DOI Mdi QUAN LY
^
TO CHUC KHONG GIAN DICH VU CONG CONG DO THI
I.To chii'c I(h6ng gian dich vu cong cong do thj
Trong dd thj, khdng gian djch vu cdng cdng cd mat khap ndi nhung tap trung cao tai mdt sd khu VLfc dac thii nhu Khu ThUdng mai Trung tam, Dudng phd chinh, Khu dd thj mdi. Sau day gidi thieu nguyen ly to chifc khdng gian djch vu cdng cdng theo quan diem ciia Tan dd thj hpc (New Urbanism) mdi noi len cudi the ky trudc va hien dang cd anh hudng Idn (3).
2. Khu Thuorng mai Trung tam (CBD)
Khu ThUdng mai Trung tam (CBD) ciia dd thj tac ddng rit Idn den sifc canh tranh va tinh sdng tdt ciia dd thj, tao ra dien mao chu y l u ciia dd thj. T h i nhung tif thap nien 30 the ky XX, dudi anh hudng ciia ly thuyit v l do thj chifc nang (Functional Cities) do Le Corbusier de xudng vdi chu trUdng tach rdi cac khdng gian chifc nang sdng (living), lam viec (work- ing), giai tri (recreation) rdi lien kit vdi nhau bing khdng gian di lai (circulation), tinh da cdng nang ciia
Trang Tien Plaza Ha Noi
P H A M SY LIEM
CBD bj suy yeu va CBD trd nen vang ve dan.
Tif thap nien 90 t h i ky XX, cac dd thj Bac My dac biet quan tam phat trien trd lai CBD sau mdt thdi gian dai lanh nhat vdi nd, nhd dd cac CBD trd nen nhdn nhjp, sdng dpng. Phat then CBD va phat trien cdng dong song tdt la hai ndi dung cd t i m quan trpng nhu nhau trong quy hoach phat trien dd thj hien dai. Dudi day gidi thieu nguyen t i c va chiin lUdc quy hoach phat then CBD theo kinh nghiem
B I C My.
a) Nguyen tic quy hoach CBD
1. Oa cdng nang: van phdng, thUdng nghiep, giai tri, d, du Ijch...
2. Hoat ddng kinh te tap nap, cd siic thu hut khach hang va khach du Ijch.
3. Bao ve tai nguyen van hda Ijch sif.
4. Cd nhieu khu nha d trong va xung quanh CBD.
5. Giao thdng cdng cdng thuan tien.
6. Khdng gian cdng cdng da dang, cd sifc thu hut.
7. Cd cdng trinh thj chinh tieu bleu mang tinh djnh vj, thanh tieu diem ciia tam nhin.
b) Chiin luqfc quy hoach CBD
1. Tap trung hoat dpng thUdng nghiep vdi mat dp cao.
2. Tang dau tucho ha tang, vifa de phuc vu cdng chimg vifa kich thich tu nhan dau tu.
3. Tang hit mifc sd dja diem cdng cdng nhu quang trudng, vudn hoa, cdng vien; tdi thieu phai cd mpt khdng gian md kha rdng d chinh giifa.
4. Tao ra dudng phd phu hdp kich thudc con ngudi.
5. Giao thdng cdng cdng lien k i t thuan tien vdi mpi khu vuc dd thj va vdi cac dd thi chung quanh.
TO C H i r c KHONG GIAN D I C H V U ^ . 6. Dua cac diem dd xe vao trong cdng trinh.
7. Xay dung vdi mat dp cao va chit lUdng cao, thdng qua sif dung vat lieu cao d p , phong each kien triic sang trpng, mai nha chai chudt...
8. Cho phep lua chpn nhilu each di lai trong khu vuc: xe con, xe cdng cdng, xe dap, di bd, dudng s i t nhe...
9. He dudng thuan tien di lai, ke ca cho ngudi tan tat, cd cay xanh va chd nghl chan, nha ve sinh, ndi tranh mua ning, cd cdng trinh nghe thuat dudng phd de tang tinh hip d i n , tao khdng khi vui ve cho ngudi di dudng.
10. Mang dudng phd hdp ly: tang mat dp dudng, giam chilu dai tuyen phd, than thien vdi ngudi di bd, nhanh chdng phan tan lUdng ngudi tif cac dau mdi giao thdng chinh do v l .
11. Md rdng mang ludi di bd ndi liln vdi nhau va lien ket vdi cac vudn hoa nhd va khdng gian xanh, dUdc chilu sang tdt va trang bj tien ldi, dam bao ngudi di bd dUde thoai mai va an toan.
12.Tai vung trung tam nen phattrien khu vUc Idi, tap trung cac van phdng va eifa hang, he dudng rdng rai de di va cd ghe ngdi nghi rai rac, nha cd mai hien. Nen cd mpt cdng trinh van hda va giai tri cdng cdng Idn de tao them ban sac va tang sifc thu hut.
13. Mdt loat cdng vien va quang trudng tao khdng gian cdng cdng md va k i t ndi vdi cac ldi di bd.
3. Du'dng pho chmh (Main street)
Cac dd thj nhd khdng cd CBD, thay vao dd la mdt vai dudng phd chinh tap nap cd ban sac, da dang, phdn vinh, an toan, cd cdng trinh van hda Ijch sif, la niim tu hao cua rigudi dan dja phUdng.
Cac nguyen tac chii dao trong quy hoach phat trien dudng phd chinh la:
1. o l phdng t i c nghen giao thdng.
2. Bd tri can bing cho cac nhu c l u di bd, di xe dap, giao thdng cdng cdng va xe con; d ehd trung tam thi sap xep theo thif tu uu tien cho: ngudi di bd, eifa hang thUdng nghiep, ndi dd xe, rdi d i n giao thdng qua canh.
3. Dudng phd phai trd thanh dia diem quan trpng nhit ciia khdng gian cdng cdng, la "san khIu" giao luu cdng cdng ciia cdng ddng.
4. Tao dUdc niem tu hao eho ngudi dan dja phUdng.
5. Sif dung nghe thuat cdng cdng de tao ban sic, kit ndi qua khif, hien tai va tUdng lai.
Trong thilt k l quy hoach dudng phd chinh d n
"^hai ihdft twn^, cSng- kha minh bach
^Uhu chi n0^^ sdch
&dn seSt sup, cdn nhic ^ can^-.
H o a n g N g p c T h ^ n g
Pho Le Ldi - TR Ho Chi Minh
chu y cac diem sau day:
- Than thien vdi di bp.
- Dudng hai chilu.
- He phd rdng rai.
- Tai nga tu cd ldi vupt an toan cho ngudi di bp.
- Dudng khdng rdng qua 4 lan xe, vi cang rpng cang thu hut xe chay nhilu, chay nhanh va lam giam b l rdng he phd.
- Xe dd dpc theo dudng chif khdng dUdc d6 Chech.
- 6 eifa md day dpc phd de ngudi di dudng canfi thay thoang dang, vui ve va an toan.
- Cd chd nghi va nha ve sinh tai dja diem thich hpp, nhit la tai nga tU.
- Chilu sang dudng phd de xac djnh khdng gian dudng phd, chieu sang di bd de xac djnh khdng gian di bd va ldi di bd.
- Cay xanh dudng phd de tda bdng mat va xac djnh khdng gian dudng phd, ddi chd cdn tao thuan Ipi cho kinh doanh giai khat nhu quan ca phe tren he phd.
- Ngiie thuat cdng cdng nhu dieu khic, chau hoa, chilu sang nghe thuat...
- Bd tri hp'p ly cac tram chd xe sach dep, tien ldi.
4. Phat trien cong ddng truygn thdng (Traditional Neighborhood Development/TND)
Sau T h i chiin II, vung ven dd cac dd thj Ble My cif lan tda ra rit ldn xpn, ton hai d i n su phat trien ciia ca dd thj va ndng thdn, khiln mpi ngudi lo ngai (tUdng tu nhu dd thj hda ven cac con dudng ngoai thanh d nudc ta). Nhim khac phuc tinh trang nay, d i n thap nien 90 ciia t h i ky XX cac chuyen gia quy hoach trudng phai Tan Od thj hpc dua ra md hinh
"Phat trien cpng ddng truyin thdng", gpi t i t laTND.
Tren cd sd tong k i t va khai thac tinh hoa ciia cac khu dd thi (cdng ddng) truyin thdng, hp dua ra mo hinh hoan toan mdi de phat trien khu dd thj da cdng nang va ben vung, cho phep tilt kiem nhan luc, tai luc, vat luc va thdi gian.
Peter Calthorp djnh nghTa TND la mdt khu dd thi bao gdm nha d, cdng vien va trudng hpe, vdi djch vu cdng cdng, ndi lam viec va giao thdng cdng cdng trong cu ly di bd, va dua ra 5 dac trung ca ban cua NGUdl XAY DUNG SO THANG 1&2 - 2011
Cong vien Thong Nhat Ha Noi n d la:
1. Cd dja gidi cu the va mpt trung tam dac sic.
2. Cd nhieu cdng nang hdn hdp va loai hinh kien true.
3. Nha d cd nhilu loai hinh va khdi tich da dang.
4. Cae dudng phd di bd lien thdng vdi nhau.
5. Cd mdt loat cdng vien, quang trudng va kiln true thj chinh tai cac vj tri quan trpng.
Andreas Duany due kit ra 13 y l u ITnh trong thilt k l quy hoach TND la:
1. Phai cd mdt trung tam cd the nhan bilt dUdc, thudng la mdt quang trudng hay khdng gian xanh, hoac la nga tu dudng phd Idn, cac ndi nay cd tram giao thdng cdng cdng.
2. Cac nha d phan Idn chi each trung tam khoang 5 phut di bd, binh quan la 1/4 dam (khoang 400m).
3. Nha d cd nhilu loai hinh, bao gdrni biet thu, nha liln k l , chung cU... khiln ngudi tre, ngudi gia, ngudi ddc than hay cd gia dinh, ngudi ngheo hay ngudi giau d i u cd the tim dUdc chd d thich hdp.
4. Cac eifa hang va khdng gian lam viec bd tri ngoai ria, djch vu phai da dang, cd the dap img nhu cau hang tuin cua cu dan trong khu.
5. Phia sau nha d cd the xay nha phu, dung cho thue hoac lam van phdng...
6. Trong t i m di bd phai cd mpt trudng tieu hpc, cu ly khdng qua 1 dam (khoang 1,6 km).
7. Khdng gian hoat ddng cdng cdng nen g i n nha d, cu ly khdng qua 1/8 dam (khoang 200m).
8. Dudng trong khu do thj nen hinh thanh mang lien thdng cho phep nhilu each lua chpn dudng di, nhd dd ma giam mat dp di lai (khdng nhu dang true ehinh kit ndi vdi rit nhilu dudng gom).
9. Dudng phd khdng nen rdng va dUdc cay tren via he che phu, nhu vay giam dUdc tdc dp xe hdi, thuan ldi cho di bd va di xe dap. Cdng trinh dpc phd nen liln tudng va khdng bi gian doan vi cac ndi dd xe.
10. Cdng trinh tai trung tam nen hit sifc g i n sat dudng pho de tao cam nhan dja diem (sense of place) m^nh.
11. Cd ging klidng dat bai dd xe va eifa nha xe ra phia dudng phd, tdt nhit la dat phia sau nha d.
TO C H i r c KHONG GIAN PiCH VU...
12. Nhung vj tri quan trpng nen danh cho cac cdng trinh van hda dd thj: cdng trinh giao due, tdn giao, van hda nen dat d khu vuc trung tam hay miit tam nhin dudng phd.
13. Khu dd thj nen cd hinh thifc to chifc tu quan.
Mdt Hdi ddng se thao luan va quylt djnh each bao tri, sifa chu'a, cai tao va van de an ninh.
Viec ra ddi cac TND da sang tao ra md hinh khu dd thj kieu mdi, cai thien mdi trudng sinh sdng va lam cho cu dan cd cam nhan cdng ddng, tilt kiem dUdc thdi gian va chi phi di lai. Mat dp xay dung tUdng ddi cao cho phep tan dungdudc cdng trinh ha tang, tang them ngudi ddng thue, lai giam bdt dUdc te nan xa hpi va tang cudng an ninh do cd giam sat tdt hdn.
Ddi vdi nha kinh doanh b i t ddng san, TND vdi cdng nang hdn hpp cd sifc thu hut ngudi d i n d va lam viec, do dd gia trj ciia b i t ddng san dUde nang cao khiln hp thu dUdc ldi nhuan nhilu hon. Odi vdi nganh djch vu thi TND tao dilu kien cho cac doanh nghiep nhd hoat ddng de dang va nang cao dUdc nang luc canh tranh nhd cd tinh khu vuc va phong each than thien.
5. Phat trien theo djnh hu'dng qua canh (Transit Oriented Development/TOD
Mdt biln the cua TND la md hinh "Phat then theo djnh hudng qua canh", gpi t i t la TOD. Day la khu dd thj cd cdng nang hdn hdp g i n vdi mpt tram hoac mdt dau mdi giao thdng cdng cdng d khu vuc trung tam nhpn nhjp. Giao thdng cdng cpng d day la chi cac phUdng tien giao thdng dung lUdng ldn tdc dp cao nhu xe dien nglm, dudng sat nhe, dudng mdt ray, xe buyt cd Idn. Cac khu nha d each tram giao thdng cdng cdng trong t i m di bp khdng qua 400m khiln cu dan giam bdt viec dung xe hdi. Thdng thudng TOD cd cac dac diem sau day:
-1- Sif dung d i t dai hdn hpp vdi mat dp cao va trung binh.
+ Mat tien cdng trinh hudng ra phia dudng phd cd the d l dang di bp.
-)- Mang dudng cd mat dp cao, vifa d i chpn dudng di vira thuan ldi phat trien mang dich vu thUdng nghiep.
r||/kCfM ••^ ^WPI*
T O CHUrc K H O N G n i A M n i C H V t L
-I- Mdt loat cdng vien va khdng gian cdng cdng.
TOD cho phep tilt kiem tai nguyen va phat trien b i n vung nen trong vai thap ky qua phat trien r i t manh d Bae My.
6. Khu do thj mdi (New Town)
Khu dd thj mdi cung la TND nhung vi cd quy md Idn nen phai quy hoach theo cac nguyen tac phu hdp.
Khu dd thj mdi dudc hinh thanh ven dd thudng la da cdng nang, nhung chii y l u v i n la khu d, vdi cac tda nha tao nen dudng phd. Khdng gian djch vu edng cdng cd vai trd chii dao trong viec phat trien cac khu dd thj mdi nay.
Vi la da edng nang nen khu do thj ed nhilu cdng trinh cao thip khac nhau vdi kiln true da dang, cd khdng gian cdng cdng da dang, cd canh quan da dang va cd cu dan cung rit da dang, cd dilu kien hinh thanh cdng ddng sdng tdt, tai dd v i n de d, larn viec va djch vu cdng cdng hda hdp thanh chinh the, hieu qua dUdc nang eao, hien tupng lang phi dUdc giam thieu.
Khu do thj mdi My Dinh a) Nguyen tic quy hoach - Duy tri tinh da dang.
- Bao dam viec ket ndi lien tuc vdi khu dd thj hien cd bing each ndi dai mang dudng pho va each thifc sif dung d i t dai.
- Sang tao cac dja diem cdng cdng dac sac va sdng ddng lien kit vdi nhau bing mang dudng di bd.
- Tim hieu va tdn trpng khu vue da cd d chung quanh, kit ndi vdi nd thanh chinh the thdng qua viec bd tri cdng trinh va khdng gian cdng edng.
- Cac cdng trinh bd tri ven mep nudc phai tdn trpng tuyin bd hien htiti va edng dung dac thu eiia nd.
- Sang tao ra he thdng dudng khu vuc va khdng khuyin khich md rdng giao thdng qua canh. ^
- Ldi dung to chifc he thdng dudng phd de bd tri nha cao ting.
- Dudng phd chinh t l va liln tudng, tren he phd cd trang bj phuc vu ngudi di bd, ke ca quIy ban giai khat - bao chi va nha ve sinh, de hp cam thiy thoai
mai va an toan. _, - Phong each kiln true va ngoai hinh bien hoa
tuong thich vdi nhau, tao thanh canh quan dac sac va cam nhan ndi chdn manh me. ^ _.
- Bao dam cho edng chiing tilp can thdng suot tdi mep bd nudc, d i n cac khdng gian cdng cpng va cdng vien, vudn hoa.
b) Bd cue idin true
Diing khdi tich va phudng hudng ciia cdng trinh de xac djnh khdng gian cdng cpng. Viec bd tri edng trinh phai tang cudng tinh chinh the ciia dja diem va tuyin phd. Op liii ciia cdng trinh phai gliip cai tiln viec sif dung khdng gian cdng cdng cua cdng chiing va nang cao dilu kien sdng tdt eiia cu dan.
Khu dd thj mdi d n cd mdt he thdng khdng gian cdng cpng md, da dang va k i t ndi vdi nhau, dung vj tri cdng trinh de xac djnh cac khdng gian md dd, va thdng qua cac eifa ra vao t i n g mdt, cac d eifa va cac khdng gian ddng ngudi di lai de giam sat an ninh.
Ting dudi cimg ciia cac cdng trinh kiln true phai lien tuc de xac djnh he phd, khdng gian cdng cpng va Idi di bd.
Cac ting thupc be nha cao ting phai bieu hien rd chi tilt thilt k l , vat lieu va dac diem kiln true ciia tda nha.
Cac tda nha van phdng, khach san va cae nha cao ting khac nen bd tri dpc con dudng chinh de tang cudng bd cue chinh the ciia dd thj. Cac nha thip ting diing de vay khep khdng gian, xac djnh dudng phd va khdng gian cdng cdng, kiln true phai phii hdp t i m vdc ngudi. Ven mep nudc cung chi nen bd tri nha thip ting. Cdng trinh dinh hudng nen dat cudi t i m nhin con dudng de tang them cam thu thj giac.
Ting tret cac tda nha nen cd chi tilt dep tinh te de thu hut ngudi di bd. Khdi tich kiln true ben tren be nha nen the hien tinh dpc dao v l kiln true, nhung cung phan anh dupe mdt sd chi tilt, vat lieu va each bleu dat ciia be nha.
Ve kien true, nen tranh cac mang tudng Idn, nhat la d ting tret. Dimg vat lieu va kit c l u thich hpp de the hien rd ldi vao nha va su chuyen tilp tif khdng gian cdng cdng sang khdng gian tu (hai khdng gian nay d n phan djnh ranh mach de gitf gin sU rieng tif va an ninh cung nhu tien cho viec bao tri).
v l chilu sang can dimg cac loai den khac nhau de chilu sang dudng phd, chilu sang ldi di bp va ndi ngdi nghl, chilu sang bao ve... Cung nen to chdc thich dang viec chieu dpi mat ngoai cdng trinh.
Mdi khu dd thj mdi cung d n cd mpt khu vUc trung tam tap trung cac loai eifa hang, van phdng, cd sd van hda va giai tri, tru sd chinh quyin dja phUdng... cimg vdi mdt khdng gian md thoang dang cd ndi dd xe thuan tien cho mpi ngudi d i n tu tap nghl ngdi, gap gd trd chuyen hay ciing nhau ren luyen than the. Tuy vay eung nen tranh tao khdng gian xanh qua Idn d i n mifc hoang ving.
Mpt sd khu dd thj mdi ed dae thu rieng nhu khu 9 NGUdl XAY DUNG SO THANG 1&2 - 2011
cdng nghe eao, khu dai hpe... cang d n phat trien theo hudng than thien vdi di bd va di xe dap.
7. Cong ddng duoc quy hoach tdng the (Master Planned Community/ MPC)
"Cdng ddng dUdc quy hoach tong the", gpi t i t la MPC, la mdt khu dd thj mdi xay dung d ven dd, nhung cung cd the la mpt khu dd thj cu dup'c doi mdi (Renewal) hoac mdt khu edng nghiep tieu dilu dUdc cai tao lai (Brownfield Redeveloprnent or
Rehabilitation) (5). La khu dd thj dUdc thilt k l quy hoach theo tuduy cua Tan dd thj hpc, MPC the hien cac biln doi kinh tl-xa hdi hien dai ciia Hoa Ky, bao gdm: 1) Su thay doi tU duy xa hdi: tim kilm cdng ddng "cua minh" cd ban s i c rieng; 2) Su tiiay doi tu duy thilt k l : tim kilm ban the ciia ndi chdn (Place Identity); 3) Su thay doi kit c l u gia dinh: ket qua dilu tra nam 2000 cho bilt chi cd 25% hd gia dinh cd con cai do vd d nha trdng nom; 75 % hp la ddn than, hoac la gia dinh khdng con, vd chdng d i u di lam; 4) Tu duy mdi ve phat trien nha d: tao cung each sdng (Lifestyle) "nhit the hda sinh hoat, lam viee, giai trP' de thu hut ngudi giau tu' ngoai thanh trd lai khu trung tam chif khdng phai tao ndi d mat dp thap; 5) Suthay doi md hinh ban le: do khach hang din cac trung tam mua s l m d ven ndi giam nhilu, ngudi ta tao ra cac trung tam cung each sdng (Lifestyle Center) tai khu thUdng mai trung tam va cae dudng phd chinh; 6) Mdi trudng lam viec mdi: tu' cac "van phdng gia dinh" cho luat su, mdi gidi bit ddng san, bao hiem, t u v i n sifc khde...cho den tru sd cdng ty hang dau the gidi. Cae cdng ty cdng nghe cao eung tim d i n MPC. Su quin tu nhu vay giiip thda man nhu c l u giao tilp; 7) Nhu c l u ddi vdi khu nghl ngdi giai tri ket hdp vdi mua sam, am thuc: 8) Cac trao luu xa hdi nhu phat trien bin vung, cpng ddng sdng tdt, tang trudng khdn ngoan (Smart Growth)...Nhilu TOD cung la MPC.
Khu iJo thi Phu My HUng
Cimg d i u phat trien theo quy hoach, nhung MPC khac eae khu dd thj mdi khae do cd cac dac diem sau day:
1. Td viee chpn dia diem d i n qua trinh thilt k l quy hoach deu ed chinh quyin chl dao va tham dU sat sao, khdng nhu cac khu dd thj mdi khae do n h i kinh doanh bat ddng san ddng vai trd ehinh;
2. Trong qua trinh thue hien, ehinh quyin ap
TO CHU'C KHONG GIAN PICH VU...
dung md hinh quan he ddi tac cdng tu nham thuc hien eho dUdc ky vpng ddi vdi khu dd thj mdi;
3. Mue tieu phat then khdng phai la cac cdng trinh ma la mdt khu dd thj hoan chinh cd ha ting hoan thien, khdng gian nghl ngdi giai tri day dii va nhieu cd hdi viec lam;
4. De cao ban the cpng ddng, coi trpng thii phap tao ndi chdn (Place Making) va thiet ke mdi trudng, chu y ldi dung mpi dieu kien thien nhien de tao su da dang, tranh cac hinh anh nham chan;
5. Bao ve sinh thai, tai phat trien khu dd thj cu, phat trien b i n vung, cdng vien cay xanh va kiln true xanh d i u la the manh ciia MPC. Dac diem nay d Chau Au cdn noi bat hdn d Hoa Ky.
Ngudi dan thich d i n d trong MPC vl nd giup cho hp cd ba ndi chdn: ndi chdn thif nhit la nha d, ndi chdn thir hai la ndi lam viec va ndi chdn thif ba la cac quan ca phe, quan ba va cac khdng gian edng cdng md. Do bat ddng san trong MPC ban rat chay vdi gia tdt nen cac nha kinh doanh bit ddng san rat hoan nghenh MPC, khiln MPC trd thanh trao lUu tai Hoa ky trong nhung nam gan day. Tai chau Au, MPC cung dUdc Ua chudng, nhit la trong viec cai tao cae khu dd thj cu va cac khu vuc cdng nghiep "het thdi", tieu bieu la khu dd thj Hammarby Sjostad d ngoai thanh Stockholm (Thuy Dien). Ndi day vdn la mdt khu cdng nghiep va cang bien eu rdng 200 ha, du kiln d i n 2015 hoan thanh xay dung va chifa dUdc 25000-30000 dan, nhung d i n 2007 da cd 10000 ngudi d i n d.
7. K i t luan
Quan ly phat trien djch vu cdng cpng bao gdm quan ly phat trien djch vu tu va phat trien djch vu cdng ich.
Ddi vdi djch vu tuthi xu hudng xa hdi hda chi the hien trong phat trien khdng gian dich vu cdng cdng, thudng la khdng gian dd thi hdn hdp da cdng nang nhu Khu thUdng mai trung tam CBD, cac dudng phd, cac khu ddthj mdi...Chinh quyin lam cdng tac quy hoach, huy ddng mpi ngudn vdn dau tU thupc cac thanh phin kinh t l , quan ly van hanh chung va true tiep quan ly cac khdng gian cdng cdng trong dd.
Ddi vdi djch vu edng ich thi tiiy loai dich vu ma tiln hanh xa hdi hda viec cung img theo phUdng thifc quan he ddi tac cdng tu.Q
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Pham Sy Liem. 2005. 067 mdi the chd nganh cip thoat nffdc do thi. Hgi Cap thoat nu'dc Viet Nam xuSt ban vfil tai trd cua ADB Viet Nam.
2. Ha Nam Khai chO bien. 2003. Thanh thi kinh td & Thanh thi khai phat. Trung Qudc Kign true cong nghiep xuSt ban xa. BSc kinh.(Ti§ng Hoa)
3. Du'dng Bdc Chieu. 2006. Tan xa khu & Tan thanh thi. Trung Qudc Bien liic xudt ban xa. Bgc kinh. (Tiing Hoa)
4. Tru'dng Quang Thao. 2003.06 thi hoc- NhOng khai niem md ddu. Nha Xu§t ban Xay dUng. Ha Noi.
5. Tru'dng Dinh Vy chu bien. 2009. American MPC Community- Planning Design and Development. Trung Qudc Kiin true cdng nghiep xuSt ban xa. BSc kinh. (Tiing Hoa)