Tgp chl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Dodn Thi Tdm
Tir NGUON GOC GIA DINH CUA F. ENGHEN, TIM HIEU VE Tir THAN TQC TRONG TIENG E-DE
OOAN THI TAM"
T6M TAT
He thdng ehi tic thdn tgc trong tiing i-de khdng chi da dgng vi cdu true md cdn rdt phong pha ve cdch sir dung. Tim hiiu vi tic ehi thdn tgc tieng E-de khdng chi giiip nguai dgc hieu dugc mdi quan hf thdn tgc, huyit thdng ciia nguai il-de md cdn thdy dugc phong tuc, tap qudn cdng nhu vdn hda ung xic eiia ngu&i E-de.
Tir khda: than tdc, tilng E-dd, phong tyc, van hda iing xir ciia ngudi E-dd.
ABSTRACT
From the family's origin ofF. Enghen, learning about the word "kinship**
in Ede language
The word system of kinship relations in Ede language is not only diversified in structure but also very plentiful in its use. Learning about words of kinship in Ede (language) not only helps the reader comprehend the kinship and consanguineous relations of the Ede, but also know the custom and habits as well as the culture of behavior of the Ede.
Keywords: kinship, Ede language, custom, the culture of behavior of the Ede.
\. Dat van de
Tir than tdc la mdt ldp tir cd d mgi ngdn ngu. Day la ldp tir khdng chi phong phii vd mat sd lugng ma cdn da dgng trong each sir dyng. Hf thdng tir than tdc cdn giup chiing ta hidu thdm vl dac dilm van hda ljch su ciia mdt cgng ddng nguoi. Lay Ngudn gdc gia dinh cua F Enghen lam didm xuat phat, dd tai nay di vao tim hiiu tir thdn tpc trong tilng E-dd trdn phuong difn ngir nghTa va van hda.
2. Khai niem va lich sir tir than tgc 2.1. Khdi niem tir thdn tpc
Tic diin tieng Viet (2006) cua Hoang Phg djnh nghTa: Thdn tpc la
"nhumg ngudi ba con trong cimg mgt ddng hg (ndi tdng quat)"
NCS, Trudng Ogi hpc Su phgm TPHCM
Than thudc la: (1) "Nhflmg ngudi cd quan hf hg hang (ndi mdt each khai quat)"; (2) "Cd quan hf than thilt, gin gui"
Nhu vay, tir chi than tdc la nhiing tir chi ngudi trong gia tgc, hg hang than thudc, cd thi la chi cac thi hf khac nhau, cac quan hf theo cip bgc trdn dudi, theo quan hf ngi ngogi, cimg huydt thdng ho^c khac huylt thdng...
2.2. Lich sir tir thdn tpc v&i ngudn gdc gia dinh cda F. Enghen
Tur chi quan hf than tgc ra ddi dya vao quan hf hdn nhan. Gia dinh chinh la CO sd lam xuit hifn tir than tgc. Morgan da ndi: "Gia dinh la mgt ylu to nang ddng, nd khdng bao gid dirng nguydn mdt cho, ma chuyin tir hinh thirc thip ldn hinh thirc cao, khi xa hgi phat triln tir
mgt giai dogn thip ldn mgt giai dogn cao.
Trai lgi, nhflmg hf th6ng than tgc thi thy dgng; chi cd trai qua thdi ki lau dai, nhflmg hf thdng dd mdi phan dnh dugc nhihig tiln bg do gia dinh da dgt dugc trong thdi ki dd, va chi khi nao gia dinh da hoan toan thay ddi thi nhflmg hf thong iy mdi hoan toan thay ddi" [10, tr.45].
Theo Morgan, cd ba hinh thirc hdn nhan tuomg iing vdi ba giai dogn phat tridn cua nhan logi.
Thdi ki mdng mugi cd hinh thuc qudn hdn. Dd la hinh thiic hdn nhan ma nhChig ngudi dan dng va nhflmg ngudi dan ba la sd hflru cua nhau. Hg tgp giao bira bai, khdng phan bidt cha mp con cai, dng ba chau chit, anh chj em... Con cai sinh ra chi bilt din "mp" ma khdng hi cd khai nifm vl "cha" Trong trgng thai tinh giao bira bai iy, da xuit hifn mgt sd hinh thiic gia dinh sau:
Gia dinh huyit tpc. Trong dd chi cd td tidn va con chau, cha me va con cai khdng cd quyin la vg chdng cua nhau.
Cdn giOa anh, chi em, cac chau diu cd the la vg chdng cua nhau.
Gia dinh Pu-na-lu-an. Kilu gia dinh nay tiln bg hom gia dinh huyet tgc d cho huy bd quan hf tinh giao gifla cac anh em trai va cac chj em gai cimg mp khac cha (tryc hf) va tiln din cac con, cac chau, chit cua anh chj em rugt cung khdng dugc liy nhau (bang hf). Day chinh la mgt budc tiln quan trgng lam xuit hifn thi tpc. Tuy nhidn, nhflmg chj em rugt, chj em hg va xa hom nua diu cd
thi la vg chung cua nhflmg ngudi ching chung (trir anh em trai cua hg). Nhiing ngudi chong chung dd ggi nhau la Pu-na- lu-an cd nghTa la bgn than hay ngu6i cung hgi.
Thdi ki da man cd hinh thirc gia dinh ddi ngdu. Day la hinh thurc kit hon theo timg c$p. Nhung ngudi dan dng co thi liy nhilu ngudi dan ba - day la minh chiing cho tinh trgng da thd. Trong giai dogn nay, nhflmg anh em trai va chj em gai khdng dugc phdp lay nhau, hay noi each khac la cim kit hdn giua nhimg ngudi ciing huylt tgc. Sau do la cim kit hdn giflra nhChig ngudi cd quan hf hp hang gan roi hg hang xa va cudi cimg la cam tat ca nhflmg ngudi ba con ben vg.
Thdi dgi van minh cd hinh thuc gia dinh mgt va mpt chdng. Gia dinh kieu nay dya trdn quydn thdng trj ciia ngudi chong, vdi muc dich lam cho dura con sinh ra phai cd cha dd rd rang. Bdi vi chiing sd la ngudi thira kl tai san tryc tilp cua cha chiing khi dng ta mit.
3. Tir than tgc trong tieng E-d§
NIU liy EGO (ban than ngudi ndi) lam tnmg tam thi ngudi E-dg khdng co thi hf thir tu trdn EGO (ngudi Vift gpi la Can/Kj). Dudi EGO cd 6 thi hf. Trong cac quan hf ngoai huylt thdng khdng co danh tir tuomg duomg vdi danh tir chi MO cua tilng Vift.
Cd thi hinh dung hf thdng tir chi quan hf than tgc co ban trong tilng E-de qua so do d hinh 1:
Tgp chl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Dodn Thi Tdm
Hinh 1. Hf thdng tir thdn tpc ca bdn trong tiing E-di
B»n bo aprdng
ae aduon
Ben m f aprdiig
a^ adu6n
aprdng- ania- airuei mrah. anah
a y ^ i g - antai
( 6 mtao
EGO
anok
awa* anil- nrmeh- amii^i tvncFi, an^h adei
Co mtao
to
I
I
ring r*
I
ring rg Aug rai I
3.1. Mpt so dgc diim ngir dgng
Mgt sd danh tii than tdc trong tilng E-dd dugc diing vdi hai y nghTa, ngoai vifc dimg dd xung hd vdi nhiing ngudi trong gia dinh, hg hang cdn dugc diing vdi y nghTa md rgng dd xung hd vdi nhflng ngudi vdn khdng than thudc ngoai xa hdi. Tu than tdc dugc diing vdi y nghTa chinh xac dd xung hd vdi nhumg ngudi trong gia dinh, than tdc la cac tii ai, ami, ama, awa, amiet, amai, ayong, anak, amudn, aneh, ami aneh, ama aneh, cd, amudn.
Vidu:
*Adudn (ba): Ngoai vifc dh chi va ggi me ciia me, me ciia cha va tat ca nhflmg ngudi dan ba cimg thi hf, khdng phan bift phia me hay phia cha, tryc hf hay bang hf, nd cdn dugc nd If hay tdi td
t ^
dimg dd ggi nfl: chu nha hogc cac nfl than.
Vidu:
O adudn, hmei amdo thdo kral dh (Thua ba, chiing con khdng dugc quen -•
Ldi tdi td ndi vdi nu thin Mat Trdi).
Ae (dng): ngoai vifc dd chi va dd ggi cha ciia me, ciia cha, ae cdn dugc dung dh ggi tit ca cac ngudi dan dng thugc cung thi hf vdi cha cua me, cua cha va dugc ngudi nd If hay tdi td diing dl ggi nam chu nha.
Vidu:
O ae, a ai, phdn nu hidm ia, ana nu hidm troh, kydo cidngjoh, cidng h'ai (6i dng oi, oi dng oi, gdc cay trong sudi, than cay trong khe, cay nhu mudn gly, nhu chua mudn gay -• Tdi td ndi vdi Dam
san).
Day cung la tii ma con ngudi diing dl ggi cac nam than.
Edi mah, ae ah!
(That diy, dng oi -» Dam San ndi vdi dng Trdi).
*Amai (chi): ngoai trudng hgp dd chi va dh ggi ngudi chj rugt hay ngudi
chi hp ciing mdt djue, cdn dugc dung dd
F •»
ggi bat ki mgt ngudi con gai ldn tudi nao vdi y quy mdn.
Vi du:
O amai, gd esei ih mdo diim cd mnuih? (Chj oi, nha chj cd miy ngudi?)
Theo tyc hdn nhan "noi ndi", amai cung la tii cdn dugc ngudi chau gai la con gai cua con gai cua ba diing dd ggi ba khi ba chit thay ba liy dng.
* Ay dng (anh): ngoai trudng hgp diing de chi va dd ggi nhumg ngudi anh rugt hay anh hg thudc ciing mgt djue, ngudi chdng diing dl xung vdi vg va ngudi vg dung dd ggi ngudi chdng, aydng cdn dugc diing dl ggi nhumg ngudi con trai ldn tudi hom ngudi ndi.
Vidu:
Ti andk aydng nao?
(Anh di dau? hogc: Anh di dau diy, ha anh?)
*Adei (em): ngoai trudng hgp dl chi va ggi ngudi em trai, em gai rugt thugc Cling mgt hg (djue); dugc ngudi dan dng dung dh ggi ngudi ydu, dl ggi vg va nhung ngudi phy nu dung dl xung vdi chdng, vdi ngudi ydu cua hg; adei dugc diing vdi tu each la mgt thugt ngu than thugc phan logi do tap tyc hdn nhan 'ndi ndi' quy djnh, ma ngudi ba (adudn) diing dd ggi chau gai (cd mnid) la con gai cua con gai ba; va ngudi dng cau (ad gap) diing dl ggi ngudi chau trai (cd gap) la con trai ciia con gai chj em gai dng cgu.
Ngoai ba trudng hgp diing dl xung hd vdi nhihig ngudi trong quan hf than
1
tgc thi adei cdn dugc diing dt ggi nhung ngudi nhd tudi hon minh.
Mgt sd tii than tgc trong tilng E-de cung cd mgt so tii than tgc khdng diing
t •>
dQ xung hd ma chi dung dt gidi thieu.
F
Cac tii aprong (cu), ce (chat), iing (chdng), mo (vg), rong re (chut), rdng rai (chit), ring re ring rai (chiit chit), mtao (dau/ rl).
Trong tilng E-dd cd nhimg tii xung hd rit dac bift ma tilng Vift khdng cd dugc. Dd \ajuk, knai, Jiang, mojidngvi nui.
Juk la tii dugc nhflmg ngudi dan ba thudc hai djue cd thd thdng hdn vdi nhau diing dQ chi va ggi lln nhau; hg thudng la chi em dau, chj em chdng ciia nhau va vdi tap tyc "ndi ndi" hg cflng cd thi trd thanh me chdng hay con dau ciia nhau.
Vidu:
Hrii be, juk ah. Nao ddk ta anue!
Juk oi, mdi juk ngdi vao day. Mdi juk ngdi vao chieu —• H' Nhi ndi vdi chj
Dam san
Knai la tii ma nhiing ngudi dan dng thudc hai djui cd thd thdng hdn lan nhau dung dl chi va dl ggi lln nhau; ho thudng la con cd, con cau va cd thi trd thanh anh em vg, anh em rl cua nhau.
Vidu: i Oknai. a knai. hrie drei bi triit!
Bd knai, bd knail Lai day chiing ta choi diy nhau nao! —* Dam San ndi vdi cac anh em cua vg.
each xung hd diing ywit va knai cua ngudi E-dd gidng nhu gia dinh Pa-na-lu- an ma Morgan da mieu ta. Nhiing chj em
Tgp chl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Dodn Thi Tdm
rugt, chj em hg va xa hom nua diu cd thd la vg chung cua nhflng ngudi chong chung (trir anh em trai cua hg). NhOng ngudi ch6ng chung dd ggi nhau la Pu-na- lu-an cd nghTa la bgn than hay ngudi ciing hdi. Tuomg ty nhu vgy, nhumg anh em trai rugt, anh em trai hg hogc xa hom nua diu cd thd lay nhiing ngudi vg chung (trir chj em gai cua hg) va nhumg ngudi vg ay ddu ggi nhau la Pu-na-lu-an.
Jidng la mgt tir dd chi va ggi anh em kdt nghTa. Cac jidng ddi vdi nhau rat khang kbit, hg giiip dd nhau, bao vf nhau
F
trong cugc sdng, coi gia dinhy/dA7g cung nhu gia dinh minh, ggi anh, chi, em cua jidng la anh, chj em.
Vidu:
Ddk ddm chun hong hmei ga kah, jidng ah
Jidng a, xin cii mdi jidng d lgi nghi ddm vdi chiing tdi -^ H'Nhj ndi \6i jidng cua chdng.
"Vifc kit nghTa nay phai la khdi diu ciia mdt tinh bgn chung thuy dugc duy tri bang nhimg cudc tham viing dgu dan, va ngudi dgn tham jiang cua minh cd quydn dugc tidp ddn dac bift an can, anh ta thgm chi cd thd ty do liy d do mgt vai thii anh mudn, cac trudng ca
•* F F
cd dudng nhu ddi khi cd nhac ddn chuyfn quyin sii dyng tai san cua mdt ngudi anh em kit nghTa nhu vgy ddi khi da bj lam dyng ddi vdi ca vg anh ta" [8, tr.59]. Vi thi, trong Khan Ddm Sdn, Mtao Gry va Dam San cung la cac jidng cua nhau nhung Mtao Gry ddn nha Dam San, khdng gap Dam San d nha da liia bit
H'Nhj (vg ciia Dam San) mang vd.
MSJidng (vg jiang): nhu da ndi mo khdng diing dd xung hd nhung nd lai dugc cac jidng dung dl ggi vg cua nhau bing each kdt hgp md + jidng dd tgo thanh mdt tii xung hd chuydn bift la md jidng.
Vidu:
Kdo hrie chim ka jidng kdo Ddm Sdn, md jidng ah. Ti jidng nao ard anei?
Tdi den tham jidng Dam San cua tdi. \g jidng a. The yiawg ciia tdi di dau?
-^ Mtao Gry ndi vdi H' Nhj, vg Dam
san.
Vi cac tvtjuk, knai, jidng, mo jidng khdng cd tii tuomg iing trong tidng Viet ndn khdng thd djch sat nghTa cua chiing.
3.2. Mpt sd ddc diim vi vdn hda
Tir than tdc trong tidng E-dd phan anh rd net nhflng ddc diim cua xd hpi mdu hi.
Ngudi E-dd theo chl do miu he, ngudi con gai di cudi chdng, ngudi chdng phai d vdi gia dinh vg va con cai bit budc mang hg me. Do dd, ngudi E-dd chi coi con ciia cac chj em gai la ciing ddng hg. Cho ndn con cua nhflmg ngudi nay khdng dugc phep liy nhau, cdn con cua anh em trai va con ciia cac chi em gai vdi con cua cac anh em trai thi khdng cung ddng hg ndn cd thd lay nhau. Dgc dilm cua chl do iy da thg hifn rit rd trong vifc quy djnh vl thira kl. Trong gia dinh, ngudi phy nu E-dg la ngudi nam gifl tai san, hg dugc coi la cac ana gd (ndi cai) ciia gia dinh. NIU ngudi phy nu mit di, tai san sg dugc giao cho ngudi
con gai ca va chdng ciia cd ta quan li.
Ngudi chj ca khdng chi nim gifl tai san ma cdn cd nhifm vy cham sdc cho cac em cua minh. Nlu ngudi con gai ca vi mgt li do nao dd ma khdng d trong gia dinh thi tai san sg dugc giao cho ngudi con gai iit va chong cd ta quan li cung nhu vifc cham sdc cac dam del cua gia dinh. Do vgy, ama (cha) la tii khdng nhumg dg chi va ggi ngudi cha, cac anh em trai rugt, anh em trai hg ciia cha ma cdn dung dl ggi ngudi chdng ciia chj em gai ciia me (dugng, bac, chii). Ngu la chdng cua chj gai mp thi ggi la ama prong (cha ldn) hogc ggi ggn hon la
F >
mprdng; ngu la chdng ciia em gai me thi ggi la ama aneh (cha nhd) hogc ggi ggn la mneh. Trudng hgp ami (me) cung dugc diing dd ggi cac chj em gai, chj em hg cua me (tuomg img vdi bdc, di, gid ciia
F F
tidng Viet). Ndu la vai trdn cua me thi ggi la ami prong (me ldn) hogc ggi ggn la
F
aprong; ndu la vai dudi cua me thi ggi la ami aneh (me nhd) hoac ggi ggn la aneh, neh. Trong khi dd, ngudi dan dng dugc ggi la chdng, la cha cua gia dinh khdng dugc hudmg gi vl sd tai san cua gia dinh vg khi vg chit, m^c dii tai san do do chinh ban than dng ta lam ndn. Chl do nay cflng gidng nhu hinh thirc hdn nhdn ddi ngdu: Ngudi chdng van cd quydn sd hflru mgt sd cdng cy lao dgng nhu gia siic, nd If va khi li hdn thi anh ta cd quyin mang theo nhflmg cai thudc sd hflru cua minh. Nhung khi anh ta chit di, con cai cua anh ta lgi khdng dugc hudng tai san cua cha chimg. Bdi vi, trong chl do miu
quyen da quy djnh: Ngudi thira kl phai Cling mft thj tgc, ma con cai thugc thj tpc cua mp chii khdng phai cua cha. Do v$y, con cai cua ngudi dan dng dd kl thira tai san cua mp va nhflmg ngudi cung huylt tfc vdi mp nhu cgu, di. Tai san cua cha nd thi khi dng ta chit lgi dugc giao cho anh chj em rugt cua dng iy va con gai cua nhflmg chj em gai cua dng ta (chau thira hudng cua cgu), ho^c con chau ciia chj em gai ngudi mp dng ta (anh chj em hg vl dang mp), cdn chinh con cai ciia dng ta lai khdng dugc thira hudmg, Nhu
t F ^
vgy, quydn thiia kd cua ngudi E-de thupc vl ddng hg cua ngudi phy nflr,
Diu in cua xa hgi mlu hf cdn the hifn qua tii dam dei. Day la thuat ngii than tdc dh chi dng cau va anh em trai cua ngudi phy nu, trong khi dd anh trai ciia ngudi nam thi dugc ggi bang aprong, em trai thi dugc ggi la amiit, khdng cd mdt thu|it ngu than tgc chi chung cho ca anh, em, cgu ciia ngudi nam, Chinh su khac bift nay ma y nghTa ciia dam dei ciing vd cimg dac bift, Vai trd cua cac dam dei rit quan trgng trong gia dinh ngudi E-dd. Dam dei \k nhflmg ngudi dai difn cho ddng hg cua me dg giai quyet nhumg vin dl khac nhu tang ma, mua ban
F
dat dai, kifn tyng.,. Dam dei cdn co nhifm vy di hdi chdng cho cac chau gai (con cua cac chj em gai), Trong hdn nhan, phy nir E-dd la ngudi chu dgng tim higu dan dng, ngu hg ung y mpt d6i tugng nao dd thi se bao vdi gia dinh. Me va cac dam dei cua hg se mang lg vgt den nha chang trai dl hdi chdng cho hp, con
Tgp chl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Dodn Thi Tdm
bd cua hg vi la ngudi ngoai ddng hg cho ndn khdng cd y kiln gi. Q phia chang trai cung vgy, mp va cac dam dei cua hg la ngudi dgi difn gia dinh diing ra xem xdt xem cd chip nhan cd gai hay khdng. Y kiln cua hg rit quan trgng, nlu cac dam dei khdng ddng y vdi cd gai dd thi cugc hdn nhan cflng khdng dugc tiln hanh.
Khi ngudi phy nfl E-dd sinh nd, chinh dam dei cua hg la ngudi di tim ba dd; khi cac chau bj bfnh, dam dei la ngudi di mdi cac mjdo (thiy lang) den chfla bfnh.
Mdi quan hf giflra dam dei vdi me va nhflmg ngudi phy nfl thugc ddng hg mp la moi quan hf qua lgi, tac ddng lan nhau. "Quan hf gifla anh/em trai vdi chj/em gai cd Id quan trgng nhit, phong phii nhit va cflng phiirc tgp nhit trong tit ca cac quan hf ma mgt ca nhan cd thg cd vdi ddng logi cua minh" [1, tr.161], Vai trd ciia dam dei vdi hg vd cimg quan trgng va nhihig ngudi phy nfl do cung cd trach nhifm khdng nhd ddi vdi cac dam dei ciia minh. Ngay ca khi cac dam dei da cd gia dinh ridng, nhung neu hg vi phgm mgt sd van de nhu trdm cap, logn luan, ngogi tinh... thi mp va cac chi em gai ciia hp phai diing ra ngp phgt thay vi da khdng dgy dd, giao dye hg nghidm tiic.
Khi dam dei chit vg, nlu khdng cd ai
F
"ndi day" thi sg phai ra khdi nha vg va tro vd nha mp de. Cac chj em gai sg la ngudi cham sdc cho dam dei, khi cac chj em gai chit thi cac con gai cua hg se thay hg cham sdc cho dam dei cua gia dinh.
Nhung khdng phai ngudi dan dng E-de nao cflng cd thi trd thanh dam dei, Nhu
vgy, muon trd thanh dam dei, muon cd uy quyin vdi ddng hg mp thi bit budc anh ta phai cd cac chj em gai. Tir trudc, chiing ta da ndi Ign vai trd cua cac anh em trai doi vdi ddng hg me cua minh ma dac bift la doi vdi cac chj em gdi ciia hg. That thilu sdt nlu nhu nhic din dam dei xnh khdng dh c^p den vai trd ciia c^u ddi vdi cac chau: "Khi cac chau trai cdn la nhflmg dura tre, chinh cac dng cgu phai thiic dgy gifla ddm hdm dQ di tim thiy thudc nlu chung dau 6m, trdng nom chiing, giup chiing chdng lgi cac thi lyc ma quai, tire la nhflmg can bfnh ludn do ap xuong diu bgn trd. Tit rihidn ngudi cha sd lam tit ca cho con dng ta, nhung hau nhu cuoi cung bao gid dng cung cgy nhd ddn cac cgu bdi vi chung cudc, vd mat dgo diic chinh hg thudng la nhumg ngudi chiu trach nhifm. Vi vgy, trong mgt sd Id hiln sinh cau cho diia be dugc khdi bfnh, ta thay ngudi cau uong rugu ciing trudc ngudi cha" [8, tr.l72].
Ddi vdi cac chau trai (con trai ciia cac chj em gai), ngudi cgu cdn cd mdt mdi quan hf dgc bift. Vd nhflmg chuydn lidn quan ddn phy nu, cau va chau trai cflng cd cac quydn lgi chung. Khi cgu mat, theo truydn thdng chau trai la ngudi thay thi cgu sdng vdi ngudi vg gda cua cau. Vi thi, trong cudc sdng,
"ngudi cau dimg thoai mai tir "vg" dd ggi ngudi vg ciia diia chau trai ggi minh bang cgu, Y thiic nay cd thd hifn rit sdm d nhung dira trd" [8, tr.l71].
Tii than tdc trong tieng E-dd thd .-i
hien rd tgp tgc dui nui cua ngudi E-dd.
Nui (ndi), la tii diing trong tap tyc hdn nhan cue nui (noi ndi). Khi ngudi vg ho^c ngudi chong chit di, ngudi cdn lgi sg dugc tai hdn vdi mgt ngudi ciing ndi (nud) vdi ngudi da chit. Trudc day, tgp
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tyc ndi ndi chi tdn tgi trong quan hf hdn nhan chj em vg va anh em chong. Tire la chj chdt, em gai liy anh re; chong chet, em trai chong thay anh liy chj dau... ho^c ngugc lgi. Nhung sau do, tap tyc ndi ndi vugt ra khdi pham vi hdn nhan giua chj em vg va anh em chdng. Vi thi ba chit, chau gai (la con gai ciia con gai ba) cung cd thi thay ba liy dng; cgu chdt, chau (la con trai cua cac chi em gai cua cau) cung cd thi thay cgu liy mg (trong Khan Ddm Sdn, khi Dam San cau chit, Dam San chau da thay cgu "ndi day" vdi H' Bhj)...
Do vgy, nui \a Xu ma ngudi chdng gda, vg gda diing dd ggi ngudi chdng kl, vg kl ciia minh, tiirc la ngudi vg hogc ngudi chdng "ndi day"
Vidu:
O nui, a nui, ba be drei due wit ka sang drei!
(Djch nghTa: 0 nui, o nui, vl nha chiing ta nao -^ H'Nhj ndi vdi Dam San).
Ngudi E-dd rit coi trgng kinh nghidm song. Trong quan he than tgc cung vay, nlu nhu ngudi Kinh xung hd theo "vai vl": Be bdng cu khoai cic vai md ggi hay Xanh ddu ciing con nhd bdc, bgc ddu cUng con nhd chii thi ngudi fi- de, lgi de cao vai trd cua kinh nghifm, sy trai nghifm cugc sdng. Ddi vdi ngudi E- dd, du la con cua aprong (bac) nhung nlu
it tudi hom con cua amiet (chii) thi cung phai ggi con cua amiit bing anh/chj. 6 mgt so noi, con cua cac chj em gai khi chi va ggi chj/em gai cua mp minh ngodi each diing ami prong (me ldn) hay ami aneh (mp nhd) cdn cd mgt each ggi khdc, dd la dya vao "hudng nha". Vi dy: ami ting nah dhdng (mp hudng nam - nhd 6 hudng nam), ami ting nah dur (m? hudng bic nha d hudng bic)... Do dd, neu ai a xa din thi rit khd phan bift dau la m?
rugt va dura tre nao la con cua me nao.
4. Ket luan
Tiir than tdc trong tieng E-dd it hofn so vdi tilng Vift, bdi vi mdt tir cd thi
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dung dc chi nhidu ddi tugng khac nhau.
Chang hgn, aydng (anh) dQ chi anh ndi chung nhung ciing dQ chi anh ciia ba ngogi; aprong (bac) dh chi chj cua m^, chj cua cha nhflmg cung dl chi ngudi dl ra dng ba (dng ba cd)... M|t khac, tilng E-dd it dung tii than tgc dl xung hd, bdi vi tidng E-dd cd mdt cgp dgi tii nhan xung trung tinh la kdo/ ih (tuong img vdi I/you trong tidng Anh), c$p dgi tir nhan xung nay cd thi dung mgt each rgng rai cho mgi ddi tugng, khdng phan bift tudi tac, dja vi, gidi tinh. Cdn tilng Viet khdng cd cap dgi tiir xung hd mdt each trung tinh nhu tilng E-dd, cho ndn trong tilng Vift, dgi tii nhan xung thudng xuygn dugc thay the bdi danh tii than tpc.
Tim hiiu vl tiir than tgc trong tieng E-dg khdng chi lam rd mdi quan hf v6 mat than tgc, huylt thong cua ngudi E-de ma cdn hiiu dugc mdt sd phong tyc tap quan va van hda cua ngudi E-de qua nhflmg tir ngu tudng chirng nhu vd tri iy.
Tgp chl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Dodn Thi Tdm
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Nguyen Tai Cin (1975), Tiing - tir ghep dodn ngu, Nxb Dgi hpc & Trung hpc chuyen nghifp. Ha Ndi.
2. Do Huru Chau (1997), Cdc binh dien eua tic vd tic tiing Vift, Nxb Giao dye. Ha Npi.
3. Hoang Dung (1999), "Ban thdm vl vin de nhan dien tir lay tilng Viet", Tgp chi Ngdn ngir (2), tr. 35-39.
4. Nguyen Thifn Giap (1985). Tir vimg hgc tiing Vift, Nxb Dgi hpc & Trung hpc chuygn nghigp. Ha Ndi.
5. Hd Ld (1976), Vdn de edu tgo tir cua tieng Viet hifn dgi Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi, Ha Ndi.
6. Doan van Phiic (1996), Ngir dm tiing E-de. Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi, Ha Npi.
7. Ngd Diic Thjnh (2007), Nhirng mdng mdu vdn hda Tdy Nguyen. Nxb Trd, TPHCM, 8. Anne de Hauteclocque (2004), Nguai E-de: Mdt xd hdi mdu quyin (ban djch ciia
Nguydn Ngpc va Phimg Ngpc Cim), Nxb Van hda dan tpc. Ha Ndi.
9. Ferdinand De Saussere (2005), Gido trinh ngdn ngir hgc dgi cuong (ban djch cua Cao Xuan Hao), Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi, Ha Ndi.
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10. F Enghen (1972), Ngudn gdc eiia gia dinh eiia che dp tu hicu vd ciia nhd nu&c, Nxb Sy that. Ha Ndi.
(Ngdy Tda soan nhdn dirge bdi: 18-10-2011; ngdy chip nh$n ddng: 23-11-2011)