Tir duy hoc - Mot gioi thieu dan nhap
To Duy Hdp'"'
T d m t a t : Tu duy hpe (Thinking Studies) Id mgt bg mon hgc thuat (ly luan vd khoa hpe) rdt mdi me d tdm quoc gia vd cd quoc ti', diia trin 2 nen tdng la Triet hoc Td duy (Thinking Philosophy) vd Khoa hpe TU duy (Thinking Science), thUc hien cd 3 chiic ndng: nghien cdu, ddo tp.o, vd dng dung. Tu duy hoc co the dUdc quan mem bao gom 3 bp phan hdp thdnh sau: 1/ Tu duy hgc chuyen biet (Specialized Thinking Studies); 21 TU duy hoc dai cUdng (General Thinking Studies); vd 3/ Cd sdTU duy hpe dUdng dg.i (Foundation of Contemporary Thinking Studies).
Tfl khoa: Tu duy hoc, Tu duy hoc chuyen bidt, Tu duy hoc dai cUdng, Tu duy hoc dUdng dai
I. TU duy hoc chuy6n bi£t
Tu duy hoc chuydn biet di sau vao cac chii de/va'n d l chuyen bidt ve Tu duy nbu: Tu duy khoa bpc, Tu duy ky thuat, Tu duy he thdng, Tu duy sang tao, Tu duy kinh te, Tu duy chinh tri,v.v... Cho den nay, da cd nhieu cdng trinh nghien cflu v l Tu duy hoc chuydn biet, tieu bieu la nhflng cdng trinh sau day:
Helga Nowotny, Peter Scott, Michael Gibbons (2009), Tu duy lai Khoa hoc. Tri thUc vd Cong chung trong Ky nguyen bdt dinh (Re-Thinking Science. Knowledge and the Public in an Age of Uncertainty, Polity Press Ltd.
Cambridge, UK, 2002), NgUdi dich:
Dang Xuan Lang & Le Qudc Quynh, Nxb. Tri Thflc, Ha Ndi.
'•' GS TS. Giam doc Trung tam Khoa hoc Tit diiy (CTS), Lien liiep cac Hoi Khoa hoc va Ky thuat Viet Nam (VUSTA).
- J a m s h i d Gharajdaghi (2005), Tii duy hi thdng. Qudn ly kon dgn vd phdc hdp. Mpt cd sd cho thiit ki' kie'n true kinh doanh (Systems Thinking.
Managing Chaos and Complexity. A Platform for Designing Business Architecture, Butterworth - Heinemann.
Boston Oxford Auckland, Johannesburg Melbourne New Delhi, 1999), NgUdi dich: Chu Tien Anh, Nxb. Khoa hpe xa hdi. Ha Ndi.
- N h i l u tae gia. Rowan Gibson (bien tap) (2006), Tu duy lai tUdng lai (Rethinking the Future, Nicholas Brealcy Publishing, London & Boston, 1998)-, Ngudi dich: Vu T i l n Phiic, DUdng Thuy, Phi Hoanh, Nxb. Tre & Thdi bao kinh te s a i gdn.
- Nguydn Trpng K h a n h (2011), Phdt triin ndng lUc vd TU duy ky thudt, Nxb.
Dsii hoc sU pham. Ha Ndi.
Tu duy hoc...
- Nhieu tae gia (2012), Tu duy sdng tgxi vd Phucfng phdp nghien ciiu khoa hgc, Nxb. Tri Thflc, H a Ndi.
The 5 Elements of Effective Thinking, Copyright 2012 by B. Burger and Michael Starbird, Ban dich sang tieng Viet: 5 nhdn tdphdt trien Tu duy hieu qud^'\ 2014, NgUdi dich: Minh Hien, Nxb. Lao ddng. Ha Ndi.
II. TU duy hoc fiat cuong
Tu duy hoc dai cUdng tap t r u n g vao nhflng chu dl/van de tdng quat v l Tu duy nhU; cac dac didm chung ciia Tu duy, ban cha't va nhflng t i n h quy luat chung ciia Tu duy, du bao xu budng ta't yeu cua Tu duy trong tUcJng lai,v.v...
Trong triet hoc va khoa hoc hidn dai da cd mdt so' cdng trinli nghien cflu Tu duy hoc dai CUdng, vdi cae chu d l sau:
1. Luan bdn ve Phuang phdp tu duy
Tidu bieu trong so' nay la: John Dewey (2013), Cdch ta nghi (How We Think, 1909), Vu Dflc Anh dich, Nxb.
Tri Thflc, Ha Ndi. Khi Tu duy ddi dien vdi cac n a n d l (dUdc t h e hien diidi dang ddi/bdp khai niem hay song de ly thuyet, n h u Tdm ly hoac/vd Luan ly, Quy nap hoac/vd Dien dich, Phdn tich hoac/vd Tong hdp, Suy nghi cit the hoac/vd Suy nghi trUu tUdng, Suy luan kinh nghiim hoac/vd Suy luan khoa hgc, Cdi vo thUc hoac/vd Cdi hUu thdc, Qud trinh hoac/vd Sdn phdm, Cdi d xa hogc/vd Cdi gdn ke,... thi se cd n h i l u phUdng thflc tUdng ddl hdp iy de tim
'*' 'Element" nen dich la "Yeu to* tin chinh xac va chat che hdn. Ngitdi dich da them cum tit 'Phdt (n^W" khong co trong nguyen ban lieng Anh; nhu the da thu hep pham vi vfi'n de cua cuon sach, bao g6m da chieu canh va da cfi'p do cua Tu duy hieu qua
bieu va hda giai t i n h t r a n g nan de dd.
Tuy nhien theo quan d i l m cua John Dewey thi ly tfldng cua sU lua chpn hdp ly khdng phai la t h a i dp ciic doan, thai qua ma la sU cdn bdng hay hdi hoa giUa cdc ve'doi lap lam nen mdi quan he mau t h u i n , thd'ng n h a t bien chflng. Thiic ra, ly tudng khdng phai la sU lua chpn thiic t e va cung khdng phai la sU lUa chpn duy nha't! Vi vay, Quan diem cua J.
Dewey chi la mdt trong nhflng each lUa chpn hdp ly ma thdi!
2. Du bdo ve nhiing .dac diem mdi cua Tu duy trong tUdng lai
Trong cac nghien cflu ve chu d l nay, tieu bieu la:
- Naisbitt (2009), Ldi Tu duy cua tUcfng lai (Mind Sets! Reset your Thinking and see the future, Published by arrangement between John Naisbitt c/o Levin Greenberg Literary Agency, Inc, and Alpbabooks, All Rights Reserved, 2006), Hdng Le dich, Nxb.
Lao ddng - Xa hdi. Ha Ndi. Theo tae gia, cd 11 ldi t u duy mdi: 1/ N h i l u dieu thay ddi nhung da p b a n mpi thfl v i n gifl nguydn; 2/ TUdng lai dupc gdi trong hien tai; 3/ Tap t r u n g vao ket qua; 4/ Hieu dUdc sflc m a n h cua viec tao ra ldl di rieng; 5/ Nhin tUdng lai nhU mdt bflc t r a n h xIp hinh; 6/ Diftig di trUdc dam ddng qua xa; 7/ Thay ddi phai g i n lien vdi ldi ich tbUc t i l n ; 8/ Nhflng dilu chung ta hy vpng xay r a ludn dien ra cham hdn; 9/ Cach khai tbac cd hdi, chfl khdng phai each giai quydt khd khan quyet dinh t h a n h cdng cua ban; 10/
Dflng cdng neu cbUa trfl; 11/ Yeu to' khdng the bd qua: Tinh sinh thai cua Cdng nghd. Theo tae gia, "Chi it ngUdi ta phai ddl m a t vdi mdu thudn giUa tri tue vd tdm hon, bdng chUng khoa hoc vd
12 Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa h6i, so 9.2015 tin ngUdng tdn gido sau s i c . d e n vay.
NhUng ta't ca chung t a d i u bi thaeh thflc phai tim r a sU cdn bdng giUa phdt trien vd dn dinh, giUa tham vpng vd thiin dinh, giSa da dang cdng nghi cao vd khan hiem giao tiep kinh te... nhflng gi chung ta c i n de tao nen cuoc sd'ng.
Chung ta thudng quan tam tdi vat cha't va quen di viec nudi dUdng tam hdn" (J.
Naisbitt, 2009, tr.307).
- Howard Gardner (2014), Thay ddi Tu duy: Nghe thuat vd Khoa hpe thay dot Tu duy cua bdn thdn vd nhOng ngudi khac (Changing Minds: the art and science of changing our own and other peoples Minds, Copyright 2004, Howard Gardner, Published by arrangement with Harvard Business Review Press), NgUdi dich: Vg Kilu Linh, Nxb. Khoa hpe xa hdi DT BOOKS, Ha Npi. Howard Gardner quan nidm, "Nd'u mud'n la'p d l y mpi chd ngdi trong khan phdng thay dd'i t u duy, thi se cd bang tram ciia vao: cu th^ la tdi da xac dinh 6 pham trfl, s i p xep theo hinh kim t u thap'*'; 4 loai ndi dung y tudng (tfl khai niem cho de'n ly thuyet)'"'; it nha't 8 hinh thflc t h i hien (thdng qua 8 dang thdng minh)''"'; va 7 ddn b i y khac nhau d i n d i t hoac ngan can sii thay dd'i (ly luan'""', nghien cflu, sflc cdng '•' Noi dung 6 pham t n i nAy duoc the hien qua cac chUdng til 4 den 9.
' " ' Bon loai noi dung y tUcIng la: Khai niem; Cau chuyen; LJ thuyfi't; Ky nang.
' " ' 8 dang thong minh (InteUigence) la: Dang thong minh ve ngon ngii; Dang thdng minh ve logic toan hoc; Dang thong minh v l am nhgc;
Dang th6ng minh ve khong gian; Dang thaiig minh ve van dong cd the; Dang thong minh v l tU nhien; Dang thong minh ca nhan; Dsing thong minh hifn sinh.
' T h u i t ngQ "Ly luan" is day dUdc dich ra tut thuat ngfl "Reason" se c6 the gay ra nham llin cac cS'p dg tu duy; vi "Theory" thucfng ciing dUdc dich \k "Ly luan" hay "Ly thuyet" (hay "Thuyet"),
hudng, tai d i i n giai, ngudn lUc va p h l n thudng, nhiing bidn cd' t r e n t h e gidi, va sU p h a n khang***)" (H. Gardner, 2014, tr. 125-126). "Vdi quan diem td'ng quat v l thay ddi tU duy nay lam n i n tang, tdi xin chat lpc mpt sd va'n d l then chd't.
Day cd thd la d a n h muc kiem tra khi chflng t a xem xet ve vide thay dd'i tU duy: 1/ Npi dung hien tai va npi dung mong mud'n; 2/ So' Ifldng ddl tUdng; 3/
Loai ddl tUdng; 4/ Thay ddi true tilp hoac gian tiep; 5/ Cac ddn b i y tao thay ddi va d i l m quyet dinh; 6/ Khia canh dao dflc" (H. Gardner, 2014, tr.357-361).
- Howard G a r d n e r (2012), Ndm Tu duy cho Tuang lai (Five Minds for the Future, Copyright 2007, Howard Gardner, Published by arrangement with Harvard Business Review Press), NgUdi dich: Dang Nguyen Hieu Trung
& Td Tudng Q u : ^ h , Nxb. Tre DT BOOKS, Ha Ndi. TU duy nguyin tdc (The disciplined mind)'-"^ lam chu it nha't mdt each suy nghi - dd la m^t phUdng thflc n h a n thflc dac biet tieu b i l u cho mdt mdn nghien cflu, mot nghe t h u cdng hay mpt cdng vide chuydn mdn.
N h i l u nghien cflu k h i n g dinh rang phai ma't de'n 10 n a m d l thdng thao mdt linb vuc... N l u khdng thdng thao h it nha't mil Theory va Reason la nhflng nfing lUc khJic nhau: Reason chi ddn gian \k L^ip lu$n (nhU la lufln ket, bao gom suy lufln, hay quy nap, hay loai suy hogc la lufln chflng, bao gom chflng minh hay bac b^), con Ly lufln (hay Ly thuyS't) Ifl hS thd'ng khai niem, p h a n dinh vli he thong l^p lu^n nhflm lam sang to ban cha't, tinh quy luflt cua doi tUflng nha't dinh. Do do, b day "Reason" nen dich 111 "Lflp lufln" ("Lufln ket" holic "Lufln chutng^ thi s a t nghia hdn.
"'' Cac thuflt ngfl ti^ng Anh tfldng ijfng \k: Reason, Research, Resonance, Representational Redescriptions, Resources and Reward, Real World Events, Resistances.
' " ' Thuflt ngfl "The disciplined Mind" nen dich U ' T u duy chuyen mon".
TIT duy hoc... 13 mdt linh vuc thi ca n h a n dd phai mang
so p h a n la h a n h ddng theo sU chi dao cua ngudi khac. Tu duy tdng hdp (The synthesizing mind) lay thdng tin tfl nhflng nguon khac biet, n i m b i t va d a n h gia thdng tin dd mpt each khach quan, va t a p bdp chung theo nhflng each cd y nghia ca vdi ngUdi td'ng hdp va nhflng ngudi khac... Diia tren nguyen t i c va tdng hdp, TV duy sdng tao (The creating mind) dUa ra sang kiln, d l r a nhflng y tudng mdi, dat r a nhflng cau hdi khac vdi thdng thudng, khdi gdi len nhflng each suy nghi mdi me, d i n ddn nhflng cau t r a ldi n a m ngoai du kiln...
Nhan thflc dUdc r i n g ngay nay ngUdi t a khdng the tron mai trong vd d'c cua minh hay chi t r e n l a n h thd cua minh nfla, Tu duy tdn trpng (The respectful mind) ghi n h a n va chao ddn nhflng khac bidt gifla cac ca n h a n va cac nhdm ngudi, CO g i n g de hieu "nhflng ngudi khac" n h i m lam vide vdi hp mot each ed hieu qua... Tidn tdi mdt mflc dp triiu tUdng hdn Tu duy tdn trpng, TU duy dao ddc (The ethical mind) tim hieu ban cha't cdng viec cua mot ngudi, cac nhu cau va k h a t vpng cua xa hpi ma ngUdi dd dang sd'ng. TU duy nay giai thich ngUdi lao ddng cd the phuc vu cho nhflng muc dich ngoai ldi ich ca n h a n n h u t h e nao... (H. Gardner, 2014, t r . l 7 - 19). Nam loai tU duy cd the va se ddng van vdi nhau.
- Daniel H. Pink (2008), Mgt Tuduy hodn todn mdi (A Whole new Mind. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form, This edition published by a r r a n g e m e n t with Reverhead Books, a member of Penguin (USA), Inc. 2005, 2006), Lotus dich, Nxb. Lao (idng - Xa hdi Ha Npi. Daniel H. Pink quan niem.
"Chung ta dang c h u y i n tfl mdt n i n kinh tl" - xa hpi dUdc xay dung dUa tren k h a nang tU duy logic, tuyen tinh, may mde ciia thdi dai thdng tin sang mpt nen kinh te' - xa hdi dUdc xay dung dua tren k h a nang sang tao, ddng cam va nhflng k h a n a n g Idn lao v l sii phat trien ndi tai, chinh la thdi dai Nhan thflc... dd la Thdi dai trdi day cua mdt ldi t u duy va each tiep can cudc song khac - ldl t u duy coi trpng k h a nang "nhan thflc td't" va
"cam t h u cao"" (Daniel H. Pink, 2008, tr. 11-13).
"Nao bp cua chung ta dUdc chia t h a n h 2 ban c l u . Ban c l u nao trai boat ddng nghieng v l suy luan t u y i n tinh, phan tich va logic. Trong khi dd, tinh cha't cua ban c l u nao phai la phi tuyen, tdng quan va cam tinh. NhQng sU khac biet nay thudng khien chung ta ngac nhien. Va ta't nhidn, chung ta phai tan dung k h a nang cua ca 2 ban c l u de giai quyet tfl nhflng vide ddn gian nhat.
NbUng chinh ca'u tao khac biet ciia 2 ban c l u nao da gdi len mdt phep an du tuyet vdi, giup chflng ta tha'u hieu hien tai va dinh hudng tUdng lai cua chinh minh. Ngay nay, nhflng ky nang quan trpng cua Thdi dai trUdc - cac kha nang cua b a n c l u nao t r a i mang lai sflc m a n h cho Thdi dai Thdng tin - v i n c i n t h i i t nhung khdng du. Va cac kha nang cua mot thdi chung ta khdng chfl ^ d i n hay coi la phfl phid'm - k h a nang phat minh, dong cam, tao n i i m vui va y nghla cupc sd'ng cua ban c l u phai - se n g l y cang ddng vai trd quyet dinh tdi t h a n h cdng.
Ngay nay, vdi mdi ca nhan, gia dinh va td chflc, t h a n h cdng trong n g h i nghidp va viec dap flng nhu c l u ca n h a n can mpt t u duy hoan toan mdi" (Daniel H.
Pink, 2008, tr. 13-14). Theo Daniel-H.
Pink, "Nhu vay, mpi thfl cd ve da ro
14 inong nn Khoa hoc x a hpi. s6 9.2015 rang. Thdi dai Nhan thflc dang he rang
va nhflng ngUdi mong mud'n ton tai trong thdi ky dd phai lam chu dUdc nhiing kha nang n h a n thflc td't, cam t h u cao ma tdi da de cap. Tinh hudng dd mang de'n ca trien vpng va nguy cd.
Trien vpng la nhflng cdng viec trong thdi dai n h a n thflc se cue ky dan chu, cdng bang. Ban khdng c i n phai tbid't ke' chiec dien thoai di ddng ddi tiep theo bay k h i m pha ra ngudn nang lUdng thay the' mdi. Se cd vd sd' cdng vide khdng chi danh cho nhflng nha phat minh, nghd si va chu doanh nghiep ma cdn danh cho nhflng n g h i nghiep c i n tri tudng tupng phong phu, tri tue xue cam va kha nang t u duy b i n g nao phai, tfl luat sU, bac si tri lieu massage, giao vien, nha tao m l u tdi ngudi ban hang tai nang. Hdn nfla, nhU tdi da cd' g i n g trinh bay rd rang, nhiing kha nang ma ban se c i n nbU: Thiet ke' - Ke chuydn - Hda hdp - Ddng cam - Giai tri - Tim kid'm y ngbia, ddu la nhflng thudc tinh cd ban cua con ngudi. Dd la nhflng dieu chung ta lam ma kbdng h i y thflc v l ddng cd ben trong cua nd. Nd tdn tai trong ta't ca chung ta va c i n dUdc nudi dudng de phat trieV' (Daniel H. Pink, 2008, tr.3l9).
III. Co s6 tu duy hgc duong da!
Cd sd t u duy hoc dUdng dai bao gdm 2 khung ly thuyet: 1) He quan diem Tu duy phflc hdp; va 2) Ly thuyet khinb - trpng.
1. He quan diem Tu duy phUc hdp Quan diem nay do Edgar Morin tbiet k l va thi cdng, trinh bay trong:
Edgar Morin (2009), Nhdp mon tii duy phUc hop (Introduction d la pensee complexe), Nxb. Tri thflc. Ha Ndi.
Quan diem cua Edgar Morin xua't p h a t tfl cac k h a i niem cd b a n nhfl "Tinh phUc hgp" (Complexite) vk "TU duy phUe hdp" (Pensee Complexe). ., dUa t r e n 3 nguydn ly (hay 3 nguyen tic) n i n t a n g sau:
- Nguyin tdc ddi/hdp logic (Principe dialogique): Mpi ddl tUdng trong tu nhien, xa hpi va tU duy d i u cd ludng t i n h ddi/hdp logic (dialogic), vfla mau t h u i n vfla thd'ng nha't. "Nguyen t i c doi bdp logic cho phep ta duy tri tinh ludng nguyen d gifla long khoi thd'ng nha't. No ket hdp hai vd' vfla bd sung vfla ddl khang nhau" (Edgar Morin, 2009, tr.113).
Nguyin tdc de quy (Principe recursif) hay Nguyin tae de quy to chdc (Principe de recursion organisation):
"Qua t r i n b dd quy la qua trinh ma cac san pham va hidu ting d i u ddng thdi la nguyen n h a n va n h a n t d san sinh nhflng cai da tao nen chflng... ^ tUcing de quy la y tudng doan tuyet vdi y tudng tuye'n tinh mdt chieu theo kieu nban/qua, san p h l m / n h a n to' san sinh, ket ca'u thUdng t i n g , bdi le mpi cai dUdc sinh ra deu quay trd lai cai da sinh ra nd trong mdt chu trinh dich than la tU ca'u t h a n h , t u to chflc va t u san sinh"
(Edgar Morin, 2009, tr.113-114).
- Nguyin tdc todn hinh hay todn do (Principe hologrammatique): "Khdng chi bp p h a n d trong toan the, ma toan the cung d trong bd phan... Y tudng toan hinh vUdt len h a n ca quy gian luan vdn chi nlun n h a n cac bd phan, cung nhU chu toan luan (bolisme) chi nhin nhan cai toan the" (Edgar Morin, 2009, tr.114-115).
Ddl vdi Edgar Morin, 3 nguyen ly nay tao t h a n h mot ca'u tnic "Tam vi nhdt
TIT duy hoe... 15 thi"^\ Ong k h a n g dinh: "Vay y tudng
toan hinh tii ban than nd la mat thiet vdi y tUdng de quy, ma ban than de quy ciing mpt p h l n g i n vdi y tudng ddi/hdp logic" (Edgar Morin, 2009, tr.115).
Tu duy hgc phUc hpp cua Edgar Morin bao gdm 2 t h a n h p h l n cd ban sau:
11 Tri thUc hpe phdc hdp (Epistemologie Complexe), hoan thidn Tri thflc bpc cd dien (Classic Epistemology) b i n g each lien kd't cac bp phan quan trpng nhu: Vat ly hpe ve Tri thUc; Sinh hgc vi Tri thiic; Nhdn hgc vi Tri thlic; Xd hgi hgc vi Tri thUc; Sinh thdi hpe vi Tri thUc.
2/ Tri hpe (Noologie - Noology)'"' vdi t u each la Khoa hgc ve tU tudng (La Science des Idees) da dUdc Edgar Morin xay dung t r e n cd sd he quan diem TU duy phflc hdp (Pensee Complexe) do dng d l xUdng'"*'. Dd la mdn bpc mdi v l td chflc cua t u tudng trong Tri quyen (Noosphere)*""' vdi t u each la mpt quyen trdi len t r e n nen cua Tam ly quyen (Psychosphere) va Xa hdi quyen (Sociosphere), ma 2 q u y l n nay (tflc la Tam quyen va Xa quyen) thi trdi len tfl N h a n quyen (Antbroposphere), cdn Nhan quyen thi trdi len tfl Sinh quyen (Biosphere).
'"' Xem, c h i n g ban: Edgar Morin (2006J, PhiOmg phap 3. Tri thdc ve' Tri thiic. Nhdn hgc ve Tri thlic (La Mesthode 3. La Connaissance de la Connaissance. Anthropologic de la connaissance), Le Dien dich, Nxb. Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, Hfl N6i, tr.196-210.
' " ' Noology c6 the dich sang tieng Vi$t Ifl Tri hoc, hay Tue hoc hay 16 Tri Tue hgc.
<•"' Xem: Edgar Morin (2008), Phumgphdp 4. Tii tudng. Chu Tien Anh dich, Nxb. Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi. Ha Npi.
' • ' " ' Noosphere c6 the dich sang tieng Viet la Tri quyen, hay Tui quyen. hay la TVi Tue quyen.
Tri hgc theo Edgar Morin, tap t r u n g vao 3 Chu di cd bdn sau: Ngdn ngfl; Ly t i n h vdi logic hoc; Tu duy hau ky (Chuan thflc hoc).
Ngon ngU: "... ngdn ngfl la "ta'm ban quay" sinh hoc - n h a n hoc va "ta'm ban quay" n h a n bpc - xa hpi - tri hoc...
Khoa hpe ve ngdn ngfl se trd t h a n h p h a t sang trong mdi quan he mach vdng n h a n hoc - van hda - tri bpc, ban than nd cai vao mach vdng sinh hoc, song vdi d i l u kien nd dUdc soi sang trd lai tfl nhiing mdn ma nd da p h a t sang tdi...
N h u the, toan the ddu chfla dUng trong ngdn ngfl, nhUng b a n t h a n ngdn ngfl lai la mdt bp phan cua kbdi toan t h i ma nd chfla dung. Ngdn ngfl tao nen chflng ta va chiing ta d trong ngdn ngii" (Edgar Morin, 2008, tr.349-350).
Ly tinh vdi logic hgc: "... Logic hoc m a n g thuc cha't t r i hpe lau b i n trong nhflng nguyen t i c va quy t i c cua nd ve t i n h toan... Logic hoc kien lap t r a t t u va quy t i c t i n h toan cho mpi tU duy va mpi hd thd'ng t u tudng..."
(Edgar Morin, 2008, tr.352-353).
"Theo q u a n didm t r i bpc, gifla logic cd dien vdi khoa hoc cd dien cd su tUdng flng ra't hoan hao... Ra't hien nhien la chii trUdng tuyet ddl boa logic bpc - b a n t h e , n b u vay kbdng thd' quan niem dUdc r i n g cai logic hpe cua nd chi p h a n a n h m e n h lenh cua mpt c h u a n thflc, chfl q u y l t kbdng p h a n a n h dUdc t r a t t u cua t h e gidi..." (Edgar Morin, 2008, tr.359-362).
- Tu duy hgu ky (Chudn thdc hpe - Paradigmatologie) trong quan niem ciia Edgar Morin bao gom 2 ndi dung cd ban sau day (Edgar Morin, 2008, tr. 436-499):
16 iDong nn Khoa hoc xa hoi. so 3.2015 + Chudn thlic la vi chda. te b nin
tdng ngdm, vi chuan thflc n i m trong hat nhan va ddng vai trd nen tang cua mpi ly thuyet, hpe t h u y i t , ^ thflc he;
ngay ca logic hoc cung phai chiu sii kiem soat ciia chuan thflc...;
+ Cdi nut Gorden (tflc la Md bong bong), bao gdm cac npi dung cu the nhU:
Nhflng c h u I n thflc "chu"; C h u i n thflc Idn cua phfldng Tay; Nut Gorden;
C b u i n thflc cua khoa hoc cd dien; Khoa hoc - Ky t h u a t - Xa hdi; Ta'm ban quay;
V l cupc each mang chuan thflc; Khung hoang,...
Edgar Morin da dUa ra nhan dinh quan trpng sau: "Chung ta dang phat bieu "bap be" v l mot Chuan thflc hpe va cai C h u i n thflc hoc nay thi chi soi sang dfldc cho tri hpe, logic hpe, ngdn ngfl hpe cflng nhu nhflng khoa hoc xa hpi - n h a n van neu cac mdn do cd the soi sang trd lai cho nd. Nhu vay tflc la ndi r i n g chung ta c i n t h a n h lap mdn tri hpe va phflc hdp hda cac khoa bpc khac sao cho chung cd t b i tien budc b i n g each kd't bdp chat che l l n nhau va cho phep hinh dung rd cai md bdng bong kieu "nut Gorden" la C h u i n thflc" (Edgar Morin, 2008, tr.498).
Ddng gdp cua cac cdng trinh chuyen khao v l Tu duy, dac biet la cua Edgar Morin v l Tu duy phflc hdp, cd y nghia ra't quan trpng, dd la su khdi d i u cua tiln trinh hdp nha't cac khoa hpe v l Tu duy de xay dung mdt khoa hpe thdng nha't v l Tu duy. Tuy nhien, khoa bpc Tu duy phflc hdp hay Tu duy hoc phflc bdp do Edgar Morin de xua't khdng phai la cbuIn thflc (khung m l u ) duy nha't, cung khdng phai la c h u i n thflc d dang ca'p cao nha't. Mdt chuan thflc khac, cd the d
dang c^p cao hdn da dUdc de xua't, se dfldc trinh bay v i n t i t dudi day.
2. Ly thuyet khinh - trong Ly thuyet nay dudc Td Duy Hdp va cdng su xay diing bao gdm 3 t h a n h phan chinh: 1/ Lap Thuyet khinh - trpng (tflc la Cd sd ly thuyet khinh - trpng), 2/
Luan T h u y i t khinh - trpng (tflc la Trien khai ly thuyet khinh trpng), va 3/
Dung Thuyet k b i n b - trpng (tflc la Van dung ly thuyd't k b i n b - trpng trong Tu duy, Nhan thflc va Hoat ddng thuc tiln).
Ca sd ly t h u y e t k h i n h - trong**' bao gdm cac khai niem va dinh di cd ban, cd sd logic khinh trpng (cac nguyen t i c va lUdc do thao tae logic khinh - trong) sau day:
(1) Cdc khdi niem cd bdn, gdm: Cdc khdi niem ddn (Trpng, Khinh); Cdc khdi niim kep (Khinh Trpng, Trpng Khinh); va Cdc khdi niim doi /hdp (Khinh hoac/vk Trpng, hoac Trpng hoac/va Khinh).
(2) Cdc dinh de cd bdn, gdm 4 dinh de cd ban sau: 1/ Mpi ddl tUdng deu co ban tinh khinh - trpng; 2/ Quan be khinh - trpng la quan he cd ban cua cac ddl tUdng va gifla cac ddl tUdng; 3/ Mpi ddl tUdng d i u cd the bien dd'i boac/va khdng bien doi khinh - trpng; 4/ Khach t h e tu nd, Chu t h i t u chu lua chpn khinh - trpng.
(3) Cd sd logic khinh - trpng, bao gom: Nguyen t i c logic khinh - trpng va Ludc do thao tae logic khinh - trpng.
* Nguyen tdc logic khinh - trgng, bao gdm:
'•' Xem c h i n g hgn: To Duy H^p (2012). Khinh - Trong: Ctf sd ly thuy&, Nxb. Thg" gidi, Hfl Noi.
Tu^ d u y hoc... 17
~ Nguyen tdc todn dd khinh • trpng:
P h a n biet hoac/va Khdng P h a n bidt, Dieu chinh hoac/va Khdng Dilu chinh, Thay dd'i hoac/va Khdng Thay ddi khinh - trpng ddl vdi ddi tudng "x" ba't ky.
- Nguyen tdc trgng - khinh gid tri chdn ly: Tinh chan ly cua Tu duy la da tri va khdng nha't t h a n h ba't b i i n do ngUdi t a cd the tii do hoac/va bi b i t budc phai lua chpn khinh - trpng gifla cac gia t r i d d .
* Luac do thao tdc logic khinh - trpng, bao gdm:
- Khung mdu (KM) phdn biit khinh - trpng: (i) K h u n g m l u p b a n biet khinb - trpng t h a i qua (KMi: Trpng x t h a i q u i ; KMg: Trpng I x " t h a i qua), (ii) Khung m l u p h a n bidt k h i n h - trpng cd mflc do vfla phai (KMg: Hon hdp x va ~\x, coi trpng X hdn "Ix; KM^: Hdn hdp ~\x va x, coi trong ")x hdn x).
- Khung mdu khdng phdn Met K - T:
(i) KM5: Hdn hdp, can b i n g ba't phan khinh - trpng gifla x va "jx. (ii) KMg: Nhi nguyen, binh d i n g ba't phan khinh trpng gifla x va "Ix. (iii) ICVI7: Dung hda, ba't p h a n k h i n h - trong gifla x va "jx. (iv) KMg: Dung hdp, ba't phan khinb - trpng gifla X va "l^.
- Phuang thUc (PT) dieu chinh hodc thay ddi khinh - trpng: (i) Phuang thdc diiu chinh khinh - trpng cua mot khung mdu (KMi -> KMV) (PT, = Tang hoac Giam mflc do khinh - trpng; PTa = Md rpng hoac Thu hep pham vi khinh - '*' "Hx" la k^ hi§u tUOng tritng ph6p phu dinh x, doc Ifl Phu dinh x (co the c6 nhi^u loai hinh va mflc do phu dinh khac nhau, nhit Phi x, Bfl't x, Phan X, Vo x; trong tieng Vi^t tfl't ca nhflng dang phu dinh neu tren deu du^c goi chung Ifl "Khong la x" hay "Khong phai Ifl x". Thi du: Neu "x" lii
•Tit duy" thi "Ix" 1^ "Ph» Tit duy". "Phan Tu duy",
"Khong \k Tfl duy", "'Khong phai \k Tu duy".
trpng; PT3 = Tai ca'u true k h u n g m l u khinh - trpng). (ii) PhUdng thiic thay ddi khinh - trpng giUa cdc khung mdu (KMi -^ KMj) (PT, = Thay doi khung m l u khinh - trpng mdt cacb lidn tue hoac gian doan; PT5 = Thay ddi khung m l u khinh - trpng mpt each tuye'n tinh hoac phi tuyen tinh; PTg = Thay dd'i khung m l u k h i n b - trpng mdt each ba't t h u a n nghich hoac t h u a n nghich).
Van dung he quan diem ly thuyd't k h i n h - trpng neu tren vao tnidng hdp Tu duy hoc, t a cd t h e xay dflng Sd do k h u n g t h a o tae T u duy hoc. Doi tuang nghien cOu cua Tu duy hgc Id Tu duy (Tu duy bpc la Hoc Tu duy ndi chung, Khoa hoc Tu duy ndi rieng), khi dd ket cdu cua TU duy hpe theo hUdng tiep can ly thuyit khinh - trpng se bao gdm 3 bd p h a n chinh la:
(1) Khdi lugn ve Tu duy: Dinh ngbia khai nidm "Tu duy"; Tinh trang nan d l Tu duy hoac/va Phi Tu duy.
(2) Tu duy khinh trgng: doi/hdp ca'u t n i c cua Tu duy (ddi/hdp t h a n h to' cua Tu duy; ddi/bdp loai hinh cua Tu duy); ddi/hdp chflc nang cua Tu duy;
dd'i/bdp qua trinh cua Tu duy; ddi/hdp ban cha't cua Tu duy; ddi/hdp phudng phap Tu duy.
(3) LUa chgn trpng - khinh Tu duy:
ddl/Hdp d a n h gia Tu duy; doi/hdp sfl dung Tu duy; dli/hdp dU bao Tu duy;
ddi/hdp k i l n tao Tu duy; ddi/hdp thay ddi Tu duy.
Hy vpng r i n g Chu thuyet khinh - trpng se la ndn tang Tu duy mdi va la kim chi nam cho cdng cudc ddi mdi Tu duy hudng tdi cac gia tri toan n h a n loai:
Chan - Thien - My a