TINH HINH RUONG DAT TONG BACH LAM. HUYEN TRAN YEN QUA Tir LIEU DjA BA GIA LONG 4 (1805)
DAM T i n UYKN TRAN T i n TIIANH XUYKN"
1. Khai q u a t vd tong Bach Lam Dau the' ky XIX, tdng IJach Lam Lhupc huypn Tran Yen, phu Quy 116a, Linh IlQng Hda. Ngay nay, Long Bach Lam thupc huyen Tran Yon, tinh Yen Bai. Theo sach Dgi Nam nhdl thd'ng chi: "iluycn Tran Yen, ddng Lay each nhau 163 dam, nam bac each nhau 56 dam, phia ddng de'n dia gidi huyen Ha Ilda tinh Sdn Tay 14 dam, phia lay den dia gidi chau Van Ban, phia nam den dia gidi huypn Van Chan 16 dam, phia bac de'n dia gidi chau Thu ti'nh Tuyen Ciuang 40 dam. Bach Lam la dat Chau Dang ddi Ly, ten huyen dat iQ ddi Le do thd Lu hp Nguyen Dinh Lhe Lap. Den Lhdi Gia Long v^n giQ Len nhQ vay. Nam Minh Menh thQ 17 mdi dat iQu quan, Lhudc phii (Juy 116a, ddi Lrang lam xa va daL Len Long, lanh 4 Long, 30 xa" (1). Tong Bach Lam niim d Lrung Lam: "huyen ly daL d xa Bach Lam" (2), gdm 11 xa- Bach lAvn, Hiio Gia, ('Qdng Nd, Bai DQdng, lida Quang, Mmh (Juan, Thanh Lidn, Nga Quan, Yon Bai, LQdng Nham, Cd Phuc. Dau the ky XIX,
nen kinh Le' nQde ta chii yeu van la kinh Le ndng nghipp, vi v&y van do rupng dat luon dQdc nha nQdc quan tam hang dau. Nh&
Nguyen ngay sau khi thanh lap da tidn hanh lap sd dia ba trong ca nQdc. Tren cd sd dd, quydn sd hQu td'i cao ciia Nha nQdc ddi vdi van do rupng dat dUdc xac lap mpt each vQng chac. Vi vay, "dia ba la ngudn LU lipu cQc ky phong phu de nghien cQu che dp sd hQu rupng daL, hinh thiii ndng nghiep, ke't cau kinh Le xa hpi, sQ phiin h6a did sd'ng xa hpi va nhidu maL cua ddi sdiig van hda... lich sQ ndng Lhdn VieL Nam" (3).
Tren cd sd LQ lieu dia ba nien dai Gia Long nam LhQ 4 (1805) cua 7 xa Lhupc Long Bach Lam (Bach L^m, Ilao Gia, CQdng N6, Bai DQdng, Hda Quang, Nga Quan, Yen Bai), (4) bai vie't nay Lrinh bay ro hdn vfi tinh hinh rupng dat tdng Bach Lfim, huyen Tran Yen dau the ky XIX.
2. T i n h h i n h r u o n g d a t 2.1. Quy mo vd binh qudn sd hiiu Theo so'heu dia ba Gia Long nam LhQ 'I (1805), dien Lich rupng daL cua Long Bach
I'CjS.'t'S. TrQdng Dai hpc Thai Nguyen ' VN. TrUdng Dai hpc Thai Nguyen
Tinhjiinh njyng dot tdng Bach Lam..
Bang 1: Thdng kc dien tich rupng djil cua tdng Bath Lim
Dim rj tinli: iiniii. Mr T e n x a
Bai Dmmg
N}!j Qudn HIIU Quunj;
Tong
I Tong dien ticb ruong dat
j 45.I.UL9.H 1 11».3.(W.9.0 1 l2-0.(Kl.y.l)
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22.61 3I.S6 5.X9 11.17 3.76 I2.0N 22.-19 58Jtf
Lam la 281 mSu 7 sao 05 thQdc 7 tac. Xa c6 dien tich ldn nhat la xa CQdng Nd vdi 109 mSu 3 sao 09 thudc 9 tac chidm 38,80%
tdng dien Lich rupng dS'L. Xa cd dien Lich ft nhat la xa Yen Bai vdi tdiig sd dien tich rupng dat la 12 mSu 9 tac chic'm 4,26%. S Q chenh lech dien tich rupng dat giQa cac xa cd the do dia hinh d cac xa khac nhau: cd xa d viing nui thap ven sdng Hdng nen dien tich dat phu sa nhidu Lhuan ldi cho viec canh tac ndng nghipp, cd xa d vung nui cao chi canh tac dUdc ven chan nui hoac dQdi thung Iiing... nen dien tich dat canh tiic it, manh mun (Xem bang 1).
Mpt dac diem dang lUu y trong sQ phan bd'rupng dat eua tdng Bach Lam nam 1805 la chi cd tQ dien, khdng c6 LQ thd, cdng Lhd.
Day la diem rieng biet so vdi mpt sd ndi khac Lren khu vQc mien nui phia Bac nhQ Long Thdng Nong (Cao Bing), dien tich rupng tQ chic'm 89,08% Long dien Lich cdn lai la dien tich thd trach, vien tri (5) hay huyen Dai TQ O'hai Nguyen) cd 83,88%
dien tich la rupng tQ (6)... Didu dd chQng td
rupng dat tQ ciia nhQng ngQdi cd chQc quydn d lang, xa hoac do mua ban, hay gia dinh tQ khai pha ciic thung lung, bai bdi.
Can nhan manh la, trong tdng ad 281 mau 7 sao 05 thQdc 7 tac thi rupng iQu hoang ciia Bach Lam rat ldn, chicm tdi 58,50% (164 m i u 7 sao 08 lhudc 9 tac) trong dd phan bd hoang deu la didn chQ khdng cd thd'. Dac biet la xa Ilda Quang cd dien tich rupng dat la 19 mSu 9 sao 12 thQdc 1 lac thi hoiiii toan la bd hoang. Lj giiii hipn tUdng nay cd the do dieu kien klii hau qua khac nghiet "he mQa nhieu, nUdi dpng Iai thi hoa mau sut kem ngay, bdi vi ehd nao eung cd nui rQng ngan trd, ma khe cQ vQa hep vQa ndng, nen nQdc Lidu Lit^i cham" (7) rai khd khan cho canh Lac hoac cung cd Lhe chien tranh keo dai bupc ngudi dan phai xiou Liin, bd lai rupng daL, nh..
eiia tim mpt cudc adiig mdi...
Dia ba cdn cho bieL chat iQdng rupiijr cung nhQ thdi vu cay cua cac dia phuon..T trong huypn. Do dieu kicn tU nhien, dia ly va nhidu yeu to' xa hpi khac, ddng ruong ti qua trinh tQ hQu hda rupng dat da dat tdi ndng thdn khdng phai ndi nao cung nhu dinh cao. (3 huyen mien nui Tran Yen not nhau, Lham chi Lrong cung mpL khu vuc, chung va tdng Biich Lam ndi ricng, dien mpt tinh hay mpt huypn, mdt Long hay mpi tich dat LQ chic'm Luyet ddi. Dieu nay cd the xa cung c-d li le rupng td't, xau khac nhau.
do qua trinh bien rupng dat cdng thanh Tinh chat dii'L dQdc phan chia Lhanh cac
32 Hghien cQu L|ch aCr. ao 7.2U15 loai khac nhau gpi la dang hang, rupng
hang nha'L la loai td't nha'L, rdi ldn iQdL tdi hang nhi, hang ba... Theo each sap xep dd, chat iQdng dat d mien nui phia Bac chii ye'u la d&'t hang 3 - loai kem mau md, khd can khd canh tac, vi du huyen Dai TQ (Thai Nguyen) chu ye'u la dii't hang 3 (8), huyen Chiem Ilda (Tuyen Quang) 100% la hang 3 (9). Phan tich LQ lieu dia ba nam 1805, Long Bach Lam cd ca rupng hang 2 va hang 3, khdng cd rupng hang 1, toan bp dien tich la
- 2.3.00.0.0 rupng hang ba (tjim diing dien).
6 cac xa Bai DQdng, CQdng Nd, Bach Lkm, Nga Quan, Hao Gia, toan bp dipn tfch ruong da't la loai hai, rieng xa Yen Bai, 116a Quang lii rupng loai ba. Dieu nay plitin anh Linh chii'L rupng dat phu thupc chti yeu vao dia hinh, khi hau ciia dia biin mien nui vdi toai hinh rupng dat phu Lhupc nhieu vao Lhdi LidL ma d diiy nliau dan gpi la rupng chd mQa. Do rupng daL kem phi nhieu nen nang suaL cay Lrong d day LhQdng khdng
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• J - 5 i i i S u _ _ " . _ . V l O m J u r _ i P ' L ^ m a u
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Bang 2: Quy mo sd huu ruong Itr d tdng Itiich LSm niim 1S05
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Biou do I: Quy mo tiThihi ciia tiing Bacli iJim nam 1805
S o t h i i 2 ] 19 1
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4 ! zy^i
r J !<• % 6.90 ; (}X5<2 ' 13.79 ; L1.79 ' 100,00 '
Dii-n tich .s Dien l i c h
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is litfti
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1,20 .t 1.82 2'1,98 42.00 lUU.UU
70.00%
60,00%
50 00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0% M -
niPfVi 1 m 5 i O.OOO/t
s6 chu DT so hOu
h - i n m a n i n - 1 f i m a i i thu dien (rupng mQa). Trong tdng so' 116 cao.
inSu 9 sao 11 thUdc 8 tac dien tich tQ didn MQc dp sd hQu rupng dat ciia ciic ehu d thQc canh la: tdng Bach Lfim dQdc chung tdi thd'ng ke d
- 114.6.11.8.0 rupng hang hai (nhi dang hang 2.
didn). Qua bang Lho'ng ke Lren La Lha'y:
Tinh hinh ruong dat tong Bach iJim.. ^ 6S Co 21 chij CO mQc sd hfiu dQdi 5 mau
chiem 72,42% tdng s d c h u va chic'm 33,02%
tong dien tich rupng dat tQ. Day la sd chu sd hQu phan ldn la ndng dan tu canh. Mac du sd chu nay chiem ty le kha cao song dien tfch rupng hp sd hQu ehi hdn 1/3 tdng
la 3 mdu 7 sao 3 thQdc 9 tac 7 phan (11) thi binh quan sd hQu mpt chu ciia tdng Bach L^m la 4 m^u dd la mQc sd hQu khdng 16n do dien tich dat it lai dan trai tren mot so"
iQdng chu nhieu nen binh quan mpt chii khdng cao (Xin xem bang 3).
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D i i ' n l i c h su h i h i 7.7.11.0.0"
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dipn tich rupng.
So chii sd hQu tQ 5 den 15 mau cd 8 ngQdi (8/29 chu). Mac du chi ehie'm ty le 27,28% sd chii nhQng dipn tich ma hp sd hQu len tdi hdn 78 mau, chidm 66,98% tdng dien tich rupng tU. Trong dd, ngQdi sd hQu cao nha'L: 14.0.13.0.0 la ong Nguyen Dinh SQ d xa CQdng Nd va ngQdi sd hQu ii nhat la dng Nguyen Dinh Tidn d xa Bach Lam vdi dien tfch 6 sao.
Neu tinh binh quan sd hQu rupng dat t^i ciia mdt chu d Bach Lam thdi Gia l.<ong 4 thi mdi ngUdi sd hQu 4.0.00.0.0.
Trong 7 xa cd dia ba, xa co mQc binh quan cua mpt chti cao nhat la CUdng Nd (10.4.11.1.4/ 1 chu). Day cung la xa cd dipn Lfch rupng da't ldn nhat (73.3.03.0.0). MQc sd hQu binh quan thap nhat ciia mpt chu la xa Yen Bai (1.1.07.5.0). Neu so sanh vdi mQc binh quan sd hQu mdt chii cua mpL so' ndi khac cung thdi nhQ tdng Thdng Ndng (Cao Bang), d day, mdi chii sd hQu 6 mau 4 sao 10 thQdc 2 tac (10), Long Binh Quiin cua huypn ThaL Khe (Lang Sdn) mdi chu sd hQu
NhQ vay. Loan Long cd 116.9.11.8.0 rupng da't phan tan tren 79 Lhiia, binh quan dipn tfch mdt Lhiia la 1.4.12 1.1. Xii cd binh quan dipn Lfch mpt thiia cao nha't la Hao Gia (2.2.03.3.3) va thap nhat la xa Nga Quan (0.7.11.4.2). Kieng xa Hoa Quang co dia ba nhQng khdng cd so' lieu ve sd hQu rupng da't ciia chu, do vay dien tich cua xa chQa ke vao biing tren. Ciic sd lieu thd'ng ke ve dien tich sd hQu, binh quan dien tich mpt thQa... tren day cho thay, mac du qua trinh LQ hQu hda d Bach Lam dien ra manh - sd hQu \.\i nhan phiit trien manh me - nhQng tinh trang sd liQu nhd, manh miin va dan trai dd'i vdi da so'chu sd hQu la dac diem ndi baL cua Lu hQu rupng daL d Ld'ng Bach Lam.
2.2. Scf hQu r u p n g d a t ciia chiic s a c Mpt trong nhQng thdng tin dia ba cd the cung cap la vai trd kinh te ciia ngUdi cd chQc quyen d lang xa gpi la ehQc sac. ChQc sac gdm chQc dich vii sac muc. ('hQc djeh la bd phan chQc sac quan ly lang xa nam trong he thd'ng to chQc hiinh chinh cua nha
M Hghien cQu Lich air. ao 7.2U15 nQdc, dQpc nha nQdc cong nhan chinh LhQc
nhu xa LrQdng, ly trQdng... cdn sac muc la nhQng ngQdi dQdc lang cQ ra, dai dipn cho cpng ddng, tieu bieu cho bp may tii qukn cua lang xa nhQ hQdng muc, dich muc...
Can cQ vao dia ba Gia Long 4, chung Ldi Lhd'ng ke dQdc 19 chQc sac bao gdm: 5 sac muc, 7 xa trQdng, i trang LrQdng, 1 vien sac, 5 thdn trQdng. Binh quan cho mdi ddn vi xa, Lhdn cd 3 chQc sac. Tuy nhien, sQ phan bo' nay khdng ddng deu Lrong cac xa, cd xa chi cd hai chQc sac (xa Yen Bai cd siie muc: Le Van Dinh va xa trQdng Le Ba Diing), ed xa Iai co Ldi 5 chQc siic (xa Biich Lam ed vien sac Nguyen Dinh Han, xa LrQdng Nguyen Dinh Khoi, xii trQdng Luc Dinh Xuan, thdn LrQdng Dang Dinh Trpng, Lhdn LrQdng Nguyen Cdng Thanh). Dac bipL cd 3/19 chQc sac khdng cd ten trong danh sach chii rupng (khdng cd rupng tu) chiem
so hQu cua gia dinh vi chua tach rieng ra khdi dai gia dinh chung ciia bd' me hoac co the do day la nhflng LrQdng hdp di d rd" (14).
Tuy vay, sQ phiin bd' nhQng ngQdi c6 chiic sac ma khdng cd rupng eung khdng ddng den trong cac xa, tap trung d hai xa Yen Bai (]
chQc sac) va Biich Lam (2 chQc siic).
Khdng Linh Ldi nhQng chQc sac khdng c6 rupng LQ, ngay Lrong himg ngu nhQng ngQdi cd rupng dat tQ thi mQc dp LQ hQu ciia hu cung khong ddng ddu. NgQdi cd sd hQu kin nha'L la sac muc Hoang Ba Hp d xa CUdng N6 vdi dien tich sd hQu la (12 4.00.0.0), ngudi co sd hQu nhd nhii't la xa trQdng Le Ba Dun^ i) xa Yen Riii vdi (1.1.00.0.0). De hieu rd hdn vu sQ sd hQu rupng dat cua ciic chQc siic xin xem biing 4.
TQ biing 4 cd the Lhay: 63,16% chdc sac sd hQu rupng daL LQ 1-5 mau, hay ndi each khac, Linh chaL ad hQu nho, Lu canh la dac Bung 4: Sii hitu ruung clul cua cac chijrc .siic
61l'l
bi.l(,% ' ~l IU.S3%
15,78%. Hien tQdng nhflng ngQdi cd chQc d lang xa ma khong cd rupng da'L tfl la hien tQdng kha phd bien 6 Viet Nam dau the ky XIX vi nhQ d huyen Dai TQ (Thai Nguyen) cd 11/67 chQc sac khdng c6 rupng dat ehie'm 16,42% (12) hay huyen Chiem Hda (Tuyen Quang) cd 25/107 chQc sdc khdng cd rupng da't chiem 23,4% (13). Ilien LQdng nay cd the giai Lhich: "nhQng ngQdi nay dQdc dam nhan chQc vtj vSn chQa trd thanh ngQdi chu
trUng cua cac chQc sac cd rupng daL. Sd' lieu con cho bieL chi cd 21,06% so' chQc sac co rupng la nhQng chu sd hflu cd tQ 5 mSu rupng trd len nhQng hp nim giQ trong Lay 58,92% dien tfeh rupng LQ ciia cac chQc sac.
So siinh mQc sd hflu giQa hai bp phan chQc dich va sac muc chung ta thay rang: Ho lupng sac muc la 5 (26,31% chQc sdc). Ve quy mo sd hflu rupng dat: 4 s&c muc c6 rupng daL (21,06 % so chQc sac) Lrong dd co
linh hinh ruong dat tdng Bach Lian...
mpt ngQdi sd hQu tdi mQc 12.4.00.0.0. Cdn bp phan chQc dich tuy so' lUdng nhicu nhQng chu yd'u d mQc sd hQu nhd rieng cd trang trQdng Nguydn Dinh Ban sd hflu Idn nha't (10.2.00.0.0). NhQng sd lieu tren cho thay vua Gia Long da cd gang can thipp vao vS'n do rupng da'L 5 cac ddn vi hanh chinh cd sd nhUng mdi d mpL mQc dp nhaL dinh cdn bp may quan ly xa Lhon do dan lang bau ra van nam quyen hanh ldn. Day la bieu hien md'i quan he giQa "Lang" va
"Nude", giQa "Le lang" va "Phep nQdc".
2.3. Sd hiJu c u a n h o m h o
S Q phan bd' ad' chti Lrong cac nhom hp khong ddng ddu. Rieng nhdm hp Nguyen ed 12 ngQdi (41,37% tdng sd chu). Ben canh dd, ed nhdm hp chi cd mpt ngQdi nhQ nhdm hp Bui, DQdng, Le, Luc, Tran, Phung. Hien tQdng nhom ho Nguyen ehie'm da so' cac chu qua dia ba 6 xa cua tdng Bach Lam la do nhdm hp nay la dong hp thd Lu Lhe Lap cd vai Lrd ldn Lrong ddi sd'ng chinh Lri cung nhQ kinh Le' d Long Bach Lam noi rieng va toan huyen Trfi'n Yen ndi chung.
Quy md sd hQu rupng da't ciia cac nhdm hp cung khong deu. Trong cac chii sd hflu d Biing 5: Su phan bo ruong dail ciia cac nhom ho
SII 1 2 .1 4 5 6 7 K 9 10
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Le Lui, Phung ong^
So chii 1 1 3 2 fi 1 12 1 1 29
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D i e n l i c h .scr h i l u 2.2.01.0(1 0-H 02.0 0 5.1-01.0 0 6.4.00.3 0 .16 5 0-1 [10
1.1.00.0 0 2.6.00.0 0 5^3 0! 9.0
1.2.00 0 0 1-70060 116.9.U.8.0
Ty lc % i
\.H>i 1 1),6H 1 4.36 1 5.4K 3 1 . 2 3 ! (1.94 j 2.22 1 5 0 , 7 3 ' 1.03 ; 1.45 . 1 0 0 . 0 0
Ten hp va dipn tfch ruong da't cua LQng chu sd hQu trong dia ba la nhQng thong tin rat quan trpng de nghien cflu van de ddng hp. Tuy nhien, chi v6i nhflng thong tm trong dia ba thi chUa the khang dinh nhQng ngQdi mang hp gid^ng nhau nhat thiet la cung mpt dong hp, tham chi neu thd'ng ke Ldi Len gpi LhQ "hai ciia ddng hp (ten dem) cung chQa the khang dinh nhQng ngQdi cd cung hp va dem nha't LhieL phai cung mpL ddng hp. O day, chung toi dUa ra khai niem "nhdm hp" de chi nhQng Lap hpp nhQng ddng hp cd chung ten gpi dau tien (15) vi du nhdm hp Nguyen, Hoang, Dinh...
Tren cd sd thd'ng ke 6 dia ba nam 1805 cd to'ng so' chii sd hflu la 29 ngudi phan bd' trong 10 nhdm hp. Tinh hinh sd hQu cua cac nhdm hp nhQ bang 5.
•I IlitX! CIU hull- imai lint I (lmi)
Bach Lam, nhdm hp Nguyen da chic'm tdi 50,73%) Long dipn Lich sd hflu. Nhdm hp DQdng sd hQu iL nha'L chiem 0,68% Long dien tich sd hQu. Neu xet vd mQc sd hQu trung binh ciia moi chii Lrong tQng nhdm hp, ta tha'y rang trong 10 nhom hp: nhdm hp Nguyen dong ve so' chu, nhieu vo dipn ti'ch nhQng mflc binh quan sd hQu chi la 4.9.06.4.0. Ben canh dd, nhom hp Hoang mac du it hdn ve so' chii va dien tich nhQng lai cd mQc binh quan sd hflu cao nha't 6.0.13.0.0. NhQ vay, cac ddng hp ldn chfnh la nhQng ngQdi chu sd hQu nhieu ve ruong da't d dia phQdng.
3. N h a n xet
Thii nhdl, la mpt tdng ciia huyen mien nui phfa Bac kinh te ndng nghiep la chu yeu nhQng nhflng dien bien chfnh ve rupng da't
Itlgbien c u ^ Lich £>ijr, ao 7.2015
d a p h a n a n h x u t h e c h u n g c u a t i n h h i n h r u p n g da't c u a ca nQdc dQdi t r i e u N g u y d n . D o l a sd hflu LQ n h a n chic^m 1 0 0 % t d n g d i p n tfch r u p n g da't, k h d n g cd r u p n g da't cdng.
Thd hai, d i e n tfch da't iQu h o a n g k h a ldn, c h i e m 58,50%i t d n g d i e n t i c h r u p n g da'L.
D a y c u n g l a t i n h t r a n g c h u n g ciia c a c h u y e n m i e n n u i p h f a b a c . D i p n t i c h da't iQu h o a n g l d n cd Lhe d o d i a h i n h 3/4 d i p n Lich l a ddi n u i , da't d a i d sQdn n u i bi b a c m a u d o r^ia t r d i h a y d o t h i e u n g u d n n u d c tUdi v a o m u a k h d t r e n n h f l n g v u n g n u i c a o n e n n g u d i d a n k h d n g t h e c a n h t a c . . .
T'hii ba, sd hQu r u p n g da't d Long B a c h L a m nQa d a u Lhe k y XIX l a W h Q u c h i e m t u y e t ddi n h Q n g k h o n g cd sQ t i c h t u r u p n g da't, k h d n g cd sd hflu l d n . C a c c h u sd hQu n h d c h i e m d a so'. D i e u dd p h a n a n h t i n h c h a t r u p n g da'L m a n h m u n , k h d n g Lap t r u n g . K h d n g ed e h i i sd h Q u t r e n 15 m a u . C h i i Sd hflu c a o n h a ' t l a 1 4 . 0 . 1 3 . 0 . 0 . 6 B a c h
CHU THICH
(1), (7). Quoc sii quan Lncu Nguyen, Dai Nam nhd't thd'ng chi. tap IV, Nxb. Thuan Hoa, Hue, 2006, tr. 392, 347.
(2). Ngo Dtfc Thp, Nguydn Van Nguyen, Philipe Papin, Ddng Khdnh dia dii chi, Nxb The gidi, Ila Noi, 2003, tr. 726.
(3). TrUdng HQu Quynh, Dfl Bang (chii bien), Tinh hinh rudng da't ndng nghiep vd dcfi sd'ng ndng ddn dudi trieu NguySn, N.\b. Thuan 116a, Hue, 1997, tr. 15.
(4) 7 tap dia ba ciia 7 xa hion lUu tai Trung tam Liiu tru: Quoc gia 1, ky hieu: Bach Lam ki hicu Q2009, Hao Gia ki hieu Q1986, Cudng N6 ki hieu Q1993, Bai DutJng b" hieu Q1984, Hoa Quang ki hieu Q1997, Nga Quan ki hiCu Q2006, Yen Bai ki hi6uQ2011.
(5), (10). Dam Thi Uycn, Trdn Thi Thanh Tii, Rupng ddt huyen Thdng Ndng, Cao Bdng niia ddu theky XIX, Tap chi Dan tdc hpc, so 5-2014.
(6), (8), (12), (17). Hoang Xuan TrUdng, Sd hSu
L S m k h d n g cd h i e n LQdng p h u c a n h , ThU lU, c u n g n h u c a c Long k h a c ciia h u y e n m i e n n u i , c a c n h d m h p ldn t r o n g lang, x a c h i e m m p t vi Lri ra't q u a n t r p n g . l i p nSm t r o n g t a y v e q u y d n Iiic c h i n h Lri v a sd hflu ldn v e r u p n g da't c h i p h d i d e n t i n h h i n h kinh te' va x a hpi. 0 t d n g B a c h L a m , dd chfnh la h p N g u y e n - d d n g h p t h d Lu Lhe Lap.
Thii ndm, v i e c p h u nQ d Q n g Len c h u sii h Q u r u p n g da'L dUdc coi l a h i e n LQdng kha p h o b i d n , la ncL dpc d a o e u a xa h p i VipL Nam d a u Lhe ky XIX. N h Q d Q u i i n g Hoa (Cao Bfing), chii sd hflu nfl c h i d m 10,83% (16), 6 D a i T Q ( T h a i N g u y e n ) , chii sd hQu nQ chicm 2 7 , 8 7 % (17) Lhi ngQdc lai d Bach LAm, qua tQ h e u dia b a n a m 1 8 0 5 k h d n g cd chii sd hflu l a nfl. Cd lc, d B a c h l a m t h d i d i e m n a y con d u y t r i p h o n g t u c k h d n g c h i a r u p n g da'L cho c o n gai. MaL k h a c , d o q u a n n i e m con trai la c h u gia d i n h n e n k h i k e k h a i , ngudi dflng Len chii sd hflu s e la ngQdi d a n ong.
ruling ddt vd kinh te nong nghiep d huyen Dai Tii (Thdi Nguyen) niia ddu Iheky XIX, Luan van Thac sT Lich sii, 2012, TrUdng Dai hoc SU pham Thai Nguyen, tr. 43, 54, 57, 52.
(9), (13). Nguyen Thi Ha, Huyen Chiem lli'm • Tuyen Quang niia ddu the ky XIX, Luan van Thac si Lich sii, 2010, TiUdng Diu hoc Su pham Thai Nguyen, tr 27, 28.
(11)- Dam Thi Uyen, Luc Thi Thuy, Tti liHu rudng daL cua Long Binh Qudn huyen TliaL KM, piiii, Trdng Dmh, iinh I^ng Scfn niia ddu thU'ky XIX qua LiC lieu dia ba. Tap chi Nghien ciiu lucli sii, so 5-2014.
(14), (16). Dam Thi Uyen, Huyen Quang liim (linh Cao Bdng) Lii khi lhanh idp de'n giUa Iheky XIX. Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia Hii Npi, 2011, tr.
116-117,80.
(15), I'han PhUdng Thao, Chinh sdch qudn dien ndm 1839 d Binh Dinh qua tii Heu dia ba, Nxb.
Khua hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi, 2004, Lr. 63.