s l 11 (241V2015 N G 6 N N G f & D d i S 6 N G 19
CAC DpNG TU" GHEP COM HAI DQNG TU" DOfN CHI HANH D O N G TRONG TIENG VIET VA TirONG DlTOOVG TRONG TIENG ANH
COMPOUND VERBS CONSITING OF TWO ACTION SINGLE VERBS IN VIETNAMESE AND THEK TRANSLATIONAL ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
LUtJ QUY KHfONG
(PGS.TS; S«i hf c Ngof i npt, B«i hf c 8d Ndng) N G 6 T H J H U Y E N TRANG (ThS; Df i hpc Ngoji ngfi-, Df i hf c Di Ning)
Abstract: This paper is intended to investigate the syntactic and semantic featiures of Vietnamese verb compounds consisting of two single verbs denoting actions, and to lind tianslational equivalents in English because it results in frequent mistakes in language transfer. The sources of data were extracted from bilingual novels and short stories written by Nam Cao, Nguyen Cong Hoan, Bao Ninh, Nguyen Huy Thiep, Le Minh Khue, Nguyen Quang Than, and Thai Ba Tan in which Vietnamese is a source language. Therefore, the research is hoped to contribute to the learning and teaching these verbs, especially giving leamers a general view in achieving effective communication and translation.
Key words; compound verbs; syntactic features; semantic features; action verb, translation.
1. D ^ t v i n d l
/./. Trong giao ti^p htog ngiy, nhOng ngu6i n6i tifag Vi^t thu6ng ding nhiJu dOng tCr g h ^ dinrc hlnh thinh tCt hai dOng tir don chi hinh dOng nhu: "di ding", "dn d",
"eudi dua", "dn ndm", "ngi nghi", "hpc hoi", "chgy nhdy", "gdo th6t", "hdt hd",...
Nhfhig d^ng t(r niy khdng nhihig chi hinh d$ng mi cdn the hifn m$t thii dO nhat djnh vi giy khi nhieu khd khin cho ngudi hpc khi Um cich chuyen nghia tuong duong sang ti^ng Anh. Nhiing vi dy dudi diy cho thiy nhfhig ngQ cinh khic nhau din din cic bin djch khic nhau d^ng tir ghip "dn d" dugc tfo thinh tCr hai d$ng ti^ don chi hinh dOng;
"in" vi "d".
(1) Cdi Mai, nd dn_d ff thdt. [23, tr.50]
(Mai behayesbadly, 15,tr.48)
(2) Nha khdch n£ty cd thi lo vipc dnd cho hai muoi du khdch nude ngodi dupc hay khdng? [22, tr.97] (Is this guest house able to
accommodate twenty foreign tourists?; 16, tr.
212)
Phin tich vi d\i trSn cho thdy, neu nhu tiing Vi?t sir dvmg dpng tir ghip hlnh thinh tfr hai d$ng tir don chi hinh d$ng thl khi chuyin djch sang tieng Anh chi cdn Ifi mpt dOng tvr don, hay tiong mdt s6 trudng hpp, ngudi ta phii thSm tir di hilu dupc j nghia.
(3) Mdi sdng sdm mi cu T%o dd vdc edp di hoc rii d? [23, tr. 57] (Did Teo eo to school early this morning?; 15, tr. 55).
Tuy nhiin, cho din nay dS khdng cd nhilu nghiin cihi vl d$ng tfr ghip gIm hai d$ng tit don bilu thj hinh dpng ^TGHD) tiing Viit ciing nhu tiing Anh. VI v$y, bii niy nhiim khio sit d$c diem cd phip vi ngii ndila ciia cic DTGHD dvra trin khii liiu gdm 370 DTGHD nit ra tit cic tic phim cia Nam Cao, Nguyin Cdng Hoan, Bio Ninh, Nguyen Huy Thipp, Li Minh Khui, Nguyen Quang Thin, vi Thii Bi TSn, ding thdi, tim ra cich chuyin dich tiing Anh tuong ducmg.
20 NG6NNGff&D6ls6NG S6 11 (241)-2015 gdp phin nang cao hiiu qui viic hpc t$p vi
giang day DTGHD tiing Viit. Kit qui nghiin cilu cung giup ning cao chit lupng viic djch DTGHD tieng Viit sang tiing Anh trong cac tic pham vin hpc.
l.Z Mic dvl da c6 khi nhilu bii vilt ve dpng tu ghip vdi nhiSng dii tupng nghiin cuu khic nhau nhimg nhQng cdng trinh nghiin ciiu vl DTGHD khdng nhieu.
Halliday [3], Biber [1] vi nhilu nhi ngdn ngft hpc nhu Givdn [2], Quyrk [6] di phin lo^ cic ding tir ghip ve chiic ning ciia dpng tit. Diip Quang Ban [7], Cao Xuin Hfo [9], Tran Hftu M»nh [11], Nguyin Httu Q u ^ [12], Nguyen Kun Thin [13] cung chi ra cich phin loai cii phip vi ngii nghia cua dpng tir.
Homby [4, tr.l636] djnh nghia ding tir nhu mpt tii h o ^ mpt nhdm tir diln ti mit hanh dpng, mpt s\r kipn hay mpt tr^ng thii.
Theo Quyrk [6], dpng tir li yeu t l trung tam nhat, vi d\ra vio vi tri ciia ddng tQ giQp xic dinh nhiing ylu t l khic cdn lai trong ciu.
Diip Quang Ban vi Hoing Vin Thung [7, tr.97] dinh nghia ding tQ li nhiing tQ thl hiin hinh ding ho$c t r ^ g thii.
Ding tQ ghip thudng bao gIm hai tQ. Vl m^t ngQ nghia, chOng cd thl thay thl ding tQ don trong hiu hit cic cau mi khdng thay doi
^ nghia. Ciing giong dpng tQ don, theo Trin Ngpc Dvmg [8, p.215], ding tQ ^ i p cd thl dupc sQ dvmg dl bieu thj cim xiic, hinh dpng ho$c tr^g thii. Dpng tii ghip gIm hai dpng tQ don bilu thi hinh dpng ^TGHD). Theo dd, DTGHD l i mpt dpng tQ dupc ghip tQ hai ding tQ don chi hinh ding.
2. D$c tnmg ngon ngir cua DTGHD tieng Vift
Zl. Bfc trung ci phdp cia BTGHB tiing Vi^t
Trong bii niy, d ^ trung cQ phip cua DTGHD tiing Vipt dupc hilu theo phin lo»i theo H thuylt cua Cao Xuin Hfo [9, tr. 23]:
chu ngft (CN), vi ngii (VN), tifng ngft Cfr.N), bo nghia (BN) cua cvim danh tQ.
ThA nhit, chi nglk Khi DTGHD li cW ngft trong ciu thi nhiing DTGHD niy cung dupc xem nhu danh tQ. DTGHD tieng Vi?l cd chile ning chQ ngft khi ding tQ chinh trong cau li ding tQ quan hi chi tr^ng tM nhu thi, li, cdm thdy, dudng nhu, nghe ra, vdn edn, xem ra, trd thdnh, hda ra trong c&i tnic; CN - BT quan h(-BN cia CN.
Mpt djc diem nOa khi DTGHD ddng vai trd li CN trong ciu thi nhQng hu tQ nhu 3&, sS, dang hdy, dimg chd si khdng thl dimg trudc DTGHD vi xong, rii khong thl dimg sau DTGHD. Ndi cich khic, DTGHD d(Sng vai trd li CN trong cau thl khdng kit hpp vdi hutQ.Vidy:
(4) K&u gdo vd ehii bdi Id vi$c lim thudng xttyen cua hdn lie say xin. [20, tr.l 17] fShoutine and cursine is what he dm -whenever being drtmk; 17,tr.ll2).
Thit hai, v/ ngit: Ding tQ ghip t i M dpng tQ don chi hinh ding ddng vai trd !i vj ngft (VN) trong ciu. VN cd thi l i mit d^
tu npi hudng ddng tit ngogi hudng vi d^
tit quan M.
- Vj ngtt li ding tQ nil hudng, vi dy:
(5)CvStChiPheogungdSs. [20,tr.l61 (He helped Chi Pheo stand UP: 7, tr.25).
- Vi ngft l i ding tQ ngofi hudng, vl dvc (6) Thi lyc cia cy Idndt dupc nhiing W^
cdnh khdc. [20, tr.23] (He is able to reurm the other clans; 17, tr.3I).
Thi ba, trfng ngit Tr^ng ngft thuing dupc dimg chi thdi gian, noi chin, mia # cich thQc, dilu kipn, tuong phin vi myc dich. Tuy nhiin, cQ liiu thu th$p cho thiy DTGHD tiing Viit chi xuit hifn trong nhiing trang ngft chi myc dich vdi di vipM diing trudc cic DTGHD. Vidy:
(7) Ldo ldm thue di kiim dn. [20, tr.90|
(He earned his living by hiring himself om,e
a labourer; n.ti.ll). ^ Thit tu, bS nghta cia c^m danh tic M>
chung, DTGHD d tiing Viit luin dQng » danh tQ chinh dl bo nghia cho danh tQ hofi lim rd nghia cho cvim danh tQ.
Sl 11 (241)-2015 NG6N NGU" & Bin S6NG 21 (8) Mi khdng dd dpng tdi viSc cudi xin gi
nia. [20,tr. 87]
(He dropped the idea ifmarriaee and did not speak of it again). [17, tr.70]
2.2. Bfe tnmg ngit nghta cia BTGHB tieng Vift
Theo quan dilm cua O'Grady, Archibald, Aronoff and Miller [5], vl mjt nghia thl tQ ghip cd thl dupc phin loai dya vdo muc dd dpng ca Idi ndi, hojc dya vdo nghTa cdu trie cia cdc tir trong ti ghip, ndi rd hon li tuong tic ve nghia cQa cic tQ trong tQ ghip vdi nhau. Diip Quang Ban vi Hoing Vin Thung [7] ciing dl c$p ve mli quan hi nghia ciia cic ding tQ don trong ding tQ ghip nghiin cQu niy, cic tic gli Ivia chpn cich phin loai thQ hai dl phSn tich quan hi ^ nghia ciia cic ding tQ don h^ng DTGHD. Theo dd, DTGHD cd thl phin lim hai nhdm:
a. Ddng ti ghip phi thdnh ngU al. Ddng tu ghep gpp nghXa: Khi hai ding tQ don chi hinh ding kit hpp vdi nhau tao thinh mit DTGHD thi n ^ a chung DTGHD dupc hilu dvra trin ^ nghia cua tQng thinh t l ting hpp Ifi. Ndi cich khic, ^ nghia cia timg ding tir don cimg nhau gip lai dl tfo ra y nghia chung cda ci ding tQ ghip.
DTGHD gip nghia khi tich thinh hai ding tQ don, nghia cQa m3i tQ rit xic dinh vi khic nhau, trii ngupc nhau. Vi dy:
(9) Tdi thttdng mua bdn mdy md rau qud trong vudn vdi mayo ling bSn. [24, tr.l 53] ^/
usually trade some vegetable and fruit with women in the nearby village; 19, tr.l24).
Trong vi dy trin, mua *buy' + bdn 'sell' >
mua bdn 'trade*. Nhu ta thiy, "trade" li mit ding tQ dimg dl chi hinh ding gIm "mua"
vi "bin" hing hda.
a2. Bdng ti ghip ldp nghTa: Khdng nhu DTGHD gip nghia, DTGHD IJp nghia cia hai ding tQ don vdi nghia tucmg tvr, hojc ding nghia vdi nhau, chiing kit hpp vdi nhau chjit che dl t?o ra ^ nghia chung cia mit DTGHD. Khi tich DTGHD thinh hai ding t i don de tao thinh hai ciu thi -j nghia cua
hai ciu cung khdng thay dii. Mit d$c diem nfta li y nghia ting quit cia mit DTGHD I5p nghia tuong duong vdi -j nghia cua timg tQ to khi nhftng tQ t l niy dimg dupc nhu tQ don tl. Vidy:
(10) Ong dy ddnh ddp con cdi hodl [24, tr.247 (He ohvsieallv abuses his chtldren;19, n-.212).
b. Ddng tit ghip thdnh ngi
Dpng tQ ghip thinh ngtt li nhiing ding tQ ghip mi nghia cia ching khing thl hilu mit cich dl ding thdng qua nghia cia ting ding tQ mi li mit nghia khic hoin toin. Khi tich moi DTGHD li ding tQ ghip thinh ngtt tich thinh hai ding tQ don thl nghia cia ching khic nhau. Vi dy:
(11) Bdi vdy, cd cd thi todn tdm eho vi$e sinh nhai [24, tr.30] (That she could give all her mind to eamine her livinp. •• 19. tr.25).
"Sinh nhai" nghia li lim in sinh sing (him y khd khin, ch^t v^t) (IBTV, 2014, tr.
1114), hoin toin khic vdi nghia cia 2 ding tQ don tich ra tQ nd li "sinh"vi "nhai".
23. Kit qui phin tieh si U$u thing ki 1) Bilu dl (1) cho thiy tin si^t cia DTGHD vdi chiic ning vj ngtt nhilu nhit vdi 47,30%; diing thi hai vdi 25,41% li chic ning trang ngtt; d v] tri thQ ba li bl nghia cia danh tQ vdi 22,15% vi thip nhit vdi 5,14% li chi ngtt.
Biiu do 1: Tdn sudt cia DTGHD tiing Vi$t trin binh di$n ciphdp
22 N G 6 N N G C & Bin S O N G S I U (241)-2015
2) Bilu do (2) cho thiy tin suit cia DTGHD tiing Viit tren hhih diin ngft nghia:
Phin tich bieu do (2), ngudi ta thiy dpng tQ ghip phi thinh ngu xuat hiin vdi sl lupng ldn hon nhilu so vdi ding tQ ghep thinh ngft (76.49% so vdi 23.51%)
2 j ^ ^ Ngitnghls
Bieu S 2: Tdn sudt cua DTGHD tiing Vi$t trSn binh di^n ngit nghia
2.4. Bdi chiiu DTGHD tiing Vift vd hinh thitc tuang duong trong tiing Anh
Cd hai ngdn ngtt deu cd dpng td gh6p nhu dd nSu d p h ^ If thuyet. Tuy nhien, khi chuydn dich DTGHD tieng Vipt sang tieng Anh thl cd thS th4y mOt s6 d$e diem nhu sau:
Dhu tiin, khi xem x^t nhttng b ^ dieh ti^g Anh tuong duong thl nh§n thdy khdng ed DTGHD tieng Anh tuong dng md chi Id nhttng dOng tCr don d ti^ng Anh thay th^. Vi dv:
(12) Nhirng thay ddi cua Idng khien cd khdng khdi nggc nhiin. [77] (The great changes of the village made her surprised;
77).
Thdr hai, DTGHD tieng Vipt khi djch sang ti^g Anh sang tieng Anh thl cd thS chuyen sang nhieu d^ng khde nhau: cd thS Id .danh tix dan, cym danh td, tinh td don, cym tinh td, d$ng tdc don, cym d$ng td hay Id m$t cym gidi td. Dudi day Id mpt s6 vi d^:
Nhttng DTGHD tiing Vipt nhu "dn trdm, dn cudp, dung cdn" khi dupc chuyen dich sang ti^g Anh dd trd didnh:
- danh td, vl d\y. a pirate, a thief, intervention;
(13) Niu khdng cd Dyt dOng cdn dt ban ndy anh dd bj trdi tit Idu roi. [73, tr.234]
(But for Du's intervention, he would have had his hands tied;) 70,p.l78).
- cym danh td, vi d\i: (14) Anh vdn tudng hdn d ngodi tinh, nhd dng bdt Hudng Id cAii hg, vi dng nay budn bdn gidu cd. [21, tr.6]
(Pha thought he had gone to an uncle's, a wealthy merchant in the chief town; 18, tr.lO).
- dpng tCr don, vl dv: (15) Bdc San dd idy thdng bi, nhin mdt nd, hdn hit nd.[24, tr.24]
(Bac San hugged him in her arms, took a good look at him and kissed him;l9,ti.30).
- Ld cym dpng td d tiing Anh, vi dy:
(16) Bdy gid thi chi d(^ dd, khuvSn bdo suit ngdy. [27] (Now it's Just lecturing and telling me what to do all day long.) [27]
- tinh td don, vi dy: (17) Nim mOt cdi nhin vdo qt^ trinh chi tao keo ddn mUi gidy d dja phucmg ta. [25] (Casting a hard look into the shoe-tip glue manufacturing processes in our locality;25).
- cym gidi td, vf dy: (18) Cdi do gidc vdsy xa vdi ^ ldm mgi ngudi xao xuyin, thdp thdm chd doi miia thu. [26] (Ihe mirage and the far awcQr felling made people anxious in their wait for autumn:26).
Thit ba, mOt DTGHD tiing Vi^t ed thl c6 vdi hlnh thde djch tuong duong d tiing Anh.
Nhilu DTGHD tiing Vipt cung cd thl cd ehung d ^ g tuong duong trong tiing Anh.VI dv:
- "ldm dn" dupc dich thfbih nhilu edeh nhu "get a job ", "to do business ".
(19) Dong chi dimg cho nhu v<?j/, dd Ih hiiu bo thi tu son, chdng nd quen di, khdng chiu ldm dn gi nfta. [25] (Don't give haruhuts like that, n^ friend, that's the way the c(q>italists do it. The bums will get used to it, and then they won't ever get a fob: 25).
(20) Bao gid thi anh dfnh cu hdn trong nude di Idmdn? [27] (When do you intend to return to the country permanently to do business here; 27).
s l 11 (241)-2015 N G 6 N NGtr & Bin S 6 N G 23
- DTGHD tiing Viit nhu '7(rc van, im nn "diu dupc dich thinh "beg", hodc "nhdn bdo,khttyen nhi, khuyen bdo" c6 thl dupc
^chli "advice"
(21) Nd thudng li lit dn xin a nhd thd.
[24, tr.l75] (He often begged for food near the churches; 19, tr.356).
(22) Tdi khdc mic nd, lav van rdi rit.
[22, tr.7] (1 sobbed bitterly and beeeed him to let me stay; 16, h-.185).
3.Kltlu$n
Kit qui phin tich dft liiu dS lim rd mit sl d$c trung c i phip vi ngtt nghia ciia DTGHD trong tiing Viit. Nhttng dilm khic biit gitta DTGHD tiing Viit vi cic tuong duong trong tiing Anh cung dupc bin khi chi tiit. Kit qui nghiin cQu di trinh biy cd thl gdp phin giip ngudi hpc ngdn ngtt cd thim nhiing diem cin luu ^ khi sQ dyng lo^i ding t i niy trong viic hpc biin phien dich, hay trong giao tilp hing ngiy. Ngoii ra, trong qui trinh day hpc, giio viin cd thl khai thic nghiin ciiu niy nhu cdng cy dl giing day. Myc dich quan trpng hon ci cia vipc day vi hpc ngin ngtt li ngudi hpc cd thl s i dyng dupc ngin ngtt dd trong giao tilp (ndi vi vilt), vi viic hieu dupc nhihig d$c dilm ciia DTGHD ddng mit vai trd vd cimg quan trpng trong viic giip ngudi hpc cd thl giao tilp mpt cich rd ring, m^h 1^ vi logic.
TAI LlfU THAM K H A O 1. Biber, D. et al. (1999), Grammar cf spoken and written English Longman Publisher.
2. Givdn, T. (1984), Syntax -Afimctional - typological irOroduction, vol I Amsterdam: J.
Benjamin.
3. Halliday, M.A.K. (2004), An introduction to functional grammar, third Edition, Revised by Christian M.I.M, Matthiessen, London: Arnold.
4. Homby, A.S (2005), Ojtford advanced learner's tSctionary, Oxford University Press.
5. O'Giady, W. & Archibald, J. & Aronoff;
M & Miller, J. R. (1993), Contemporary
linguistics: An introduction, St Martin Press, New York.
6. Quyrk, R. (1985), A comprehensive grammar of the English language, London &
New York: Longman.
7. Diip Quang Ban, Hoing Vin Thung (2007), NgUph^ tiing Vi^t, t ^ I, Nxb Giio dye.
8. Tiin Ngpc Dyng (2010), Cdm nang ngO pht^ Viit Nam, Nxb Tinh hoa Viit Nam.
9. Cao Xuin Hao (1998), Tiing Viit - Mdy vdn di Ngi dm, Ngi phdp, Ngi nghTa, Nxb Giio dye.
10. Nguyin Kun Thin (1999), Dpng tii trong tiing Vift, Nxb Khoa hpc Xi hii.
NGUdNNGpLItU 11. Bio Nmh (1991), (Translated by Frank Pahnos), The Sorrow of War, Seeker and Warburg London.
12. Li Mmh Khui (1991), (Translated by Nguyin Quin), The Last Rain, Truyin ngin Viit Nam, Foreign Languages Publishing Home.
13. Nam Cao (2002), Chi Pheo and Other Stories, Foreign Languages Publishing Home.
14. Nguyen Cing Hoan (1999), Impasse, Foreign Languages Publishing Home.
15. Nam Cao (2002), Nam Cao Truyin ngdn tuyin chpn, Nxb Vin hpc.
16. Nguyen Cdng Hoan (1999), Budc dudng cing, Nxb Vin nghp thinh pho Hi Chi Mmh
17. Li Mmh Khui (1991), Ccm mua cudi cing, Truyin ngin Viit Nam, Nxb Vin hpc.
18. Bio Nmh (1991), Ndi huin chiin tranh, Nxb Hii Nhi vSn.
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