CHiNH SHCH "GinO DUC K€P" CUn H(\ LftN DOI V6l CONG DONG NGUdl INDONCSin Qfiti DIR
(Tir CUOI T H I KV XIX D I N GiiJn T H I K4 XX)
Nguyen Huu Phiic*
Tom tat: Chinh sdch "gido due kep" md Hd Lan thuc thi tai thuoc dja Indonesia lic cuoi the ky XIX Id he thong gido due bao gom chuang trinh gido due ddnh rieng cho nguai Indonesia bdn dia vd gido diic theo huang cita ngudi Hd Lan ddnh cho cdc cong dong khde nhu ngudi Au, ngudi Hoa, ngudi lai Au-A. Chinh sdch gido due cua Hd Lan hudng den viec nhdn mgnh su khde biet ve lich sir vd vdn hoa sac toe, cdc yeu to do se bdo ve dgc tinh rieng biet cita tieng nhom hap vdi cdc chinh sdch cai tri khde nhau. Bdi viet tdp trung trinh bdy Chinh sdch "gido due kep " cua Hd Lan doi cong dong ngudi Indonesia bdn dia.
TCr khoa: chinh sdch gido due kep, cong dong bdn dia, Hd Lan, Indonesia Abstract: The "dual education" policy implemented by the Netherlands in the Indonesian colony from the late nineteenth century was a system of education that included an indigenous Indonesian education program and Dutch education for Other communities such as Europeans, Chinese, Eurasians. The Dutch education policy aims to emphasize differences in the history and culture of the race, which will preserve the distinctiveness of each group in response to different policies. The article focuses on the Dutch dual education policy for the indigenous Indonesian community
Key words: Dual education policy, indigenous communities, the Netherlands, Indonesia
Tir diu the ky XVII, Ha Lan da trd phat kien dia ly, ngudi Ha Lan trd thanh thanh mot qudc gia tan tien, giau cd nhd trung gian budn ban giira BIC va Nam Au, phat triin nganh thuang mai. La dat nudc eo giira ehau Au vdi eae luc dia khac Vdi cac dudng bd biSn dai, Ha Lan cd diSu kien true thuong mai hinh thanh va ngay cang thuan lgi eho su phat triSn ciia thuang phat trien, ven bd bien Ha Lan trd thanh nghiep va mau dieh hang hai. Sau cae cuoc giao Id ciia cac true dudng thuang mai hang
„ hai xuyen Dai Tay Duong. Dac biet la true
* Dai hoc Su- pham Hue thuong mai hang hai xuyen luc dia sang cac .,, . , ,. . n-7/nnnio nudc phuongDdng duoc khai mdtirTay Au Nhgn bai ngay: 27/9/2018 . ,' Phdn bien xong 21/10/2018 "^^^ A" ^^ Duong den phuong Dong, trong Chdp nhgn ddng 28/11/2018 do cd Ddng Nam A.
60 NGHIEN cau CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12(219).2018 Hon niJa, tir thg ky XVI - XVII, Ha Lan
da cd nhijng biin ddi Ion ve quan he san xuit, md diu cho sy ra ddi eiia chii nghia tu ban. Ngay tir khi dat chan din khu vyc Ddng Nam A, ngudi Ha Lan da nhan thay vi tri dac biet quan trpng ciia Indonesia, "nai co nhieu cua ngon. vdt la, nhdt Id vdng bgc vd cdc huang lieu quy hiim''\ Sau mpt qua trinh canh tranh quyit liet vdi Bd Dao Nha va Anh bang nhiiu bien phap ngoai giao va vu lye, Ha Lan hoan toan dde chiem, bien Indonesia thanh thudc dia ciia rieng minh. Tuy la nude din sau nhimg Ha Lan da trd thanh ke thong tri Indonesia trong thdi gian dai nhat va de lai nhiiu diu dn nhit trong lich sir phat trien ciia qudc gia nay. Thyc dan Ha Lan khong chi thanh cong trong viec chinh phuc thudc dia ma con kha hieu qua trong qua trinh thyc dan hda thuoc dia cua minh thdng qua cac chinh sach ve kinh te, chinh tri, van hda - xa hdi.
Trong dd, chinh sach giao due, mpt ndi dung ciia chirih sach van hda - xa hpi song cd lien quan rat Idn den sy phat trien kinh te, chinh tri eua thudc dia, ddng thdi ciing duoc coi la phan trpng tam trong ehinh sach cai tri, da cd nhimg dong gdp quan trpng doi vdi thanh cong cua Ha Lan.
Chu truang gido due cua Hd Lan dSi vdi Indonesia
Trong thdi gian cai tri cua Ha Lan, chinh sach giao due phai duoc xay dimg dd dam bao thich ung vdi timg nhdm dSn toe va thich ung vdi vai trd chinh tri ciing nhu
' Trin Khanh, Lich sii Dong Nam A, tap IV, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hoi, Ha Npi, 2012, tr. 17
dia vi kinh te rieng biet ciia timg nhdm khac nhau. Tuy nhien can thay rang, ve ca ban, muc dieh ciia nhihig chinh sach giao due ma Ha Lan thyc hien tai Indonesia khdng nham khai hda van minh cho cac dan tpc tai day, cang khdng phai de phat trien Indonesia.
Mue dich chii yeu eua nen giao due ma chinh quyen thude dja thuc hien tai quan dao nay la nham dao tao dpi ngu tay sai ddng dao phuc vu cho viec khai thac, boc lot va cai tri thupc dia. Ciing vdi cac chinh sach khac trong chuong trinh cai tri thupc dia, chinh sach giao due vdi mue tieu nhu tren nam trong he thdng chinh sach "ehia" va
"tri", nd dam bao cho cac nhdm dan tgc d Indoneisa khdng the hda vao nhau de tao thanh lyc luong gay trd ngai cho loi ich thyc dan ciia chinh quyen Ha Lan. Nhung ket qua ciia nen giao due thyc dan d Indonesia da vupt ra khdi nhirng myc dich ban dau ciia ngudi Ha Lan. Chinh quyen thyc dan dat duac cac muc tieu cua minh nhung ngudi dan Indonesia cung tiep nhan nen giao due do theo each rieng cua minh, tao dyng nen nhirng gia tri rieng cho chinh minh. He qua hai mat ciia chinh sach thyc dan ve giao due da tao nen nhirng sy thay ddi ngoai y muon, ma phong trao dan tdc trong nhirng nam 20 cua the ky XX la mpt bieu hien cu the.
1. Vai net ve tinh hinh giao due cua Indonesia triro'c nam 1S93
Tmdc khi cd sy du nhap nen giao due phuang Tay, giao dye truyen thong 6 Indonesia mang tinh chat tdn giao, chiu sir anh hudng ciia Hindu va Phat giao tir thi ky
^liith sAeh gid^ due. kdp. . 61
V, dupc gpi la Karsyan. Den thi ky XIII, khi Hdi giao xam nhap va cd anh hudng sau rdng tai Indonesia, tir day nen giao due Hdi giao dan thay the cho nen giao due Karsyan. He thdng giao due Hdi giao duoc ngudi ban dja gpi la Pesantren. "He thong gido due nay chi dgy cdc bo mon vi ton gido; day dgc kinh Coran. gidng kinh, ludt Hoi gido Shariat cimg cdc tap tuc. truyen thong Hoi gido khac.
Cdc mon khoa hoc ca bdn, hien nhien khong duac de cap den trong cdc trudng Hoi gido ndy. Mon hoc tieng Ardp duac coi Id cdn thiet, vi bdt ky a ddu trong the gidi dgo Hoi, ngudi ta cUng chi doc kinh vd cdu nguyen bdng ngon ngir ndy"^. Cac lop hpc nay thudng duac td chure ngay chinh trong cae thanh dudng va cac nha nguyen do cac chiic sac tdn giao hoac nhijng ngudi cd hieu biet vB kinh Coran dam trach. Thdi gian hpc ciing tudi tac khdng duac quy dinh mpt each cu the va sau khi tot nghiep chuong trinh hpc, hpc sinh khong duoc cap mot loai bang nao.
Ki tir khi ngudi Ha Lan xuit hien d Indonesia vao nam 1596 din nam 1799, trong khoang 200 nam do (trong thdi ky diu hie la d thi ky XVI - XVIII), Chinh phu Ha Lan trao quyin xam lupc va cai tri Indonesia cho Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan (VOC) va thdng qua VOC nim giu" va bdc lot thupc dia.
Nhung sau khi VOC lam an thua Id va bi giai thi vao nam 1799, Chinh phii Ha Lan mdi tryc tiip nim liy quyin cai tri thudc dia Indonesia. Dudi thdi VOC quan ly, ho chi
tap trung vao muc dich phat trien thuong mai la chinh, rit it quan tam tdi cac boat ddng khac ve van hda - giao dye vi cho rang se tdn kem mdt ngudn kinh phi Idn. Do do, chinh saeh giao due d Indonesia dudi thdi VOC ciing khdng dugc chii trpng, ma chi den thdi cai tri cua Chinh phii Ha Lan mdi duoc thyc thi mdt each cu the.
Nhu vay suot thi ky XVII - XIX, hp chii yiu day cho con em ngudi chau Au, ngudi lai Au - A'' va mdt sd rat nhd con em ngudi ban dia thudc ding cap tren, cdn ngudi dan ban dia thi chua duac chii y. Cac trudng hpc ciia hp thudng dupc xay dyng trong cac khu pho ciia ngudi ehau Au, do chinh quyen dia phuong hay gidi chiic nha thd dao Thien Chiia lap nen.
Tuy nhien, dudi anh budng eiia xu hudng tu do chinh tri, chinh saeh giao due da cd phan mem mdng hem va uu tien hon cho mpi tang lap d Indonesia. Dac biet la vao nam 1871, Thdng doe da ban hanh mdt Nghi dinh giao due, trong do nhan manh den viec xay dyng giao due cdng lap ca d Java va mot sd cac dao khac cua Indonesia. Cung bat dau tir nam 1871, khi dao luat giao dye mdi duac ban hanh, ddi tuong di hpc tai eac trudng tieu hpc kieu Au duoc ndi Idng hon. Cung theo quy dinb mdi nay, viec dao tao giao vien da duoc chii trpng hon trude. De dao tao dpi ngii giao vien ed chat lugng, trong khoang thdi gian tir nam 1873-1879 da ed 6 trudng
^ Trin Thj Vinh (1992), "Giao dye H6i gido va s^r
phdt triSn cr Dong Nam A", Nghien cmi Dong Nam A, s6 4, tr. 55.
Ngucri ban dja ket hon vai nguoi chau Au, chii yiu la ngucri Hd Lan, tang lop nguai nay rk it lam viec cho ngucri Indonesia ma chii yiu lam viec cho chinh quyen thirc dSn.
62 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° l 2(219).20l8
cao ding su pham dugc md ra. Chuong trinh khong ddng ke so vai cdc ddn tgc khac.
dao tao 4 nam va tiing Ha Lan van la ngdn luang ung la tie 5.512 len 16.214 vd lic 223 ngir giang day chinh tai cac trudng nay. Cac len 582. Ocdc ddo ngodi Java vd Madura. s6 mon hpc bao g6m: "mot hodc nhiiu ngon lugng hoc sinh cung tdng len, chua ki ccic nga bdn dia, lich sic. dia ly. sd hoc. vgl ly. ddn toe khde, tic 11,276 len 18.694 vd sS nong nghiep, trdc dia. my ihudt, gido due, dm lugng gido vien tic 188 len 659 gido vien nhac vd the due'"
Theo Nghi djnh nam 1871, "so lugng truang tiiu hgc cong lap dugc ma rgng- Irong Java vd Madura lic 82 vdo ndm 1873 len 193 ndm 1883. vd trong lat cd cdc hon ddo khac tu 117 len 284. So lugng hgc sinh vd dgi ngU gidng vien a Java vd Madura tdng
Bang 1: S3 luang ddo tgo gido vien igi trudng cao diing supham trong citng khodng thai gian" . Tuy nhien \"i chuong trinh dao tao khd va \'icc hpc bang ngdn ngQ Ha Lan nen con so tot nghiep rai khiem ton. Bang dudi day cho thay sd lupng sinh vien tdt nghiep la nhd hon nhieu so vai sd lugng sinh vien tning tuyen:
Thoi gian 1873-1877 1878-1882 1883-1887 1888-1892 1893-1897 1898-1899
Tong so ngu'oi hoc
249 655 590 393 364 105
So lu'OTlg tot nghiep
49 228 156 218 176 80
Ngudn: Ciristiaan Lambert Maria Fenders (1968), Colonial education Policy and practice in Indonesia. 1900 -1942, Ph.D Thesis, Australian National Universily. p. 29.
2. Chinh sach giao due cua Ha Lan doi ngudi Indonesia ban dja, ciing la cpng dong voi cong dong nguoi Indonesia ban dja
Nhu tren da ndi, chinh quyen Ha Lan khong nhung dimg chinh sach giao due di cbia re cpng dong ngudi Indonesia, ngudi Hoa vdi tang Idp ngudi lai Au-A ma hp con lgi dung chinh sach nay d i phan hda ndi bd
chiem da sd dan trong ca nudc. He thong
"giao due kep" hay cdn dugc goi la "giao due nhi nguyen", tue la Ha Lan duy tri hai he thong giao due tdn tai song hanh vdi nhau giira giao dye ban dia vdi giao due theo dinh hudng Ha Lan. "Trudng bdn dia dugc tien
Christiaan Lambert Maria Fenders (1968), Colonial education policy and practice in Indonesia- 1900 -1942, Australian National university, Brisbane, p. 23-24.
^ Agus Suwignyo (2012), The Breach in the Dike:
Regime change and the standardization of public primary-school teacher Irainmgin Indonesia (1893-
1969). Universiteit Leiden, p. 52.
^iiith saeii giaa due. Uep. ... 63
hdnh vai tieng dia phuang la ngon ngu: gidng dgy vd cdc truang hoc theo dinh huang Hd Lan duac van hdnh vdi tiing Hd Lan lam ngon ngU de gidng dgy"^. Mue tieu ciia chinh sach "giao due kep" nay trude hit nhim vao viec khac sau them sy phan hda giai cip, vdn la mdt dac tnmg da tdn tai nhiiu thi ky trong cau tnic xa hpi phong kien truyen thdng Indonesia. Thdng qua he thdng "giao due kep", ngudi Ha Lan cdn bao dam dugc loi ich thyc dan ciia minh: mpt mat ldi keo sy iing hd cua gidi quy tdc Indonesia, mat khac tiep tuc kim ham sy phat trien ca ve tri thiic lan kha nang kinh te ciia nhung ngudi thudc tang Idp dudi, tir dd ngan chan sy "thirc tinh"
ve chinh tri eiia lye lugng xa hdi nay.
2.1. Chuang trinh gido due danh cho tang l&p nong dan Indonesia
Da sd ngudi Indonesia song d ndng thdn va gan bd chat che vdi nghe trong Iiia va danh bat ca. Ngudi Indonesia ddng thdi ciing la nhung ngudi theo Hdi giao, sdng theo nhimg quy tac va chuan myc ciia tdn giao nay. Cac Idp hpc Kinh Koran da ton tai tir rat lau trude khi ngudi Ha Lan dat chan den day, la nen tang eiia giao dye tdn giao, cung la nen tang cua giao due the tuc ciia ngudi Indonesia ve sau. Dudi chinh sach cai tri ciia thyc dan Ha Lan, rat it ndng dan Indonesia ed CO hdi dugc tiep xuc vdi nhiing bac hpc cao hon tieu hpc d cac lang xa. Sd dT nhu vay la vi ngay tir diu, cac nha cai tri thude dia da y thurc ring nhimg ndng dan Indonesia khi
dugc giao due cao qua se cd the dan tdi mpt sy thire tinh chinh tr; gay bat loi cho nhirng Igi ich thyc dan cua minh. Do dd, chinh sach giao due danh cho tang Idp ndng dan Indonesia trong sudt thdi ky thupc dia hudng tdi viee binb thanh mdt sy kiem soat xa hpi nham muc dich kim ham hp d vi tri xa hdi hien tai. Dd eiing chinh la dac diem ndi bat cua he thdng giao due danh eho tang lop ndng dan Indonesia thien ve ndng thon va duy tri nhimg dac tinh nong thdn. Tuy nhien, sau nam 1901, vdi viec ban hanh Dudng loi mdi hay "Chinh sach dao diic"^, chinh quyen Ha Lan da thyc sy chii trpng den bd phan ngudi ndng dan, lan lupt ban hanh cac chinh saeh giao due de dap iing nguyen vpng ciia nhan dan trong viec den trudng, tiep can cac cap hpc cao hon tieu hpe, day la net mdi trong chinh sach giao dye so vdi thdi gian trude.
Trude eudc cai each giao due nam 1893, vao nhimg nam 1860 - 1880, Chinh phii Ha Lan da nd lyc gidi thieu den ngudi dan Indonesia nen giao due phuang Tay. Nhmig ket qua da that bai bdi vi chuong trinh nay qua phuc tap ddi vdi ngudi ndng dan nen so lugng hpc sinh den trudng ngay cang it. Day chinh la co sd de chinh quyen Ha Lan thyc hien cupc eai each giao dye vao nam 1893, hinh thanh hai he thdng giao due danh rieng cho timg tang lap trong co cau xa hpi thudc dia Indonesia. Dya tren nen tang cua nhirng
* Soewandi Ronodidjojo, A Study of occupational education in Indonesia, India University, Inc, 1968, p. 29.
"Chinh sdch dao dure" (Ethical policy) chi la each nhin nhan cua chinh quy8n thuc dan chCr khong phai ciia nguai ban xu. Vi sir thay dSi nay nham mtic dich chuan hoa he thdng giao due, tir do hp mong mufln truyin bd ngon ngfl-, vSn hoa Ha Lan 6 thupc dia Indonesia.
64 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12|219).2018
lop hoc Kinh Koran hk siic pho bijn tai day, Ngoai ra, nhiing kifa thiic co ban vS nong nam 1893, chinh quyto thuoc dia da xay nghiep cung duoc chinh quyen thuoc dja chu dung truong hang Hai (Tweede Klasse y dSn, chjng han nhu trang bi cho nong d Scholen) "di day kiin thirc ca ban cho con
em cdc tang lap khac nhau, chu yiu la cho ddn ngheo nong thon va thdnh tM' . O day, chuong trinh giao due chi han chd trong 3 nam ciia he tiSu hoc, trong d6 giao due ton giao dugc tach ra khoi cac mon hoc kiin thiic
nhiing hiJu biet nhit dinh ve dia ly 6 quSn dao, ky thuat gieo trong, cham soc cay trSng, danh bit,... Cac hoat dong lao dpng chan tay khac nhu ky thuat lam vuon, lam cac san phim thii cong cung dugc nhan manh trong chucmg trinh hpc nham ho trg cho nguoi dSn va dupc giang day bing tiing Malay hoac co them nhieu nganh nghe.
tiSng dia phuong. Rieng d6i voi cac dao nhu Gi6ng nhu cac trudng hang Nhit (Eerste Java, Surakarta, Sundan, Bandung, Klasse Scholen) danh cho ting lop quy toe, Madurese, Sumenep, Malakka va quin dao quan lai (Priyayi) g thoi ky dau, van de ciia Riau, ngon ngii giang day bit bupc la tifing cac truong ban dia van la s6 lugng nguoi Malay. Dp tu6i di hoc o cip tiSu hpc dugc tham gia. Di khuyin khich ngucri hpc, chinh Chinh phii thuoc dia quy dinh la tu 6 din 17 quyen thupc dia da thuc hien chinh sach tail. Npi dung giang day doi hoi phai tuan mien giam hpc phi theo so lugng nguoi hoc thii theo diing muc tieu ciia chinh sach. Diiu trong mpt gia dinh va dugc ho trp cung cap do CO nghia la kiin thiic dugc cung cap chi sach vo, do dung hpc tap. Bang duoi day cho cin dii di nong dan Indonesia biit dpc, biit thay miic hpc phi ciia trudng tieu hpc hang viit va biit lam s6 hgc mpt each co ban nhat Hai dugc quy dinh nhu sau:
Bang 2: Hgc phi tai cdc tru'&ng tieu hoc cong lap hang Hai Nam
1 2 3
Hoc phi cho moi hpc sinh moi thang Diia con thii-
nhdt Fl. 0.50 Fl. 0.25 Fl.0.10
Dii-a con thir hai Fl. 0.75 Fl. 0.35 Fl. 0.15
Nhiiu han hai dita Fl.0.10 Fl. 0.08 Fl. 0.05
Nguon: Agus Suwignyo, The breach in the dike : regime change and the standardization of publicprimaryschool teacher training in Indonesia, 1893-1969, Leiden Universily, p. 55-56.
Mac du truong hang Hai dugc thanh ngay mpt gia tang. Di giai quyet tinh trang lap nhung rit it truimg dugc thanh lap tai cac nay, chinh quyin Ha Lan da thanh lap trudng viing nong thon, trong khi do s6 lugng dan s6 Lang - Desa school (Volk school) vao nam ',—^ 1907. "Tru&ng Desa la giao due phd bien
Tran Khanh, L/c/i su Dong Nam A, tap IV, Nxb . ' , , ._ , n Khoa hQc xa hoi. Ha Noi, 2012, ff. 247. ' <?fCc thiet ke cho cong chung Truang Desa
^tinh S-deh gxdt)-due. kdp. ... 65
cung cdp mgt chuang trinh gido due ba ndm hpc. Vdi viec md them trudng Lang, sd Tieng dia phuang Id ngdn ngU gidng dgy"^ lirpng ngudi biet chu tang len mgt each dang Ciing gidng nhu trudng hang Hai, trudng kk, tu 71.339 ngudi nam 1910 len din Lang ciing day cae mdn nhu dpc, vik va sd 296.882 ca nam va ntr nam 1918.
Bang 3: So twang trirdng Lang va hgc sinh tir nam 1910 din nam 1918 Nam
1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918
So lifffng tru'tmg 1.161 1.740 2.531 2.948 3.521 3.696 4.006 4.185 4.473
So lu'Ong hoc sinh Nam sinh
66.125 99.757 157.048 187.046 223.450 242.436 269.458 274.113 270.551
Nil sinh 5.114 7.295 9.917 12.670 15.965 18.619 24.413 25.403 26.331 Ngudn: Christiaan Lambert Maria Tenders (1968), Colonial education policy and practice in Indonesia: 1900-1942, Ph D Thesis, Australian National Universily, p. 100.
Sau dd, chinh quyen thupe dia tiep tuc Nhu vay, phan Idn ngudi ban dja thupc cho thanh lap cac trudng dao tao giao vien tang lap dudi va binh dan chi dupc gidi ban cho cac trudng nay (tucmg duong vdi loai trong he thdng giao due tiiu hpc d mpt sd hinh trudng cao dang su pham), chinh quyen thanh phd va d cac lang xa ma thoi. Hon nira, thupe dia da thanh lap trudng Opieiding voor con em cua bd phan nay sau khi hoan thanh Volksschool Onderwijzers (OVO) va trudng chuang trinh hpc 3 nam d cac trudng nay Normaalschool. Ca hai trudng deu cd chuong ciing chi dupc cimg c^p mdt n6n giao due so trinh dao tao keo dai trong 2 nam va cd dang vdi npi dung chinh xoay quanh hpc dpc, chung chuong trinh hpc, nhung khac nhau d ndi va s6 hpc. D6n nam 1915, chinh quyin chd tnrdng Normaalschool se cd day tieng thudc dia cdn thiet lap them trudng Chuybn Ha Lan, cdn trudng OVO ehi giang day bang tiip (Vervolgschool) nhimg vl co ban cae tieng Malay hoae tieng dia phuong. mon hpc ciing tuong ty nhu trudng Lang.
Ngudi ban dia Indonesia nlu mudn tiip can nhijng bae giao due cao hon cua nin giao
^ Soewandi Ronodidjojo, A Study of occupational duc Ha Lan va mudn thang tien tren con
education in Indonesia, India University, Inc, 1968, p. 35.
66 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12(219).2018
dudng "cdng danh" nhu tdng idp quy tpc, thi sau khi hoan thanh 3 nam hpc d trudng hang Hai hoac trudng Lang phai trai qua khda dao tao 5 nam d trudng Lien ket (Schakelschools) thanh lap nam 1921. Gpi la trudng Lien ket bdi vi "trudng ndy dugc ihiel ke de nhdm thu hep khodng cdch giira gido due lieu hoc bdn dia vdi chuang trinh gido duc iheo dinh hu&ng cita Hd Lan di co ihe md dudng gido due bdc cao cho nhieu hoc sinh hdn dia" .
Nhan thiy co hdi thang tien cua minh xk han chi khi chi dupc hpc tai trudng ban dia da khien cho rat nhieu ngudi Indonesia khong mdy hy vpng vao cac tmdng hang Hai hay trudng Lang niia, tham chi nhieu ngudi trong so hp nay sinh tam ly bat man khi bi ngan can tiep can vdi nen giao due Ha Lan.
Thyc te la nhu cau ngay cang eao eiia xa hdi bao gom ca nhimg cong viec trong cac ca quan hanh chinh ciia chinh quyen thude dia va cac cdng ty, cac hang kinh doanh ciia ngudi chau Au chi hudng tdi nhirng ddi tupng dupc dao tao bdi nen giao due Ha Lan hay it nhat cung la ngudi cd kha nang sit dung tieng Ha Lan. Chinh vi vay, nhiiu bac phu huynh Indonesia ngay cang quan tam den nen giao due ciia Ha Lan. Bang chung la ti le tot nghiep tai cac trudng Schakelschools luon tang qua timg nam. Neu trong nam hpc 1925/26 chi co 29 hpc sinh t6t nghiep thi din nam hpc 1930/31 con so da tang len 340 va
nam hpc 1939/40 sd hpc sinh da len den 732 hpe sinh"-
Nhu vay, chinh phu thudc dia da tao diiu kien eho ngudi dan ban dia co ca hoi dupe tiep can giao due bSc cao, day la diSm tien bd hon chinh saeh giao due ciia Anh d6i vdi Malay trong viec ngan can giao due bac cao ddi vdi tang idp ndng dan ban dia. Mac khac, nhiJng ngudi thuc day viec thyc hien
"Chinh sach dao due" da coi lang xa la don bay de cai thien phiic loi xa hpi ciia dan ban xu nen dii trong thdi gian xay ra cupc khung hoang kinh te (193 0-193 6) ehinh phii van chu y den sy phat trien he thdng trudng ban dia, Ngoai ra, ehinh quyen thupc dia con quan tam den giao due day nghe eho ngudi dan ban dia. Sau khi Chinh sach dao diic duac ban hanh, boat ddng hudng nghiep lai duac chinh quyen thudc dja chu trpng hon. Tir nam 1903, chinh quyen thude dia da thanh lap trudng Trung cap ndng nghiep va nam 1907 thanh lap trudng Thu Y.
Nhu ngudi Anh xem van de giao due danh cho ngudi ban dia ''duac dien gic'ii lii phdi trdnh dua ddn chiing ra khoi dong ruong, trdnh Idm xao Iron nep song thuong ngdy nai lang xd hodc Idm cho ddn chimg khong thoa man vai dia vi duac ban tdng. Do do, mot nin gido due co chieu hudng "thien ve nong thon", duy tri "dgc tinh nong
Soewandi Ronodidjojo, A Study of occupational education in Indonesia, India University, Inc, 1968, p. 41.
" Xem them Christiaan Lambert Maria Fenders (1968), Colonial education policy and practice i"
Indonesia: 1900-1942, Ph.D Thesis, Australian National University, p. 137.
^ihilt ideJi g.iAo due Ueft . . . 67
thon" . Day la diem khac biet trong chinh sach giao due ddi vdi Anh d Malaysia, chinh quyen Ha Lan d mdt chimg myc nao do vEn quan tam den tang Idp ndng thdn, nh4t la trong viec phat trien ngudn nhan lyc. Trong thdi ky xay ra cupc khung hoang kinh te (1930-1936), chinh quyen thupe dia van duy tri he thong trudng Lang va trudng Lien ket (Schakelschool). Tinh den nam 1935, so trudng Lang da len den 14 482 trudng va trudng Lien ket da dat con sd 2.452 trudng'^.
Rd rang, chinh sach giao due cua ngudi Ha Lan cang d giai doan sau cang chu trpng den vimg ndng thdn bdi vi cd sy tac dpng ciia nhimg ngudi co tu tudng nhan van nhu C.Th.
Van Deventer muon ''thuoc dia Indonesia trd nen binh ddng han vai Hd Lan" . Nhirng ngudi thyc thi "Chinh sach dao due" ludn chii trpng den viing ndng thon va dac biet la do anh hudng ciia xu hudng tu do chinh tri d Ha Lan da thuc day nhiJng nha cai tri thudc dia ed phan "uu ai" ddi vdi tang Idp ndng dan.
2.2. Chuang trinh gido due danh cho tang !&p quy tgc, quan lai Indonesia (Priyayi)
'^ Ly Tucmg Van (2011), "Chinh sach giao due ciia Anh doi vai cpng dong nguai Malay ban dja (tii nira culi thi ky XIX dan dSu th^ ky XX), Tap chi Nghien cihi Dong Nam A, so 5, tr. 20.
" S6 lieu thing ke dua tren bai bao cua Agus Suwignyo (2013), "The Great Depression and the changing trajectory of public education policy in Indonesia, 1930-42", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, A40),pAl\.
'* Ngo v a n Doanh (2010), "H6i giao va cuoc diu tranh chIng thuc dan 6 Indonexia", Tgp chi Nghien cuu Dong Nam A, s6 6, tr. 14.
Ban dau, chii truang giao due ciia ngudi Ha Lan la thiet lap tai Indonesia mpt nen giao due "chung" giira tang lap quy tpc va nong dan. Tuy nhien, chuong trinh giao due nay da khdng duoc gidi quy tpc Indonesia img hd nen hp da khdng cho eon em ciia minh den hpc d nhiJng trudng nay, do dd ket qua khong duoc nhu chinh quyen Ha Lan mong dpi. Nguyen nhan eua sy that bai nay cd the ly giai tir sy phan doi tir tang Idp quy tpc. Bdi vi "hg cdm thdy nhiing dgc cpiyen co xua cita ho da bi vi phgm khi ho bi Iron Idn vai nhung nguai thuang ddn irong ciing mgt lap hgc" ~ Day chinh la co sd de chinh quyen I la Lan thay ddi chinh sach giao due trong nam 1893, trong do xay dyng trudng hang Nhat, chuyen danh cho con em tang lap quy tpc, quan lai (Prayayi).
Ngay tir liic eai tri duoc thupc dia Indonesia, ngudi Ha Lan da chii trpng den bp phan quan lai, quy tdc ngudi ban dia. Mac khac, tir nhimg nam 20 - 30 ciia the ky XX trd di, chinh quyen thupc dia quan tam ciing CO he thong quyen lyc nganh doe, tire la ngudi Ha Lan mudn quan ly thupc dja Indonesia thdng qua quan chuc ngudi ban dia tryc tiep lam viec. Do dd, ehinh quyen Ha Lan da cd nhieu uu tien tang Idp quy Ipc trong viec tuyen chpn vao bd may diin sy hem la ngudi thudc tang Idp ndng dan. Diiu kien de dupc lam nhan vien trong bp may cai trj thudc dja ciia ngudi Ha Lan do la "phdi biSt tieng Hd Lan, dugc ddo lao iheo kiiu Hd Lan
'* Willy Rothrock (1975), The development of Dutch ~ Indonesia primary Schooling- A study in Cononial education. The University of Alberta, p. 47.
68 NGHIEN cau CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12(219).2018
vd tdt nhien phdi trung thdnh vdi Hd Lan"
Cung trong nam 1893, khi xay dyng he thdng giao due kep, ngudi Ha Lan eiing phan loai trudng hpe rieng biet danh cho t4ng lap quy tdc, dd la trudng hang Hai. Trude nam 1914, khi chua cd sy ehuyen doi sang trudng Hollands Inlandse Schools (HIS), chuong trinh dao tao vl co ban van chua hoan toan theo khung dao tao eua phuang Tay. Tuy
nhien den nam 1914, khi chinh quyen Ha Lan ra s5c lenh chuyen ddi trudng hang Hai thanh trudng HIS thi loai trudng nay dupc dao tao theo md hinh phuong Tay. Cae mon hoc dupe giang day deu gidng nhu trudng tiiu hpc chau Au Europeese Lagere School (ELS), trong dd mdn tieng Ha Lan duoc day nhieu nhat so vdi tieng ban dia va tiing Malay.
Bang 4: Ti le cdc tiet hgc ngon ngir tai tru&ng HIS vao nam 1915 Dan vi tmh:!
Lop
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
So gio hoc cac lop day ngon ngir moi tuan
Tieng Ha Lan 8,25 12 10,50
10,5 10,50
12 14,25
Tiing dia phuang 4,50
6 6 5,25 4,50 3 0,75
Tiing Malay
- - -
2,25 2,25 1,50 0,75
Tong so gi& hoc moi tuan
18 27 27 27 27 27 27
Tong phan tram cac Idp hoc ngon ngii' Tat ca cdc ngon ngu
70,8 66,6 61,1 66,6 63,8 61,1 58,3
Tieng Hii Lan 45,8 44,4 38,8 38,8 38,8 44,4 52,7 Ngudn: Agus Suwignyo. The breach in the dike: regime change and the standardization of public primary school teacher training in Indonesia, 1893-1969, Leiden University, p. 67.
Ngay tir dau, bd phan quan lai, quy tdc ban dia da nhin nhan nen giao dye Ha Lan nhu la phuong tien dl eon chau hp co thi dat dupe nhinig vi tri cao hon trong he thdng hanh chinh eiia chinh quyin thudc dia. Mac khac, chinh quyin thupc dia eiing im tien ddi vdi tang lap nay hon t4ng Idp nong dan trong
cac ehinh sach lien quan den hpc bong va mdt sd che dp uu dai khac. Tuy nhien, khong ban chinh quyen Ha Lan deu danh cac vi tri quan trpng cho tang Idp quy tpc Indonesia ma "vdrt CO suphdn biet doi xir ddn tgc trong viec gido due ddo tao vd bo nhiem cong chicc"^^. Theo do, chi cd rat it hpc sinh ban
Tran Khinh (2012), Lich sv i
Nxb Khoa hgc xS hoi, tr. 248. ? Nam A, tap IV, " Trin Khinh (2012), Ljch su- Dong Nam A, tap IV, Nxb Khoa hgc xahOi,tr. 248.
&uuh saeit gJd& due Ut^t'.. 69
dia dupc mien hpc phi, edn lai phai ddng mpt khoan tien rdi mdi duoc vao hpc tai cac trudng ciia Ha Lan, trong khi dd ngudi Ha Lan va ngudi lai A u - A dupc mien phi.
"Han nica. cung co bdng cdp gidng nhau, cung hgc mgt nghe, thdm chi hgc khd gioi, nhicng con dudng thdng tien cua ngudi bdn dia bao gia cung kho han. Them vdo do, con CO su phdn biet sac toe trong viec trd luang.
Ciing mgt logi hinh cong viec, nhung ngudi bdn xu Indonesia phdi chdp nhdn mice luang thdp hem nhieu so vai dong nghiep cua hg la ngudi Hd Lan hay ngudi lai Au A " ' " . Nhu vay, ciing vdi cae ehinh sach khac trong chuang trinh cai tri thupc dia, ehinh sach giao due giiia tang Idp quy tdc va tang Idp nong dan Indonesia va giira ngudi ban dja Indonesia vdi ngudi Ha Lan, ngudi lai Au - A luon nam trong he thong ehinh sach "ehia" va
"tri" trong sudt qua trinh cai tri ciia minh.
Day chinh la nguyen nhan Iam cho sy bat binh ciia tang lop quy tpc quan lai ngay cang tang len khi chu truang Indonesia hoa dpi ngii quan chire bp may thudc dia. Mac dii hdu hit trong sd hp Idn len duoc an hpc trong cae trudng cdng lap, dupc bd nhiem lam quan eai tri va cd quan he kha tdt vdi chinh quyin thyc dan. Chinh hp la bd phan "khdi nguon thdp sdng vd thoi len phong trdo ddn tgc chu nghia la tir cdc ca sa truang hgc do
tdng lap Priyayi lap nen a hoi ddu the ky XX"">-
Ket luan
Chinh sach giao due ciia Ha Lan doi vdi rieng cdng ddng ngudi Indonesia ban dia the hien ro ndi dung chii dao la "bpfp de trj" va ddi vdi cac cdng ddng khae nhu chau Au hay lai Au - A thi mang dam "cbia de trj" vdi muc tieu nham eung ed dia vi chinh tri ciia ngudi Ha Lan. Trong khi danh cho tang Idp quy tdc, quan lai (Priyayi), bp phan ngudi Hoa va ngudi chau Au mpt chuong trinh giao due "tinh hoa" theo md hinh chau Au de dua hp vao cac vi tri thich hpp trong bp may chinh quyen thupc dia, thi ngupc lai ddi vdi tang lop ndng dan Indonesia mpt chuong trinh giao due thien ve nong thdn vdi gia tri rat han che ddi vdi kha nang thang tien xa hpi hoac mudn dupc eo hdi thang tien thi thdi gian cd phan dai hon so vdi chuong trinh dao tao danh cho tang Idp quy tpc. Mac khac, chinh tang Idp quy tdc than Ha Lan nay se giiip chinh quyen Ha Lan trong viee trung hda sy thach thirc ciia tang Idp tri thue cap tien d phia ddi lap va giiip chinh quyin Ha Lan giam bdt ganh nang khi thue cong chuc la ngudi chau Au, ma quan trpng hon la nham thyc hien chinh sach thyc dan mdi, diing ngudi Indonesia tri ngudi Indonesia ma khdng tdn hai den cac loi ich ciia Ha Lan.
1. Dudi ehinh saeh giao due ciia chinh quyin thudc dja, dpi ngii tri thue mdi eiia edng ddng ngudi Indonesia bi ehia ra thanh
" Trin Khanh (2012), Ljch su Dong Nam A, tap IV, Nxb Khoa hpc xS h^i, tr. 248.
Tran Kh^nh (2012), Lich sii Dong Nam A, tap IV, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hoi, tr. 405.
70 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12(219).2Q16
hai phai vdi ranh gidi la sy khac nhau ve nen tang xa hdi: mpt ben thupc tAng Idp quy tdc va ben kia thupc ting Idp ndng dan. Cang ve sau ranh gidi nay ed phan md nhat di, bdi ngudi Ha Lan mudn xay dyng mdt nen giao due th6ng nhat, ddng bd tir thdp din cao.
Trudng Lien kit ra ddi la mdt vi du dien hinh trong viec thu hep khoang each trong chuong trinh giao due ban dia vdi chuang trinh theo djnh hudng ciia Ha Lan va viee bo trudng Hang hai vao nam 1930 la nhimg ehinh sach nham xay dung mpt nen giao due theo md hinh phuong Tay. Tuy nhien, vi cd sy phan biet d6i xir dan tpc trong viec giao due, dao tao va bd nhiem quan chiic, nen sd lupng ngudi Indonesia den cac trudng nay la rat thap so vdi dan sd vao thdi diem do.
2. Cho dii xuat phat khdng phai tir thien y nhung nen giao due thyc dan la mpt nen giao due hien dai. Thdng qua viec ban hanh cac chinh sach giao dye tai dat nudc nay da cd nhieu tac ddng ddi vdi thuoc dia Indonesia. Neu so sanh vdi giao due thdi ky phong kien eua Indonesia trude kia thi nen giao due thudc dja dua den nhiing ket qua vupt bac. Dudi cac trieu dai phong kien bi chi phoi bdi yeu td nhu tdn giao, dang cap, sy khac biet ve ngon ngir, tpc ngudi, van hda, phong tuc tap quan, bi ehia cat ve lanh thd.
Giao due cua ngudi Ha Lan da xoa bd dupc rao can ve ngdn ngii, ton giao, diiu hda dugc mdt phan nao dd nhimg ranh gidi khae nhau ve nen tang xa hpi. Day dupc xem la mdt
"cupc each mang hoa ddi song tri thiic" d Indoneisa.
Tai lieu tham khao 1. Trdn Khanh, Lich su Dong Nam A, tap IV, Nxb Khoa hpe xa hdi, Ha Npi, 2012.
2. Trdn Thj Vinh (1992), "Giao due H6i giao va sy phat trien d Ddng Nam A", Nghien cicu Dong Nam A, sd 4, trang 54 - 64.
3. Christiaan Lambert Maria Fenders (1968), Colonial education policy and practice in Indonesia: 1900 1942, Australian National University.
4. Agus Suwignyo (2012), The Breach in the Dike: Regime change and ihe standardization of public primary-school teacher trainingin Indonesia (1893-1969), Universiteit Leiden.
5. Soewandi Ronodidjojo (1968), A Study of occupational education in Indonesia, India University, Inc.
6. Ly Tudng Van (2011), "Chinh sach giao due cua Anh ddi vdi cdng dong ngirdi Malay ban dia (tir nira cudi the ky XIX den d4u thi ky XX), Tgp chi Nghien cuu Dong Nam A, sd 5, trang 11 - 23.
7. Agus Suwignyo (2013), The Great Depression and the changing trajectory of public education policy in Indonesia, 1930- 42, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 44(3).
8. Ngd Van Doanh (2010), "H6i giao va eudc d4u tranh chdng thyc dan d Indonexia", Tap chi Nghien cihi Dong Nam A, so 6, trang 14-22.