TIT duy xa hoi: Mot so van de ly luan va thirc tien
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Le Ng9c Hiiiig'*'
T6m tat: Bai viit trinh bay ngdn gon vi tu duy xa hgi ti-en ca sa tdng quan mot sd nghien cuu. quart niem chu yiu tu goc do xa hoi hgc. Tu duy xa hoi Id lu duy cua mot xa hgt toan the nhdm gidi quyet van de nay sinh ciia xa hoi do. Mot s6 vi du duac neu ra trong hat nay chu yeu nham lam rd cdc bieu hien vd cac chuc nang cua lu duy xd hgi qua do CO the ggi ma mgt so huang nghien ciru tiip iheo vi cdc loai hinh tu duy xa hpi 'fu!'Zf"J "" ^^^^^^^ ''^"' "^"^ '"° '" ' ^ '«• ''^' ''""S xa hgi hi?n dgi. nhdt la a xa hgi Viet Nam dang tren con duang ddi mai. sting tgo nhdm muc tieu phdt ti-iin bao trum va bin virng.
Tu khda: Tu duy xa hpi, Bi^n d6i xS hpi, Clu tnic x§ hpi, Phat triln bSn vilng Phdt
tnen bao triim ^ Triet gia noi tigng Ren6 Descartes da
phit biiu: "Toi tu duy tuc la toi t6n t?i"
Viy, tu duy ci nhan phai la tieu chuan cua s\r tdn t^i ca nhan?! Con vdri xS hpi thi sao? Hpc theo Descartes, co the n6i "xa hpi tir duy tiic la xa hpi t6n tai" Tu duy xa hpi dupc hieu la suy nghT, nhin nhan, dinh g i i gi4i thich, ly giai ciia xS hpi t6ng the nhSni cai bien xa hpi, thay d6i thS gidi.
Cic nhi nghien cuu tit xua den nay diu quan tam nghien cuu tu duy xi hpi (social thinking, societal thinking) di chi ra cic d$c diem, tinh chat va chiic nSng ciia no.
Khac voi tu duy c i nhan, tu duy xa hpi lien tyc hinh thinh, van dpng va biin d6i trong moi quan h? qua lai vdi con nguoi vi xa hpi.
C6 thi djnh nghia. tu duy xa hpi la chien lupc tu duy cua xa hpi di kiin t?o xa hpi, cii biin thi gioi theo myc dich ciia xa hpi. Tu duy xa hpi phin inh cich cam, each nghT, cich biiu hi?n, cich hinh dpng, each sinh sdng, cich sin xuat, kinh doanh vi biin ddi thi gioi. Tu duy xa hpi li tu duy ciia nhom xi hpi, ciia ci mpt xa hpi nhat dinh vi mpt hay horn mpt van di mi nhom do, xi hpi do quan tam.
Nhi bic hpc nguoi Phap Marcel Mauss (1872-1950), tic gii cu6n sach "Essai sur le don, forme archalque de I'echange"
xuit bin nim 1925'*' coi xa hgi la ldng thi xd hgi. Do vay, tu duy xi hpi li tu duy ciia tong thi xa hpi, toin thi xi hpi vi nhihig vin di thupe toan thi xa hpi chu
'•' GS.TS.. Vi^n XS hpi hpc Hpc vi?n Chlnh oi qu6c gia Hfl Chi Minh; Email: [email protected]
'*' Marcel Mauss (2011), Lugn vi bieu tfng: Hinh thirc va ty do ctia str trao ddi Irong cdc xa hpi cd su. Nxb. Tri thiic. Hi NOi.
Thdng Hn Khoa h«c xA h$i. s^ 1S.S016 khong phii tu duy xa hoi theo nghia hep
chi noi ve khia canh xa hpi phan biet voi cac khia canh khic nhu kinh te. van hoa, giao due. Theo nghTa hep tu duy xa hpi dich ra tieng Anh phai li "social thinking", theo nghTa rpng ma d day dang tap trung bin luan can djch ra tieng Anh la
"societal thinking"
Ttr Karl Marx den Jean-Francois Lyotard:
Tur truyen thong den hau hien dai Theo Karl Marx (1818-1883), xa hoi CO su phan chia giai cap cho nen co giai cap thong tri vi giai cap bi tri vi Marx chi ro tu tudng ciia giai cap thong tri la tu tudng thong tri xi hpi'*' tir dd suy ra tu duy ciia giai cip thdng tri li tu duy thdng tri xi hpi.
M|c dil Marx cd ndi den tu duy xa hpi, nhung dng chu yeu ndi den tu duy ci nhan vi tu duy giai cip. Tir khi ra ddi din nay, triit hpc chii yiu tip trung vao vin de ca ban ciia nd vdi mpt m|t la con ngudi cd nh|n thitc dupc thi gidi hay khdng chir khdng phii xa hpi cd nh|n thiirc dupc thi gidi hay khdng.
Npi dung quan trpng mang tinh th^rc tien trong quan ni?m cua Marx vi tu duy la su chuyin biin tir tu duy nhim hiiu biit thi gidi thinh tu duy nhSm thay ddi thi gidi, tir tu duy trong thi gidi ciia tinh than
Theo quan ni^m niy cOa Marx, chiing ta c6 thS suy lufn ti^p rang Irong mOl xi h^i nhu vSy tu duy piia giai dp thflng irj 1^ tu duy th6ng tri Irong x» hfli cfl si/ phan chia thinh giai cjp Ih6ng trj va giai cSp bj trj. D4y \k nhin m?nh Hn svr phSn hfla xS hfli thinh hai giai c4p th6ng trj v4 giai c4p bj trj, v4 tuong irng cfl tu duy thflng trj v4 tu duy bj trj. Nhung xa hfli phSn hfla thinh nhi^u giai ting, nhifiu nhflm vi nhi^u cflng dflng xS hfli. Do dfl, tu duy xi hfli cDng phin hfla ihinh nhi^u lo^i tu duy xi hfli tuong img vfli cic giai ting, nhflm, cflng dflng xi hfli. Xi hfli cfl s\f phin ting xi hfli cho nen tu duy cOng cfl sir phin ting lu duy xi hfli.
sang tu duy trong thi gidi ciia hinh dpng.
Nhung tu duy cua mdt ci nhan, ciia mpt con ngudi rieng le khdng du di cai t?io thi gidi mi phii la tu duy ciia nhieu ngudi, tu duy cua xa hpi, tu duy ciia thi gidi mdi cd the cai biin dupc the gidi. Do vay cd thi ndi triet hpc duong dai can dat vin di nghien cuu ve mdi quan he giita tu duy vi xa hdi.
Nhi triit hpc xa hpi hau hiSn d^ Jean Francois Lyotard (1924-1998) nhan m^nh tdi su chuyin hda tir du duy cd gii tri tieu diing de thda man tri td mo cua ci nhan thanh tu duy cd gii tri trao ddi di thda man nhu ciu cua thj tnrdng, ciia xa hpi.
Tu duy cd gii tri tieu dimg khi con ngudi chi td md mudn biet xung quanh minh nhu the nio. Khi do sin pham cua tu duy li vi?c dip ling nhu ciu td md, ham hiiu biit cua ca nhin. Din dan trong sy phit triin ciia xa hoi, tu duy ciing giong nhu mpi thu khic trd thanh hang hda dac bift, thanh mpt lo^ii ho^t dpng d§c biet cua con ngudi, tu duy khdng chi cd gii tri tieu diing di thda man tri td md, m i cdn cd gii trj trao ddi de thda man nhu ciu thi trudng, nhu ciu cua ngudi khic, nhu ciu cua xa hpi.
Day li sy phit triin rit ldn trong tu duy ndi chung va tu duy xa hpi ndi rifing. Cin ghi nhan ring Marx da ndi din y tudng niy khi dua ra khai niem hang hda, tuy nhien dng khdng ban sau vi tu duy xa hdi cung nhu khdng ban ky vi qua trinh tu duy trd thinh mdt loai hang hda die biel (Jean-Francois Lyotard, 2008).
Emlle Durkheim: Tv duy xa h$i nhu- li mpt su- kifn xa h$i
Hpc theo Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), cd the hdi: tu duy xi hpi bien thinh tu duy ci nhan nhu the nao? Cau tri Idi li thdng qua qui trinh xi hpi hda ci nhan mi tu duy xa hdi trd thinh tu duy ci nhan, cy thi
TvduTxabdi.
nhu sau. Theo chiic nang luan cua Durkheim, sy kien xa hdi li bit ky mdt phirong each hoat dpng xa hdi nio cd tinh phd biin trong xa hdi tdn tai rieng. ddc l$p, tich biet vdi cic ci nhan vi nd cd kha nang tic dpng din c i nhan nhu mdt sy cudng chi tir ben ngoii. Tir day cd thi hiiu tu duy xa hdi li mdt loai su kien xa hpi cd khi ning inh hudng, tic dpng din tu duy, tinh cam, hinh ddng cua cic c i nhan trong xi hdi. Edgar Morin - nhi triit hpc xa hpi ngudi Phap ciing ndi nhiiu vi giio dye vi cho ring, mpt trong nhimg chirc nang cua giio due li xa hdi hda theo nghTa ci nhan hpc hdi cic kinh nghi?m cua xa hpi di thyc hi|n cic chuc ning, nhi?m vy nhit djnh ddi vdi xi hpi. Ci Durkheim va Morin diu nhin manh din chirc nang xa hpi hda cua giio due, tuy nhien ci hai dng diu khdng ndi rd mpt npi dung CO bin, quan trpng li xi hpi hda gdp phan biin tu duy xa hpi thanh tu duy ci nhin. Qui trinh xa hpi hda tu duy niy cung tuan theo cic quy luat cua xa hpi hda ndi chung. Vi dy, mpt khi luat phip dupc ban hinh thi chiing ta phii tuin theo vi luc dau sy tuSn theo mang tinh chit 6p bupc, cudng chi nhung din din nhd qui trinh xa hpi hda gdm ci tuyen truyin, giio dye mi vi?c tuan theo phip luat trd thinh ty giic. Nhung tu duy cua moi ci nhan li ' tu duy cua xa hdi dupc xa hdi hda, dupc nh|p tam vi dupc cii biin bdi ci nhin rdi sau dd dupc hien thyc hda trong xa hpi (Emile Durkheim, 2012).
Claude Livi-Strauss: Nhan hpc ve tir duy xi hpi
Claude L6vi-Strauss (1908-2009) li mdt nha xa hpi nhin hpc nghien cii-u vi he thdng xa hdi vi ciu tnic xi hpi mi dya vio dd chiing ta cd thi ndi yi ciu tnic tu duy xa hdi. Xi hpi cd ciu tnic mi chiing ta phai tuan theo, nhung Claude Levi-
Strauss cho ring ddi khi chiing ta xay dyng xa hpi theo cau tnic mi chiing ta cho la diing, nghT li diing, tu duy li diing.
Dieu nay cflng tuong ty nhu viec chiing ta nghi ra mdt birc tranh vi mdt ngdi nhi, thiet ke ra ngdi nha tren giay idi cin cir vao do chiing ta xay dyng ngdi nha. Theo dng, xa hdi cd cic ciu tnic tu duy, chimg ta lya chpn cau tnic tu duy va ip dyng chung trong thyc ti. Nhung diiu nay duac Claude Levi-Strauss trinh biy trong cudn sich "Nhiet ddi budn" ndi tiing cua dng dugc xuit bin nim 1955, duac djch vi xuat ban d Vi?t Nam nim 2009. Trong sich niy, dng cd mdt doan ke dac sic vi quan ni?m cua ngudi tho dan vi "ty nhien" vi "xa hpi" nhu sau: khi din noi cd ngudi dan da dd, mpt nhi nghien cuu thic mic hdi hp vS cac hinh sic len mSt di lim gi? Ngudi dan bin dja tri ldi la phii ve the de khdng giif nguyen trang thii ty nhien vi niu giir nguyen thi ching khic gi siic vat'"' Trong xi hpi loii ngudi, phu nQ trang diem tdt hoic nhiiu hem, phd biin hom nam cho nen cd thi ndi tinh xa hpi, trinh dp xa hpi ciia phu n& cao han nam gidi rat nhieu (?!) (Claude Levi-Strauss 2009).
T?i sao cic nhi nhin hpc nfli rigng vi cic nhi xi hfli hpc nfli chung hay nghign ciru vk din tflc cd xua hojc nghign cuu nhihig thfl din cfln dang gitt tr?ng thii x i hfli nguygn thuy? Rit don giin vl nghign cuu nhOng dfli tupng nhu v|y thi mfli cfl the phit hi^n ra thirc chit, ban chit thuin khi^t chua bj inh hudng, chua bj pha tap bfli cii gpi li
"vin minh", "hign dai" COng giflng nhu chiing ta tim nhiing hfln di nguygn so. nhOng miu vit It bi t?p chat dg nghign ciiu vi hiiu rfl vf nfl hon li khi nghign ciJru nhfhig miu bj pha tap. Nghign cihi v^ xi hfli nguygn thuy vin cfln roi rflt Ijii trong thi gifli ngiy nay sg giup ta higu rO xi hfli loii nguflj hon li nghign cim nhflng xi hfli hign dai di vi dang bj pha t?p, bign dfli tit nhiiu so vfli xi hfli g6c, xi hfli nguygn thuy thfl so. Cfl thi ip dyng cich nghign ciru nhu v|y vio tim hiiu tu duy xi hfli dupc khflng cflng 14 mflt vin dg d?t ra vi m?t phuong phip lu|n.
Erich Fromm: Khoa hpc nhan van vi tu duy xa hoi
Erich Fromm (1900-1980) la nhi tam ly hoc, ddng thdi la nha xa hdi hpc da viit cudn sach dac biet "Escape fiom Freedom"
nam 1944 ndi den tinh each dan tdc va tu duy xa hdi. Theo dng, moi giai tang diu cd tinh each ciia ca dan tdc vi tinh cich ciia ca mpt giai ting xS. hdi tuong iing'*' Vi v^y, cung cd the ndi tu duy ciia ci mdt giai tang xa hdi vi tu duy cua c i xa hdi.
Quan trpng d day la trong xa hpi cd nhihig tinh each khic nhau, khdng chi tinh each ca nhan ma tinh cich cua nhdm ngudi, han the nu'a la tinh each cua giai tang xa hdi va tinh cich dd anh hudng din sd phan ciia dit nudc. Vi dy vao nhung nim 1940 d Due phd biin la tinh cich rit ddc doin chuyen quyin. Sd dT nhu vay li vi, d dd cd mpt nhdm ngudi sSn sang thdng tri ngudi khac, ngupc lai cd rit nhiiu ngudi mudn duoc thdng tri bdi nhdm ngudi thdng tri. Tuong tu, cd thi ndi trong mpt xa hdi cd tu duy ddc doan va ducmg nhien cd loai tu duy may mdc, tu duy dan chii vi loai tu duy ty y. Tu duy soi sing va dan dit hinh ddng con ngudi
Fromm nghign ciru vi xi hfli Dire luc bay gid cii thfli mi phit xit Dire dang phit triin manh vio nhihig nim 1940 (sau niy flng trfln thoit sang Hoa Ki' nim 1942). 6ng phin bigt vi phit hign thiy xi hfli cfl tinh cich dflc doin: ca mpt dSn tflc cfl tinh cich dflc doin vi Dire 14 mflt diin hinh liic biy gifl, ei din tflc Dire cfl tinh cich dflc doin. Niu cfl thflri gian chiing ta tim hiiu thgm sg thiy tinh cich dflc doin g6m cfl hai mJt: mflt mit li hojc ngufli dflc doin dfl sg di tim nguflri khic di cai trj, th6ng trj hoje hp si di tim nguflri khic di hp dupc bj trj.
Tinh cich miy mflc: trong xi hfli eOng efl lo^i ngufli cfl tinh cich miy mflc, tire li chi nghe mflt chieu, khflng bao gifl nghi den chiiu thii hai hay khflng dim nghi ehiiu ngupc l?i, khflng dim nghT ehiiu khie vi cflng khflng nghe nii y kiin khic y kiin ciia minh. Diy li tinh cich miy mflc trii ngupc vfli tinh cich din ehii.
ThOng Hn Khoa hpc xa h«i. s612.2016 den hinh ddng ty y la tu duy ty y. Dd la tu duy hiiu biit dupc cudc song, hiiu biit minh la ai trong xa hdi. dd la tu duy ty ddng, tu dpng khdng cd nghTa li ty tao, ma hiiu theo nghTa li binh finh, hiiu theo nghTa la nim bit dupc quy lu^it vi hinh ddng theo quy luit (Erich Fromm, 2007).
Trd lai quan ni?m cua Lyotard trong cudn "The Postmodern Condition" vi sy bien ddi tri thiic va tu duy trong hoin cinh hau hien dai nhu hoan cinh cua dit nudc phat triin cao, vi du nhu My, Anh, Phip, Diic. Trong hoan cinh hau hi?n dai, theo Lyotard, tu duy Ididng cdn dpc quyin cua mdt nhdm ngudi nhu ting ldp tri thiitc, bd nio ciia xa hpi, khdng cdn thudc kiin tnic thupng ting niia ma tu duy thudc vi xa hpi vdi tit ca cac thinh phin, cic giai ting xa hdi vdi cac cau tnic phirc t?p cua nd.
Tuy nhien cin luu y li tu duy ci nhan, tu duy nhdm trd thinh tu duy xB hpi, tu duy cua tit ci con ngudi cd IS chi xiy ra d xa hpi hau hifn dai ve vin hda, h?u cdng nghi?p vi kinh ti, tiic li d xa hpi phit triin bac cao. Dd li xa hdi ve mit nghi nghi?p cd tren 50% s6 ngudi lim vi?c trong ITnh vyc dich vy, ddng thdi vi trinh dp cd tren 50% sd ngudi cd trinh dp chuyen mdn ky thuit b$c cao. Chi trong xi hpi h§u hi?n d^ii nhu viy, tu duy mdi khdng cdn thudc vi bd nao cua xa hdi, khdng thupe vi nhiing thinh phin thdng tri nim tinh than cua xi hpi mi tu duy thupe vi tit ci mpi ngudi, thinh tu duy xa hpi theo nghTa rdng nhit ciia tir ngOi niy. Mic dii v^y, tren thyc ti tu duy xa hdi d mpt xa hpi hiu hifn d?i vail bj kiim soit, bi nim giO vi bj phin phdi theo quy luat cua sy phin hda xa hpi vi phin ting xi hpi.
Edgar Morin: Khoa hpc hi^n d^i ve tu duy xa h$i
Edgar Morin (1921) li nhi bic hpc ngudi Phip di in mpt lo^t sich vi nhiiu
Tu duy XA bOi.
^
sich ciia dng duac dich vi xuit ban bing tieng Viet. Sich ciia dng bin nhiiu vi tu duy cudi thi ky XX vi diu thi ky XXI.
Tnjdc day, ndi din tu duy li ndi din sin phim cua nao bd. Triit hpc dinh nghTa tu duy li dac tinh. thudc tinh cua vat chit d trinh dp td chiic cao nhit. dd li bd nao cua con ngudi. Sang thi ky XXI, cin phai md rpng tu duy ca nhin. tu duy con ngudi sang tu duy xa hdi, tu duy cua toin thi xi hdi. Xuit hi?n ca thuat ngir mdi nhu "tu duy toin ciu" dk phin inh su thay ddi ciia tu duy trong xa hpi thi ky XXI (Edgar Morin, 2009).
Phan ti'ch mpt so biiu hifn cua tu duy xa hpi or Vift Nam
Ve mat ly luan, nhung diiu trinh biy d tren cho thiy tu duy xi hpi la mdt bd phan ciia ddi tuong nghien cim ciia xa hpi hpc vdi tinh cich la khoa hpc vi mdi quan h? giira con ngudi vi xa hdi (Le Ngpc Hiing, 2013). Tiip theo diy, cflng tir gdc dd khoa hpc niy, chiing ta phin tich mpt so vi dy thyc ti vi tu duy xa hpi d Viet Nam.
Vi dy thir nhit ii. lu duy xa hgi ihi hiin atu duy xa hoi ddi pho trong trudng hpp bit bupc dpi mu bio hiim khi ngdi tren xe md td, xe gin may. Quy djnh niy dupc chinh thirc ban hinh nim 2007 theo Nghi djnh sd 32 cua Chinh phii. Din nay ket qui la. ty le chip hinh da dat rit cao.
Tuy nhien, mdt ty I? cao khdng kem li sd ngudi dpi mu gii, kem chit lupng vi chi mpt ihieu sd ngudi dpi mu bio hiim d?t chit lupng. Qua dd cd thi thiy, viec dpi mu bio hiem de an toin cho minh mi lai sir dung mu bio hiim gii thi viec lam dd chi ia ddi phd, vi khdng phii mdt sd it ngudi ddi phd mi nhiiu ngudi ddi phd vdi quy djnh. Hanh ddng ddi phd gin liin vdi
•"tu duy doi phd" ciia xi hoi thi hien d tu duy ddi phd cua ci nhan vi hinh dpng ddi
phd cua ca nhan. Tu duy ddi phd vdi quy djnh dpi mu bio hiim din din hinh ddng chi tieu xi hdi: nhiiu ty ddng cua xa hpi da dupc chi ra dk mua mu bio hiim k^m chit lupng. EHeu niy cd nghTa li tu duy doi phd khdng con chi khu tni trong bd nio ci nhan. mi da hien thyc hda trong hanh ddng cua ngudi dan vdi viec mua vi dpi mu bio hiem kem chit lupng dk ddi phd vdi quy djnh bit budc ddi mu bio hiim khi ngdi tren xe md td, xe gin miy. Diiu ding chii y d day la, cd tu duy xa hdi mang y nghTa tieu cue, gay nii ro cho ci nhan vi xa hpi, trong tnidng hpp d day la ling phi vi nguy hiem den siic khde con ngudi trong tai nan giao thdng lien quan din ngudi dpi mu bao hiem kem chat lupng.
Vi du thii hai cho thiy, cd tu duy xa hdi vdi chirc nang tich cyc, do li chiic ning phan hiin xa hoi ctia tu duy xa hgi.
Biiu hien cua loai tu du> niy la du luan xa hpi, thio luan xa hpi. Du lu|n xi hpi phin inh tu duy. thii dp vi xu hudng hinh dpng cua mdt nhdm xi hpi ddi vdi nhihig vin dk niy sinh trong cudc sdng cua hp. Trong xi hpi hi?n dai, tu duy xa hpi thi hien rd qua du luan xi hdi. Cd thi neu trudng hop cu thi vi tu duy xa hdi thi hien d phin bien xi hpi trong sy ki?n cii tao Chp 19/12 d Hi Npi vio n5m 2008:
UBND thinh phd Hi Ndi dua ra chu truong xay dyng trung tam thuang mai d Chp 19/12 vio thing 3/2008; Cdng ty TNHH Thu Dd da bd ra khoing 10 ty ddng de lim luan chiing vi tinh khi thi ciia dy in xay dung biin chp niy thanh trung tim thuong mjii vi hom 500 ngudi da ddng y di ddi, tire la mpt sd lupng ngudi rat Idn da ddng y vdi cii chu truong dy in dd. Thi nhung, trudc yeu ciu ciia du luan xi hpi mi cdt Idi cua nd li tu duy xi hpi thi cac ca quan chiirc ning cua thinh phd Hi Npi di phii ra quyit djnh
8 ThCing tin Khoa Imc xft h$t. a612.2016
dimg d y i n xay d y n g trung tam thucmg mai m i thay v i o dd l i x a y d u n g c o n dudng va mpt d i i k y n i e m d ben d u d n g ' Cho d i n thdi d i i m dd c d le khdng n h i i u d u luan x i hdi m a n g d e n thanh cdng n h u la d u luan xa hdi ve v i e c xay d u n g trung tam t h u a n g mai d khu C h o 19/12: chi trong v d n g mdt thdi gian tir t h i n g 3 den t h i n g 12 thi lap n i c da p h i i d i m g lai c i mdt quyet dinh cua c a quan cdng quyen de ban h i n h mdt quyet djnh khac phii hop' ' D u luan x i hpi v i cimg vdi nd l i tu duy x i hdi trd nen linh hoat, n i n g ddng nhd phuang tien truyen thdng dai chiing hi?n dai dupc ket ndi m a n g Internet'*"'
'•' Cfl thi thiy rfl fl sv kifn niy cii chirc ning phin bifn xi hfli eiia du !u$n xi hfli mi trong siu xa cua nfl li tu duy xi hfli. Tr\rc tiip o diy 14 du lu^n x i hfli khflng d6ng tinh vfli vifc xiy trung tim thuomg m^i fl cii ncri cfl chp mi ygu eiu xiy d\mg con duflng. Trong tu duy xi hfli dfl cfl mflt nhflm li hfit nhin ciia tu duy xi hfli, dfl li tu duy cua mflt nhflm ngufli efl hiiu biit, cfl tri thirc vg Ijeh sir, tri thirc v i kiin mic di phin tich tInh hlnh, dua ra ;^ kiin v4 gpi y giii phip dupc nhiiu ngufli khic ung hfl vi din din kit qui nhit djnh (Xem: Vin Anh, Lg Nhung, Chti lich Ha Ngi: Thu ong Dmmg Trung Quoc la g(ri y. http;//vnn.vietnamnet.vn/chinhtri/
2008/12/818095/; http://thuvienphapluat.vn/tintuc/
vn/thoi-su-phap-luat/thoi-su/-20141 /ha-nol-dung- du-an-trung-tam-thuong-mai-tai-eho-19-12).
'"' Mflt vi dv nfla li tu duy xi hfli kiiu djnh kiin.
Cfl mflt thfli ci x! hfli cfl lu duy djnh kiin cho ring, eir thug mirfln lao dflng li bflc Iflt lao dflng vi c4 xi hfli djnh kiin ring ngufli giiu li ngufli khflng trung th^rc, li ngufli bflc lOt v i do v$y cin phii bj diu tranh, trimg trj, thu tigu. Ngiy nay vin cfln nhflng tu duy djnh kiin xi hfl^vi dg djnh kiin ring cflng Vigc nfli trp 14 thign chirc cua phv nfl, vl thg cflng cuflc binh ding gifli li sv nghigp liu dii vi khfl khin. E>iy li biiu hifn rit rfl eiia tu duy xi hfli theo Ifli djnh kiin khflng nim rfl dupc bin ehit cua sv vjt hign tupng, diy khflng chi li tu duy ciia mflt ci nhin mi cua c i xi hfli.
Oiiu niy thi hifn ring xi hfli tin hpc hfla vi xi hfli chua tin hpc hfla 14 khic nhau. Vi su khic nhau dfl thi hifn fl tu duy cua linh d?o, quin ly.
Nhung dfli khi chiing ta l^i mang tu duy ciia xi hfli ehua tin hpc hfla sang xi hfli tin hpc hfla. khi dfl
Torn lai, tu duy xa hpi biin ddi vi phat triin theo sy phit triin cua xi hpi.
Trong xa hpi hien d?i, cic yeu td nhu dan chu, tin hpc hda anh hudng manh den sy hinh thanh, biin ddi va phit triin ctia tu duy xa hdi, ddng thdi tu duy xa hOi cd sy tic ddng trd lai tdi sy phat triin, tdi sy linh dao, dieu hanh, quan ly cac qui trinh cua xa hdi. Tu duy xa hdi cd tic dpng tich cyc ciing nhu tieu cue tdi con ngudi, d$c biet khi tu duy xi hdi d miic dp dan tri cdn nhiiu h^n chi, ho|ic cd sy phan hda bat binh ding vi tu duy thi sy lam dyng vi tu duy xS hpi la mdt nguy ca rit ldn.
Sy phan biet tu duy thdng trj vi tu duy bj tri trd thanh sy phan hda xS hpi sau sic trong xi hOi tin hpc hda ngiy nay. Diiu niy rat dl trd thanh nguy ca lam dung thdng tin lim phuong hai sy ty do, dan chu xa hOi. Rui ro ngupc l^i la sy vi ph^im
chiing ta sS mic sai lim. VI dv, chung ta khflng di y sv hlnh thinh m^ng luflti x i hfli Iflng Igo, ning dflng mi chiing ta l^i mang tu duy ciia xi hfli nhu li mflt hf th6ng ch?t chg hay hf th6ng cic quan hf miu thuSn r6i ICic nio cung cfl thi nhin ra miu thuin di r6i phai lufln lufln cinh giic, dg chimg vi cuflng chi. Cfl IS cin xem xgt cich tu duy xi hfli nhu v|iy xem cfl phu hpp vfli x i hfli dang tin hpc hfla hay khflng. Vi myc tigu kinh ti, liic nio chiing ta cflng tu duy nhim ting ning suit lao dflng, dfl li trong xi hfli cfl, truflc diy. Trong xi hfli ngiy nay lim nhu vjy li chua dii, dfli khi chiing ta cin phii hi duy khic li lim thi nio giim bfli lao dflng mi vin gifl ning suit lao dflng cao thjm chl vin ting dupc ning suit lao dflng mi vin dem l^i sv hii Iflng ciia xi hfli; ngiy nay x i hfli phit triin theo kiiu mfli mang tinh ddi mfli, sing t^o, bao trflm vi bin vflng chir khflng phii chi dva vio cic yiu t i nguin lvc nhu vin til chlnh, v6n thiit bj, v6n tii nguygn v4 vfln lao dflng gii re. Xi hfli ngiy nay ph4t triin trgn CO sfl ning cao chit lupng. hifu qui vi sv hii Iflng mflt cich bin vihig vfli sv Iham gia ciia tit ci mpi ngufli. Diy li tu duy xi hfli theo kiiu mfli mang tinh kiin tjo, sing t?o trong x i hfli ngiy nay, nhit li trong x i h$i hju hifn d^i, x i hfli tin hpc hfla, x8 hfli toin ciu hfla v i h$i nh|p kinh ti thi gifli trong bii cinh biin d6i khi h$u toin ciu.
i
Tuduyxah^i..
>
quyen rieng tu, vi pham quyin bi mat ci nhan trong xa hdi tin hpc hda gin vdi sy dpc doan, chuyen quyin. Nhimg vin di xi hdi niy trd thinh ddi tuong ciia tu duy xa hdi vi cin dupc giii quyit trerf ca sd nr duy xa hdi sing tao dya vio bing chiimg khoa hpc •
Tai lifu tham khao
1. Emile Durkheim (2012), Cdc quy tdc cua phucmg phdp xa hgi hoc, Nxb. Tri thirc. Hi Ndi.
2. Erich Fromm (2007). Trdn thodt tu do, Nxb. Tir diin bich khoa. Hi Ndi.
3. Le Ngpc Himg (2013), Li- ihuyil xd hgi hoc hiin dgi. Nxb. Dai hpc Qudc gia Hi Ndi. Hi Ndi.
4. Claude Levi-Strauss (2009). .Mhiet ddi buon, Nxb. Tri thirc. Hi Ndi.
5. Jean-Francois Lyotard (2008), Hodn cdnh hgu hiin dai. Nxb. Tri thiic.
Ha Ndi.
6. Edgar Morin (2009), Nhgp mon tu duy phuc hap, Nxb. Tri thiirc. Ha Ndi.
7. Marcel Mauss (2011), Lugn vi hiiu tgng: Hinh thuc va ly do ciia su trao doi trong cdc xa hgi cS sa, Nxb. Tri thirc. Hi Ndi.
(tiep theo trang 31)
Nhin chung mit bing nhan thiirc vi BHXH ndi chung vi BHYT ndi rieng ciia ngudi dan ndng thdn ven dd d dja bin khio sit cdn rat nhiiu han chi vi thiiu hyt, dieu dd cho thiy nhung bit cap vi yeu kem cua ho?t ddng thdng tin vi tuyen truyin vi chinh sich BHXH ndi chung vi BHYT ndi rieng hien nay d ndng thdn.
Thyc te niy ddi hdi can cd giii phip khac phyc di dim bio thyc hi?n dupc nhi?m vy phd cgp BHYT toin dan nhu myc tieu qudc gia dat ra •
T i l lifu tham khao
I. Bp Y ti (2010), Ki hogch hdo vi.
chdm .wc va ndng cao sire khoe nhdn
ddn giai dogn 2011-2015.
http://jahr.org. vn/index.php?option=co m_content&view=article&catid=45:vu -ke-hoach&id=l 80:k-hoach-5-nm- nganh-y-t-2011-
2015&Itemid=60&lang=en.
2. Bd Y ti (2016), Bdo cdo Tdng quan ngdnh Y ti ndm 2015: Tdng cutrngy li ca sd huang lai hao phii chdm soc siic khoe todn ddn, Nxb. Y hpc. Hi Ndi.
3. Bio hiim xi hpi Viet Nam, Bdo cdo long kit cdc ndm lit 2007- 2015, http://www.baohiemxahoi.gov.vn/
4. Bio hiim xi hpi Viet Nam (2016), Bdo cdo cdng tdc 6 thdng ddu ndm 2016, http://www.baohiemxahoi.gov.vn/.
5. Ludt Bdo hiim y li sira ddi 2014.