va Van Anh Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 87(11): 89-93
XAY DI/NG BO TIEU CHI DANH GIA SlT PHAT TRIEN CON NGUCJI CAP TINH QUA THlTC TE TINH THAI NGUYEN
Vu Van Anh
Truang Dgi hoc Su phgm - DH Thdi Nguyen
TOM
TATLy luan ve phat trien con ngudi (PTCN) do UNDP lugng hda danh diu mdt mdc quan trgng trong viec dua cac quan diem ly thuyet img dung trong thuc tien, tao ra bude ngoat trong viee dua con ngudi trd thanh nhan td trung tam cua hge thuyet phat trien. Thanh tyu Idn nhit cua Viet Nam la ddng hanh cimg UNDP trong viee soan thao cac HDR (Human Development Report), lam eo sd cho viec dua HDI (Human Development Index) trd thanh chi tieu phat trien kinh te xa hdi (KTXH) trong eae van ban ciia Dang (van kien Dai hgi IX, X, XI), cac chien lugc phat trien KTXH giai doan 2011-2015 va tam nhin 2020. Tir viec nghien ciru ly luan va thuc tien HDI de van dung vao tinh Thai Nguyen, chiing tdi da phan tich HDI eho tinh nay bang hai each tiep can: (i) Tiep can tinh HDI cap tinh tren co sd tinh cac tri sd tuong irng tir cac cap co sd (huyen, thanh phd, thi xa) theo phuong phap ciia UNDP; (ii) Tinh toan HDI md rdng tren co sd du' lieu chi tieu: thu nhap thuc te binh quan dau ngudi, chi tieu giao due tren ca sd sd hoc sinh THPT tren tdng sd hoc sinh, ehi tieu y te tren co sd sd bac sy va sd giudng benh tren van dan. Bieu tdng hgp bang each cho diem mirc cao, trung binh, thap tuang img 3-2-1.
Til' khda: "phdt trien con ngudi", "lieu chi", "Thdi Nguyen", "HDI", "chi tieu mdrgng".
DAT VAN DE
Con ngud'i la vdn quy nhat, la muc tieu phai hudng tdi eiia mgi boat ddng kinh te -xa hdi ciia mdi qudc gia, dja phuong trong dd cd Thai Nguyen. Sy phat trien eon ngudi mgt each ben vung ddi hdi phai phat trien nhieu mat, phat trien toan dien tii' the chat den tinh than, trf tue den sy phat trien va hoan thien nhan each. De danh gia sy phat trien con ngudi cap tinh ndi chung va tinh Thai Nguyen ndi rieng can dya tren bd tieu chi cu the. Do vay "Xay dung bo tieu chi danh gia su phat trien con nguoi cap tinh qua thuc tien tinh Thai Nguyen" se tao nen tang ca sd cho nhting danh gia quan trgng ve phat trien con ngudi tinh Thai Nguyen, ngoai ra nd gdp phan cung cap luan cu cho viee chuan bj Van kien Dai hgi Dang bd tinh lan thii' XVIII, sau la de xuat giai phap nang cao chi sd HDI ciia tinh va la ca sd quan trgng de xay dyng chien luge phat trien tgan dien con ngudi tinh Thai Nguyen.
KHAI NIEM PHAT TRIEN CON NGU'6I Til' nhung nam 1990. eac nha nghien ciru, cae
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nha hoach djnh va tu van chfnh sach, cac nha thye thi chfnh sach da cd nhan thuc tdt hon va ddng thuan cao hon ve tam quan trgng cua sy phat trien con ngudi. Nhu dugc djnh nghTa trong Bao eao phat trien con ngud'i toan cau dau tien cua UNDP nam 1990, khai niem ve phat trien eon ngudi (PTCN) la; "Phdt trien con ngirdi Id qud trinh md rdng sir lira chgn cho con ngirdi. Dieu quan trgng nhdt ciia phgm vi lira chgn rdng lan dd la de con ngudi sdng mdt cugc sdng ddi ldu vd khoe mgnh, dugc gido due vd dugc tiep can den cdc ngudn luc cdn thiet cho mdt mirc sdng cao".[l.tr.dO]
Khai niem PTCN de cap den ba khia canh dviqc coi la myc tieu ciia PTCN, dd la lya chgn mdt cugc sdng ddi ldu vd khde mgnh (vl y te), dugc gido due (ve giao dye), dugc tiip can den cdc ngudn luc cdn thiet cho mdt mirc sdng cao (ve kinh te).
Nam 1990 danh dau mdt bude ngoat quan trgng trong qua trinh khing djnh vai trd ehu the - ddng lye - mue tieu ciia con ngudi trong phat trien. Khai niem PTCN da ehinh thu'c duge lugng hda bang viec tinh toan va cdng bd xep hang ehi sd PTCN - HDI eho cac quoc
Vii Vdn Anh Tap chf KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 87(11): 89-93 gia va viing lanh thd qua cac HDR do UNDP
soan thao.
CAC TIEU CHI D A N H G I A P H A T TRIEN CON NGU'Cil
De do ludng kit qua danh gia PTCN, bao cao phat triln con ngud'i nam 1990 va cac bao cao tilp theo cua UNDP da dua ra mdt loat chi sd.
Chi sd tong hgp nhat dugc dua ra tir nam 1990 (va dugc hieu ehinh lai nam 1999) la chi sd phat trien con ngudi (HDI).
Hien nay trong cac bao cao PTCN, sd lugng cac chi so duge do dac da bd sung them nhilu, bao eao nam 2005 va 2006 da xuat hien gin 100 chi sd, song khi tinh toan ngudi ta vin quy ve ba ehi sd ea ban (dieu kien song, nang lye sinh the va nang lyc tinh than), phan anh ba mat ca ban cua sy PTCN. Cac chi sd khac tren thye te chi la bd sung nham lam ro nhung khia canh, sac thai khac nhau CLia ba ehi sd ea ban, dd la:
- Chit lugng cugc sdng dugc phan anh qua chi so kinh te do bang thu nhap qudc dan binh quan dau ngudi tinh theo sire mua tuong duong. (chi tieu IGDP );
- Nang lye sinh the dugc phan anh qua chi sd tudi thg do bang tudi thg trung binh eiia toan bd cu dan (chi tieu I tu6i nio);
- Nang lyc tinh than dugc phan anh qua chi sd giao due duge do bang ty le ngudi ldn biet chti' vdi trgng sd 2/3 va ty le nhap bgc cac cap vdi trgng sd 1/3 (ehi tieu I trithiic)-
* ChisS HDI: HDI = 1/3 (ehi so tudi thg) + 1/3 (ehi sd giao dye) + 1/3 (ehi sd GDP/ngudi).
Tren eg sd thiet lap gidi han can tren va gidi ban can dudi phii hgp trang thai phat trien con ngudi toan cau, HDI chi nhan gia trj trong khoang tii' 0 den 1. HDI eiia mdi dja phuong cang ldn thi trinh dd phat trien con ngudi ciia dja phuong dd cang cao va ngugc lai.[3]
VAN DUNG D A N H G I A HDI CAP TINH QUA THUC TIEN TINH T H A I NGUYEN Mot so mo hinh do HDI co the trien khai a Viet Nam va Thai Nguyen
- Do HDI theo ba nhdn td - Md hinh tam gidc.
1. Sire khoe;
2. Giao due;
3. Thu nhap.
Do HDI theo bdn nhdn td - Mo hinh hinh thoi 1. Sire khoe;
2. Giao due;
3. Thu nhap;
4. Lanh manh xa hoi. . •,:
- Do HDI theo ndm nhdn to - Mo hinh hinh sao.
1: Sue khoe; ,.
2: Giao due;
3: Thu nhap;
4: Lanh manh xa hdi;
5; Phat trien van hoa cdng ddng.
Dua tren cac md hinh do HDI dugc sir dung 6 Viet Nam, chung tdi xac djnh pham vi nghien ciru d cap tinh, cap huyen nen su dyng mo hinh tam giac la phii hgp nhat. Md hinh tam giac la md hinh HDI vai ba chi sd thanh phan;
cd uu diem la khac hga mdi quan he giua bg ba: nhan td giao due, nhan td kinh te, nhan to
va Vdn Anh Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 87(11): 89-93 y te trong sy PTCN vdi viee nhan manh vai
trd dot pha ciia nhan td giao dye den sy phat trien ehung. Md hinh nay da dugc xay dyng phuong phap luan va cdng thiic tinh toan ap dung eho toan the gidi va eae qudc gia, da dugc sii dung d Viet Nam trong cac bao cao PTCN tinh den cap tinh va mgt sd dja phuong da tinh den cap huyen. Han che ciia md hinh nay la chua phan anh toan dien dugc cac khia canh PTCN trong ddi sdng xa hdi. Do vay eiing vdi 3 chi sd HDI can bd sung them 1 sd thudc do khac chi tiet cho tirng dia phuong va tirng nhdm ddi tugng dan cu.
Ddi vdi dja ban nghien ciru la tinh va cac huyen, thj, thanh phd d dudi cap tinh, de tai luan an danh gia sy phat trien con ngud'i tren hai phuong dien. Thii nhdt la danh gia theo eae ehi sd thanh phan ciia HDI va tdng hgp tinh toan theo cdng thuc HDI cua UNDP. Thir hai la lya chgn mgt sd chi tieu md rgng ap dung cho cap tinh va cac don vj hanh chfnh tryc thude, dd la chi tieu thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi. sd bac sy tren Ivan dan va sd giudng benh tren 1 van dan, ty le HS THPT tren tdng sd bgc sinh.
Nguon so lieu
*Chi sd kinh te
- Theo UNDP: Chi tieu GDP/ ngirdi thdng qua Nien giam thdng ke tinh, bao eao KTXH cac huyen.
- Theo HDI md rdng: Chi tieu thu nhdp thuc ti binh qudn ddu ngudi dya vao Nien giam thdng ke tinh Thai Nguyen nam 1999 va 2009, dya vao kit qua khao sat miie sdng hd gia dinh nam 2008 eua Tdng cue Thdng ke, bao cao cua Sd lao ddng thuong binh xa hdi tinh Thai Nguyen.
*Chi sd gido due trong HDI
- Theo UNDP: Chi tieu nhdp hge tdng hgp vd ty le ngirdi lan biet chir: Ket qua tdng dieu tra dan sd (TDTDS).
- Theo HDI md rdng: Chi tieu ty le HS THPT tren tdng so HS: Tinh theo so lieu trong nien giam thong ke tinh Thai Nguyen nam 1999 va 2009.
*Chi sd y te trong HDI
- Theo UNDP: Chi tieu tudi thg: Sd lieu ve sd con da sinh va sd eon da chet ciia dieu tra mau trong 2 cugc TDTDS 1999 va 2009 duge sir dung de tfnh toan tudi thg binh quan khi sinh.
- Theo HDI md rdng: Chi tieu Sd bdc sy vd sd giudng benh tren vgn ddn: Tfnh theo sd lieu trong Nien giam thdng ke tinh Thai Nguyen nam 1999 va 2009
Ap dung tinh chi so HDI cap tinh va cap huyen
*Chi sd kinh te
- Theo UNDP: Tinh chi tieu GDP/ ngudi Mdt la, tfnh dan sd trung binh nam bao cao trong nien giam thdng ke ciia tinh; Hai la, tfnh GDP nam bao cao (theo gia thye te); Ba la, tfnh GDP/ngudi nam bao cao; Bdn la, tfnh GDP/ngudi tfnh theo sue mua tuong duong (PPP-USD); Nam la. thay eac kit qua da tfnh dugc vao cdng thuc de tfnh ehi sd thu nhap cho dja phuang.
Ap dyng cap dudi cap tinh (huyen): Tien hanh tinh GDP theo 3 khu vye kinh te cua 1 thanh phd, 1 thj xa va 7 huyen trong tinh. Ddi vdi GDP cap huyen, khu vyc I va khu vyc II tinh toan tuong ddi de, rieng khu vyc III cd phan ban che do cac doanh thu ciia cac tdng cdng ty. cae doanh nghiep xuat khau. nhap khau ciia tinh, thue hai quan rat khd phan bd ve eho cap huyen. nen phan nay sd lieu d tinh thi cd nhung d huyen thi cdn thieu. Vi vay ddi vdi KV III phai ket hgp dieu tra mau va phan bd tii' cap tinh xudng titng huyen. GDP cap huyen chi mang tinh chat tuong ddi va cdn nhieu sai sd so vdi thdng ke ciia tinh va ca nude. Thye te sai sd nay dugc chap nhan vi nd phii hgp thye te tinh hinh thdng ke cdn nhieu bat cap d Viet Nam. dae biet vdi cap huyen.
- Theo HDI md rdng: Chi tieu thu nhdp binh qudn ddu ngirdi: Ddi vdi cap tinh, de tai luan an lay ngudn sd lieu tir dieu tra mirc sdng ciia tdng cue thdng ke. ddi vdi cap huyen, de tai dya vao sd lieu dieu tra ciia Sd Lao ddng Thuong binh xa hdi tinh.
va Vdn Anh Tap ehi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 87(11): 89-93
* Chi sd gido due
- Theo UNDP: Tinh ty le ngirdi ldn blit chir vd ty le nhdp hoc tdng hgp: Mdt la: Ta phai tfnh cac chi sd thanh phan (Ig.ao diic va I bi^t cha);
Hai la: Thay cac chi sd thanh phan vao cdng thire dl tinh chi sd giao dye d tinh.
- Theo HDI md rdng: Chi tieu ty le HS THPT tren tdng so hoc sinh: Tinh tir sd lieu trong nien giam thdng ke tinh.
* Chi sd y te
- Theo UNDP: Tinh chi tieu tudi thg trong HDI: Sir dyng phin mim MortPark - Litle. ta nhap du lieu va duge ket qua tudi thg.
- Theo HDI md rdng: Chi tieu sd bdc sy vd sd giudng benh tren vgn ddn: Tinh tgan dya vao
sd lieu Cyc thong ke Thai Nguyen;
*Tdng hap HDI
- Theo UNDP: Tinh HDI
HDI = 1/3 (chi sd KT) + 1/3 (chi so GD) + 1/3 (ehi sd YT) = 1/3 (IGDP + Igiaodyc + Ituenhp) - Theo HDI md rgng: Cho diem cdc chi tieu cd tinh he sd
+ Xac djnh he so cac chi tieu: Trong 3 ehi tieu danh gia PTCN, chi tieu thu nhap binh quan diu ngudi la he sd 2. cdn chi tieu y te va giao due he sd 1 Bang 1.
^k danh gia tdng hgp PTCN tinh Thai Nguyen, chimg tdi lya chgn 2 phuang an de danh gia. Ngoai ra do sy tuong quan ve ket qua ciia hai phuong an ma chung ta cd the lya chgn eac chi tieu md rgng de danh gia sy PTCN eua eac dan vj hanh chinh tryc thudc tinh ddi vdi nhtrng nam ma khdng cd tdng dieu tra dan sd.
KET LUAN
Viec nghien ciiu PTCN va cac chi sd HDI trong pham vi cap tinh cd y nghTa ea ve khoa hge va thye tien. Danh gia PTCN thdng qua chi sd HDI khdng chi danh cho cap qudc gia,
ma cdn cd the tinh dugc d cap dudi qudc gia (vimg, tinh, huyen...). Chi so HDI se la can cir de hoach djnh chinh sach, chien lugc PTCN d mdi dja phuang.
Doi vdi dja ban nghien ciiu la cac huyen, thj, thanh pho cua tinh Thai Nguyen, danh gia su phat triln con ngud'i tren hai phuang dien.
Thir nhdt la danh gia theo cac chi so thanh phin cua HDI va tdng hgp tinh toan theo cdng thirc HDI cua UNDP. Thir hai la lya chgn mgt sd chi tieu md rdng ap dung cho cap tinh va cac dan vj hanh chinh tryc thugc, dd la chi tieu thu nhap binh quan diu ngud'i, so bac sy tren Ivan dan va so giudng benh tren 1 van dan, ty le HS THPT tren tdng sd hge sinh.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1]. Trung tam khoa hge xa hgi va Nhan van Quoc gia (1999). Phdt triin con ngudi - tir quan niem din chiin lugc hdnh dgng, Nxb Chinh trj qudc gia, Ha Ndi.
[2]. Trung tam Khoa hge xa hgi va Nhan van Qudc gia (2001), Bdo cdo Phdt trien con nguai
Viet Nam 2001 "Ddi mdi vd su nghiep phdt trien con ngudi", Nxb Chi'nh trj qudc gia. Ha Ndi.
[3]. Trung tam Khoa bgc xa hdi va Nhan van Qudc gia (1999). Tu duy mdi cho thi ky XXI, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Ngi.
[4]. UN. HABITAT. (2005). Bg tdi lieu phdt triin kinh te dia phuang.
[5]. UBND tinh Thai Nguyen (2006), Quy hogch tdng thi kinh ti xa hdi tinh Thdi Nguyen (2006- 2010), UBND tinh Thai Nguyen.
UBND tinh Thai Nguyen, Ban Dan Tdc Tinh, (2008). Bdo cdo phdt trien tdng ket cdng tdc Ddn Tgc ndm 2007 - 2008,
[6], UBND tinh Thai Nguyen, Bdo cdo tdng kit phdt trien kinh te xa hdi tinh Thdi Nguyen.
Phuang hudng phdt trien kinh te xd hgi den 2010 vd tdm nhin den 2020.
Bang 1
Thu nhap binh quan dau ngu'd'i Cao TB Thip
3 2 1
So bac sT/van dan
Cao TB Thap 3 2 1
S6 HS THPT/t6ng HS
Cao TB Thap 3 2 1
Vu Vdn Anh Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 87( 11): 89 - 93
S U M M A R Y
CONSTRUCTION OF CRITERIA SYSTEM FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT BASED ON PRACTICAL FACT IN THAI NGUYEN
Vu Van Anh' College of Education - TNU
PTCN theoretical quantification by UNDP is a milestone in bringing the theoretical point of practical application, creating a turning point in bringing people into central element of development theory. The greatest achievement of Vietnam to go with UNDP in the preparation of the HDR, as the basis for the introduction of HDI into socio-economic development targets in the text of the party (Congress documents IX, X, XI) , the socio-economic development strategy in 20! 1-2015 and Vision 2020. From the theoretical research and practical to use HDI in Thai Nguyen province, we analyzed the HDI to the department by two approaches: (i) approach the provincial HDI calculated on the basis of the relative values response from the local level (districts, cities, towns) by the method of UNDP, (ii) Calculation of HDI expanding database on indicators; real income per capita, education indicators on the basis of high school students in total students, medical criteria based on the number of doctors and hospital beds per ten thousand people. Table synthesized by scoring high, medium, low, respectively 3-2-1.
Keywords: "human development", "criteria", "Thainguyen", "HDI", "extended criteria".
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