Ughien ciiu - Trao doi
Tff p chi C » n g s a nQUA TRINH NHAN THVC VA PHAT TRIEN CAC GIA TR! PHAP QUYEN 6 VIET NAM
TRAN NGOC DlTOfNG*
rAKW nhpn vdphdt triin nin kinh ti thi tru&ng Mnh hu&ng xd hpi chu nghia tao tiin di kinh ti - xa hpi de thuffng ton phdp lu^t; ki thua vdphdt triin vi chdt nguyin tdc quyin luc nhd nu&c thupc vi nhdn ddn di tdt yiu ddn din quyin luc nhd nu&c bi gi&i han; cong nhan, ton trpng, bdo vi vd bdo ddm cdc quyin con ngu&i, quyin cong ddn theo Hiin phdp vdphdp ludt vd tie tpp quyin din phdn cong, phoi hpp, kiim sodt giiea cdc cff quan nhd nu&c trong viic thuc hiin cdc quyin lap phdp, hdnh phdp, tuphdp Id qud trinh nhan thiec vdphdt triin cdc gid tri phdp quyin & VietNam saugan 35 ndm tiin hdnh cong cupc doi m&L
T
LT tudng phap quydn ra ddi rdt sdm d nudc ta. Tir nua ddu nam 1919, d Phap cd mdt tdi lidu dugc luu truydn rdng rai nhu nhimg td truydn dan each raang, do Id bdn Yeu sach eua nhan ddn An Nara, con ggi Id Thinh nguydn thu ciia dan tdc An Nam gui tdi Hdi nghj Hoa binh Vec-xdy (Versailles). Sau do, ban Ydu sdch nay dugc Nguyen Ai Quoc dich ra tieng Viet theo thd tho lue bat, chuydn ve phd bien rgng rai vdi ddng bao gong nudc dudi nhan dd Viet Nam yeu cdu ea. Ang tha the hign 8 ydu sach, trong dd CO yeu saeh: "Bdy xin hien phap ban hanh.Tram diu phai cd thdn linh phap quydn"'".
Ngay tij dau thi ky XX, Nguydn Ai Qudc dd neu ra tu tudng phap quyen d Viet Nara, Ur tudng thugng tdn phdp luat. Tu tudng do dugc thd hien tham dugm vd sau sde d chu truang xay dung Hiln phdp trong dilu kien chinh quydn non tre, ngan can tteo sgi tdc sau Cach mgng Thang Tdm nam 1945 vd frong toan bd bdn Hiln phdp ndra 1946. Tuy nhien.
Hien phdp nam 1946 thdng qua khdng dugc bao Idu thi cudc khdng chien todn qudc keo dai 9 nam ehdng thge ddn Phap xdm luge nd ra va tilp din Id cudc khang chidn chdng My, cuu nudc, trong didu kien thd gidi ehia lam hai phe xa hgi ehii nghia vd tu ban chu nghia. Vi vdy, tu tudng phdp quyln cua Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh khdng ed didu kien thge hien ddy du frong xay dung nhd nudc kilu mdi. Nam 1986, Ddng khdi xudng vd lanh dao cdng eugc ddi mdi todn didn ddt nudc.
Nhin lgi gdn 35 nam ddi mdi, cd thd thdy tu duy ly ludn ndi ehung, ddc biet Id tir duy Iy ludn vd xdy dung Nhd nude phdp quyen xa hdi chu nghTa, frong dd ndi bat la ede gia frj ciia tu duy phdp quyln ndi ridng cua Ddng vd Nha nudc ta da cd nhung kd thua va phdt trien mgnh me.
* GS, TS, nguygn Pho Chii nhiem Van phong Qu6c hoi {!) Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap. Nxb. Chinh tri qu6c gia Sy hgt, HaN^i, 2011, t.l,tr. 473
Nghien a m - Trao doi T « p chl C^nS s d n
1 - Thiea nhdn vd phdt triin nin kinh ti thi truang dinh huang xa hpi chu nghia, tgo tiin de kinh ti - xd hpi di thuang ton phdp ludt trong xdy dung Nhd nuac phdp quyin xd hpi chii nghia ty nu&c ta.
Tu mdt ndn kinh td van hdnh theo co chd kd hoaeh hda, tap trung, quan lidu, bao cdp, Hiln phdp eiing nhu phap ludt ra ddi vd tdn tgi chii ydu bat ngudn tu ddi hdi eua Nhd nude, tu nhu cdu qudn ly cua Nha nudc, nen tu tudng lap hidn, lap phap rdt ngheo ndn. Nhdn ddn vd xa hdi ndi chung it cd nhu cdu su dung phdp ludt. Trong ndn kinh td thj trudng, Hidn phap vd phdp luat ra ddi, tdn tai vd phdt tiiln trude hdt vd ehu ydu bat ngudn tir ddi hdi ciia cdc quan he kinh te, tir nhu cdu bdo ve cdc quan he kinh te nen tu tudng Igp hidn va lap phap phong phu vd da dgng. Ngudi ddn vd xa hgi ndi chung ngdy cdng ed nhu cdu sii dung Hidn phdp, phap ludt de bdo ve lgi ich hgp phap cua minh. Xudt pbat tir ddi hdi khaeh quan dd, lan dau tidn frong ljch sir lap hien nudc ta, Hien phdp tuydn bd: "Nhd nu&c phdt triin nin kinh te hdng hod nhiiu thdnh phdn theo ca che thi truang cd su qudn ly cua Nhd nu&c, theo dinh huang xd hpi chii nghia"
(Dieu 15, Hien phap nam 1992) va "Nen kinh ti Viet Nam Id nin kinh ti thi truang dinh huang xd hpi chii nghia v&i nhieu hinh thuc sa hihi, nhiiu thdnh phdn kinh te; kinh ti nhd nuac giii vai trd chu dgo (Khodn 1, Dieu 51 Hien phdp nam 2013); "kinh ti cd the, kinh te tu bdn tu nhdn ducrc chpn hinh thuc td chiec sdn xudt, kinh doanh, duac thdnh lap doanh nghiep khdng bi hgn chi vi quy md hogt dpng trong nhieng ngdnh, nghi co lpi cho qudc ki ddn sinh" (Didu 21, Hidn phap nam 1992);
"Doanh nghiep thupc mpi thdnh phdn kinh ti ducrc liin doanh, lien kit v&i cd nhdn, td chuc kinh ti trong vd ngoai nuac theo quy
dinh cua phdp ludt" (Qiku 22, Hiln phap nam 1992) vd "cdc thanh phdn kinh tela bp^
phan cdu thdnh quan trpng cua nin kmh te qudc ddn. Cdc chu thi thupc mpi thdnh phan Mnh tibinh ddng, hap tdc vd cgnh tranh theo phap lugt" (Khodn 2, Dilu 51, Hidn phap nam 2013); "tai sdn hap phdp cita cdnhdn, td chuc khdng bi qudc hihi hda" (Didu 23, Hiln phdp nam 1992 va Khoan 3, Didu 51, Hiln phap nam 2013). Dga vao cdc quy dinh ndn tang do, hdng loat cdc luat, bd luat radi vd kinh t l - ddn su - lao ddng ldn lugt dugc ra ddi.
2- Su ki thiea vdphdt triin ve chdt nguyen tdc quyin liec nhd nuac thupc ve nhdn ddn - tdt yiu ddn din giin hgn quyen liec nhd nu&c va thuang tdn Hien phdp, phdp lugt.
Trong kho tang ly luan do so eiia Chu tich Hd Chi Minh vd Nhd nudc thi tu tudng vd quydn Ige nha nudc thudc vd nhan dan thd hien frong Hiln phdp nam 1946, do Ngudi tiijrc tidp lam Trudng Ban soan thao la mOt cdng hidn vd eimg quan frgng vd tidu bieu frong Ijch su lap hidn nudc ta.
Tru&c hit, Hidn phap nam 1946 khdng djnh chu the ciia quydn lap hidn thugc ve qudc ddn. Quydn lap hien la quyen the hign mdt cdch trgn ven nhdt quyen luc nha nudc thudc v l nhdn ddn. Ldi ndi ddu cua Hiln phap nam 1946 tiinh frgng tuyen bd: "... Bugc qudc ddn giao cho trdch nhiem thdo bdn Hiin phdp ddu tien ciia nu&c Viet Nam ddn cha cpng hoa, Quic hpi nhgn thdy rdng..."
Theo Hiln phdp nam 1946, cd su phdn bidt giua quydn lap hiln va quyen lap phap. Trong Ldi ndi ddu eiia Hiln phap su dung thudt ngit
"Qudc hgi". Trong ndi dung cua Hiln phdp d Chuang III lgi su dung thugt ngii ''Nghi viin nhdn ddn". Khdng phai ngdu nhien md cd su sir dgng thudt ngu khde nhau do. Day chinh la
Nghien ciiu - Trao doi T p p chl C<kng mAn
sa phan bigt giua Qu&c hgi l^p hien vd Qudc hdi Idp phap. "Qu6c hOi" vidt frong Ldi ndi ddu la Qudc hgi lam hidn phap, cdn "Nghi vi?n nhdn dan" d Chuang III la Qudc hgi lap phap. Chuih vi the, Dieu 23 ciia Hidn phap nam 1946 quy djnh vd nhigm vu, quyen han ciia Nghi vidn nhan ddn ehi viet: "Nghi viin nhdn ddn gidi quyet mpi vdn di chung cho todn quic, dgt ra cdc phdp lugt, biiu quyit ngdn sach, chudn y cdc hiep u&c md Chinh phd ky v&i nuac ngodi". Theo quy djnh nay, Nghj vign nhdn ddn chi cd quydn lap phap, Hidn phdp khdng quy djnh Nghj vidn nhan dan cd quydn lap hidn. Sau cuge Tdng tuydn cir ngdy 6-1-1946 bau ra Qudc hgi, do Id Qyhc hdi ldp hidn cd nhidm vg soan thdo va thdng qua Hidn phap. Sau khi Hidn phdp dugc Qudc hdi thdng qua vd dugc todn ddn phiic quyet thi Qude hdi lap hidn hoan thdnh nhidm vg vd tg gidi tdn. Tren ca sd Hidn phap da dugc toan ddn phiic quydt, Qudc hdi lap phdp se dugc bdu ra. Tuy nhien, chua kjp td chiic phiic quydt toan dan thi cugc khang chien todn qude bung nd, Qudc hgi lap hien frd thanh CJude hOi khda I thuc hien quydn lap phap.
Vd vide sua ddi Hidn phdp, theo Hien phap nam 1946, khdng cho phep bdt ky mgt ea quan nha nudc nao dugc dan phuang sira doi Hidn phap. Dieu 70 Hidn phap nam 1946 quy djnh viec sira ddi Hidn phap theo quy trinh: Do hai phdn ba tdng sd nghj vidn ydu cdu; Nghj vi$n bdu ra mgt Ban soan thdo nhihig dieu thay ddi; nhiing didu thay ddi khi da dugc Nghj vien ung chudn thi phai dua ra todn ddn phiic quydt. Vigc Hidn phap quy djnh sua ddi Hidn phap phai dem ra phiic quydt toan ddn the hien quydn luc cua nhan ddn cao ban quyen igc cua Qudc hgi Igp hiln. Nhu vay, Hidn phdp dugc quan nigra la mgt phuang thuc de
xdc Igp cac gidi ban phap ly ddi vdi quyln luc nha nudc. Quan nidm ndy gdn lidn vdi tu tudng lap hiln xuydn sudt frong tdt cd cdc tac phdm cua Nguydn Ai Qudc trudc khi gianh duge chmh quydn nhd nude.
Mdt ngay sau khi dgc Tuydn ngdn Doc lap, frong phien hgp dau tidn eua Chinh phu, Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh da dd ra 6 nhigm vu cdp bdch cua Nha nudc Vidt Nam Ddn chu Cgng hda. Trong dd, nhiem vu thii ba Id: "Truac chung ta da bi chi dp qudn chu chuyen chi cai tri, rdi din chi dp thuc ddn khdng kem phdn chuyin che, nin nu&c ta khdng cd hiin phdp. Nhdn ddn ta khdng cd quyen tu do ddn chu. Chung ta phdi cd mpt hien phap ddn chu"^^\ Chinh vi the, Hien phdp ndm 1946 Id bdn Hidn phdp dugc ban hdnh theo diing mdt trong ba nguydn tdc de ra d Ldi ndi ddu Id
"Ddm bdo cdc quyen tu do ddn chii" bang vide xac lap mdt nen hien phap vd phuang dien ehinh trj vd xa hgi theo ly tudng ddn quyln, nhdm chdng Igi ehe do chuyen che.
Hai Id, Hiln phdp ndm 1946 xuydn sudt nguydn tie "Tdt cd quyen bmh trong nude Id cua todn ddn Viet Nam". Chu tjeh Hd Chi Minh da nhilu ldn nhdn mgnh, Nha nude ta la nudc dan chii... Bao nhidu quydn ban ddu ciia dan... quyln hanh vd lue lugng ddu d noi ddn. Thd chd hda quan diem nay, Hiln phdp nam 1946 tai Didu tiui 1 da ghi nhdn
"Tiit cd quyin binh trong nu&c la cua todn ddn VietNam, khdng phdn biet noi gidng, gdi trai. giau ngheo, giai cdp, ton gido". Chinh quydn theo Hiln phdp nam 1946 Id ragt chinh quyln ddn chii: Ddn bdu ra Nghj vien nhan dan vd Nghi vidn nhdn dan tiidnh lap ra Chinh phii. Tuy Hidn phap nam 1946 khdng quy djnh nguyen tde phdn quydn, nhung vigc
(2) H6 Chi Minh: Todn tdp, Sdd. t. 4, tr.7
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Nghien ciiu - Trao doi T«p chl W n f i
phan cong quySn luc nha nuoc A ro rang, minh bach. Nghi vien nhan dan la co quan lap phap (DiSu thii 23); Chinh phu la co quan hanh chinh cao nhfa cua toan qu6c (Dito thii 43); Toa an la ca quan tu phap (Digu thii 63). Chfnh phii khong phai la ca quan chip hanh cua Nghi vien nhan dan; tu phap dOc lap. Nhu vSy, Hi6n phap nam 1946 v6i viec xac lap cac nguyen tic "Tdt cd quyin binh trong nuac Id eua todn ddn Viet Nam" (chii quyto nhin dan); phan cong quySn luc giua ba quySn; kilm soat quySn lire nha nuoc; tu phap dgc lap. Day chlnh la nhiing nguyen tSc va the ch6 can ban nham gioi han quyen luc nha nuac, quyen luc nha nuoc dat duoi chu quyto nhan dan va bi gidi ban boi chii quy6n nhan dan bang Hiln phap.
Nguyen tac quyen luc nha nuoc thugc ve nhan dan trong Hien phap nam 1946 duac kg thiia trong cac ban Hien phap tiep theo ciia Nha nuoc ta. Nhung su ke thira trong Hien phap nam 2013 khac ve chat so vol su ke thiia cua cac ban Hi6n phap nam 1959, Hien phap nam 1980 va Hien phap nam 1992, dac biet la Hi6n phap nam 1980 - Hiln phap thi hien day dli nhat cac dac tnmg ciia mo hinh chii nghia xa hoi x6-viet.
Trudc hit, nguyen tic "Tdt ed quyin luc nhd nudc thuoc ve nhdn ddn" quy dinh 6 Dieu 2, Hien phap nam 2013 la quy dinh nin tang chi ro nguon g6c, ban chit, muc dich va siic manh cua Nha nuoc ta la d nhan dan.
Nguyen ly nay cung duoc ke thira o Hien phap cac nam 1959, 1980, 1992, nhimg su kl thira nay trong Hien phap nam 2013 d&y du, nhat quan va khac ve chat so vol cac Hi8n phip tnrac do. Cac Hiln phap truoc do khong nhu Hiln phap nam 1946, khang dinh nhan dan la chii thi ciia quyln lap hien; quygn l$p hien cao ban quyln lap phap, bang quygn lap
hign nhan dan giao quyln luc nha nuoc lap phap, hanh phap, tu phap cua minh cho Qu6c hoi, Chmh phii va Toa an. Hi6n phap nam 2013 kl thua quan niem nay cua Hien phap nam 1946, long trgng myen bo d Lot noi d k ring "Nhdn ddn Viet Nam xdy dung, thi hdnh vd bdo ve Hien phdp ndy'. ^
Hai Id Hiln phap nam 2013 da bo sung diy dli cac hinh thiic nhan dan sit dung quyln luc nha nuoc, Cac Hiln phap truoc do, nhit la Hiln phap nam 1980 cung quy dinh nguyen tSc "Tat cd quyin luc nhd nuac thuoc vi nhdn ddn" nhung lai dugc thuc hien cung vol nguygn tSc tap quyen.^ Do d6, tat ca quygn luc nha nudc thugc ve nhan dan, nhtmg lai tap trung vao Quic hgi, vol nhan thiic ring nhan dan la chu thi cua quyln luc nha nuoc, nhung vi khong thuc hign dugc quyln luc nha nuoc ciia minh ragt each true tilp nen da trao toan bo quyln luc nha nuoc ciia minh cho Quoc hgi. Quoc h6i theo Hiln phap nam 1980 va ca Hien phap nam 1992 dugc xac dinh la m6t thiet che co toan quygn. Vi thi, cac Hign phap nay chi quy dinh nhan dan thuc hien quygn luc nha nucrc phai "thong qua Quoc hoi vd Hoi dong nhdn ddn ede edp". Ngugc lai, Hign phap nam 2013 khong nhung quy dinh nhan dan sii dung quyln luc nha nu6c bang dan chii dai dien thong qua Quic hgi va H6i dong nhan dan cac cip, ma con bing cac hinh thiic dan chu true tilp (Dilu 6), bing bilu quygt khi Nha nudc tl chiic trung cau y dan, trong do CO tnmg ciu y dan vl Hien phap (Dilu 29 va Dilu 120). Cac thilt chl ciu thanh he thing chinh tri ciing dugc bo sung nhirng quyln han va trach nhiem mdi.
Ba la, Hiln phap nam 2013 da bl sung mgt nguygn tic mdi yl to chiic quyg^ i^^
nha nudc. Dd la "Quyen luc nhd nu&c bi gi&j
Nghien cmi - Trao doi Tcip chl C^ng s d n
hgn bai Hien phdp". Ddy la nguydn tac bat ngudn tir nhan thiic sdu sde rang quydn lue nha nudc la cua nhdn ddn, tiidng qua quydn Igp hidn cua ramh, nhdn dan giao quydn, nhdn ddn uy quydn quyen lgc nhd nudc cho cdc ca quan nhd nudc thuc hien. Nhung sau khi giao quydn thi quydn lgc nhd nude lgi cd khuynh hudng van dgng theo quy luat tu phu djnh minh. Tiie Id tu quyen lue cua nhdn dan, chuydn thdnh quyen luc cua mdt sd it ca nhdn dugc giao quyen. Ddy chinh la sg tha hoa quyen luc nhd nudc. Vi thd, quydn lgc nhd nudc tuy thdng nhdt d nhdn ddn, the hien tdp trung d Hiln phdp nhung phdi cd sg phdn cdng, phan nhidm mdt each muih bach dd tien hanh kidm soat, phdng, chdng sg tha hda cua nd. Nhung su phdn cdng, phan nhiem minh bach ndy la co sd dd nhdn dan kidm sodt va danh gia hoat dong ciia cde nhdnh quydn igc ma nhan dan da giao, da uy quyln. Kd thiia va phat tridn nguydn tdc: "tdt cd quydn luc nhd nude thugc ve nhan dan", bdo ve Hien phap la bao ve chu quydn eiia nhdn ddn, bdo ve toan ven quyen luc nha nudc thudc ve nhdn ddn, ddi hdi "Qudc hpi, cdc ca quan cua Quoc hpi, Chu tich nuac, Chinh phu, Tda dn nhdn ddn, Vien kiim sdt nhdn ddn, cdc ca quan khde cita Nhd nu&c vd todn the nhdn ddn cd trdch nhiim bdo vi Hiin phdp. Ca chi bdo vi Hiin phdp do lugt djnh" nhu Khoan 2, Didu 119, Hidn phap nara 2013 da quy djnh.
3- Quyin con ngu&i duac cdng nhgn, ton trpng, bdo vi; bdo dam quyin con ngu&i, quyen cdng ddn theo Hiin phdp vd phdp lugt la su doi m&i sdu sdc vi tu duy ly lugn chinh tri - phdp ly trong xdy dipig Nhd nuac phdp quyin xa hpi chu nghia.
Quyln con ngudi frd thdnh ragt thudt ngii dugc thiia nhdn chmh thiic frong van kidn ciia Ddng ta frong thdi ky ddi radi va dugc ghi
nhgn frang frgng frong Hiln phap nam 1992, Hiln phdp nam 2013 va frong ede dao lugt.
Ldn ddu tidn frong Ijch sii lap hiln nudc ta, Hidn phap nam 1992 da gianh mgt dilu quy djnh vd quyln con ngudi vdi ndi dung khdng djnh: "d nude Cdng hda xa hdi chu ngbia Viet Nam, ede quydn con ngudi vl chfnh tii, ddn sg, kinh te, van hda vd xa hgi duge tdn frgng thd hien d cae quydn cdng dan va dugc quy djnh frong Hiln phap vd luat" (Didu 50).
Quyln con ngudi, quydn cdng dan frd thdnh tdn ciia radt chuang va xuydn sudt ndi dung eiia cd mdt chuang dugc dgt sau chuang ddu tien (Chuang II) cua Hiln phap nam 2013.
Cd the xem day la mgt bude tidn mdi vd tu duy ly ludn, thd hidn su kd thua mgt each sdu sac nhiJng gid tii tidn bg ciia nhan loai vd tu tudng Hd Chi Minh.
Hidn phdp nam 2013 Id mpt bude ddi mdi can ban nhan thiic I^ lugn vd quydn eon ngudi, quydn edng dan, la co sd hien djnh dd tiep tuc xdy dgng vd hoan thien he thdng phdp lugt dd eao nhdn td eon ngudi frong Nba nude phdp quyen xa hdi chii nghia d nude ta. Dilu do dugc thd hidn frdn cdc phuang didn sau:
Thic nhdt, Hiln phap nam 1992 thira nhgn thudt ngii quyln eon ngudi, khdng ddng nhat quydn con ngudi vdi quydn cdng ddn, nhung chua phdn bidt duge quyln con ngudi vdi quydn co bdn eiia edng dan frong cac quy djnh eiia Hiln phdp. Khde phuc thilu sdt do, Hidn phdp nam 2013 khdng nhimg bd sung tdn chuong ma edn cd sg phan bidt su khac nhau giiia "quyin con ngu&i" vd "quyin cdng ddn ". Theo dd, quydn eon ngudi duge quan niem la quyln tu nhien vdn cd ciia con nguoi tir liic sinh ra; cdn quyen cdng ddn, trudc hdt cling Id quyln con ngudi, nhung viee thue hidn nd gdn vdi qude tjch, tiic la gan vdi vj tii phap ly eua cdng ddn frong quan he vdi nha
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nudc, dugc nha nudc bao dam dli vdi cong dan ciia nudc minh. Chi cd nhiing ngudi co quoc tjch mdi dugc huong quygn cong dan ciia quoc gia dd, vi du nhu quyln biu cii, iing cii, quyln tham gia quan ly nha nudc. Dl lam ro sir khac biet nay, tham khao cac cong udc quoc tl vg quyln con nguai va Hiln phap cua cac nudc, Hien phap nam 2013 da su dijng tu
"mpi nguai" va bi "khong ai" khi thi hi^n quyln con ngudi va dung tu "cong ddn" Ha quy dinh ve quygn cong d^n.
Thii hai, trach nhiem cua Nha nudc trong vi?c cdng nhan, ton trgng, bao ve va bao dam quyln con ngudi, quyln cdng dan dugc dl cao va thg hien xuygn suit trong ban Hiln phap. Ngoai viec quy dinh thanh nguygn tic:
"O nudc Cpng hoa xd hoi chu nghia Viet Nam, cdc quyen con nguai, quyen cong ddn ve ehinh tri, ddn sy:, kinh te, vdn hoa xd hgi duac cong nhdn, tdn trpng, bdo ve, bdo dam theo Hien phdp vdphdp /M^r"(Khoan 1, Digu 14); d hau het cac digu ciia Hiln phap diu quy dinh trach nhigm va bao dam ciia Nha nudc nhu Dieu 17: "Cong ddn Viet Nam a nude ngodi duac Nhd nudc xd hoi chu nghia Viet Nam bdo ho "; Khoan 2, Dieu 28: "Nhd nudc tao dieu kien de eong ddn tham gia qudn ly nhd nudc vd xd hpi: eong khai, minh bgch trong viec tiep nhgn, phan hoi y kien, kien nghi eiia cong ddn " va dac biet la d Chuang III; Kinh tg, xa hgi, van hda, giao due, khoa hgc, cdng nghe va mdi tnrdng da quy dinh cac chinh sach va trach nhiem ciia Nha nudc trong viec thirc hign cac quygn ve kinh te - xa hgi. Vi du, Dieu 59, Khoan 2 quy dinh: "Nhd nude tgo binh ddng ve ca hpi de eong ddn thu hudng phue lai xd hpi, phdt trien he thdng an sinh xd hpi, eo ehinh sdch tra giup ngudi eao tuoi, ngudi khuyet tdt, ngudi ngheo vd ngudi CO hodn cdnh kho khdn khde". Theo
Hiln phap nam 2013, gin liin vdi tvrag con ngudi la cac quyln cua hg ma Nha nuoc p ^ cdng nhan, ton trgng, bao ve vabao dam. N a nudc khdng thi tiy tien ban phat "tdng cho hoac "thu hoi" mgt each duy y chi. ^
Thu ba, lin diu tien gidi han cua cac quyen dugc quy dinh thanh nguyen tic trong Hien phap. Thea Cdng udc quic tg ve cac quyen dan su va chinh tri nam 1966 va Cdng udc qudc tl vl cac quyln kinh tl, xa hgi va van hda nam 1966, cd thi ban chl mgt sd quygn vi ly do bao ve an ninh quic gia, trat tv cdng cdng, siic khde, dao dire cua xa hdi, tdn trgng quyln hoac uy tin cua ngudi khac, quygn va tu do cua ngudi khac... Hiln phap nam 2013, theo tinh thin cua cac cdng udc qudc tl dS quy dinh thanh nguygn tic d Dilu 14, khac phuc su tuy tien trong vi?c han chg quygn:
"Quyin con ngudi, quyen cong ddn chi co thi bi han ehe theo quy dinh cua ludt trong trudng hap can thiet vi ly do qudcphdng, an ninh gudc gia, trgt tu, an todn xd hpi, dgo due xd hpi, sd-c khpe cua cpng dong ". Theo dd, tir nay khdng ai dugc tiiy tien cat xen, h^in chl cac quygn, ngoai tni cac trudng hgp cSn thiet ndi tren do luat dinh.
Thit tu, mdt sd quygn mdi dugc bl sung thg hien budc tiln mdi trong viec md rpng va phat triln quyen, phan anh kgt qua cua qua trinh ddi mdi gan 35 nam qua d nudc ta.
Dd la cac quyln: "Mpi ngudi eo quyen dupe sing trong moi trudng trorig lanh" (Dilu 43), "Quyin hudng thit vd tiep can cdc gid tri vdn hoa, tham gia vdo ddi sorig vdn hda, sii dung cde casd vdn hda" (Dieu 41); "Cdng ddn cd quyin dupe bdo ddm an sinh xa hpi"
(Dilu 34); "Quyin sd hOu tu nhdn vd quyin thira ki duac phdp ludt bdo hp" (Khoan 2, Dilu 32); "Trudng hap that cdn thiit vi l}, do qudcphdng, an ninh, hogc vi lpi i^f, ^^^^
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gia; tinh trgng khdn cdp, phdng, chdng thien tai, Nhd nu&c trung mua hogc trung dung cd bdi thu&ng tdi sdn cda td chuc, cd nhdn theo gig thi tnc&ng" (Khoan 3, Didu 32). Ddy la nhung quyen mdi ma ede Hidn phap tirrde day khdng ed. Trong ndn kinh td thi trudng djnh huong xa hOi chu nghia thi cdng ddn ed cdc quyen ndi frdn la radt tat ydu. Vi thge hien cdc quyen ndy gan chat vdi frach nhidra ciia Nha nudc, dd cao ttach nhidra cua Nhd nudc.
. 4- Tic tap quyen den phdn cdng, phdi hap, kiim sodt giiea cdc ca quan nhd nu&c trong viic thuc hien cdc quyin lap phdp. hdnh phdp vd tuphdp - buac doi m&i cdn bdn vi nguyen tdc to chiec va hogt dpng quyin luc nha nu&c trong Nha nu&c phdp quyen xd hpi ehii nghia
&nu&cta.
Thd chd hda Cuong linh xdy dung ddt nu&c trong ih&i ky qud dp len chu nghia xd hpi (bd simg, phdt trien nam 2011), Hidn phap nam 2013 da bd sung mdt nguyen tdc radi vd td chiie va hoat dOng ciia bd may nha nudc ta.
Do la "quyin luc nhd nu&c la thdng nhdt, cd suphan cdng, phdi hpp, kiim sodt giiea cdc ca quan nhd nu&c trong viic thuc hipn cdc quyin lap phdp, hdnh phdp, tuphdp" (Khodn 3, Dilu 2).
Mpt la, vi quyen luc nhd nu&c la thdng nhdt
Theo ndi dung va tinh thdn cua Hidn phap nam 2013 thi quyen luc nhd nudc thdng nhdt la d nhdn dan. Quan nidm thdng nhdt quyln luc nha nudc la d nhan ddn thd hign d nguydn tac "Tdt cd quyen l^ec nha nuac thupc vi nhdn ddn ". Trudc ddy, Hiln phap cOng quy djnh "Tdt cd quyin luc nhd nu&c thupc vi nhdn ddn" nhung dugc thge hign bang nguydn tdc tgp tiimg quyln lgc nha nudc (tgp quyln). Do dd, tdt ca quydn lgc nhd nude thu0c vd nhdn dan nhung lai tap
trung vao Qudc hgi. Nguydn tdc nay frong dieu kidn mdi da bdc Id nhilu han ehl. Dd Id thidu su phan djnh phgm vi quydn luc nhd nudc dugc nhdn ddn giao quyln ndn khdng de cao dugc trach nhiem eua eac quyln lap phap, hdnh phap vd tu phap, hg thdp vai trd lam chu true tiep cua nhdn dan, thilu su kidm soat quyen luc nha nudc giiia cdc ca quan nha nudc. Han nira, nguydn tdc nay phu nhdn tinh ddc Igp tuong ddi giua ede quydn nen da han chd tinh nang ddng, hidu qud vd trach nhidm ciia mdi quydn. Nhdn dan vd xd hgi khdng ed ca sd dk ddnh gid chdt lugng hoat ddng eiia quydn Igc nha nudc. Do vdy, frong dieu kien dan chu vd phdp quydn xa hgi chu nghTa, tap quyen khdng phii hgp vdi viec phat huy ddy dii vai trd cua quyen lue nhd nude thugc vd nhdn ddn, tidm dn nguy ca lam dgng quydn Igc nha nudc cua nhdn dan tir phia cdc co quan nhd nude.
Nhdn ro han chd ciia nguyen tae tap quyen frong didu kidn mdi, Cuang linh xdy dung ddt nu&c trong thai ky qud dp (bd sung, phat tridn nam 2011), Hien phdp nam 2013 da khdng djnh quyln lgc nha nudc la thdng nhdt, cd sg phdn cdng, phdi hgp vd kiem sodt giiia cde co quan nhd nude ttong vide thuc hien ede quyln lap phdp, hdnh phap, tu phap (Didu 2). Tdt ca quyln Igc nha nude thugc vl nhdn ddn dugc Hiln phap quan niem nhan dan la ehu thd tdi eao eiia quyln luc nha nude, nhan dan thdng qua quyln lap hiln giao quyln lgc nha nudc cua minh eho Qudc hdi, cho Chinh phii vd cho eo quan t^x phap.
Cae quydn lap phap, hdnh phdp vd tir phap tuy cd chiic ndng, nhidm vu vd quyen han khac nhau nhung ddu thdng nhat vdi nhau d mgc tieu chinh tii chung Id xdy dgng mdt
"Nha nudc bdo dam vd phat huy quyen lam chu eua Nhdn ddn;... thge hidn mue tieu ddn
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giau, nudc manh, dan chu, cdng bing, van minh,..." nhu Dilu 3 Hign phap nam 2013 da quy dinh.
Quan niem quyln luc nha nudc la thing nhat nhu ndi trgn cila Hiln phap nam 2013 mdi la each thiic td chiic quyln luc nha nudc de cao trach nhiem ciia Nha nudc trudc nhan dan, ban chl dua dim, y lai frong viec thuc hien quyen ban va nhiem vu ma hhSn dan da uy quyen. Dd cOng la co sd dl khdng cd chd cho cac ylu td cue doan, ddi lap, thilu trach nhigm trong mdi quan he giQa cac quyln, nhat la giila quyln lap phap va quyln hanh phap. Ddng thdi, do Cling la dilu kien dl hmh thanh ca che kiem soat, nhan xet, danh gia chat lugng va hieu qua boat dgng cua cac quyen tu ben trong td chiic quyln luc nha nudc cijug nhu tii ben ngoai la nhan dan.
Hai la, ve "phdn cong, phoi hap, kiem sodt giita cdc ca quan nhd nudc trong viee thuc hien cdc quyen lap phdp, hdnh phdp, tu phdp "
Trang chg do dan chii va phap quyen xa hgi chii nghia thi quygn luc nha nudc khdng phai la quygn lire tu cd cua nha nudc ma quygn lire dugc nhan dan uy quyen, nhim dan giao quyen. Vi the, tit yeu nay sinh ddi hdi chinh dang va tu nhien phai kigm soat quyen lire nha nudc. Mat khac, khi uy quyln cho Nha nudc, quygn lire nha nudc lai thudng van ddng theo xu hudng tu phu dinh minh, trd thanh doi lap vdi chinh minh luc ban diu (tir cua nhan dan la sd ddng chuygn thanh sl it ciia mdt nhdm ngudi hoac ciia mdt ngudi).
C. Mac ggi hien tugng nay la su tha hda cua quygn luc nha nudc. Hon niia, quyen luc nha nudc la ciia nhan dan giao cho cac co quan nha nudc suy cho cung la giao cho nhimg ngudi cu thg thuc thi. Ma con ngudi thi
"luon luon chiu su dnh hudng eua cdc logi
tinh cdm vd due vpng ddi vdi cdc hanh tong ciia con ngudi^ Diiu cdng khien cho ty ddi khi bi chim khudt"('>. Vdi dac ««« * • khdng thi bao dam chSc chin ngudi duoc uy quyln ludn ludn lam dung, lam du nhimg gl ma nhan dan da ily quyln. Vi vay, kiSm soat quyln luc nha nudc la mgt nhu cau khach quan tir phia ngudi uy quyln ddi vdi ngum dugc uy quyln. Hon thi nira, quyen luc nha nudc khdng phai la mgt dai lugng cd the can, dong, do, dim dugc mgt each rach rdi, yi nd la mgt thg thing nhit nhu ndi d tten. Dieu dd lai cang ddi hdi phai kilm soiit quyen lire nha nudc, bao dam hieu luc va hieu qua thuc thi quyln lire nha nudc dugc nhan dan uy quyen, Xuit phat tix cac ddi hdi khach quan noi tren, quygn luc nha nudc thudng dugc lugng hda bing cac quy dinh cila Hien phap dg phan dinh nhiem vu, quyln ban ciia cac quygn lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap. Su lugng hda nay la d^ giao cho cac ca quan nha nudc khac nhau, thay mat nhan diin thuc hien. Sir phan dinh cac quyen nhu vay la dieu kien co ban de nhan dan giao quyen ma khdng bi lam quyen, nhan dan kiem soat va danh gia dugc hieu lire va hieu qua thuc hien cac quygn ma minh da giao. Dong thdi, ciing la de cho cac CO quan tuong iing dugc giao quygn de cao ttach nhiem ttong viec thuc thi quyln lire nha nudc va tu kilm tta viec thuc hien quyen luc nha nudc dugc giao cho minh. Theo dd, Hiln phap nam 2013 da cd mgt budc tign mdi ttong viec phan cdng quyln lire nha nudc. Lin diu ttgn ttong Hiln phap mrdc ta chi ro Qudc hdi thuc hign quyln lap hiln (khdng cdn la duy nhit CO quyln lap hign nhu Hign phap njm 1992), quyln lap phap (Dilu 69); Chinh phu
(3) Jon Mills- Lugn vi tii do. Nxb. Chinh tn wk,.
gia,HaNoi,2005,tr. 131
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thuc hien quyln hdnh phap ^idu 94); Tda an nhdn dan thuc hien quyln tu phdp (Didu 102). Vige xae nhdn cde ca quan khac nhau thuc hidn eac quyln lap phdp, hdnh phap vd tu phap Id mdt thay ddi quan frgng, tao didu kien de ldm ro vi tri, vai frd, nhidra vu quydn han ciia mdi quydn.
Ba la, quyen tu phdp la quyin tdi phdn nhdn danh Nhd nuac, duac nhdn ddn giao cho tda dn thiec hien.
Ddc lap vd chi tiidn theo phdp ludt la nguyen tae xuyen sudt va cao nhat ttong td chiie thge hien quyen nay, nghiem cdm ea quan, td ehiic, ca nhdn can thiep vao vide xet xit ciia thdm phdn va hdi thdm (Khoan 2, Didu 103). Day thuc ehat la quydn bao vd y ehi chimg cua qudc gia bang vide xet xir cac hanh vi vi pham Hien phdp, phap ludt tii phia cdng ddn vd co quan nhd nude. Vi vdy, bdo ve cdng Iy, baa vd quyen con ngudi, quyen cdng ddn la nhidra vu hdng ddu cua quyen tu phdp (Khodn 3, Dieu 102). Mgi ca quan, td chiic va cd nhdn cd nghia vu tdn ttgng, giii gm vd bdo vd tmh phdp quydn vd cdng ly frong cdc bdn an, quydt djnh eua tda an.
Nhu vay, xudt phat tir dae diem eiia quydn lgc nhd nudc, vide phdn dinh thanh ba quydn noi frdn Id mgt nhu cdu khach quan. Ngay nay, xu hudng phan dinh rdnh mgch ba quydn ngdy cdng dugc coi trgng frong td chiic quydn luc nha nudc. Bdi vi, xa hdi cdng phat tridn, phdn cdng lao ddng cdng phdi chuydn mdn hda cao dl phat huy higu qua. Ddng thdi, thuc tidn xay dung Nha nudc phdp quyen xa hdi ehu nghTa d nudc ta ehi ra rdng, viec phdn djnh mach Ige ba quydn la each thiic tdt nhdt dd phdt huy vai tto cua Nhd nudc trong edng cugc xdy dung va phat tiiln dat nudc.
Tuy nhidn, nhu da ndi d ttdn, trong Nhd nude ta quyln luc nha nudc la thdng nhdt.
Dd Id su thdng nhdt vd muc tieu chinh frj chung. Vi vgy, vide phdn djnh quyln Igc nha nude khdng ehiia dgng vd bao quat vide phan lap mue tidu chinh trj ehung cua quyen luc nhd nudc. Do vdy, mac du cd su phdn djnh ba quyln nhung ca ba quydn lap phap, hanh phdp va tu phdp khdng hodn todn tach biet nhau, md "rdng bupc ldn nhau", cd ba quydn deu phdi phdi hgp vdi nhau, phai hogt ddng mdt cdeh nhjp nhdng ttdn CO sd lam diing, lara du nhidm vu vd quydn hgn rad nhdn ddn giao cho mdi quydn dugc Hien phdp - dao ludt gdc cua Nhd nudc vd xa hgi quy djnh. Mgc dieh ciia vide phan edng quydn luc nhd nudc Id dd nhdm kilm sodt quydn lue nhd nudc, bdo ddm cho tinh phdp quyen cua Nha nudc vd phdt huy ddn ehu xa hoi chu nghia, ehii khdng phdi la dd thda hidp hay chia re quydn lue nhd nudc giiia eac quyen. Thue tidn chi ra rdng siic mgnh vd sg tbjnh vugng cua mdt qude gia, ciing nhu khd nang ddi mat vdi nhung khd khan, thach thiic phdn Idn dugc quydt djnh bdi sg vung manh cua cdc thiet chd, cam kdt cua cac nhdnh quydn luc nha nudc vdi nhdn dan vd tinh phdp quyen. Dieu dd khdng kem phdn quan frgng so vdi cdc ydu td vd tdi nguyen thidn nhien, khi hgu hoae vi tri dja ly eua qudc gia dd. Nhimg nudc duy tii dugc sg phat triln dn djnh Idu dai ve kinh tl - xa hdi va chinh tri chinh Id nhthig nudc tudn theo tinh than cua phdp quyln. Y nghia cua su phdn edng quyen luc nhd nudc la de phan djnh nhiem vu vd quyln han cua eae co quan frong bg may nhd nudc, dd Nhd nudc boat ddng ed hieu lue va hieu qud, quydn Ige nhd nudc ngdy cdng thge su Id quydn lgc cua nhan ddn, tinh phap quydn eua Nha nudc ngay cang dugc dd eao, tdn trgng va bao vd. •
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