BlJOfC DAU PHAN LAP VA DANH GIA
MOT SO CHUNG VIKHUAN NOT SAN CONG SINH TREN RE LAC d TINH THl/A THIEN HUE
Tran Thi Xuan An, Nguyen Ba Hai, Tran Thi Xuan PhvfoTng, Le Thi Hifofng Xuan, Lai Viet Thang, TnfoTng Thi Dieu Hanh*
1. D a t v a n d e
Suf dung phan bdn sinh hge la mot trong nhOfng bien phap hUu hieu nh^m nang cao nang suat, pham chat cay trdng, ddng thdi gdp phan xay dung mot nen ndng nghiep phat trien ben vufng va on dinh. Hien nay phan sinh hoc dUtfc nghien cufu va sijf dung kha phd bien tren the gidi cdng nhu d Viet Nam.'
Che pham vi khuan not san (VKNS) ciing la mot loai phan sinh hoc dugc suf dung cho cay hg dau de tang cUdng kha nang cd' dinh nittf cua vi khuan not san nham nang cao nang suat va pham chat cay trdng. Tuy nhien hieu qua eua che pham vi khuan not san phu thudc vao nhieu yeu to' nhu dieu kien tU nhien, dae diem canh tac cua tifng vimg... va dae biet la phu thuge vao hoat tinh cua VKNS cd trong che pham.
De tai nay dugc thufe hien nham muc dieh chgn va thuan khiet mot so chiing cd kha nang lay nhiem, kha nang canh tranh vdi eac nhdm vi sinh vat khae ciing nhu ed hieu qua cao de lam vat lieu eho viec san xua't che pham phan VKNS bdn eho lac tai dia ban tinh Thifa Thien Hue.
2. Doi tifcfng, n o i d u n g v a phvfcfng p h a p n g h i e n cxJu
2.1. Ddi tiidng nghien ctCu: cac chung VKNS phan lap tif not san re lac thu thap d mot so' vimg trdng lac chinh d Thifa Thien Hue.
2.2. Ngi dung nghien cvtu - Phan lap VKNS tren r§ lac.
- Chgn va thuan khiet cac chung VKNS da phan lap.
- Danh gia kha nang lay nhiem, kha nang canh tranh vdi eac nhdm vi sinh vat khae cua cae chung VKNS da chgn, ddng thdi nghien cufu hieu qua eua viec nhiem cac chiing nay de'n nang suat lac.
2.3. Phitamg phdp nghien cAu
; 2.3.1. Phdn lap VKNS tren rUgc
" - Dia diem thu mau: chiing tdi da tien hanh thu thap not san d giai doan lac ra hoa rd. Dia diem thu mSu la mot sd viing trdng lae ehu yeu d Thijfa Thien Hue, bao gom xa Quang Thai, huyen Quang Dien; xa Phong Chuong, Phong An, huyen Phong Dien; Trung tam Nghien cufu cay trong Tuf Ha, huyen Huong Tra; phudng Huong Long, phudng Kim Long, thanh phd'
* Khoa Ndng hpc, TrUdng Dai hpc Ndng lam Hue.
Hue; Vudn thi nghiem Khoa Ndng hoe, TrUdng Dai hoe Ndng lam Hue'; xa Vinh Thai, Vinh Phu, huyen Phu Vang.
- Thdi gian thu mSu: vu Ddng-Xuan 2007-2008, lay m l u d giai doan lac ra hoa rd.
- Mdi trudng de phan lap VKNS la mdi trUdng YMA.
- Phuong phap phan lap: de phan lap VKNS chung tdi suf dung phUOng phap Koch (nudi cay tren mdi trUdng dae).
2.3.2. Chgn cdc chung vi khudn dien hinh vd so che che pham
- Sau khi nudi cay 5 ngay, quan sat cac khuan lac mgc trong hop petri va chgn eac chung cd dae diem khuan lac dien hinh, tien hanh thuan khiet va so che che pham vi khuan not san vdi chat mang la than bim ed bd sung them mot so chat phu gia (saceharoza, P, Mo, Fe).
2.3.3. Nhiim che pham vdo hgt gid'ng lgc trUdc khi gieo vd ddnh gid hieu qua cua cdc chung VKNS
* Thdi gian thi nghiem: vu Ddng-Xuan 2007-2008 va 2008- 2009.
* Dia diem thi nghiem: Trung tam Nghien cufu cay trdng Tuf Ha, huyen Huong Tra, tinh Thifa Thien Hue.
* Cdng thufe thi nghiem: 7 cdng thufe (1 cdng thufe dd'i ehufng - khdng nhidm che pham, va 6 cdng thufe lan luot nhiem cac chung N H I , NH2, NH4, PC13, QT4, KL8).
* Cac tieu chi danh gia:
- Danh gia kha nang lay n h i l m thdng qua so lugng not san tren r l lac.
- Danh gia hieu qua thdng qua chat lugng not san va mot so' ehi tieu sinh trudng, phat trien cung nhU nang suat lac.
- Danh gia kha nang canh tranh vdi cac nhdm vi sinh vat khae thdng qua so lugng vi khuan not san va tdng so' vi sinh vat trong da't trong lac.
3. Ket qua n g h i e n cu!u va thao l u a n 3.1. Ket qua phdn lap VKNS
Qua phan lap tif cae mSu not san tren r i lac thu thap trong giai doan lac ra hoa rd d 9 viing trdng lac khae nhau d Thifa Thien Hue, chung tdi da phan lap duge 41 chiing, 3 dia diem cd sd chung nhieu nha't la Vudn thi nghiem Khoa Ndng hge, Huong Long va Phong Chuong, mdi dia diem phan lap duoc 6 chung, tiep de'n la Quang Thai 5 chiing, Trung tam Nghien eufu cay trdng Tuf Ha 4 chung, eac vung cdn lai mdi viing cd 3 chung.
Ket qua so tuyen eho tha'y, trong sd 41 chiing phan lap dugc d 9 vung trdng lac, ed 23 chung sinh trudng phat trien yeu, kich thude khuan lac rat nhd, dudng kinh chUa dat 1,5mm, cd 18 chiing ed kich thude khuan lac ldn hon 1,5mm, trong dd ed 6 chung phan lap dugc d Vudn thi nghiem Khoa Ndng hge, 2 chung d Kim Long, 2 chung d Quang Thai, 1 chung d Vinh Thai, 3 chung d Vinh Phu, 1 chung d Phong An va 3 chung d Phong ChUOng.
3.2. Ddc diem khudn lac cua cdc chung VKNS dd chon loc Tif 18 chung VKNS da so tuyen, chung tdi tiep tuc thuan khie't va quan sat khuan lac tao thanh. Ket qua quan sat duge md ta d bang 1.
Bdng 1. Dae diem khuan lac ciia mot so' chung VKNS.
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ma chung
NHI NH2 NH3 NH4 NHS NH6 QT3 QT4 PC9 PC13 PC14 VP1 VP2 VPS PD2 VT3 KL8 KL7
Hinh dang Tron Bau due Tron Tron Tron Bau due Tron Tron Tron Tron Tron Tron Tron Tron Tron Tron Tron Tron
Kich thUdc
(mm) 5,50 5,50 2,60 5,30 4,54 4,75 4,85 5,65 4,25 5,30 5,20 4,54 2,50 1,52 2,92 1,50 5,35 3,60
iViau sac Tim nhat Tim nhat Tim dam Tim ntiat Tim nhat Tim nhat Tim nhat Tim nhat Tim dam Tim nliat Tim nhat Tim nhat Tim nhat Tim dam Tim ntiat Tim nhat Tim nhat Tim nhat
Mep vet moc Deu, vien trong sudt Deu, vien mau kem Deu
Deu, vien trong sudt Deu, vien trong suot Khong deu, vien trong sudt Deu, vien mau kem, ben trong trang sOa
Deu, vien trang sOa Deu, vien trong sudt Deu, vien trong suot Deu, vien trong suot Deu, vien mau kem Deu, vien mau kem Deu, vien trong suot Deu, vien mau kem, trong trang sUa Deu
Deu, vien mau kem Deu, vien trong suot, trong trang sUa
ben
ben
Be mat Lorn giiJa, nhay nhdt Nhay nhdt
Nhay nhdt Nhay nhdt
Hdi 16m giufa, nhay nhdt Nhay nhdt
D^t, nhay nhdt Hdi det, nhay nhdt Hdi 16m giOa, nhay nhdt Det, hdi 16m giUa, nhay nhdt Det, hdi Idm giiJa, nhay nhdt Loi, nhay nhdt
Loi, nhay nhdt Loi, nhay nhdt DQt, nhay nhdt Loi, nhay nhdt Hdi loi, nhay nhdt
Dpt, hdi Idm giOa, nhay nhdt
Ket qua eho tha'y, trong so' 18 chung so tuyen ban dau, cd 7 chung cd kich thudc khuan lae tUOng dd'i ldn, dudng kinh khuan lac ldn hon 5mm, dd la cac chung N H 1 , N H 2 , NH4, QT4, PC13, PC14 va KL8. Nhdm cd dudng kinh khuan lae dat tif 4-5mm ed 5 chung va nhd hon 4mm ed 6 chung.
Ve hinh dang, hau het cac chung deu ed hinh trdn (16 chung), 2 chung cd hinh hoi bau due (chung NH2 va NH6).
Ve mau sac khuan lac, cd 3 chung cd mau tim dam (NH3, PC9 va VP3), 15 chung edn lai deu ed mau tim nhat.
Ve mep vet mgc, chi cd 1 chiing cd mep vet mgc khdng deu (chung NH6), cdn lai tat ca eac chung deu cd mep vet mgc deu. Cd 8 chung cd vien mep trong sudt, 4 chung cd vien mep mau kem, 1 chung vien mep ed mau trang sufa, rieng 3 chiing ed dae diem khae han: chung QT3 va PD2 ed vien mep mau kem, ben trong mep cd mau trang sUa, chung KL7 cd vien mep trong sudt, ben trong trang sUa.
Ve dae diem cua be mat khuan lac: ta't ca cac chung deu cd khuan lac nhay nhdt, 4 chung eo be mat khuan lac loi, dd la cac chiing VPl, VP2, VP3 va VT3, 3 chiing ed khuan lae det, 3 chiing be mat khuan lac hoi 1dm giUa (chung PC13, PC14, KL7), 2 chung QT3, PD2 be mat khuan lae det, chiing QT4 hoi det, chung NH5 va PC9 hoi 1dm giUa, chung NHI 1dm giUa va KL8 hoi loi.
3.3. Ddnh gid hieu qua cua viec nhi^m cdc chiing VKNS den sinh trifdng phdt trien vd ndng sudt lac
De chgn duge chung VKNS ed hieu qua nha't dd'i vdi sinh trUdng phat trien va nang suat lac, chung tdi da tien hanh phd'i che 6 che pham VKNS tif 6 chung VKNS da chgn lgc trong sd 18 chung d tren va eho lay nhiSm
vao h a t lae trudc khi gieo. Qua theo ddi sinh trudng phat trien va nang suat lae, chung tdi thu duge ket qua sau.
^ 3.3.1. Anh hudng cua viec nhilm cdc VKNS den mdt sd chi tieu sinh trilang cua lgc
De danh gia hieu qua eua eac chung VKNS chung tdi da tien hanh theo ddi mdt sd ehi tieu sinh trudng eua lac khi duue nhiem vi khuan. Ket qua duge the hien d bang 2.
Bdng 2. Anh hudng eua viec nhiem cac chung VKNS de'n sinh trUdng cua lae.
\ ^ ^ Chi tieu X . Cong t h u f c \
Ddi ehUng NH1 NH2 PC13 NH4 QT4 KL8
Chieu cao cay cudi cung
(cm) 32,80e 36,67a 33,97d 35,03b 35,10b 33,87d 34,10c
Tong sd canh/cay (canh)
6,80d 8,60a 7,80c 8,40a 8,40a 7,93bc
8,07b
Chieu dai canh cap 1 dau tien
(cm) 37,01 d 40,43a 38,63c 40,06b 39,75b 39,04e 39,12c
Tong sd la/than chinh
(la) 15,13e 16,33a 16,00e 16,27ab
16,20b 15,84d 15,93ed
Nang suat cha't xanh (tan/ha)
10,07c 10,90a 10,27b 10,80a 10,77a 10,50ab 10,73a
Nhu vay, 6 chung VKNS dUa vao thi nghiem deu ed anh hudng tdt do'i vdi sinh trUdng cua lac, trong dd chung NHI, PC 13 va NH4 la ndi bat nha't.
3.3.2. Anh hUdng cua viec nhilm cdc chung VKNS den cdc yeu td cau thdnh ndng sudt vd ndng sudt lgc
Nang suat la chi tieu phan anh day du n h a t hieu qua cua viec lay nhiem VKNS cho lac. Thdng qua chi tieu nay chung ta ed the danh gia dugc kha nang ed dinh Ng cua cac chung VKNS eao hay thap. Ket qua theo doi nang suat lae d bang 3 da chufng td kha rd vai trd cua VECNS trong viec nang cao nang suat lae
Bdng 3. Anh hudng cua viec n h i i m cae chung VKNS de'n nang suat lac.
\ ^ ^ C h i tieu Cong t h u T c ^ ^ Ddi chUng NHI NH2 PC13 NH4 QT4 KL8
S d qui chic/cay (qu^) 12,80c 16,80a 14,73b 15,57b 14,93b 15,00b 15,53b
PlOOquS (gam) 122,3e 136,0a 132,3b 139,3a 138,3ab 137,7ab 138,3ab
P 100 hat (gam) 53,43d 60,20a 57,87e 58,57b 58,67b 58,57b 58,80b
NSTT (ta/ha) 22,37e 27,63a 24,03d 26,90ab 25,97bc 25,30cd 25,80bc
NSTT SO vdi DC (%)
- 124,64 107,25 121,14 116,36 113,28 115,65
Trong sd 6 chiing dua vao thi nghiem de danh gia thi cd 4 chung (NHI, PC13, NH4 va KL8) cd hieu qua rd ret so vdi dd'i chufng, dae biet khi nhiim chung N H I cho lac thi cae yeu td cau thanh nang sua't va nang suat lac deu cao hon han so vdi dd'i chufng khdng n h i i m va cac cdng thufe n h i i m c^c
1 ? T 1 ^
chung khae.
3.4. Anh hitdng cua viec nhi^m cdc chung VKNS den mot sd chi tieu ndt sdn tren re lac
De danh gia kha nang lay nhiim cdng nhu kha nang cd dinh N ciia cac chiing VKNS, chung tdi da theo ddi so lugng not san tren r i lac d thoi ky lac ra hoa rd, ddng thdi danh gia chat lugng not san thdng qua khd'i lugng not san va ham lugng protein trong not san, ket qua the hien d bang 4.
Bdng 4. Anh hudng ciia viee nhiem cae chiing VKNS de'n ndt san tren r i lac.
^ ^ ^ ^ Chi tieu Cong thufe ^ " ^ ^ ^
Ddi ehUng NHI NH2 PCI 3 NH4 QT4 KL8
Sd IU0ng ndt san/cay (ndt)
185,00e 317,00a 258,70e 301,00ab 295,50bc 244,00e 221,60d
Khdi lUi^ng ndt san/cay (gam)
0,21f 0,50a 0,34e 0,46b 0,40c 0,34e 0,35d
Ham \ii<fng protein (%)
16,87 24,60 19,56 21,56 21,64 20,70 22,99
Ket qua d bang 4 eho tha'y, khi nhiim cac chiing VKNS vao hat gid'ng lac trUdc khi gieo deu lam tang kha nang lay n h i i m cua VKNS vao r i lac.
Hai chung cd kha nang lay nhiim cao hon ca la N H I va PC13. Mat khae, chat luong ndt san t r i n r i lac d eac cdng thufe duoc n h i i m chung N H I la td't nha't, tiep den la 3 chung PC 13, NH4 va KL8.
3.5. Anh hifdng cua viec nhiem cdc chiing VKNS den sd litcfng vi sinh vdt trong dat trong lac
De danh gia kha nang canh tranh ciaa cac chiing VKNS vdi cac nhdm vi sinh vat khae chung tdi tien hanh phan lap tdng sd vi sinh vat hieu khi (VSVHK) ciing nhU VKNS trong da't sau khi thu hoach lac, ket qua dugc the hien d bang 5.
Bdng 5. Anh hudng cua viec nhiim cac chiing VKNS de'n sd lugng vi sinh vat trong da't trdng lac.
^ ^ ^ Chi Cong thUc
Ddi chUng NHI
• NH2 PC13 NH4 QT4 KL8
tieu
TdngsdVSVHK (xlO^CFU/gdat)
228,0 319,0 292,0 305,0 310,0 308,3 295,5
VKNS (x10^CFU/gdat)
155,0 240,0 207,3 215,0 220,0 221,0 212,0
Tyr If VKNS/VSVHK (%)
0,068 0,075 0,071 0,071 0,071 0,072 0,072
Ket qua thu duge chufng td rang cae chiing VKNS trong thi nghiem deu cd kha nang canh tranh eao so vdi cac nhdm vi sinh vat khae trong mdi trudng, trong dd chiing NHI la chiing ed kha nang canh tranh eao nha't, tiep de'n la chung QT4 va KL8, va thap hon ca la 3 chung NH2, PC13 va NH4.
4. Ket l u a n va de nghi
- Sd lugng chung VKNS phan lap dugc tif r i lac thu thap d 9 dia diem thude eac vung trong lac d Thifa Thien Hue khd phong phu, gom cd
41 chung. Cae vung cd sd chiing tuong dd'i nhieu la Huong Long, Phong Chuong, Quang Thai va Trung tam Nghien cufu cay trdng Tuf Ha.
- Trong so 41 chung VKNS phan lap tif not san tren r i lac trdng d Thifa Thien Hue cd 18 chung cd dae diem khuan lae tuong dd'i dien hinh.
- Tif 18 chung da so tuyen cd 6 chung N H I , NH2, PC13, NH4, QT4, KL8 cd td'c do sinh trudng manh me khi nudi cay tren mdi trUdng YMA (kich thudc khuan lac ldn hon 5mm sau khi nudi cay 4 ngay).
_ - 6 chung N H I , NH2, PC13, NH4, QT4, KL8 deu ed kha nang xam nhiem vao r i lae kha td't, cd kha nang canh tranh vdi cac nhdm vi sinh vat khae trong mdi trUdng va ed hieu qua eao dd'i vdi sinh trUdng, phat trien cung nhu nang sua't cay lae, dae biet la 3 chung N H I , PC13 va KL8.
Nhu vay, 3 chung NHI, PC 13 va KL8 la 3 chung ed nhieu dae diem td't, can tiep tue nghien eufu day du hon ve kha nang chd'ng dd nhUng thay ddi cua dieu kien ngoai canh, tinh ben vdng ve dae tinh di truyen, cd kha nang thich ufng vdi do phi cua da't cung nhU kha nang tdn dU lau dai tron^
da't eua 3 chung nay. TrUdc mat ed the dUa 3 chung nay vao thuf nghiem phdi che phan VKNS bdn cho lac tai cac vung trdng lac d tinh Thifa Thien Hue.
T T X A va eong sU TAI LIEU THAM KHAO CHINH
1. Nguyin Xuan DUdng, Nguyin Xuan Thanh. Giao trinh sinh hoc dat. Nxb Nong nghiep. Ha Noi, 1999.
2. Nguyin Ngpc Quyen. "Nghien cUu lUa chpn chung Brandyrhizobium japonieum de san xuat Nitrazin va Ung dung cho cay dau tUdng d mot sd tinh mien Bac Viet Nam". Luan an Tien sT khoa hpc nong nghiep, 1993.
3. Chu Thi Thdm (chu bien). 77m hieu ve che pham vi sinh vat dung trong nong nghiep. Nxb Lao dong, Ha Noi, 2006.
4. Chu Thi Thdm (chu bien). Ky thuat san xuat, che bien va sd dung phan bon. Nxb Lao dong.
Ha Noi, 2006.
5. Tran Cam Van, Nguyin Xuan Dung, Ly Kim Bang. "Kha nang hinh thanh ndt san va mot so dae tinh sinh hpc cua chung Rhizobium eong sinh vdi cay hp Dau cai tao dat". Tap chi Sinh /ipc(3/1995).
TOM TAT
Trong sd 41 chung vi khuan ndt san phan lap dUdc tU ndt san r i lac tai mot so vung trong lac chu yeu d tinh ThUa Thien Hue, co 18 chung cd dae diem khuan lac tUdng ddi dien hinh.
Trong 18 chung nay cd 6 chung N H I , NH2, PC13, NH4, QT4, KL8 cd tdc dp sinh trUdng manh me, kha nang lay nhiim cao, cd kha nang canh tranh vdi cac nhdm vi sinh vat khae trong moi trudng, dong thdi cd hieu qua tdt ddi vdi sinh trudng va nang suat lac, trong dd noi bat nhat la 3 Chung N H I , PC13vaKL8.
ABSTRACT
ISOLATING AND EVALUATING INITIALLY SOME RHIZOBIA STRAINS WHICH ARE SYMBIOSIS INSIDE ROOT NODULES OF PEANUTS IN THl/A THIEN HUE PROVINCE
We isolated 41 rhizobia strains from the samples of root nodules of peanuts in certain main peanuts growing in ThUa Thien Hue province. Eighteen of them are typical rhizobia strains.
We achieved 6 strains named N H I , NH2, PCI3, NH4, QT4, KL8 which have a strong growth rate, highly infectious possibility and effective competition with other bacteria groups in soil environment. They are very useful in enhancing growth, developing and productivity of peanuts.
Specially, the most three remarkable strains are N H I , PCI 3, KL8.
