VAN HOA-LICH sir
TlTTIfOfNG TIEU TRUNG HOA CUA VUITNG TRIEU TRIEU TIEN TRONG QUAN HE VOfl TRUNG QUOC THOI MINH
D6IICNOIII1II-
Tdm tit: Trong lich sti quan he ngoai giao vdi Trung Qudc, vuang triiu Triiu Tien dd hinh thdnh vdphdt triin cao do tu tudng Su dgi, tu tudng "md Hoa" Idy Trung Qudc Idm trung tdm. Triiu Tten tu nhdn minh la "Ddng Di", ciing la qudc gia duy nhdt trong "Irgt ttf truyin thdng Trung Hoa" dd thue hien duac sic chuyen minh tu "Di" sang "Hoa", nhdm thtfc hien muc tieu Men thdnh mdt "tieu Trung Hoa ". Tu tudng siing bdi Gija Joseon ciia vuong triiu Triiu Tien ciing Id nguyen nhdn quan trpng de phdt triin tu tudng Su dgi, tu tudng "Md Hoa ", tu tudng "Tiiu Trung Hoa ", tU dd thdn phuc triiu Minh tren mgi phucmg dien tU tu tudng, vdn hda, chinh tri, che do le nhgc... Ddy cung Id quan he ngogi giao diin hinh trong quan h4 tdng phien, trieu cdng thdi Minh.
Tir khda: Chinh sdch ddi ngoai, Quan he Trung-Trilu, Md Hoa, Sy dai, Tiiu Trung Hoa /\ian he tdng phien, ttien cdng,
i ^ s a e phong Id mdt binh thtte dae biet ciia quan he bang giao gitta Trung Qudc va cac nude lang gilng thai c6 dai v4 phong kiln, trong dd, quan he Trung-Trieu ludn dupe coi 14 quan he dien hinh ttong thdi Minh. Mdi quan he ngoai giao hai nudc mang nhieu net dae thu rieng, tu tudng, van hda, che dp chinh tti ciia vuong ttieu Trilu Tien chju dnh hudng sau sic cua Trung Qudc, 14 nguyen do binh thanh tu tudng "Tiiu Trung Hoa"' eiia Trilu Tidn. Trong lich stt, vuong teilu Trilu Tidn ty coi minh 14 mdt nhdnh cita van hda Trung Qudc, ddy Id mdt dae trung quan ttpng trong truyin thdng van hda Trilu Tien. Nam 1392, sau khi thanh Ijp
TS, HQC vi?n Khoa hpc QuSn sy
Coi Tning Quoc la nudc tong chu, 1^ "Dai Trung Hoa", con Trieu Titn la "Tigu Tmng Hoa", Trieu Tien th4n phyc Trung Quoc vi 1^ d6ng chinh th6ng ciia Tmng Qu6c.
vuong ttidu Trieu Tien (1392-1910), Ij Thdnh Qui (I Songgye) iiy Chu Ttt hpc va Nho hpc dl tri qudc, tu tudng Sy d^i^ dupe gidi si phu tilp nhan mdt each rdng rai, ttt d6, Trilu Tidn edn ty xung 14 "Tiiu Trung Hoa"' Cung chinh bdi vi dudi dnh hudng ciia tu tudng ndy, vuomg trieu Trieu TiSn ludn coi trilu Minh 14 "thien trieu" chinh thdng Trung Hoa, tu do thyc hien chinh sdch Sy dai va trilu cdng mdt cdch thdnh tam, ddng thdi phd biln tu tudng chu nghia Trung Hoa mOt each rdng rai tten todn qude. Trieu Minh (1392-1644) khi thanh Ijp cimg dya vao Trinh Chu L^ hoc" 14m ea sd tu tudng 1^
^ Sir dgi Ik chinh sSch m^ nudc nho djnh ra nham ttng pli6 vft nudc Idn trong tr§t ty tniygn thdng Tnmg Hoa, 1^ quan niSm ve quan he t5ng phien lly Trung Qudc lam trang tam.
' S K ; E (1914), ^ / - « ^ A « » « f 3 l * . SS. » 2 0 ! S (Ngd KhSnh Nguyen (1914), Tiiu Hoa ngoai su, HiSp m nghien ciiu Tri^u TiSn, Tokyo, tr. 208).
' Hgc thuySt LJ hcjc cda Trinh Hao, Trinh Di v4 Chu Hy, c6n
50 NGHIEN Cda OdNO BflC A S6 4(182) IrVM
NghUncAu khoa hoc
lujn cua mmh, dp dyng chmh saeh tdng chu, gia an, khdng xam pham lanh thd eua Trilu Tien. Du ddi luc ciing cd chut sdng gid, nhung hai nude da nhanh chdng thilt Ijp mdi quan he tdng phien, trilu cdng tuong ddi tdt d?p, dupe gidi nghidn ciru cho 14 mdi quan he diln hinh ttong "ttjt tu van hda tmyen thdng Trung Hoa". Tren co sd nghien ciru chinh sdch ddi ngoai cua Trilu TiSn ttong quan hd vdi Trung Qudc thdi Minh, tu tudng sung bai Gija Joseon, chi dp Id nhac cua vuong trieu Trilu Tidn, bdi vilt dua ra mpt each nhin v l myc dich cua chinh sach ndy cua vuong trieu ho Ly, vuomg trieu thdng nhit cudi cung tten bdn ddo Trilu Ti6n.
1. Chinh sach ciia virong trieu Trieu TiSn trong quan he vdi Trung Qudc thdi Minh
Nam Hdng Vu thtt nhit (1368), sau khi thanh Ijp trilu Minh, xac Ijp dia vi chinh thing ciia "thien ttilu", Chu Nguyen Chuang quylt dinh dung chinh sdch ngoai giao "Dttc hda"', "Hodng Minh Td hudn"
viet:
Cdc nuac xung quanh deu cdch biet vdi nudc ta bdng mil non, sdng bien, neu gianh duac ddt cua hg, ddn cita ho, ciing khdng cd gid tri. Niu nhung nudc ndy den xdm phgm, chiing ta duong nhien phdi dimg qudn su de ddn dp, nhimg niu ho khdng cd nhiing hdnh ddng xdm phgm din chiing ta, thi khdng duac dimg vii life ddi vdi ho.
gpi U Trinh Chu D90 hoc, la mgi tnldng ph&i chinh cda Ly hoc thdi T6ng,!vlinh,cdanhhudngldn den xahdi Trang Qudc thdi bay gid. Hdc thuyet niy cho ring, LJ la cSi tuyet ddi, 14 vinh viln khdng bao gid thay ddi, 14 co sd tdn t^i ciia the gidi, cua mudn lo4i, coi lufln 1:? d ^ ddc cua giai cip thong tri phong kien 14 can nguyen so khdi cda the gidi, td dd bien cliimg th4nh nhttng chan ly cd gid tri vTnh Clhl phuc vy cho giai cap thdng tn 'Dims diic lie cim hda nudc khSc.
'' (1996), Mtmnnif*' s.rxvcM^mu&niiimi.,
Day 14 chinh sdch co ban m4 Chu Nguydn Chuomg ap dyng ttong ngoai giao vdi cac phien qudc, vdi chinh sdch ndy, Trilu Tien dttng diu ttong danh sdch 15 nudc ma trilu Minh khdng xdm chiem.' Do dd, ngay ttt luc bat diu, quan he ngoyi giao Trilu - Trung thdi Mmh da ttanh dupe chien tranh, md ra cdnh etta dl Chu Nguyen Chuang thyc hidn chinh sach ngoai giao "Bttc hda" etta minh.
Nam Hdng Vu thu 25 (1392), Ly Thdnh Qud phi bd ju chua Cao Ly, ty Ijp minh len 14m vua v4 xdy dyng vuomg trilu hp Ly. Du Chu Nguyen Chuomg khdng hdi Idng viec Ly Thdnh Que cudp ngdi nhd Cao Ly, viec dang tju trinh, giao dich thuong mai gitta hai nudc cung ed nhttng khuc mic ddng ke, nhung tit cd nhiing dieu n4y khdng 4nh hudng den vide Ly Th4nh Qui ludn coi ttilu Minh 14 vuong ttilu Tnmg Hoa chinh thdng.
Ngay ttt khi Ijp vttcmg ttilu mdi, Ly Thanh Qui da dinh ra chinh sdch Sy dai ttong ddi ngoai vdi ttieu Minh, do dd, nam 1392, luc mdi len ngdi, Ly chi ddm Idy danh nghia 14
"Quyln tti qudc sy"* dl phai stt thin sang Trung Qude, chu khdng phai lay danh nghia qudc vuomg Trieu Tien. Bdi vi khi dd Ly chua dupe trilu Mmh sac phong, nen khdng ddm ty xung id qudc vuong, dilu nay trd thanh mpt quy tac quan trpng ma cdc ddi vua Trilu Tien ludn chu ttpng tudn theo.' Ly Thanh Qui xin Minh Thai td Chu Nguydn Chuomg lya chpn gitta "Hda Ninh" C ^ T "
^ i t , t-^W, 264 iDl((I996), Hodng Minh To iludn. Chuang I, Nxb. Cdng ti TNHH van hda Trang Nghiem, D4i Nam, quyln 264Sdbd).
' (1996), MWMMff. tt)"S:<k-»**Ba»iaiKtt, a^, i & ^ B 264 ilf}((1996), Hoang Minh Td hudn. Chuang 1, Nxb. Cdng ti TNHH van hda Trang Nghiem, D4i Nam, quydn 264Subd).
^ T^m thdi thay thd dl lanh d^o vuong trieu.
' SKs (1914), </'4s/«, mmmn-^, * s , 824631
(Ngd Khanh Nguyen (1914), Tieu Hoa ngogi sit, Hiep hf}\
nghien ciiu Trilu Tien, Tokyo, tr. 246).
NGHIEN C " " ^^^ ^ ^- ^ ^l^*^) ^ ^ O * *
51
Nghien cAu khoa hoc
-noi sinh cua Ly Thdnh Qui) hoac "Trieu Tien" ( I S P ) dl phong qude hieu cho minh.
Chu Nguydn Chuong phuc dap ring: "Qudc hieu cua Ddng qudc, chi ndn dimg Id Trieu Tien Id phii bpp"'°, sau dd ban qudc hi$u Trilu Tien eho Ly Thdnh Qui. Ljp qudc hieu la "Trilu Tien", thi bien sy tmh toan cua Ly Th4nh Qui vl tinh chuih thdng cua vuong ttilu, nic 14 hpp phdp hda vuong trilu mdi theo ttuyln thdng Heh stt dit nudc, gidng nhu Co Ttt Trilu Tien (Gija Joseon) xin sic phong cua hodng de Chu Vu Vuong thdi Chu, tu dd tranh thu dupe sy chap nhjn cua nude tdng chit, xac ljp tinh chinh thdng cua vuomg ttilu minh mdi ljp nen. Day ciing la lin diu tien va la lin duy nhat Trilu Tien xin hoang dd Trung Qudc ban qudc hieu ttong sudt lich stt ttt xua din nay. Nhu vdy, ngay ttt lue dau, Ly Thanh Qui da td ro thdi dp than phuc ttieu Minh. Vl dilu n4y, mpt vi Khai qudc cdng thin vucmg ttieu Trilu Tien la Quyln Cjn (Kwon Geun), ngudi timg di stt Trung Qudc nhieu lan da phdi thdt Idn rdng: "Ddng qude vtta trdi qua nhieu kiep nan, cdng lao cua qudc vuong rat Itm, vd yen dan chiing, gia on vdi hp, thyc bien chinh sdch Sy dai dl td ro sy trung thanh. Nay duoc dn due eua hoang thupng phong eho qudc hieu, nguyen van ddi thin phye hoang dl Minh ttieu""
Sd dl vuong ttilu Trilu Tien thyc hidn chinh sdch Sy dai, la bdi vi hp cho ring, ngudn gde xuit thdn cua bp Id "Di"'^. Trong
^^X, 2014 i^% 4 M (Chu Phuong Ngan, LJ Nguyen Tan, Thvc luc. quan niem vasifon dfnh cua quan he Ididng ddi xung.
T^ip chi Chau A-Th4i Binh Duong duong dai, sd 4 nam 2014).
" ttifi(1990). mffM. # - , I M R » * « f f i i a # , R « ,
^ 14 J5 (Quyln C^(]990), Duong Thdn Idp, quySn I, Hiep h^i thdc day van hda dan tdc Han Qudc, Han Thanh, tr 14)
cac dSn tdc ngoai tgc Han, cac nudc khac ngo4i Tmng Qulc, khdng 14 vuong trilu chinh thdng cua Tmng Qulc.
ttjt ty ttmydn thdng Tnmg Hoa", quan niem Hoa Di do Nho gia dd xudng cd dnh hudng rdng khap. Id tieu chuan quan ttpng dl edc nudc xu ly mdi quan hd vdi Trung Qude v4 quyet dinh vi the cua c4e nudc ttong trjt ty dd. Vuomg ttilu Trilu Tidn hit sttc coi ttpng Nho gido, phdt huy manh me tu tudng Hoa Di ttong hpc thuylt Trinh Chu Ly hpe. Tuy ty xac dinh ban thdn Id "Di", ttte Id mdt chi nhdnh cua Ddng Di, nhung Trilu Tidn cho rang, hp hodn todn khdc vdi cdc "Di" khac, 14 dan tdc duy nhit ttt "Di" ttd thdnh "Tiiu Trung Hoa". Can nguyen cua su chuyin biln ndy, dd chinh la viec thyc thi chinh sach Sy dai mpt edch triet de, sttng bdi Nho gido, hpc tjp Trung Hoa. Trong quan nidm Hoa Di ciia cdc sT phu Trilu Tien, cd mdt sd dilm ddng cbuy nhusau:
Thu nhat, ddi vdi Trieu Tien, sy khdc bidt gitta Trung Hoa v4 "Di" 14 rit hpp IS ttdi, hpp ly vd khdng thi phu nhjn. Si phu ndi tidng Trieu Tien thdi bdy gid la Ly Lo (1544-1598) cho ring:
Trdi cao ddt thdp, cdn khdn da dinh, su khdc biet ciia cdc khu vuc cUng vdy. Viec sang hen Id do cdn khdn dinh sdn, su khdc biet cua cdc khu vuc trong trgt ttf Hoa Di cUng the. Chiang ta khdng the nghich vdi le trdi, phdi ton sitng vd ximg thdn vdi Trung Hoa, day la dgo ly thudng tinh. ^
Ddi vdi Trung Qude, Trilu Tien mac nhien coi dd Id "thien trilu". Id thien dinh, khdng thi thay ddi, sy khac biet gitta cdc khu vyc, gitta Trung Hoa vd cac Di cung la do trdi dinh. Nho si Bien Quy Luong ciia
'^ The Chinesr Worid Order, quan niem ndy cho ^ g trung tam cOa hit tu fruyin th6n§ Trang Hoa 14 Trang Qudc, cdn cac nudc tai Ddng Nam A, Tay A v4 Au Chau dlu 14 ngo?i di.
" « f f i (1989), ( S ' « * 4 S * , 96. MS4M, » H B K i f t f f i i t * , R « , S 96 MtQuyln Hao Vln(1989), 7S»g Nham tien sinh van tap, quyin d, CMdn 54, Hiep hdi thdc day vin hda dan tdc Han Qudc, H4n Thdnh, d-. 96).
52
NGHIEN etta D O N G B ^ C A s d 4(182) 4-2016
Nghien cAu khoa hoc Trieu Tidn cung timg vilt:
Su phdn biet giiia qudn vd thdn, khdng duoc lam ddo Ion, giong nhu trdi thi ludn cao, ddt thi ludn thdp, dd cUng chinh Id le Stf dgi, vi the khdng the khdng tien hdnh le ndy mgt cdch that cdn than. Viec Idn vd nhd, cUng gidng nhu mdu trang vd mdu den khdng the trdn Idn duoc vdi nhau, do cung chinh Id le Stc dgi, khdng eho phep chiing tg khdng cdn thdn khi tien hdnh le ndy.^^
Dilu nay ciing du ndi len tam ly ebung cua gidi si phu Trieu Tien thdi biy gid.
Tbtt bai, ttong mit ngttdi Trieu Tien, Hoa Di vua cd sy khac biet v l khu vuc, vtta cd sy khac bidt v l ddn tdc. Trong thdi ed dai, do sy khdc biet ve khu vyc m4 xudt hidn sy khac bidt v l Hoa Di, sau n4y, khi ddn thdi iih4 Thanh, lai bien thdnh sy khac biet ve ddn tpe.
Vl dilu n4y, Kim Ly An viet nhu sau:
Thai cd dgi, lay vi tri md ludn Hoa Di, Trung Qudc ndm & chinh giiia, Trieu Tien ndm a phia ddng nen ggi Id Ddng Di, phia tdy Trung Qudc ggi la Tdy Di, phia nam, bdc Trung Qudc goi Id Nam Di, Bdc Di, tdt cd diu duac phdn dinh rgch rdt Ngdy nay, Nhung Dich" tiin vdo Trung Qudc, su thdng tri cua Thanh triiu lam cho khdng thi diing vi tri di lugn Hoa Di duac niia.
Sau khi ttilu Thanh thay thi trilu Minh thdng tti Tnmg Qude, cdc nho si Trilu Tidn rit quan tdm bdn lujn v l quan niem Hoa Di trong thdi ky mdi, cd nho si cho ring, neu Trilu Tien da 14 Ddng Di, vjy gidi thich the ndo v l su khdc biet gitta Ddng Di Trilu Tien
v4 "Di" cda Man Thanh? Do dd Kim Ly An chi ra ring, thai cd dai iiy vj tri d l luan Hoa Di, ngdy nay "Di" d l chi "ngudi", "chung tdc", do dd Ddng Di Trieu Tien cd sy khde bidt vdi "Di" cua Man Thanh. Vi thi khi ngudi Man tiln vdo Trung Nguydn, Trieu Tien ke thtta truyin thdng trieu Mmh, biln thdnh "Tiiu Trung Hoa".
Thtt ba Id, ed thi thay ddi dia vi than ph jn
"Di", dieu cdt ylu cda vide thay ddi ndy nim d chd, cd the tdn sung v4 14m theo cac quan ni$m Nho gido, phdt huy tu tttdmg cua Nho gido hay khdng? Khi dit nude xuat hien due thanh biln phdt huy dupe quan niem va tu tudng Nhp gido, thi cd tbi thodt khdi than phan "Di" dl gia nhap "Trung Hoa". Khi ttilu Minh didt vong, tdc Man tiln vao Trung Nguyen, Trieu Tien eho rang khi sd va tmh thin Trung Hoa tten dit Trung Nguyen da bi tan didt, nen Trieu Tien cd y dinh thay thi: "Trjt ty Hoa Di cd gidi ban eua nd, Di ttd thdnh Hoa, ttong 3 trilu nay chi cd mmh Trilu Tien, tilp tyc nhiJng dai nghia md Trung Hoa chua Idm hit, gin gitt van vjt Trung Hoa"" Trilu Tien eho ring, Mmh trilu da didt vong, dai nghia Trung Hoa nay chi dya vdo Trieu Tien dl gin gitt, ttt dd mudn tbi Men vi thi khdng the thay the eua Trilu Tien trong ttjt ty truyin thdng Trung Hoa.
2. T u tudng Sling bai Gija Joseon ciia vuong trieu Trieu Tien
Trong Uch stt, Co Ttt Trilu Tien la vuomg ttilu cd thtt hai cua Trieu Tien, sau Ddn Qujn (Dangun). Co Ttt 14 mdt trong "tam
" -i=»6 (1990), «*», mmxmu^i'i. » 8 « . ^89
Jil (Bien Quy Luong (1990), Thudn Dinh Tdp. T9p chi Van tap H4nQufequyln8,tr.89)
'* Chi quan Thanh
" &•« (1999), BUjism. 9+, m238 m. aneis
X f t f f i i t * . S » ' S 503 !il(KimL#An(1999), ram Son trai tap. quyin 10. cudn 238. Hi|p hdi thue diy vdn hda dan tdc H4n Qu6c, H4nThSiih,tr.503)
" H»«. *iisH. "**. a!*ii^j*»*Ka<isett".
iSKH:*:. 2014 ^^'S 4 )B(Chn Phuong Ngan, LJ Nguyen Tfa.
"Thyc luc, quan niem va su dn dinh cua quan he khdng ddi xdng". Tap chi Chau A Thdi Binh Duong duong dgi, s6 4 nam 2014)
NGHIEN CdU C O N G B^C A S 6 4(182) 4-2016
53
Nghien cAu khoa hoe nhdn"" cudi thdi An, la chd cua Try Vuang,
nhung Try Vuong vd dao, gilt chu 14 te ttrdng Ti Can. Vi Tu bd di, Ca Ttt d4nh phdi gid dien, bi biln thdnh nd Id. Sau khi Chu Vu Vuong diet nh4 Thuong, Co Ttt din Tridu Tien, thdnh ijp vuomg ttilu Co Ttt Trilu Tien^°. 13 nam sau, Co Ttt din trilu kien Chu Vu Vuang, cd bdn luan v l "Hdng Pham"^' vdi Chu Vu Vuong. Ghi chep sdm nhit vl chuyen ndy dupe dil hien trong tdc phim "Thupng Thu dai ttmyen. An truyen", sau ndy tilp tue dupe ghi tteng "Stt Ky", chi tilt nhit ttong "Hdn Thu. Dja ly chi":_
Triiu An diet vong, Ca Tic di Triiu Tien, dgy ngudi ddn cdc linghi vd cdch trong trgt, dinh ra mdt sd ludt le nhu: Giit ngudi phdi bi tic hinh: idm ngudi khdc bi thuong phdi din bdng thdc; neu trgm cdp thi bi bien thdnh nd le, neu mudn thodt khdi cdnh fid le phdi ngp mdt sd tien cue Idn, vi the xd hdi
khdng cd trgm cdp, nhd nhd khdng phdi dong cua, phu nic trinh liet khdng ddm td...cd thi ndi, dd Id cdng lao khai hda ciia dice thdnh hien.
Dd 14 ndi dung chinh cua "Bat dieu chi gido" , id khdi dau eho cdng cude khai hda Trilu Tidn. Ddy ciing chinh Id nguyen nhan L^ Thanh Que cho ring, Co Ttt Trieu Tien Id khdi ngudn cho tu tudng "tidu Trung Hoa"
ciia vuang trilu Trilu Tidn. Vi the khi Chu Nguyen Chucmg ban qudc hieu Trilu Tien cho vuomg trilu do Ly Thdnh Qui thdnh ljp, quan thin Trilu Tien hit sttc cdm kich, bdi vl hp ngay ljp ttte nghi din Co Ttt Trilu
Tidn. Day cung chinh 14 ngudn gde sau xa cua chinh sdch thin phuc Trung Hoa cda Trilu Tidn, cung gidng nhu Phdc Chi Nguyen (Park Jiwon), mot nhd van noi tilng Trilu Tidn dd timg viet: "Ddng qudc thin phuc Trung Hoa, do 14 tinh ttdi cd sin"^*. Co Ttt 14 anh himg eua dit nude, do dng da dua van hda Trilu Tien len vi tri ngang tjm vdi van minh Trung Hoa. Cd the ndi, djy 14 m0t ttong nhttng nhdn td quan ttpng 1dm cho vuong trilu Trilu Tidn thd phyng Ca Tii, cung 14 bilu hidn cho quan dilm than Trung Hoa cua Trieu Tidn.
Sy tdn sung Co Ttt dd dttpc bit diu tft thdi thupng eo, thdi Cao Cdu Ly (Goguryeo), Co Ttt dupe sung bdi nhu thin. Thdi Cao Ly, Co Tu dupe coi nhu mdt nhJn vjt lich stt cd y nghTa tupng tnmg tucmg ddi Idn vl chinh tri. Nam Tuc Tdng (Sukjong of Goryeo)"
thtt 7 (1102), L l Bd dang tiu ring: "Vi$c ll nghi, gijo hda cua nudc ta, ttt thdi Co Tu dS dupe ghi chdp lai, nay nen ljp ttt dudng ttong khu md Co Tu dl ciing tl"^'. Phu Binh Nbudng ben ljp milu Co Ttt dl thd cung, tft dd, Co Ttt duac coi Id bilu tupng. Id thiy to cua van hda Trilu Tidn. Khi vuong trilu Trilu Tidn mdi thdnh lap, Co Ttt ttd thdnh ddi tupng de so sanh vdi Thai Td L^ Thdnh Que, dupe sung bai het sttc kinh cin, dia vi cua Co Ttt dupe ndng len mpt tjm cao mdi.
Khi Chu Nguydn Chuong ban qudc hi?u Trilu Tien eho Ly Thanh Qui, Trjnh D^io Truyin (Jeong Do-jeon)- khai qudc cdng
Ba ngudi dai nhan ddc thdi biy gid 14 Co Tu, Ti Can va Vi Tii Tdc vuong trilu Cd Trilu Tien, kh4c biet so vdi vudng trilu Trilu Tien do Ly Th4nh Qui s4ng igp sau n4y.
Phuong phap thdng tri qudc gia.
" a a (1982), sa'. it2s r, Mm£. •¥mvm, fts,
^ 1658 i s . {Ban C6[\9%2}, Hdn Thu. quyin 28phdn ha. Dja ly chi, Nxb Trang Hoa Thu cyc, Bac Kinh, tr. 1658)
" B d lujt 8 dieu.
" * » « (2000), , * # * , «i3, M252M, mamt
•|tffi«&. a « , S 251 S(PhacChiNguyen(2000), Yin Kham lap. quyin 13, cudn 252, Hiep hdi thdc diy van hda dan tOc Hin Qudc, HSn Thanh, tr. 251).
^ Tuc Tdng Cao Ly (1054-1105), tai vi tir nam 1095 din nam 1105.
" ajsiiii: (19%), Kmit, #2, ^580* s r j w i t
* H & H I . & i S , » 556 » T r i n h Lan Chi(1996). Cao Ly si, quyln 2, cuSn 580, Nxb Cdng ty TNHH van hda Trang Nghiem.
Dii Nam, tr. 556).
54 NGHliN Cda CONG BAC A i6 4(182) 4-2016
Nghien cAu khoa hoc
than phy ttach soan thao cac cbl dd chmh tti eiia vuong ttilu Trilu Tidn da ngay ljp ttte coi vuong ttilu Trilu Tien ngang hang vdi Ca Tu Trilu Tidn, v4 coi Co Ttt Trilu Tien Id myc tidu ma vuomg trilu Trilu Tien ph4i theo dudi: "An dttc cua thidn ttt gidng nhu Chu Vu Vuomg, dn dttc cda didn b^ gidng nhu Co Ttt"". So sanh Minh Thdi Td Chu Nguyen Chucmg vdi Chu VO Vuomg, coi Ly trieu Thdi Td Ly Thdnh Qui nhu Co Ttt, dung "Hdng Pham", ap dung "B4t dilu chi gido", djy Id dilu md cac qudc vuong Trilu Tidn sau n4y dlu tudn theo, gidng nhu qudc vuong The Tdng (Joseon Sejong) timg ndi:
"Le lac vdn vjt cua Ddng qudc ta gidng nhu Trung Qudc, nhieu din bom hai nghin loyi ll tl, dlu dya v4o sy gi4o hda cua Ca Ttt", ddng thdi ca tyng vipc Chu Vu Vuomg phong Co Ttt cho Trieu Tien, gidng nhu "jn dttc rOng Idn ciia ttdi cho Ddng qudc"^*. Ttt day, Co Tu dupe sung bai v4 ea tyng mpt edch rdng khap tren todn qude, dupe khic hpa thdnh thuy td etta "Tiiu Trung Hoa", ddy cung 14 chiimg ctt ed stte thuyet phyc nhat de Trilu Tidn tuyen bd dit nude hp 14 "Tiiu Trung Hoa".
Ddi vdi cdng lao cua Co Tu, cdc nho sT Trieu Tien cung hodn todn tan ddng. Mdn Nhdn Bach (1552-1626) cho ring: "Nude ta nim d phia ddng, vdn khdng khde bidt so vdi edc dan tdc man di khdc, nhung ttt khi Co Ttt thy phong, dat ra Bat dilu chi gido, ngudi nudc ta da dupe gido hda. Cae dao ly, le nhac md phdng Trung Hoa. Ca Ttt cd cdng
" » « « (1990), =«X. # 7 , MSM. B H e t S i t e f f i a t ^ . fit IS. sS 414 ^(Trinh D90 Trayln(1990), Tam Phong tap, quyin 7. cudn 5, HieP hdi thdc diy vSn hda dan tyc Han Qudc, H4n Thiih, tr. 414).
» (1961), gffXmtlt^iUM, «40. « H 5 t * » « f i * . iJtSt, ® 593 ^((1961), Triiu Tien Vuong Tniu Thi Tdng thue lite, quyin 40, Oy ban bien so^n sir H4n Qudc, Han Th4nh, tr.
593).
lao vdi nudc ta, eung gidng nhu Khdng Phu Ttt vjy"™. Trinh Kinh Thi cho ring: "Nttde ta ndm d noi heo 14nh tai hai ngoai, khdng biet dttpc cdc Id gido Trung Hoa, sd di sau ndy biet dupe dao qu j n thin, phu tu, phu the, ttdnh dupe ach thdng tti cua nudc ngodi, chinh Id deu nhd cdng gido hda eua Co Ttt" ... hp dlu thdng nhat cho ring, cdng lao chinh cua Co Ttt la da giao hda nhdn dan, 1dm cho "Ddng Di" Trilu Tien tilp thu van hda Trung Hoa, ttt dd bit diu budc diu tien quan ttpng trong qua trinh biln chuyin ttt
"Di" sang "Hoa".
Sy sttng bdi cua vuomg trilu Trieu Tien ddi vai Co Ttt edn the hien d viec Id tl. Milu Co Ttt dupe chu trpng, quan tdm mdt each dae biet:
"Mieu Ca Tii ndm a Dinh Tii Cdc tren nui Tho Tic phia bdc thdnh (Binh Nhuong), ngudi dd, de dd deu quay ve hudng nam...ndm The Tdng thic 20, qudc vuang truyen chi du rdng: Ngdy xua VU Vuang diet An, phong Co TU cho nudc ta, Ddng qudc ta tic vdn, vd, le nhgc deu hoc Trung Qudc, deu nho vdo cdng lao cita Ca Tic, vi the lap bia da tgi tic dudng"
Ld te Co Ttt dupe tien hdnh mdt ndm 2 lan vdo mua xudn va mua thu, vd 14 mdt trong nhiing boat ddng le te chinh thtte cua vuomg trilu Trieu Tien. Vuong trieu Trilu Tien edn bd tri mdt vi quan luc phim chuyen
•' H C « (1990), VMrn. «4, m59M. B H R l S X t t { i i t # . K S , S75g(l^lnNhanBach(1990).fiair»>ii!r«>, quyin 4. cudn 59. Hiep hpi thue diy van hda dan tdc Han Qudc, Han Th4nh tr 75).
» » g t t (1990), a f t * t s : « , « 3 , asdsdj, BHR
K i t t E a ^ , K i t , S 62 S(Trinh Kinh Thl(1990). Ngu Phuc tien sinh vdn tap. quyen 3, cudn 68, Hiep hyi thdc day van hda dan tyc H4n Qulc, H4n Th4nh, tr 62).
" (1961), •mtfi'messtM, 9154, « a s ; s s e a * ,
K « . * 282 M((1961), Triiu Tien Vuong Triiu Thi Tdng thue luc, quyin 154, Uy ban bien soyn su H4n Qudc, H4n Th4nh, tr.
282).
NGHli" C"" ° ^ ' " ' ^ ^- ^ ^C'^) ^2<"6 55
Nghien cAu khoa hoc cham sdc, canh gde mieu v4 md Co Ttt, day
la mdt chttc quan chinh quy nim ttong he thing quan chttc cua vuong ttilu Trieu Tien.''
Cd thi ndi, su sung bai Co Ttt lam eho Trilu Ti&i tun thiy mdt vi tti dae thu ttong ttjt ty ttuyin thing Trung Hoa, ttd thanh mdt chung ctt cd sttc thuylt phyc nhjt de Trilu Tien tuyen bd dit nudc hp 14 "Tiiu Trung Hoa". Trai qua qua trinh quan he lau dai vdi Trung Qudc, tu tudng Sy d?i, thin phuc Trung Hoa eua Trilu Tien ngay cang phdt hien, din thdi ky vuang ttilu Trieu Tien, dudi sue truyin bd manh me cua Nho hpe Trung Qudc, tu tudng do dupe phdt ttien len mdt tim eao mdi, dat din sy ddng nhit gin nhu hodn todn v l W tudng, vdn hda, chuih tti. Tren thyc tl, Trilu Tien ciing da nhd vao chinh saeh ddi ngogi dd dd giai quylt van de tinh hpp phdp, tang cudng tinh chinh thdng eua vuang ttilu mdi thdnh Ijp, dua quan he bai nude dat den hinh mdu ttong quan hd tdng phien thdi b jy gid.
3. Chi d§ L l Nh?c'' ciia Trilu Tien Trong qua trinh xjy dyng vd thyc thi chd do mdi, vuang trieu Trieu Tien bet sttc coi trpng va tudn thu nguyen tic lay Trung Hoa la kien mdu, ttong dd cbl dp ll nhac etta Trieu Tien Id mdt bilu hien quan ttpng eua nguyen tic ndy.
Vuong ttieu Trilu Tien ludn cam thiy ty
" »mm (1992), wHimm^Mm, M'2OM, Bmxvc
tt, S « , S 232 5(Trinh l^inh Co( 1992), Tuyin Igp lu lieu mgn ddm Hdn Qu4c. quyln 20, Nxb Khdi tvlinh, Han Th4nh, tr. 232).
" Chi dy Le Nhyc _(H^iiiijffi) bat ngudn td thdi Tay Chu, 14 I trong ba ehl dy (chi dy ll nhyc, chi dy phong kiln, chi dd tdng ph4p) ciu thanh ehl dd xa hdi Tmng Qudc thdi cd d^ii. Chi dy ll nh?cglmhaibdphan:Le(^L)v4Nhac (^<) , Ll chii yeu nhlm di x4c djnh v4 quy ph^m xa hdi ddi vdi than phan con ngudi, culi cimg hinh th4nh ehl dy dang cip, thu bye (^^ffeljft) . Gidng nhu Khdng Tu sau n4y dl xudng vl dao vua tdi, bd con ( a » E E X X - T i = ) . Phin Nhjc chu ylu 14 v|n dung am nhac de hda hoan, giam nhe mau thuin xa hyi can cu v4o chi dd ding cip cua Le
bdo vi dudng sd, vdn ty cua hp gidng vdi ttilu Minh. Trong hon 500 ndm, vuomg ttilu hp Ly Trilu Tien ttt quan thin din nhjn dan dlu chu ttpng vide "md phdng" Trung Hoa.
Khi Ijp nudc, Ly Thanh Qui ra Idnh eho Trinh Dao Truyin md phdng "Chu L l " dl bien soyn "Kmh Qudc Dai diln", v l phdp lujt thi stt dyng todn bp "Dai Minh lujt" cua trilu Minh, ddy cung 14 mmh ehttng cy thi cho chinh sdch Sy dai cua Tridu Tien. Vl mat che dd cung r j p khudn kieu Tnmg Qudc, ttieu Minh cd 6 bO Id Lai Bd, Hp Bd, Ll Bp, Bmh Bd, Hinh Bd, Cdng Bp, vuong ttilu Trilu Tien eung cd 6 Tdo'* Id Lai Tao, Hp Tdo, L l Tao, Binh Tdo, Hinh T4o, Cdng Tao;
dia phuang dudi tridu Minh 14 cdc tinh, du(3i vucmg trieu Trieu Tien 14 cdc Dao, dudi dgo la eae chdu, phtt, qujn, huyen. Thjm chi ten dia danh cung bit chudc t£n dia danh tgi Trung Qudc, vi du nhu "Hd Nam", "Linh Nam", "Qudng Chau"; che dp khoa cu, chpn nh jn tdi ciing ddu gidng nhu Tmng Qude, khdng ed su khac biet.''
"Dich qudn"" tilp ddn su thin trilu Minh ciing duoc dat tdn la "Md Hoa qudn"". Dich qudn nim d phia tdy bic ngodi etta Ddn NghTa (Donuimun), xay dyng v4o thdi ky Thai Tdng, sau khi xdy xong. Thai Tdng hdi y kien eae quan v l vide dat ten, sau dd quySt dinh Iiy ten Id "Mp Hoa"". Nam Thi Tong thtt 12 (1430), stta "liu" thdnh "qudn", ddng thdi md rdng, trung tu, sau khi stta chtta
" To chdc tuong duong vdi Bd.
" mTim. (1998), M.iiist±sm, 94, MUM. «as
I S i t t l E i S * , S « , « 94 K ( L y Van Phu(1998), OcSmtiin sinh biit tap. quyin 4, cudn 12, Hilp hyi thdc diy van hda d9n tdc H4n Qulc, Hdn Thdnh, tr. 94) .
'* Noi sd thin nghi ngcti khi din nudc khdc.
" Ivly: ai my, tdn siing; Hoa: Trung Hoa.
" (1961), m»Xm±*S*, 914, l l i B « « » S S # . s a , S 116 Jl((1961), Triiu Tien Vuong triiu ThdiTdngllm luc. quyin 14, Uy ban bien sogn su- H4n Qulc, Han Thanh, tr.
116).
56 NGHIEN OilCI S O N G B 4 C A Sd 4(182) 4-2016
Nghien cAu khoa hoc
xong, Tryc D l H o c ' ' Than Tudng vilt 3 chu
"Md Hoa qudn" len bttc hodnh phi trudc etta, cudi ciing, "md Hoa qudn" dupe vuomg trieu Tridu Tien quylt dinh Idm noi tilp ddn, dua tien stt than, nhan chieu thu sac phong cua ttilu Minh.""
Sy **md Hoa" cdn the hien d vide sung bdi Khdng Ttt vd phdt triln Nho hpc tai Trilu Tien. Nam Thai Td thtt 6 (1397), L^ Thdnh Que ljp Thdi Hpc, nam sau lai lap Van Milu tai Hdn Thdnh, gdm 96 phdng, ddng thdi cip rupng cho Van Mieu cd luomg thyc dl stt dyng*'. Thai Hpc Id nai gidng day Nho gido, ddo tao nhan tdi. Van Mieu 14 noi thd cilng Khdng Tu v4 cdc nhan vjt ndi tieng cua Nho gido. Ttt thdi Thai Td trd di, cae qude vuong Trilu Tidn deu dich than di le te Khdng Ttt.
The Tdng cdn dua thdi tu v4o Thdi Hpc dl nghe gidng, tu do Nho gido trd thdnh mdt mdn hpc phdt trien manh cua vuong ttilu Trilu Tien. Viec sttng bdi v4 qu4ng b4 Nho hpc da d4o tgo ra nhieu Nho si ndi tieng. (3 dia phuang, trudng cdng, trudng tu mpe len rit nhilu, ddy cung 14 nai gidng day vd truyin ba Nho hpc, ttt dd Idm cho vuong ttieu Trieu Tien, vdn dung Trinh Chu Ly hpe 14m nguyen tic dl trj qudc, trd thanh mdt ddt nude Nho giJo thyc sy. Nho gido vdn iiy Trung Qudc Idm trung tdm, vi thi cd thi thdy mttc dp than Tnmg Qudc, "mp Hoa" eua Trilu Tidn d mdt cap dp rit cao.
Nhu da ndi d tten, tu tudng "md Hoa"
cdn thi hien d chd, cdc qudc vuong Trieu Tidn khi len ngdi eung deu phdi xin sac
Tin chdc vy quan.
*• »m (1990), tmxtM. 91. sidm, mm^xx
illiEiS-^. iSlilS. % 370 iil(Thdi Bac(1990), Cim Nam tien sinh tap quyln 1, cudn 16, Hiep hyi xuc tiln van hda dan tyc Han Qulc, Hdn Thanh, tr 370).
*' « f * * . # ' • a W J t a - t ' i ^ t t i B * . S 70 MTdn ma Luc.
quyin 1, ban in ddng th4nh tap v4o nam Quang Vu Trilu Tien thd 7. IT. 70).
phong, neu khdng sd khdng cd dja vi mdt each chinh thing. Ly Thdnh Qui Id m^t vi dy dien hinh. Sau ndy, vide sic phong cdc thi ttt cung phdi tudn theo ttinh ty nhu vjy.
Thdi ky logn giac Oa Khiu (1592-1599), vdi 1;^ do eon trudng Id Lam Hdi Quan 'Vd dttc vd nang", qudc vuong Trilu Tien Tuyen Td phe bd eon trudng, ljp con ttai thtt 14 Quang H4i QuJn, mdt ngudi "ham hpe ttt nhd, thdng minh ddn h ju, edn kiem" 1dm thi ttt.
Tuydn Td ddng sd xin trieu Minh chip thujn, nhung L l bp Minh ttilu iiy ly do theo truyin thdng Id nghi cua Nho giao, thi tu ph4i 14 con trudng, vi thi nhilu Idn ttt chdi tJu sd cua Trieu Tien:
Thic tu lan nhd, le cUng phdi nhu vdy;
viec Igp the tic, cic theo le md Idm; neu bd trudng Idp thic, dieu ndy di nguoc Igi vdi le...Neu viec ndy xdy ra tgi Trung Qudc, ciing phdi theo le md tien hdnh...Trieu Tien la ngogi thdn, nhung dung lich ciia dgi Minh, viec ke vi Id viec l&n, nhung phe trudng lap thic khdng phdi id che do cita chiing ta.'*
Trieu Minh tu chdi khdng sac phong danh bieu the tu cho Quang Hai Qujn, do do, Quang H4i Quan phdi trdi qua hon mudi nam "hiiu thyc vd danh", khdng dupe trieu Minh cdng nhjn th jn ph jn the tu mdt cdch chinh thdng.
Ddng thdi. Id nude phien thudc, vuong ttilu Trieu Tien lien tyc stt dung lich etta trilu Minh. Hdng nam, trilu Minh deu ban Dai Thdng Lich cho Trilu Tien. Trilu Tien dttng Dai Thdng Lich, dung nien hieu cua Dgi Minh trong sudt bom hai ttam nam, khdng hi thay ddi.'''
" (1956), metmisM, ssxttwyjw, s s , %3m
iit((1956) Ly triiu Tuyen Td thue lyc, Nxb. Vien nghien edu van hda Ddng Duong, Tokyo, tr. 380).
" mm (1992), miVM—-?««?«?, tt#»4*-*KtB)S a , ± i ( j , S68S(ThdiBac(1992),PW«ntfm7Kc-rnmjgii&
NGHIEN CdlU D^NG B^C A Sd 4(182) 4-2016 57
Nghien citu khoa hoc
4. Muc dich chfnh sach doi ngoji cua vuang trieu Trilu Tien ddi vdi trilu Minh
Vuomg trilu Trilu Tien ehu ttpng "md Hoa", thin phyc Trung Qudc, bdi vi ngay ttt diu hp da dinh vi vai ttd eua minh 14 "Di".
Khi thyc hien chinh s4ch "md Hoa" n4y, vuong ttilu Trilu Tien mudn thay ddi vi the
"Di" cua minh, biln "Di" thanh "Hoa".
"Tam qudc su ky" vilt:
Ndm Thdi Hda thU 2 Tdn La Chdn Due Vucmg, Kim Xudn Thu din nude Dudng, xin duge bdt chudc cdch dn mdc cua trieu Dudng, Dudng Thdi Tdng xudng chieu ddng y, vd ban cho qudn do mU md ddi Dudng.
Kim Xudn Thu mang vi nudc, Tdn La tic dd theo cdch dn mgc cua Trung Hoa, bdt ddu qud trinh Hoa hda"
Khi mdi thanh ljp, Thdi Td Cao Ly cung cho ring: "Chi cd ddng qudc chung ta, ngdy trade tdn sung phong tuc tap quan trilu Dudng, vdn vjt le nhac dlu tujn theo nhd Dudng"'", sau dd tiep tuc dat quan hd ngoai giao vdi nha Tdng, quan hd tdng phidn duoc diy len dinh eao vdo thdi nhd Minh. Vide thay ddi V) thi tu "Di" sang "Hoa" dupe tien hdnh mdt each manh liet sau khi nhd Mmh diet vpng, nhd Thanh len nam quyen, vi luc ndy vuong trieu Trieu Tien cho ring, ttieu Thanh eung Id "Di", chi ed Trilu Tien cdn gitt lai dupe van minh ll nhgc cua Trung Hoa, do do vuang trilu Trilu Tien ed thi ty xung Id "Tiiu Trung Hoa", ddy cung Id ly do gidi thich cho quan he Trilu Tien-Trung Qudc thdi Thanh khdng cdn dupe man ndng
nhu ttong thdi Minh. Cd thi ndi, myc dich cudi cung cua vucmg trilu Trilu Tien chinh Id nhim ty biln minh thdnh mpt "Tiiu Trung Hoa", thay ddi vi the chfnh tri cua dit nudc tten vu ddi chinh tri qudc t l thdi biy gid. Vl vin de ndy, Tdng Thdi Liet ndi:
Nguoi Trung Nguyen goi chiing ta la Ddng Di, cho dii cdi ten ndy khdng nhd, nhung chung ta phdi idm the ndo di phdt trien. Mgnh Tic ndi: Thudn de cUng Id ngudi Ddng Di; Vdn Vuang ciing Id ngudi Tdy Di, sau ndy hg deu Id bdc thdnh hien, tii dd thay ddi vi the tic "Di" sang "Hoa". Nudc ta ciing khdng so khdng tra thdnh Trdu Ld*^, chi cdn nudc ta phdt trien mgnh me vdn minh Nho gido, dac biet mgt khi cd due thdnh hien xudt hien, thi cd the thay ddi vi the nhu mong mudn.^^
Coi trpng Nho gido, k l thtta v4 phdt ttiln Trinh Chu Ly hpc, 14 dieu quan trpng dl vuong ttilu Trilu Tien tho4t khdi vj thi "Di"
dl gia nhdp v4o "Hoa". Ly Hing Ldo chi ra, Trilu Ti6n 14 thudc qude cua Tnmg Qude, thdi Cao Ly "rdt tdn ttpng ttilu Chu, thyc tl da 14 "Di", din trilu dai cda ehttng ta tbi ylu td "Di" da ttd ndn rit thuin khilt. Id hmh mdu cua md hinh "Tiiu Trung Hoa"**. Day ciing Id ngudn gde sau xa cua vipe Trilu Tien
"mO Hoa", ludn ludn lay Trung Qudc lam bdn vi: "Viec Idm nhu lujt Ip, cung ludn Idy lujt Ip cua Trung Qudc md thi hdnh, tdn ttpng thdnh hiln Trung Qudc, hpc tjp cac diln tich Trung Qudc, dung chtt vilt Trung Qudc, coi Hodng dl Trung Qude la hoang dS
hdnh ky, Nxb. Khoa hyc Xa hyi, Thuyng Hai, tr. 56)
" ^ ^ S K (1964), =BiiS, 9 33, JKffSlftWSSi, « M. B 305 KtKim PhuTh(irc( 1964), Tam Quocsuky. quyin33, Nxb Vien nghien ctm van hda Dong Duong, Tokyo, tr 305),
" »«»(1996), Kmst, 92, s580 Ml, eErxn.9*.
HWim, isM. S 580 H(Trinh Lan Chi(1996), Cao Ly sd, quyen 2, cuon 580, Nxb Cdng ty TNHH van hda Trang Nghiem DaiNam, tr. 580).
•" Ivfgnh Td ngudi nirdc Trau, Khdng Td ngudi nudc Ll, 9 chi nhttng vdng dit ndi tilng nhilu ngudi hiln tai.
" * « « (1974), ^ g ^ s ^ m m , 93, B S i t t . « .
% 885 ^(L:? Hang Lao(I974), Hoa Tdy liSn sinh vdn l^plm lyc, quyin 3, Nxb Ddng Van xa, Han Thanh, tr. 885).
" *fi« (1974), mB^mMSM, 93, nxv:. m,
% 885 j5(LJ Hang Lao(1974), Hoa Tdy tten sinh vdn tqjphu luc quyin 3, Nxb. Dong Van x2, Han Thanh, d". 885).
58 NGHIEN Cda DdNG B^C A sti 4(182) 4-2016
Nghien cAu khoa hoc
cua mmh'"'. Dua "md Hoa" Idn thdnh tu tudng chinh thdng ttong quan he ddi ngoai, dd ciing Id bdi vi, chi ttong qud ttinh sung bdi Tning Qudc, Trilu Tien mdi ed thi tim thay vj tti eua mmh ttong "ttyt ty thi gidi Trung Hoa", vd khi ty xung Id "tiiu Tnmg Hoa", dd cung chinh 14 bieu hien cy thi, 14 kit qu4 ciia tu tudng n4y. Cd thi thiy, "md Hoa" nham hudng tdi vi thi "Tidu Trung Hoa" chinh la sy phdn dnh mang tmh tjp tnmg nhJt cua dae diem ndy ttong quan he hai nude Tnmg-Trilu thdi Minh.
Ttt nhttng phdn tich tten, cd thd thiy, Tridu Tidn ty coi minh Id qudc gia duy nhit ttong "ttjt ty truyin thdng Trung Hoa" da thyc hien sy chuyin minh ttt "Di" sang
"Hoa". Do vuong ttieu Trilu Tien Ijy Nho gido vd Chu Tu hpc d l tri qudc, tu tudng Sy dai duac gidi si phu tiep nhjn mpt each rdng rai, tu do, Trilu Tidn cdn ty xung 14 "Tiiu Tnmg Hoa". Ciing cbi'nh bdi vi dnh hudng cia tu tudng ndy, vuomg ttilu Trilu Tien ludn coi trieu Minh 14 "thien ttieu" chinh thdng Trung Hoa, ttt dd thyc Men chinh sdch Sy dai v4 trieu cdng mpt each th4iih tdm, phd biln tu tudng chu nghia Trung Hoa mdt each rpng rai tten todn qude. Nguyen nhan sdu xa ciia tu tudng ddi ngoai ndy ndm d chd, Trilu Tien cho ring, chi trong qua ttinh sung bdi Trung Qudc, thyc hien chinh sdch Sy dgi,
"md Hoa", Trilu Tien mdi ed thd tim thiy vi tri cua minh ttong "ttjt ty the gidi Trung Hoa", khing djnh dupe vi thi chinh thdng cua vuong trilu. Ddy la ddc tnmg quan ttpng ttong chinh sach ddi ngoai eua vuong ttilu
" S R T E (1914). • - > * * * « » W R # . * » , m 208 jSfNgd Khanh NguySn (1914), Tiiu Hoa ngoai sd, Hilp hdi nghiln CdU Trilu Tien, Tokyo, tr. 208).
Trilu Tien ddi vdi Tnmg Qudc thai Minh.
Vd cung chinh do tu tudng nay duac phdt tridn len din duih eao ttong thdi Mmh, vi thi khi ttilu Minh bi diet vong, Trilu Tidn cho rang, the gidi Trung Hoa md hp sung bai dS bi bien mit eung vdi trilu Minh, ttong mit hp, vuong trieu Thanh ciing chi id mpt vuong trieu do "Di" thdnh ljp, khdng mang tinh chinh thdng, v4 chi edn Trieu Tidn gitt dupe nen van minh ll nhgc cua Trung Hoa, ed du tu cdch kl thtta tinh chinh thdng cua trieu Minh, ttt dd Trieu Tien da thyc sy dat den myc dich ttd thdnh "Tiiu Trung Hoa"
cua minh, ddy cung 14 nguydn nhan quan ttpng cho e4e bien cd ttong quan he ngoai giao sau ndy gitta hai nudc thdi ky trieu Thanh mdi thdnh lap.
TAI UfiU THAM KHAO
1. mmm^m.isi.m%m cms), mmm i, rm, $#AK!ii)istt. * # (Phong
nghien curu lich sii Vien Khoa hpc Trieu Ti^n (1975), Trieu Tien thong su, quyen hg, Nxb.
NhSn dan Cat Lam, Cat LSm).
2. (1953), ^m^m^M, %nx'm^%
^ . ^^((1953)iy triku Thdi To th^c luc, Nxb Vien nghien cihi van hoa Dong Duong, Tokyo).
3. (1983), B^A:m^'M, 4 ^ ^ f f ^ ^ 5 t ^
^i^^if, ^:ib((1983), Minh Thai Td thue luc.
Ban in cua Phong Lich sii va Ngon ngiJ, Yiin nghien cmi Trung uong, Dai Bac).
4. n^u. (1996), Mm.t, #2, ]^rx
^m^'^WJ^n, ^n (Trinh Lan Chi(l996), Cao Ly sic, quyen 2, Nxb Cong ty TNHH van hoa Trang Nghiem, Dai Nam).
5. ^ ^ 7 t ( i 9 i 4 ) , / > ^ / / ^ , mmm%^,
^:^(Ng6 Khanh Nguyen (1914), Tiiu Hoa ngogi su, Hiep hpi nghien cuu TriSu Tien, Tokyo).
NGHIEN Cdru PONG BflC 8 , S6 4(182) ^ 2 0 1 6 59