T R U O N G DAI H O C DONG THAP Tap chl Khoa hpc so 35 (12-2018) TINH THAN PHAT GIAO TRONG NEN HOI HOA MYANMAR
(Tir BUOl DAU DEN THE KY XIX)
• Le Tru-o-ng Anh Ngoc'i Tom t i t
Phdt gido duac xem la qudc gido d Myanmar Vdi tinh thdn hda hpp thich ieng cua Phat gido, no dd nhanh chdng trd thdnh mpt nhdn td quan trpng, vd Id mpt net dgc tnmg cua van hda truyin thong Myanmar, biiu hien cu thi trong ldi song cua nhdn ddn, vdn hpc, kich truyin thdng, kiin trite vd hgi hoa. Cdc chu de vi Phdt gido da duoc cdc nghe sf tdi hoa khai thdc vd thi hien trong cdc sdn phdm hdi hoa cua Myanmar so khai Viec sie dung nhirng di tdi Phdt gido trong hdi hoa la mot cdch thi hien su tdn trpng khdng chi cua cdc hpa si, do cdn Id cua tdt cd ngudi ddn Myanmar chdn chat ddnh cho Due Phdt - bdc gidc ngd todn ndng
Tir khoa: Phdt gido, Myanmar, hpi hpa, budi ddu, thi ky XIX
1. Dat van de khi Diic Phat gidc ngo dugc cit giu trong bdo tiiap Phat giao duoc xem Id suoi ngudn tdm linh nay Id ehua Shwedagon - chua vdng Shwedagon cuarat nhilu qudc giad chau A nhu: An Dd, Trung Tu thi ky V - XI, Phat gido phat trien manh Quoc, Nhgt Bdn, Cambodia, Lao, Viet Nam,,
vd Myanmar, Q Myanmar, Phat giao duae xem la quoc giao Vdi ngudi ddn Myanmar, Phat giao khdng don thuan la mot tdn giao, mgt mem tin, ma no edn duae bieu hien d each s6ng cua hg. Ho suy nghT, bdnh dong tat ea deu todt len mgt tinh thin Phat giao Theravada chan ehinh vdi ban 2 500 ndm ngy tn
Tinh than vd vdn hda Phat giao da eo mgt sy dnh hudng sau sac trong nen van hda Myanmar truyen thdng, cu the nhu van hoc, dieu khac, kien true, kieh truyen thdng va hdi hga Nen hdi hga Myanmar so ky (tit budi dau den the ky XIX) vdi eae ehu de mang mgt mdu sac dac tnmg tdn gido - Phdt gido. Khi xem xet, tim hieu eae tae pham hgi hoa Myanmar trong giai doan nay, mdt lan nua khdng dinh, tinh than Phdt gido hda quyen mdt each bai hda trong nen van hda Myanmar truyen thong va hien dgi.
2, Qua trinh du n h a p ciia Phat giao vao Myanmar (tu buoi dau du nhap den the 1^ XIX) Phdt gido da truyen den Ha Mien vao thdi vua Ashoka, ba thi ky trudc edng nguyen [8, tr. 98]
Hai bd su Dipavamsa (Tilu sir) vd Mahavamsa (Dai su) cua Sri Lanka da de cap din su kien nay vd duoc cac hoe gia phuong Tay chip nhan. Diu tieh la ban chan Due Phat d sdng Nammada gin vdi niii Saecabandha, di vat tdc d Yangon ngay sau
''' Truong Dai hoc An Giang
d Ha Mien, Nhieu bia ky •vilt bang tieng Pali tim thay tai Hmawza, trong do cd hai bia vdng deu khdc ddng ehu Pali, bat dau vdi eau Ye dhamma- hetuppabhava - Vgn phdp tiiy duyen, da cho thay Phat gido Nam Tdng bat diu phat triln d Ha Mien vdo the ky tiiir VI [8, tr 101] .Tu the ky V den the ky X, Phgt gido Nam Tong tdn tai vd phdt trien rgc rd d Prome, nhung den thi ky XI, sdc dan Thai 6 Nancho (Nam Chilu), lue bay gid da chiem cii •vung Tay vd Tay Bic Van Nam, bi dp luc ngudi Han don ep, tran xuong miln Nam, tien chiem Pyu vao nam 832 Lieh su Phdt gido Miln Dien budc sang mpt giai doan mdi dd Id su xdm chilm cua Phgt giao Nam Tdng tu Thaton vao Thugng Mien - Pagan.
The ki XI - X m , Phat gido Tilu tiiua phdt hien manh d Pagan. Su tiep nhan Phdt gido Ngi^en Thuy vao thartii phd Pagan vdo thi ky XI, nhd mot Ty kheo ten la Sun Shin Arahan [3, tr 45]. Nhdsuhp tri Phdt gido cug vua Anawrahta, Phgt gido dd dat dupe nhiing thdnh tuu rue rd, npi bat Id xdy dyng thanh php Pagan bit tir vdi vd van nhiing thap va chua Phat gido. Mgt dac dilm quan trong cua Phgt giao Nam Tdng d Mien Dien trong giai doan nay la su hen he dae biet vdi Phdt gido Sri Lanka Cuoi the ky XTTT, Pagan bat dau suy y i u vd chim diit su ton tai cGa trilu dai nay vao nam 1287 tiuoc su xam Idng eua ngudi Mdng Co - Hot Tit Li?t Khi dd trung tam Phat gido tir Thugng Mien lai chuyen v l Ha Mien vdi sy y i m tro cua cdc Tieu vuong Hg Mien.
T R U Q N G DAI H O C DONG THAP Tap chi Khoa hoc sd 35 (12-2018) T h i ki x m - XVU, Phdt gido Miln Dien bdnh
trudng mgnh me tgi Ha Mien, qudc vuong xir Mdn tich cue hd dao va duy tri moi lien he mgt thiet vdi Phgt gido Sri Lanka Phat gido trong giai dogn ndy cd nhiing lue thang tram khdc nhau, nhung den eudi trieu dgi, Phat giao budc vao giai dogn suy thodi.
The ky XVQ Id gigi dogn phat trien nang ddng trong lieh su Phat gido d Miln Dien Cdc ban vdn ty tieng Pali dupe dich sang ngdn ngu Mien, tgo ra sy phdt triln •vugt bgc trong -viec nghien cim Vi Dieu Phap [3, tr, 101].
Trdi qua cdc trieu vua Tharawaddy - Mm (1837-1846), Pagan-Min (1846-1852) vaMindon (1852-1877) vdi sy xam luoc cua thyc dan Anh, mgt tiidi dai lieh su da kit thuc: Phat giao Nguyen Thuy dugc phat trien tai Miln Dien trong hon hai thien nien ky phdi diing trudc nguy co bi de dga vd tan c6ng bdi mdt tdn giao mdi - Thien Chua gido 3. Tinh than Ph^t giao trong nen hoi hoa Myanmar (tir buoi dau den the ky XIX)
Nen ngh6 thudt Mien Dien duoe xay dyng tren sy ton kinh vdi Dire Phdt ngay khi duac hinh thanh Xa xua, nhimg biic tranh sdm nhit cdn luu lgi Id nhung bue trgnh thdi dgi Neolithic (thdi dai do da cG) d hang Padalin thuge qudc gia Shan Mudi den mudi hai birc tianh to bang ban ehan tren san trong m6t hang dgng md td mat trdi, hai bdn tay, ed, hai doi bd va be, de, bd rimg, nhung eon heo rimg, va VOI Son la dat set dd trgn vdi mo ddng vat Mdu sac mat trdi chieu rgi tran nha; nhimg eon vat duae mo td trong su chae ehan, manh me, mang den mgt edm gidc cua sy cu dgng va nang lugng Sy hdi hda Id su tao nha Cd phdi mat trdi Id biiu tugng cua than thdnh? Cd phai nhirng eon vat dugc ve trong sy hy vgng rang ngudi tho sdn se gia tdng sire manh de chiln thdng chung? Hay la ngudi nghe sT dang nghT v l nhung con ngudi duge sinh ra sau khi ho qua ddi, va ai cd the muon nhin thay to tien cGa ho tiong edi hodn toan*^
Da tir lau, khdng cd each ndo d l ed the hieu duge y nghTa eua nhung biic tranh duge truyin tdi;
chi khi nghe thudt tdn giao vd nin vdn hoe duge sang Idp, ke tir dd chiing tg mdi biet ve sy tdn tgi cua chimg den ngay nay, nhung tat ed la mdt sy mo hd, Nhiing birc traitii sdm nhat d chau A duoc cho rang d An Dd vd Trung Quoc, Mien Dien nim giua hgi quoc gia nay. An Dd d phia Tay va Trung Quoc
d phia Ddng, cd lanh tho phia Tay vd Ddng dugc dn ngii bdi nhiing rang mil. Tu the ky n, van hda Hindu da ed sy anh hudng sdm nhat den nen nghe thuat d vuong quoc Pyu vd den the ky VUI thi van hda Phat giao mdi duge du nhap vdo. Mien Dien la mot qudc gia Phdt gido. An Dd Id que huong eua Thdi tii Siddathta - ngudi trd thanh Due Phat Gautama;
do vgy sy trao ddi thudc ve van hda vdi An Do da phdt trien mdt each nhanh ehdng hon Trung Quoc d phia Tay lanh tho. CGng cd the vi khdng till vugt qua nhiing day niii ehia cit Mien Dien vdi Trung Qudc, trong khi dd An Do se de dang hon eho viee xudi thuyen bang qua vinh Bengal.
Nhung qudc gia dau tien d Mien Dien Id vuong qudc I ^ u vd vuong quoc Rakhine tren bd bien phia Tay, hai nen vdn mmh da phdt triln thdnh cdng nhanh chdng trong ciing thdi gian. Tuy nhien, vi khong the -vugt qua nhiing rang nui, ho khdng trao doi nhieu ve thuong mai va vdn hda lan nhau, Ngudi Pyu, Id mdt trong nhimg td tien eua ngudi Mien Dien ngay nay, toe ngudi chinh, da xay dung nhiing thdnh pho •vT dgi nhu Srikhetera, Tagaung, Beikthano,vaHalm Gyi. Nhiing tdi heu nay da xdc nhdn trong vuong qudc Pyu cd nam vd nu khi den 7 tudi phai eao dau va trd thdnh tu sT trong eae ehua tang vd ehua m Den khi 20 tuoi, nhiing ngudi ndy khong mong muon budc vao cudc sdng cua tang doan thi co t h i trd v l ddi song the tuc Ca nam vd nu deu mac quan do 1dm tit cotton, thay vi qudn do det tit lua Ho tim kiem mem vm trong am nhge vd khieu vu, va su dyng da dang eae loai nhac cu bao gom dan hae 14 day, dan lia 14 day, dan bau sao, kit hop vdi nhieu logi trong.
Nhiing hinh anh v l Dire Phat duoc tim thiy trong san pham cua ngudi thp rap noi bgc vdi nhiing mgnh vang khoi nhd the hien ky thugt cao cuanhiingngudidammevdiedngviecndy Nhiing vdng hat nhd ban dau que diem dupe trang tri vdi nhung hinh anh rat ti mi, hinh dnh chim va dgng vgt chi Idn ban 5mm duoc khdc mdt each tinh t l , day dupc xem nhu nhiing biia hp menh. So bua hd menh bang vang khdi va vdng hat vdi nhung thilt ke hien dai di^en ddng thanh nha dupe tim thay d cua hang cua ngudi Phdp trong nhiing cudc khai quat d Snkhetera. Ma nao dugc mai vdi nhiing hinh dang ddng vat hoae giGa tu "Om" trong nhimg chi
TRUCJNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chi Khoa hoc so 35 (12-2016) tilt nhd Nhirng vi du v l ky tiiuat rat gidi eiia ngudi
thg duge the hien trong nhung bgt ma nao rat day va chieu dai cd ngon tay, dugc khoan rat dep md chi nhung soi to mdng nhat mdi cd the xuyen qua dugc khdng con ngudi hien dai ndo cd the tudng tugng edng cy gi da dugc su dung Khdng ed nhung phdt hien edn luu lai eua nhiing tan tich nghe thugt nhu la trgnh ve, ban khdc, giiy ve hogc vai.
Vuong quoc Pyu bi tan pha vao the ky IX vdi sue manh eua vuong quoc Nancho thuge Van Nam, Trung Quoc ngdy nay va d l lgi nen van hdg cua ho thdi diem vua Anawrahta da thdnh lap de quoc Pagan thi ky XI.
Dgc theo bd biin nho hep phia Tay, mdt vuong qudc eua nhiing cu dan bien gpi Id Rakhine da phdt tnen mdt each on djnh cimg thdi gian vdi vuong qudc Pyu. Hg eiing Id nhiing tin do Phat gido nhiet thdnh va nhirng phe tieh edn lgi cug vuong qudc la nhiing bdng chung du Idn eho sy kinh yeu ddi vdi Dire Phdt Bao gdm nhirng ngdi ehua trdng le, tugng dieu khic bang dong dugc lam tinh xao. Sy khic nghi§t cua thdi tiet da lam hu bogi toan bo nhung tranh ve. Chi duy nhat nhiing ngoi den dugc xay dung bing da vung chai nhu nhung phao dai edn tdn tai. Nhirng hanh lang xoan dc chgy sau vao lanh tho, nhiing bue tudng vdi nhirng hinh dnh cham khae the hien cae vi vua, hodng hdu, quy tdc, nhiing ngudi binh dan dang lam viec, chai dua va thi dau the thao, nhu la nhGng hinh anh trong cdu ehuyen ve cupe ddi cua Due Phdt, Nhirng bia da duge xay dyng trong nhGng ngdi din eua ngudi Rakhine con luu lai danh sach cdc vi vua, nhung lgi ed rit it thdng tin v l eugc sdng cua hg.
Linh mue ngudi Bd Dao Nha Fra Manirique, mgt nhd ngogi gigo tir thudc dia cua Bo Ddo Nha d Goa, ngudi da song d thanh pho Mrauk Oo vao the ky XVn, da ghi nhgn su gidu co ciia -viing dat ndy mgt cdch chi tiet Trong chuyen -vieng tham ciia dng ta den eung dien hoang gia, dng ndi dng ta da bang qua mdt hgi trudng vdi nhung biie tudng gd ddn huong, budc vao mdt sanh dudng duge bilt nhu "Ngoi nhd vang" noi ma nhiing d eua duoc lam bang vdng, va tran nha dugc bao phu nhiing day leo vdi nhiing trdi Idn, tit ea dugc bao phii bing vang.^ Day cd till Id can phdng the hien su ton trong dii vdi nhimg vi td tien trong hodng tgc.
dng da nhan xet nhu tfie, khi dng nhin thiy 7 tugng cd kieh thudc nhu con ngudi bang vdng vd dugc deo dd trang sue.
Ndm 1622, Fra. Marique la mdt vi khdch moi tai budi le dang quang cuavuaTbiri Thu Dhamma Raza (1622-163 8) vd nhin nhd vua mang trang siic sdng chdi vdi nhiing vien hdng ngoc, nggc trai quy hiem vd gid va ngai vang cua nha vua ciing duoc bao phu nhieu Idp ngpc. Nhieu euoe ehien tranh xdy ra da lay di nhung bdu vat cua viing dat nay
Mdt so it ngudi Pyu da tron thodt trong s]f xam luoc eua ngudi Nancho bdng vG lyc da eai tn nhGng -viing dit gan Pagan, sau do ho da lien minh vdi ngudi Mien vdn da eai tri trude dd. Nhiing ngoi lang cua hg ehi thudc v l mdt vuong quoc do do da hinh thanh nen mgt vuong quoc himg mgnh d day dudi sy cgitri cua vua Anawrahta (1044-1077) da thdnh lap nen d l qudc Mien Dien vao tbi ky XI
Nhiing birc tranh ve tudng thdi ky Pagan da the hien sy anh hudng mgnh me eua van hoa An Dd tren ea dudng net va dang dieu. Ca nhiing vi nii than cua dgo Ba La Mon va Phgt gido Dgi Thua co thi duge nhin thiy trong nhiing hinh anh eua Phat giao Tilu Thira d din Abeyadana d Pagan, dugc xay dung the ky XI.
Nghe thu cdng tilp tyc phdt triln mot each nhanh chdng tir tbdi ky Pagan vdi sy xuat hi^n gom sii son mai, dugc cho la nhap khau tii cdc quoc gia eua ngudi Shan vd trudc dd thdng qua cac bien gidi phia Tay tir Trung Qudc Khdng cd gi nggc nhien, nhiing hinh anh duge khac tren nhung gom son mdi den ngdy nay deu hudng den nhiing chii de ve tdn gido. Cd nhiing tranh ve tudng va nhung motip trgng tri tren do thu edng tir nhiing the ky dau duoc che tae vdi nhung dudng net the hi?n 6 nhiing qudc gia chau A khdc, ma khdng thay quy luat xa gin hay bdng do.
Tranh mau nude dupc 1dm bdng dit, quang va cay ed Nhung ngudi hoa sT tien phong ehi sii dyng nhung mau co bdn la den, trdng, do va vang. Mau trang lay tir da vdi hay bpt talc, mdu do tir dat set dd, mau vdng tii thu hoang, mdu den tir bo hong Id dot, dd tuoi tir thuy ngdn, xanh duong tii cay cham, xanh Id tu dong sulphate Trdn cdc mau nay vdi nhau se tao ra mgt chat keo giong nhu sap ciia cay Tamar va kit hgp vdi nhihig mdu cd dd sdng nhu dd, tim, egm vd mat eua ddng vgt.
TRUClNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chi Khoa hpc so 35 (12-2018) Nhung bue tranh ve tudng sdm thi hau bet
the hien mot tone mdu tdi, nhung sau dd mau sie trd nen sang hon. Chung khdng phdi la nhGng biie bich hga truyen thong cua chdu Au, tiQ' nhien, trong nhung ehieu hudng thi biic tranh khong dugc ddt vao be mat khi vdi viia cdn am udt. Nhung hue tranh tuong da duoc lam sau dd khi lop thach cao tren tudng khd A. Mdt vdi biic tudng dau tien duge bao phu bang vai, day la budc quan trong va sau do duoc son Chdng hgn nhu chug Sulgy Gon d Nam lang Wet - kyi In. Tat ed cdc mang tudng dugc phu kin vai trudc khi son duoc trdi len.
Vdo ndm 1984, mdt dpi cae nhd khdo ed hoe dang lam -viec d mdt ngdi den nhd thi mgt cdng nhan keo ra mgt tam vai cuon trdn ben trong la mgt cdnh tay bi gay cua mgt pho tugng Phgt. That khong may tim vai de dang hi rach thanh nhilu manh nhung nhiing manh vun da dugc tgp hgp Igi mpt cdch can than vd gdi den Rome de phue hdi.
No dugc gdi trd ve vao nam 1988 vd dugc trung bay d bdo tang Pagan. T i m vai, c6 thi dugc sdn xuit vao the ky XE, chilu rdng 81 5cm va chieu dai 136cm da dugc phu nhe mdt Idp dat set hay thach eao. Nam tang 6 cira the hien nhiing canh tiong cdu chuyen Jataka. Trong nhirng su phan ehia hinh, nhung tu thi di^en ddng vd nhirng bdng md tiong nhung gam mau sang chdi, giup goi nhd lai nhung bue tranh ve tren giay papyrus cua ngudi Ai Cgp ed dai Nhung bue tranh da su dung than sa, realgar, son mai, than, thd hoang, dit son do, va thu hoang Cd le nd da dugc de vao ben trong nhiing hinh dnh nhu mdt su cho phep. Day la vi du sdm nhat cho nghe thuat ve tren vai.
Khi Pagan syp do trudc sy xam luge eua Kublai Khan vdo ndm 1277, ngudi Mdng Co khdng d lai de sinh song tren lanh thd nhung nd eiing da danh diu sy kit thue cua de qudc Miln Dien dau tien va siie manh cua Pagan NhGng ngudi Mogol da dgt eai tri mdt each yeu dt trong sy lya ehgn cua hg ve nhung ngudi Shan hay ngudi Mien, la nhiing ngudi thich hop cho mdt quoc gia dgc lap.
Hg da tit bd Pagan va thanh lgp nhung trilu dgi mdi d mien Bae
Viec bao tdn va phyc hdi tdt nhat cae birc tianh ve tudng trong thdi dai Pagan eo thi duge tim thay d den Myingaba Gubyiikkyi Nhung ngdi din khdc cGng cd nhirng hire tranh ve tudng tuyet
d?p mdc du chiing khdng duoc bao tdn hay phue hdi nhu la d den Lawka Hteik - pan, Pahtotha My a, Abeyadana, Sulamuni, chua Paya Thonzu, din Nandamanya, Nagayon, Thanbula, va tu vi?n U Pali Thein Nhiing tranh tudng the ky XIX trong tu vien Ananda Oke Kyaung gan den Ananda da cho thay nhirng hinh anh vm choi gidi tri cug con ngudi trong cudc song the tyc
Hau het nhung tranh ve tudng thii vi cua dau thdi ky Pagan cd the dupc tim thiy d hang Kyansitha Umin d Nyaung Oo, thi trin bai bdi gin Pagan. Kyansitha (1084 -1112) la mpt vi •vua vT dgi khac, la ngudi ke vi ngai vang trong bdy nam ngay sau sy ra di cua vua Anawrahta, Nha vua da xay dung nhieu ngdi chua my?t dgp, trpng do ed Ananda.
Kyansittha Umin eiing Id mgt ngudi dugc tdn duong va tu hdo Trong so cae tranh ve tudng da the hien hinh anh nhung nhae cdng, vG cong vdi nhiing cu dong khde mgnh diit khoac. Nhiing chi tiet cua nhiing ngudi vui ve sau con say khdng phdi la trudng phai truyen thong nhung da duge ve mgt cdch day ty hdo vd sdng tgo dd la mot san pham cua Picasso, Den thi ky XHI, trudng phdi lap the da xudt hien nhu mdt xu hudng hi^n dgi keo dai gin 900 ndm
Sau thdi dai Pagan Id thdi ky Pinya vd Inwa, hai thdi dgi nay khdng cd thanh tyu dang ke ve hgi hoa va van ehuong nhung kiln tnic thi khdc hdn.
Do sy xam lupc cua ngudi Shan trong the ky XIV, nhung tranh ve trd nen kem mim mai trong phong each. Cdc dudng net tren guong mgt mgng mdt hinh thue khdng ty nhien vd tdn tgi cho den ngdy nay trong hinh anh cua Dire Phat duoc tao ra trong vuong qudc Shgn, hai chan mdy cong doi ximg vd cgp mdt to Nhiing khudn mat trdn vdi nhiing ham vudng, mot ben md day dan hon ben cdn Igi Nhiing nha phan tieh nghT rang diiu nay ed nghia la sy the hien hinh anh mdt la trau khong tren mgt ben ma. Mdt vai hoe gia suy doan rang vi^c an trau eua ngudi Mien Dien da binh thanh vao thdi gian nay, vd dd nhu la mdt thdi quen da ton tai lau ddi trong eung ^ e n . Nhiing than hinh kem duyen ddng, khdng edn nhiing dudng cong trong tu thi tri - banga, hp dupe ve trong tu thi ngoi hay dimg vdi lung thdng, Nhieu mdu sic dugc su dyng hon, dae biet la mdu dd va xanh la cay, dieu nay duoc
TRUCfNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chi Khoa hpc so 35 (12-2018) tim thdy trong nhGng birc tranh d den hang Lawka
d Sagaing.
Nhung tranh ve tudng giua thdi ky nay ciing dugc phdt hien d din bang Po Win Taung d thi tran Monywa vd chua Ratiia Theingu gin Idng Myauk Myay d khu hdnh chinh Paleik, Khdng lau sau dd vdo thdi dai Pinya ciing tim thiy nhiing tranh ve tudng d chua Aung Myay Lawdca - lang Chaung Oo;
chua Yoke Son vd Lawkan Aung Myay - Idng Kin Bun, deu d thi tran Mony wa; chua Shinpm Sakyo d Salay vd nhilu nhiing ngdi chua nhd khdc rdi rde d viing Thugng va Tnmg Mien Dien.
D I quoc Mien Dien thii hai, dugc xay dyng vdo the ky XVI, thu do la Toungoo, ngay nay Id mdt thi trin nhd cdch Pagan v l phia Ddng Bae gan 250 km, va sau do duge ddi ve Bago d vimg dong bing phia Nam. Hoang dl Tabinshwehti (1531 ~ 1551) la ngudi dat nen mong dau tien eua de quoc, vd den ngudi em re eua hoang de - Baymnaung (1551 -15 81) da thanh edng trong vi ee thanh 1 dp de quoc nay, Trong sudt thdi dgi dd, vdn hge, am nhae va tho ea da phdt trien mdt each nhanh chdng nhung khong CO mgt sy ghi nhgn nao v l hdi hga. Cung dien eua •vua Bayinaung, tuy nhien. Id mgt sy gn tugng va eye ky trdng le Thdm chi hdu hit mgi ngdc ngdeh thap ciing sang chdi, dugc ghi ehu trong nhGng bdn ghi chep hien dai Bayinaung qua ddi sau 3 0 nam tri tri, vuong quoc da suy yeu do sy cai tri yeu dt eua nhung ngudi k l nhi^m dng Con trai cua Bayinaung, -vua Nanda Bayin (1581 - 1599) dugc xem la mot con ngudi khdn ngoan cGng nhu cd edi nhin tdt dep va ky ndng tuyet vdi ve nghe thugt. Ong tg dd tgo nen hinh anh cua NgG Tri Nhu Lgi bdng sap la dae trung cGa ve dep vi the dng ndi tiing trong lich su nhu Ngudi hien tang Ngu Tri Nhu Lai.
De chl Mien Dien thii ba duoe hinh thanh vdo nam r752dovuaAlaungpaya(I752- 1760)d viing Thugng Mien vdi tfiu do dau tien d Shwebo.
Ong la ngudi diing diu lang Moke Hsoe, dng da tap hgp nhung ngdi lang dudi quyen lue cua dng dl lam eugc each mang chong lai sy cai tri eua ngudi Shan d viing Thugng Mien. Vuong trieu Konbaung do ong thdnh lgp ton tgi qua 11 trilu dai va duge xem la nin quan chu eudi cimg d Miln Dien Vao ndm 1885, trong sudt trieu dai eua ngudi chdu hai vT dai cua dng - -vua Thibaw ngudi Anh da tiidn tinh
hodn toan Mien Dien.
Nghe thugt eug thdi dgi Konbaung mpt lan nua tbi hien sy thay doi ddng ke. Nhung tu the kem mem mgi trude day da dupe thay the vdi nhung chi tilt thu thdi thdi ky Inwa, mieu td nhung nguoi binh dan, nhiing nhd su, ngudi trudng thanh va tre con ve cudc sdng hang ngay eua hp.
Nhiing sang tae va trinh bay, khdi niem ve nhgn thire cao, hiu hit la quan diem ve mdt chim trong nhiing hinh dnh tim thay nhieu trong thoi gian dau vuong trilu Konbaung keo ddi den the ky XIX, khi ma nhiing ngudi viing thdm d phuong Tay gidi tbigu v l khai niem vien canh. The nen, khodng cdch trong hgi hpa truyen thong i^ dugc thi hien tiiay the bang rtiiung chi tilt vd vat the duoc sip xIp thdnh nhiing lap vdi vi tri thap nhat so vdi b l mat, gan nhat vdi ngudi xem va nhiing Vl tri cao hon ciing nhu khodng cdch xa hon. Cac d cua cao chilu roi b i u trdi rai rac nhirng dng may dang bay tren thien dang. Cay, byi ram, hay dong suoi da phdn chia boi canh tir hinh dnh tilp theo khi can thilt,
Chang hgn, nhiing birc tranh d den Taung Thaman Ky auk Taw Gyi eua Amarapura eiing nhu la nhiing hire tranh day mau sac d chua Sbwe Gu Ni gan Monywa va den Po Kala gin Mgndalay, Mdt sd nhung bue tranh tuyet dep khde cua the ky XIX ciing duoc tim thay mdt each ky lg d Pggan, U Pall Thein va mgt tu •vien bdng ggch nho gan den Ananda
Vao t h i ky XVIII, sach tranh g i p ggi la parabeik da trd nen phd bien trong cung ^en, Tay nhien, tranh ve cua Mien Dien tiep tuc phat trien vdi su khdc biet so vdi nen hgi hga Trung Quoc, Nhat Ban hay Han Qudc Cd till do nhung hpa sT Mien Dien khdng cd loai giay tot hay la do truyen thong ve tranh tudng trang tri tren to lya. To lua dupc su dung duy nhit d l Idm y phuc, vdi nhiing cuon to dugc n h ^ khau tu Trung Qudc, bdi vi san xuit to lya dong nghia la giet chet nhung con tdm, dieu md nhimg Phat tu trong cdng ddng ngay nay cGng do du khi lam
Mien Dien eung khdng su dung eo trong ghi chep, vi the su muat md va sgch se cua nhiing ehiec eg khdng trd thanh mdt ITnh -vyc eua ehuyen gia.
Su thi hien net biit mdt cdch dieu luyen eua ngudi Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, va Hdn Quoc trong nhung
TRU<:ft<fG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chi Khoa hgc so 35 (12-2018) bdn thu phap tuyet dep da dnh hudng nhilu den ky cdch hoan toan eho nhiing kien tnic tdn giao, hay nang cua nhiing hoa sT trong each cam eo eua hg tao ra xung quanh nhiing chu d l ve ton giio Tinh 6 nhung qudc gia nay. Ngudi Miln Di§n da viet than Phat gido da bao trum nhiing tdc pham nghe tren la eo bang but tram tnrdc khi su dung giay, vi thuat hgi hga Myanmar: ehua, tiiap, tranh ve tudng, the tiiu phap khdng cd co hdi trd thdnh mdt hinh thu phdp, tuong Phat, bua hg menh,... Day khdng tiiiic hgi hoa trong cimg mire do cua nhiing ngdn ehi la mot phuong tien ea ban trong cdch the hien ngu khae d chau A sy tdn kinh vdi Dire Phgt v l nhiing Idi gido huan Chi ed hai hinh thirc thu phap trong nghe thuat eiia Ngai eho hda binh, long tot vd tinh tiiuong, ma la nhung tir dugc khdc tren dd, hay nhung gido do cdn la each the hien nhung dde trung co ban nhat ly tdn gido dugc mg vang tren go son mai. Binh trong nen van hda truyen thdng Myanmar. Vugt len thudng nhGng tii cua ngudi Mien co ban la trdn tren sy thay ddi cua thdi gian vd khdng gian, su nhung ngi dung tdn gido tren gd son mai phdng Id hien dai trong tu duy vd ldi song; kl tu nhiing nin nhung tir vdi eac canh Idn hon vd goc hinh vudng, van mmh sdm nhat cho den tan ngay nay, hinh thue rat giong hat me Cdch viet thu phdp nay vi the bay td long tdn kinh ky ire v l Due Phdt dugc duy tii duge ggi la "-vilt hat trdi me". hiunhu khong thay ddi ti:ong suot chilu dai lieh su 4. Ket lu^n va trong ddi sdng thudng nhat cua ngudi Myanmar Nhin chung, nghe thugt da dugc su dung mdt tiidng qua nghe thudt vd bing nghe tiiuat,/.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Lieut & General Sir Arthur Phayee (ISS3), History of Burma including Burma proper, Pegu, Taungu, Tenasserim, andArakanll, London, Teubner & eo, Ludgate Hill
[2] Koger BischoE {199Z), Buddhism in Myanmar-A short history, Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc.
[3] Ian Harris (2007), Buddhism - Power and political order, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, London & New York
[4]. G.H Harvey (2000), History of Burma, Asian Educational Services
[5], Tnrong ST Hiuig, Cao Xudn Pho, Huy Thdng & Pham Thi Vinh (2003), Mdy tin nguong ton gido Dong Nam A, NXB Thanh Nien, Thanh phd Ho Chi Mmh
[6] Khm Maung Nyunt, U Sen Myo Min & MA Thanegi (2006), Myanmar - From worship to self imaging. Published by Education Publishing House, \^etnam.
[7], JerroldSehecter (1965), The new face of Buddha - Buddhism and political power in southeast Asia, John Wealtherhill, Tokyo.
[8], Tran Quang Thuan (2008), Phgt gido Miin Dien, NXB Tdn giao. Ha Ndi,
[9]. Tran Quang Thuan (2008), Phdt gido Nam Tdng tai Dong Nam A, NXB Tdn gido. Ha Ndi.
BUDDHIST SPIRIT IN THE MYNAMAR PAINTING (From the beginning to the 19"" century)
Summary
Buddhism is considered the national religion in Myanamr With its harmony and adaptation.
Buddhism quickly became an important factor and aprominant feature of Myanmar's traditional culture, specifically found m the people's life style, literature, traditional drama, architecture, and painting.
Buddhist themes were used and expressed m the early Myanmar paintings by talented artists. These Buddhist themes m painting were one way to show respect from both artists and the Myanmar people towards Buddha - the enlightened and almighty Figure.
Keywords- Buddhism, Myanmar, painting, beginning, 19tii century,
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 16/8/2018, Ngdy nhgn lgi. 10/12/2018; Ngdy duyit ddng: 27/12/2018.