trudng xa hdi ndi chung con nhieu khd khan va ban che.
2.3. Kha nang giao due van hoa giao tiep qua mon Tieng Viet ci tieu hpc
Mdn Tilng Viet d trudng TH co nhiem vy hinh thanh va phat triln d HS cae kT nang sii dung tieng Viet (dgc, viet, nghe, ndi) dl hpc tap va giao tilp trong cac moi trudng hoat dong ciia liia tudi. Thong qua hoat dong day va hpc, mon Tieng Viet gop phan ren luyen cac thao tac tu duy, gdp phan md rpng hilu bilt ve tu nhien, xa hpi va con ngudi. Do vay, chuong trinh va npi dung day hgc mon Tieng Viet d TH chira dung nhieu ndi dung lien quan den kT nang giao tiep va CO kha nang tich hgp GD VHGT rat cao.
(3 TH, HS da dugc hgc nhiing ndi dung kha cu the de ren luyen nang luc giao tiep, dugc tiep can vdi phuong phap day hpc theo quan diem giao tiep de thuc hien nhiem vu nay. Cac kT nang nay deu dugc ren luyen cho HS tir Idp 1 din Idp 5, theo nhiing mirc dp yen cau phii hgp vdi liia tudi. Vl du: Lap 1 duge hpe ndi ldi chao hoi, chia tay trong gia dinh, trudng hge, tra ldi cau hoi... Lap 2, cac em dugc hgc hpe dl bilt ke mot man chuyen hoac mgt doan ciia cau chuyen dugc nghe hay noi ldi gidi thieu don gian ve ban than, gia dinh, ban be, trudng lop theo ggi y... Lop 3, cac em dugc ren luyen ve dat cau hoi ve van de chua biet, tra Idi eau hdi cua ngudi dii thoai... Ldp 4, cac em dugc ren luyen dl bay td y kiln rieng khi trao doi, thao luan vl vin de gin giii; dat cau hoi, tra ldi cau hdi lam ro van de trong trao ddi, thao luan; gidi thieu ve con ngudi, lich su, van hoa dia phuang... Ldp 5, ldp cuoi cimg cua cap TH, eae em dugc ren luyen VHGT bang each hgc thuat lai su viec da chimg
So'25 Kiang 01/2020 55
NGHIEN CtfU THLTC T I I N G I A O DUC '
kien hoac tham gia; bay td y kiln, thai do vl vdn dl dang trao ddi, thao luan hay gidi thieu vl lich sii, van hoa, cac nhan vat tieu bieu,... ciia dia phuang. Theo danh gia ciia cac chuyen gia GD. ngi dung ren luyen nang luc giao tilp trong chuang trinh Tilng Viet d cap TH rat phong phu, budc diu tiep can dugc vdi xu the chung ciia the gidi.
2.4. Cac bien phap tich hpp giao due van hoa giao tiep cho hoc s i n h t i e u hpc mien nui phia Bac qua mon Tieng Viet 2 . 4 . 1 . Khai thac n p i dung va lila chpn cac b a i hpc phu hdp de giao due v a n hoa giao tiep cho hoc sinh tieu hpc mien nui phia Bac
Vi nhiing dac trung mang tinh khac biet ve ldi sdng, sinh hoat, qua trinh giao tiep ciia HS TH mien niii phia Bac cQng mang nhirng net khac biet vdi HS ngudi Kinh. Nhieu dan tdc thieu so sdng xen ke vdi nhau va vdi cgng ddng ngudi Kinh lam cho mdi trudng giao tiep mang tinh da ngdn ngii.
Ngay trong cimg mgt Idp d TH cung cd nhieu dan tgc khac nhau. Do dd, xuat hien nhieu trinh dp khac nhau, nhieu phong each sir dyng tieng Viet khac nhau, Doi tugng, mdi trudng giao tiep cung han hep, chi tap trung quanh ban be, ngudi than. Chinh nhiing ban che ve cac mdi quan he giao tiep, su kho khan trong sir dung ngdn ngir phd thdng, thieu ty tin trong giao tiep da lam cho HS TH mien niii cd nhiing han che ve kT nang giao tiep nhu: ryt re trong giao tiep vdi ngudi la, thieu mem mong va bpc Id earn xiic rd ret khi giao tiep, chua chii dgng trong cac hoat dgng nhom, ehua biet ket hgp ngon ngii co the khi giao tiep, chua nhan thirc, danh gia dugc vai tro cua ban than trong cac moi quan h?
xa hpi... Do do, trong GD VHGT can phai chii y tap trung va ren luyen cho cae em manh dan trong giao tiep, biet sii dung tieng pho thong de bay td y kien ca nhan mpt each tu tin, cy the la cac kT nang sau: kT nang tu tin. chu dpng trinh bay, neu vin dl, kl nang thuong lugng va xir li man thuan, kl nang hgp tac va lam viec tap the, kT nang giao tiep vdi ngudi la, kT nang bay to y kien de neu quan diem cua ban
than, kT nang xac dinh gia tn ciia ban than.
Tren ca sd npi dung GD VHGT thong qua ren luyen cac kT nang dugc xac dinh d tren, xem xet toan bo cac ngi dung day hgc cua mdn Tilng Viet ni ldp 1 din ldp 5 dl xac djnh cac bai hgc phii hgp vdi viec thuc hien GD VHGT cho HS TH mien niii, chiing tdi thiy trong sach giao khoa Tilng Viet TH hien hanh cd nhilu bai hgc ma ten ggi cua iid da ndi ro muc tiSu GD kT nang giao tilp xa hoi, giao_tilp co van hda nhu: Chao hdi, tu gidi thieu; Cam on, xin ldi; Chia budn, an tii; Chia vui; Mdi, nhd, yeu ciu, dl nghi; Dap ldi chao, ldi tu gidi thieu; Dap ldi eam an, xin ldi; Gpi dien.
Tap to chiic cudc hgp, Phat bilu va dilu khien cupc hpp;
Thuyet trinh va tranh luan; Gidi thieu hoat dgng; Gidi thiSu dja phuang; Giii phep lich su khi bay td yeu cau, de nghi;
Diing cau hoi vao muc dich khac; K I chuyen duge chimg kien hoac tham gia...
Do la nhiing bai hgc ed ndi dung gan giii vdi cugc song ciia HS TH mien niii phia Bac, ehiia dung nhiing van dg can thiet iam nay sinh dpng ca, hung thii hpc tap cho HS, phii hgp vdi tu duy, nhan thiic ciia HS. Ngoai ra, npi dung bai hge cd the xay dung dugc cac tinh huong hoac gan vai cac van de, su viec gan gui xung quanh cugc song thirc.
Qua do, GV khai thac va sir dyng cac phuang phap, hinh thiic td chiic day hpc de HS dugc hoat dgng, tuang tac, trai nghiem, tti do hinh thanh, phat trien eac kT nang giao tiep cho cac em.
2.4.2. Xay dung quy trinh, suf dung cac phUdng phap va hinh thilc to chtHc day hpc tich cUc de giao due van hda giao hep a. Xdy dung quy irinh dgy hgc
Xay dyng phuang phap day hgc de tl chiic thuc hanh cac bai tap giao tilp cho HS tiic la xay dung cac budc nhSm cu thi hoa nhung hanh dpng va cac thao tac ciia GV va HS trong hoat dpng giao tiep do. Cd nhu vay se giiip dd GV hinh dung trudc viec lam cu the ciia minh va du kien vi?c lam ciia HS trong qua trinh td chiic thuc hanh cac bai tap Bang 1 ; Cac btfdc ren cho HS kT nang giao tiep
1. Tao hoan canh - Kich thich HS tu tim hi6u nhiing kien thilc, ki giao tiep nang sap hoc,
- Giiip GV eanh gia, xac iSinh thiic trang kien thitc, ki nang ciia HS trildc khi gidi thieu van de mdi.
- GV lap ke hoach, khdi dpng, dat c^u hoi, neu vSn de, ghi ch6p.
- HS cSn chia s6, trao fl^l, ph^n hfii, XLlli thong tin...
, Cac p h M g phap day hoc - R6n luy^n theo mSu - Thtic hdnh d6ng vai - Phan tich tinh hufing gi
2, Nhan biet kien - Gidi thieu thong tin, kien thiic va ki nSng mdi thtlc, kl nang bai thong qua viec tao cau nfii lien ket giiJa c i i "da hoc biet" va "chUa biet" Cau noi n&y se k^t noi kmh
nghiem hien cd cua HS vdi bai hgc mdi.
- 6V nen ddng vai tr6 ciia ngi/di hildng dan.
- HS la ngufli phSn h6i, trinh bay quan fliem, y ki^n.
- Phan tich tinh hudng giao tep - Rfin luyen theo mSu
• Thao lugn nhdm
• ThtJc hSnb ddng vai 3, ThiJc hanh tinh - Tao cd hpi cho ngiJdi hoc fhiic hSnh van dpng
hufing mdi ki^n thilc vci ki nSng mdi vao nhflng tinh hu6ng mdi
- Oi^u chinh nhflng hieu biet vS ki nSng
- GV ddng vai trd \k ngitdl hUdng dSn, ho trd.
- HS ddng vai trd \k ngddi thi^c hien,
kham piia ^^ ^^_
• Th^o luSn nhdm
• Thi,(c hanh ddng vai
4. Van dung kien Tao co hdi ctio HS lich hdp , md rpng vd van thilc, ki nang diing kien thilc va ki nang cd dddc vao cac tinh
huong mdi.
- GV hddng dSn va danh gia.
- HS lap kfi hoach, giai quyet v i n de va \\i danh gia.
- ThSo lu^n nhdm - Thi/c hanh dOng v,
56 TAP CHI KHOA HQC GIAO OyC VIET NAM
giao tiep. Theo chiing tdi, dya vao dae thii cua gid hoc tieng me de, viec ren cho HS ki nang giao tilp nen tien hanh theo cae budc sau (xem Bang 1):
b. Su dung mgt sd phuong phdp vd hinh thirc dgy hgc lich cue
Phuong phdp phan tich tinh huong giao tiep (thdng qua miia rdi): Mot trong nhu:ng dac diem ndi bat ve tam li cua HS TH ngucfi dan tgc thieu sd la tu duy dua tren nhiing hinh anh true quan sinh ddng. Neu viec day hoc duge to chiic vdi nhirng hinh anh true quan cu the de HS nhin nhan, quan sat, danh gia thi kha nang thu nhan, xii li, phan tich thdng tin se de dang hon, HS se thuan Igi hon trong viee tiep can tim hieu va giai quyet cae van de trong cupc song hang ngay.
Do do, viec td chiic nghien ciiu, phan tich tinh hudng bang miia roi co vai trd quan trgng va phii hgp vdi GD kT nang giao tiep cho HS TH mien nui. Ddi vdi cac dan tpc thieu sd phia Bae, roi ean xuat hien kha nhieu. Miia rdi can, nhat la roi day va roi que la loai hinh nghe thuat dac trung trong cac le hpi dau nam, Tet Nguyen Dan, hgi Long Tdng, cac dip Cling bai... cuangudiTay,Niing, Thai...Dodo, neu dua cac nhan vat rdi vao trong cae tiet day, ciing vdi cac cau chuyen dupe xay dung vira mang nhiing net ban sac van hda rieng ciia dan tpc, vira gan vdi nhiing van de nhan loai, hien dai thi se la mdi trudng thuan Igi de GD VHGT cho HS dat hieu qua cao.
Trong qua trinh thvc hi^n phan tich tinh hudng, GV can neu va giai thich tinh huong giao tiep sau khi HS dpc de bai. Can lam ro, giai thich cho cac em hieu phai ndi vdi ai, noi trong trudng hgp nao, ndi nham myc dich gi (cam on, xin I6i, an ui...), ndi d dau (d trudng, d nha, d nhiing noi cong cpng.,.). Vi du: Ban em ra vao ban, lam roi cai Ig.
Em nhanh tay da dugc. Ban kham phue: " Cgu nhanh that ddy!". (Tilng Viet 2, tap 2, trang 142), Cd thi day bai tap tren theo hudng phan tich hgi thoai. GV chuin bi hai con roi bang bia hoac bing vai ddng vai hai ban HS, dien lai tinh hulng. Sau dd, GV neu ra lan lugt cau hdi de phan tich cac yeu td tao thanh tinh hudng giao tiep gia dmh co trong diu bai: Cd miy nhan v^t giao tilp? (hai nhan vat); Dd la nhfing ai? (em va ban em); Cupc ndi ehuyen xay ra d dau?
(trong Idp hgc); Trong hoan canh nao? (ban em ra vao ban, lam roi cai Ip, em dd dugc); Su kien nao da lam nay sinh de tai cupc giao tilp? (ban kham phyc "Cau nhanh that day!").
Viec dua rdi vai xuit hi?n ngay vao hoat dgng dau tien ciia gid hgc se kich thich sg chii y ciia HS vao bai hpc han, kich thich nhan thiic, hiing thii hgc tap, gin kit nhung kiln thuc cac em da cd ben ngoai cupc sdng vdi kien thiic ciia bai hgc mdi. Thong qua viec tim hieu, giai quylt tinh hudng, HS dugc kiln t^o tri thiic mdi tir nhirng kiln thiic gan gui, quen thugc trong cupc sdng hang ngay. Dac bipt, thdng qua hanh dpng, each suy nghT, each img xir ciia nhan vat rdi vai, ciing vdi sg dSn dit, dilu khiln cua GV se giup ngudi hgc budc dau tiep can din cai diing, cai sai, nhan biet dugc tri thiic va cac gia tn ca ban trong bai hpc. Do do, cd thi coi con roi chinh la mgt nhan vat mau dien hinh dk dinh hudng cho HS hmh thanh dpng co hpc tap, hudng tdi vi?c hinh thanh
va ren luyen nhirng hanh vi diing, tich cue trong giao tiep.
Phuong phdp ren luyen theo mau: Von sdng, von kien thirc, vdn ngon ngii... cua HS TH chua phong phu nen can day hgc thdng qua mau de cac em de quan sat, nhan dien va lam theo. Trong ren luyen kT nang giao tiep cho HS TH, ngudi day cd gang true quan hoa ngi dung day hpc de HS cd the de dang nam bat kien thiic. Viec giang giai, hudng dan ciia GV ddi vdi cae em ciing ddi hdi su gian di, de hieu, sao eho cd the don gian hoa nhiing dieu phue tap. De giup HS phat trien dugc ngon ngii ndi va luyen tap cac kT nang giao tiep, GV cd the van dung phuang phap ren luyen theo mau vdi cac budc sau day:
- GV cung cap mau Idi noi hoac hanh ddng ldi ndi.
- GV hudng dan HS phan tich man.
- HS mo phong mau de tao ra Idi ndi ciia minh.
- GV kiem tra, danh gia, nit kinh nghiem.
GV CO the to chiic cho HS luyen ndi theo trinh tu dua tren tinh huong sau: Khi gia dinh cd khach den tham va cho em qua, em can phai lam gi?
GV gidi thieu cau - ndi mau lan 1
VI dy: Chau chao bac a!; Chau xin; Chau eam on Bae!
GV noi mau lan 2 - HS noi theo. HS luyen noi (ca nhan, trong nhdm). Luu y: GV noi mau can chuan, cham, noi ro tir d mdt mirc do nao do can ndi cham, ndi rd tir (chap nhan ldi noi cd the khong dugc tu nhien). Khi HS da nam dugc each sii dung diing tir, ndi diing cau, cae em se de dang han trong viec noi va viet dung cau trong dien dat bang ldi noi ciing nhu van dung trong qua trinh thue hanh lam cac bai tap giao tiep.
Phucmg phdp quan sdt kit hgp thao tu^n nhdm:
Phuong phap thao luan nhdm la phuang phap day hge cd tinh tucmg tac cao giua cac ca nhan HS, giup HS dugc tham gia vao mdt mdi trudng hpc tap cd sir cp xat vdi tap the, HS duge khuyen khich, dugc gdp y, hudng dan... hay ndi mot each khac cd su phat trien vai trd ciia ca nhan trong tap the.
Phucmg phap nay gdp phan giup cac em lam chii ban than, biet minh, biet ngudi de hda nhap va cai thien cac hanh vi xa hpi. Nhu vay, ed the ndi phuong phap thao luan nhdm ed vai tro quan trpng trong viec hinh thanh va phat trien kT nang giao tiep eho HS. Khi td chiic cho HS thao luan nhdm, se tao dieu kien va ca hpi cho cac em dugc trinh bay, bieu dat y hieu ciia minh, tiep can thdng tin ciia cac ban khac, tir dd gop phan ren luyen ki nang giao tiep, kT nang ra quyet djnh de giai quyet van de cho HS. Viec sir dyng phuang phap quan sat se phat huy Igi the ciia HS TH ngudi dan tgc thieu so (thich quan sat, thich nhin nhan van de mdt each cy thi), cdn viec sii dung phuang phap thao luan nhom se giiip cac em khic phyc nhiing han ehe eua minh (giiip hieu van dl sau sic hon, di sau vao viec tim ra ban chat ciia eae hanh dgng, sy viee, hien tugng).
Nhu vay, su ket hgp gitra phuang phap thao luan nhdm va phuang phap quan sat vdi nhau lii su kit hgp phii hgp trong day hge mdn Tieng Viet. Qua quan sat va thao luan nhdm, nang luc ngdn ngii va tu duy ciia HS duge phat trien. Khi td chuc cho HS thuc hanh, GV can chii y khai thac, phat So 25 thang 01/2020 57
NGHIEN CUU THirCTI§N GIAO DUC
hien va phat trien nang luc tilng me de ciia cac em, phat huy kinh nghiem ban ngu, tao ca hpi dl HS tao lap dugc nhieu ldi ndi tu nhien trong qua trinh thao luan giup cho viec luyen ndi cac nghi thirc giao tilp ddi vdi cac em trd nen nhe nhang, thiet thuc va hieu qua han.
Vi dy: Hay ndi 3, 4 can ve ngi dung birc tranh, trong do cd diing Idi cam an hay xin ldi thich hgp.
dua tren cac hinh anh true quan cu thi nen cac tinli hudng khi ddng vai phai dugc GV thi hien ro rang, Tinh hudng do phai giiip HS nhan thiy dugc sd lugng cac nhan v__at trong tinh hudng, hoan eanh diln ra tinh hudng, mau thuSn can giai quylt, ldi thoai giiia cac nhan vat. Vi du, trong bai
"Chdo hdi, lugidi thiiu" (Tilng Viet 2, tap 1, trang 20) co bai tap: Nhdc lai ldi cdc bgn trong tranh.
(Tieng Viet 2, tap 1, trang 38) Sau khi GV td chirc cho HS nghien cim tinh huong bang mua rdi, co the td chirc cho cae em quan sat ket hgp thao luan nhdm cac biie tranh 1, 2 trong SGK, GV cd the to chirc cho HS quan sat theo nhom 2 ngudi/1 birc tranh. Tranh 1:
Tranh cd nhiing ai? Ngudi nao da cho be gau bong? Em doan xem em be se noi gi khi nhan gau bdng? Tranh 2:
Tranh co nhiing ai? Cai gi roi vd dudi nen nha? Ai lam roi vd? Ban nhd ndi gi vdi me?
GV nSn khai thac tranh anh trong sach giao khoa Iam ddi tugng quan sat, dac biet la cac tranh anh lien quan den viec nhan xet, danh gia hanh ddng diing/sai cua cac nhan vat trong cac tranh. Dilu dd se giiip HS tim hilu, phat hien ra cae tri thirc co ban cua bai hge, tir dd nit ra nhan xet ve nhiing viec nen lam va khdng nen lam phii hgp vdi cac tri thiic, kT nang trong bai hgc.
Khi HS thuc hanh luyen ndi, GV can nhac nhd cac em noi rd rang, thanh cau va budc dau ndi diing ngir dieu cac loai cau ca ban (cau tran thuat, cau cau khien va can hdi). Khi cac em ndi, GV can ehii y quan sat va lang nghe de nhan xet, tu the, tae phong khi ndi va sira loi phat am, loi diing tir, dat cau,..ciia cac em.
- Phuang phdp to chuc trd chai (ddng vai): Phuong phap ddng vai la mdt phuang phap trong nhdm cae phuang phap day hgc thuc hanh. Trong viec hpc tilng Viet, phuang phap ddng vai cd vai tro rat quan trpng de ren eac kT nang thong qua viec td chuc cho HS tien hanh cac hoat ddng giao tiep nghe - noi, hdi - dap. Neu nhu hudng phan tich tinh huong giao tiep dung phuang phap hdi dap (gi&a thay va trd hoac giiia trd va trd) la chinh de phan tich cudc hgi thoai thi hudng thuc hanh giao tiep hgi thoai, cdng viec chii yeu la tap trung tao ra cupc hdi thoai phii hgp yeu cau de bai bang each ddng vai.
Ddi vdi HS TH ngudi dan tgc thilu sd, do tu duy chii ylu
Day la bai tap nham giiip HS quan sat cac nghi thiic giao tiep, tap noi lai cac nghi thiic nay, tit do lam co sd de HS tap noi cae ldi ndi ay trong giao tiep. Song xet ve kha nang phai tnen ldi noi thi dang bai tap nay co phan han che kha nang van dyng dnh linh hoat ciia HS. Chinh vi vay, cac dang bai tap nay chi nen su dung trong thdi gian dau khi day nghi thiic idi ndi. De khac phyc nhugc diem tren, ta c6 the sir dyng trd choi ddng vai vdi viec ddi yeu cau cua bai tap thanh: "Em ciing cac ban ddng vai Mit, Bdng Nhua va Biit Thep de ndi ldi chao hoi va ty gidi thieu", Nhu vay, bai tap nay khdng mang tinh "bat chudc" nhu trudc nua, HS dugc thuc su nhap vai vao cac nhan vat va ty gidi thieu ve minh.
Cac em budc dau hgc dugc each the hien khi noi Idi chao hdi, tu gidi thieu qua ngdn ngii, cir chi, dieu bp, net mat...
Thdng qua dung lai cac tinh huong, HS dugc tiep can vcri nhiing van de thuc cua cupc sdng hang ngay. Viec cac em duge trai nghiem, xir li eac tinh hudng cu the se tao ca hpi eho ngudi hoc dugc thuc hanh va trai nghiem nhiing kien thiic, hieu biet, kT nang cua minh trong mpt moi truang an toan trudc khi tham gia vao cac tinh hudng thuc trong cugc song. Tir dd, cac em biet phan tich van de de tim giai phap va cd the lya chgn ra cho minh mdt giai phap tdi uu nhat.
Do do, cd the ndi, viec thuc hanh giao tilp thong qua tro ehoi ddng vai rat quan trgng trong viec hinh thanh va ren luyen cac kT nang giao tiep, hgp tac lam viec tap the, ren tir duy phe phan, thuong lugng, ra quylt dinh va giai quylt van de,
3. Ket tuan
Tang cudng tilng Viet, GD VHGT cho HS TH miln nui phia Bic la viec lam thilt thuc dl nang cao chit lugng GD ndi chung va chat lugng HS dan tdc thilu sd ndi rieng.
Viec GD VHGT cho HS TH miln nui phia Bic dugc thuc hien vdi djnh hudng thdng qua day hoc mdn Tilng Viet
TAP CHI KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
va td chiic hoat d d n g ngoai khda nhung khdng phai la Idng ghep, tich hgp them kT nang giao tilp, V H G T vao npi dung m o n Tieng Viet ma theo mot each t i l p can mdi, dd la sir dyng cac p h u a n g phap va kT thuat day hpc tich c u e de tao dieu kien, e o hdi eho HS d u g c thuc hanh, trai nghiem
kT nang giao tiep, V H G T trong qua trinh hpc tap. Vdi each tiep can nay se khdng lam nang ne, qua tai them npi dung mdn hge va hoat dgng G D ma n g u g c lai cdn lam cho cac gid hpc trd nen nhe n h a n g hon, thiet thuc va bd ich hon d d i v d i H S T H .
T^i lieu tham kh^o
[1] Bp Giao due va Dao tao, (2011), Gido due kt ndng song trong cdc mdn hoc a tieu hgc, NXB Giao due Viet Nam.
[2] D§ Hiiu Chau, (2004), Dung hoc, NXB Dai hoc Su pham Ha Npi.
[3] Khong Dien, (1995), Ddn sd vd ddn sd toe ngudi a Viet Nam. NXB Khoa hoc Xa hpi. Ha Npi.
[4] Hiiu Dat, (2009), Dac trung ngdn ngit vd vdn hda giao Hep tieng Viet, NXB Giao due, Ha Npi
[5] Do Vi?t Hiing, (2011), Dinh hudng gido due ngon ngir (tir gdc dp vdn hda ngdn tu). Tap chi Day va Hoc ngay nay, sdOl.
[6] Nguyln Minh Thuylt (ciui biSn), (2003 - 2006), Sdch Tiing Viet 2, 3, 4, 5, NXB Giao due. Ha Noi.
[7] Nguyen Tri, (2008), Mdt so vdn de ve dgy hgi thoai eho hoc sinh tieu hge, NXB Giao due, Ha Npi.
COMMUNICATIVE CULTURE EDUCATION FOR PRIMARY STUDENTS THROUGH TEACHING VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE IN MOUNTAINOUS PROVINCES OF NORTHERN VIETNAM
Dang Thi Le Tam Thai Nguyen University of Education 20 Luong Ngoc Quyen, Thai Nguyen city, Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam Email, [email protected]
ABSTRACT: Language is the most profound expression of a culture and cultural elements are present in every aspect of a language. Communication- based teaching In general and communication culture teaching in particular Is one of the main ideas of the mother tongue language teaching strategy in high schools. Vietnam is a multi-ethnic country Developing education in ethnic minority areas is a strategic task. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate communicative culture education for elementary school students into Vietnamese subject In the Northern mountainous provinces, which contributes to improving personal competence and life quality for students in order to achieve the goal of comprehensive education of students' personality.
KEYWORDS: Integration; Vietnamese; communication culture; primary students; ethnic minorilies.
S6 25 ttiSng 01/2020 59