Bao ton va phat huy ban sdc van hoa dan toe Khmer & Soe Trang hien nay
Le Thi Tam'
' Tnrcmg Dai hpc Su pham Ky thuat Vmh Long, Email: [email protected]
NhEln ngay 24 thdng 5 nam 2019. Chap nh^n d5ng ngay 7 thang 6 nSm 2019.
Tom tSt: Soc Trang la tinh thupc Tay Nam Bp c6 3 dan tfic sinh song chii yeu gfim dan too Kinh, Hoa va Khmer t£io nen cac gia tri van hda vo ciing dac sac. Trong dfi, ban sdc van hoa ciia dong bao Khmer rat phong phu, bao gom cac gia tri vat chat va tinh than, gop phan hinh thanh mpt tieu viing van hoa dam da ban sac tai dfing bang sfing COni Long. Tuy nhien, trong xu the toan cau hfia gia tang hien nay, ban sac van hoa ddn tpc Khmer dang dfing trudc nhiJng thach thfic khong nho. De giff gin, phat huy ban sac van hoa dan tpc Khmer doi hoi chinh quyen dia phuang can thyc hien nhiing giai phap thidt thuc gop phan xay dung mpt nen van hoa Viet Nam tien tien dam da ban sac dan tpc.
Tu" khoa: Ban sac van hda, dan tpc Khmer, Soc Trang.
Phan logi nganh: Van hoa hpc
Abstract: Soc Trang is a province in Vietnam's southwestern region, which is home to the three main ethnic groups of Kinh, Hoa (or Vietnamese of Chinese origin) and Khmer, who create unique cultural values. In particular, the cultural identity of the Khmer people is very rich, including material and spiritual values, contributing to forming a culturally rich sub-region in the Mekong Delta. However, in the current trend of increasing globalisation, the Khmer ethnic cultural identity is facing many major challenges. In order to preserve and promote the identity, it is necessary for local authorities to implement practical solutions to confiibute to building an advanced Vietnamese culture imbued with national identity.
Keywords: Cultural identity, Khmer ethnic minority group, Soc Trang.
Subject classification: Cultural studies
Khoa hoc xahpi VietNam, sfi 7 - 2019 I. M d dau
Ban sac van hod la nhihig ydu tfi van hoa ddc tnmg cfia mfii ddn tfic. Dan tpc Khmer cd Iich sfi lau doi, vdi ddi sfing vdn hda tinh thdn phong phu va dac sac, bao gfim: ngfin ngu va chu vidt, van hpc, nghe thudt ca mfia nhac. Id hgi va tfin gido. Cac gia tri van hda, phong tuc, tap quan dugc nguoi dan Khmer giu gin va phat huy. Tuy nhidn, trong bfii cdnh toan cdu hoa, trong qua trinh giao luu van hoa, mgt sd net dep vdn hfia tinh than cua hp dang phdi ddi mat voi nguy co mai mfit. Bai vidt tap trung phdn tich net dac tnmg van hda ddn tpc Khmer; nhung vdn dd dat ra va giai phap bao tfin va phat huy ban sac van hda dan tpc Khmer hien nay.
2. Net dac t n m g van hda dan toe Khmer
Trong nhung nam gan day, dugc sir quan ldm cfia Dang va Nha nudc, viec gifi gin ban sac van hda ddn tfic thidu sfi d Sfic Trang hfia trong xu thd toan cdu hda da dat dugc nhimg thanh tuu dang kd. Cac di san van hda dugc gifi gin, tfin tao; cac cong trinh trpng didm vd van hfia dugc dau tu, triing tu, nang cdp; nhidu hoat dgng van hfia ddn gian va le hpi cfi truydn dugc duy tri, cai tidn.
Dai hfii Dang XII khdng dinh: "Chu dfing hgp tde va giao luu qufic td ve van hfia, quang bd van hfia Viet Nam, tiep nhdn cd chgn Ipc tinh hoa van hfia thd gioi, dap ung ydu cdu hpi nhdp vd phdt tridn" [2]
Gia tri van hfia, tinh than cua ddn tgc Khmer rdt da dang, giau ban sdc, tfi tidng nfii, chfi vidt, trang phuc, le hfii, nghi le trong hfin nhdn, tang raa, thd cfing, quy udc, huong udc cua cac loai hmh ddn
gian... NhiJng gia tri van hda nay lufin gdn lien vdi cupc sfing cfia ngudi Khmer tfi bao ddi nay. Dfi vfia la sdn phdm cua qua fiinh lao dpng, sang tao, la tai sdn cfia mpt tpc ngudi trong qua trinh phdt fiidn, dfing thdi Cling chinh la nhung tinh hoa van hfia vfi Cling quy bau cua ndn van hda dan tfic ndn rdt cdn tuydn truydn y thfic giu gin, phat huy truydn thfing van hda dd boi ddp ngdy mpt giau thera cho ndn van hoa ddn tfic.
Sfic Trang co 3 dan tpc sinh sfing chfi ydu gfim: dan tgc Kinh (836.513 nguoi, chiem 65,28%) sinh sfing d hdu hdt cac huyen, thi trong tinh, lara nghd nfing la chinh; dan tfic Khmer (371.305 ngudi, chidm 28,85%) tap trung d cdc huyen VTnh Chdu, My Xuydn, My Tfi va Long Phfi; ddn tfic Hoa (75.534 ngudi, chidm 5,86%) cfi ngufin gdc la nhfing di ddn ngudi Hdn d duyen hai phia Nam Trung Qudc nhap cu vac Viet Nara qua nhieu thdi ky va keo dai nhidu thd ky. Dan tgc Khmer la mgt dan tpc it ngudi d nudc ta, cd mat kha sdm d dong bang sfing Cuu Long ndi chung va dia ban Sdc Trdng ndi ridng. Nhidu dia danh d Sfic Trang ddn nay van con raang ddu vet cu tni xa xua cfia ngudi Khmer.
Ngudi Khmer d Sdc Trdng thudng sfing qudn cu, tap trung d mdt sfi dia phuong, trong dd d VTnh Chau 52,3%, My Xuyen 26,5%, My Tfi 3 1 % . . . Theo each tfi chfic xa hpi truydn thfing, tren cdc vdn ban hanh chinh nha nudc qudn Iy, dfii vdi ngudi Khmer thi khet cd nghTa la tinh; soc cd nghia la huyen; khum la xd va phum cd nghia la dp. Tren thyc td ddng bao chi quen sfi dung phum vk soc. Trong qua trinh sinh song, nguoi Khmer cfing cu thanh tfing cum ggi ikphum (tuong duong xom, dp cua ngudi Viet), phum co khoang vdi chuc ndc nha, khi su lidn kdt nay trd ndn dfing dfic
Le Thi Tam hon, md rfing len hon ca trdm ndc nha thi
gpi la soc (tuong duong mgt xa cfia ngudi Viet). Tuy nhidn, day khfing phdi la mgt don vi hanh chinh ridng ma chi la mpt bg phdn tich hgp trong tfi chfic hanh chinh.
Mfii phum thudng cfi mpt sfi gia dinh cd quan he ddng mau hoac quan he hfin nhan.
Ngudi Khmer d Sdc Trang va Nam Bfi ndi chung theo chd dp phu he, tuy nhidn ddu vet cfia chd dp mau he vdn cdn bdo luu cho tfii ngay nay.
Van hda cfia ngudi Khmer d Sfic Trang rdt phong phfi, da dang, ngoai cai chung cua ngudi Khmer Nara Bfi, cdn cd nhung net ridng cfia dia phuong nhu am dieu cfia ngfin ngfi, mpt sfi tap qudn... Tap tuc dua ghe Ngo cua ngudi Khmer vao dip Id Ooc Om Boc hdu nhu chi con duy tri d viing Sdc Trang la chinh. Ld hfii dua ghe Ngo hang nam dugc tfi chfic d sdng Nhu Gia (Thanh Tri ). d vung Khmer My Tfi cd tuc cfing dfia, viing Khmer VTnh Chdu cd tuc cung bidn. Ngodi hoat dgng cua doan nghd thuat Khmer cua tinh mang tinh chdt chuydn nghidp, cdn cd mfit sfi doan nghe thudt nghidp du do ba con Khmer tu tfi chfic va qudn ly phuc vu nhu cdu vdn hfia cfia dia phuong, nhu doan Ronron, Anh Binh Minh, Rfi Bam... Hang nam, vung Khmer Sfic Trdng cfi nhieu Id hpi ddn gian, hodc mang tinh tfin giao nhu Tdt Chfii Chnam Thmay, Sene Dfinta, Ooc Om Bdc... Nhung le hfii nay la dip vui choi, gidi tri, thu hut dfing dao ba con ddn tpc Khmer tham gia.
Cung vdi qua trinh cgng cu, d Sdc Trdng Phdt gido Nara Tdng tu Idu da mang ddu an dam net trong tdm Iinh cua cgng dong. Do vdy, ddi voi ngudi Khmer ngdi chua khdng chi la trung tam sinh hoat ton giao, md cdn dugc xem la "trung tara van hda - xa hpi" Id
"ngdi nha chung" cua dong bao dan tgc
Khmer. Ngfii chfia dugc cac gia dinh trong phum, sdc gdp cfing, gdp cfia ... xay dung ndn. Do chinh la noi dien ra cac su kidn quan trpng trong sinh hoat cua phum, sdc cung nhu sufit eugc doi con nguoi "su tfi cfing nhu su sinh" nhu: le Sene Dfinta, Id Ooc Om Bdc , tdt Chdi Chnam Thrady, le Phdt dan, le An cu Kidt ha, le Rdra thdng Gidng am lich, le Dang y. Moi le hpi cfi nhimg y nghia khac nhau, nhieu nghi thfic dfic ddo didn ra, va lufin lay chua Iam trung tdm tfi chuc nghi thfic Id hgi. Vao nhung dip le tet, ba con dan tfic Khmer sum hpp tai chua, mgt mat dd sinh hoat cac nghi thfic tfin giao, mat khac day cung Id dip dd mpi ngudi cfing nhau to chfic cac hoat dfing vui choi, giai tri nhu hat Aday, mua lam thfin, nhay bao bo, ddy gay, keo co. Vao cac ngay trpng dai nhu cudi, ga con trong gia dinh, ba con ddu ddn chua mdi su sai, ddn chfing giara. Khi qua doi ba con Khmer cung khfing dia tang nhu phong tuc cdc dan tfic Viet, Hoa... ma xin dera vao chfia hda tang, rfii ldy cfit gfii vdo chfia phung thd, voi tridt ly dd vong hfin nguoi qud cfi ngdy dem nghe kinh Phdt, dn chay, kd can anh hdo quang mong som dugc sidu thoat vd noi Tdy phuong cue lac. Ngodi chfic nang tdm linh, chua cdn cfi chfic gido due cdc thanh nidn ngudi Khmer phai vao chfia di tu. Di tu dd bao hieu cfing sinh thanh, duong due cua cha, me chu khfing cfi nghia la xuat gia nhu Phat giao Bdc tfing. Ddn chfia cac thanh nidn nguoi Khmer se dugc giang day vd le phai, vd dao lam ngudi, vd nhiing didu tfit, xau, ve y nghia cude song gifip hg trd thanh nguoi cd ich cho xd hfil. Sau thdi gian tu hpc, hoan tuc vd Iai ddi thuong nguoi con trai mang theo su hidu bidt da hgc noi chiia ma phu gifip gia dinh, ddn on cdng duong due cfia cha me, phuc vu xa hpi.
Khoahpcxa hpi VietNam, so 7 -2019 Theo dfi: "Chua la bieu tugng dac trung cho van hfia ddn tpc Khmer, noi ren luyen dao dfic va nhan each con ngudi, ciing Id noi giao due cho thanh nidn ngudi Khmer.
Nguoi Khmer xem chua la noi thieng lieng, trang trpng, noi tap trung nhiing gi tinh tuy nhdt cua dan tgc" [4, tr.99].
Dac bidt, dfing bao Khmer d vfing dfing bang sfing Cfiu Long hidn dang ke thfia rapt di san van hda vfi gia, dd la kho tang nhac khi dan tpc rdt phong phfi, da dang, mang dac trung van hda cua ddng bao Khmer, trong dfi cd nghe thudt Cham ridng cha pay (chdm rieng nghia la hdt, cha pdy tfic la cdy dan cha pay), mfit loai hinh nghd thuat trinh didn dan gian cd tfi Idu ddi. Cho ddn nay, cac nha nghien cuu van hda Khraer vdn chua xac dinh dugc Cham ridng chd pay xudt phdt tu dau va cd tfi khi nao.
Nhung d Sdc Trang ndi ridng va Tay Nam Bp nfii chung, nhdt la nhiJng vung cfi dfing dfing bao Khmer sinh sfing loai hinh nghd thudt nay kha phfi bidn trong nhung nam cuoi thd ky XIX, ddu thd ky XX. Day la loai hinh nghd thudt dfic xuong vdi dan cha pay ddm theo.
Ngudi Khmer d Sdc Trdng cdn cd truydn thfing ydu nudc va each raang. Hg la nhiing nfing dan ngheo khfi bi phong kidn va de qudc dp bfic. Ba con Khmer d Sdc Trang da khfing ngfing nfii day chfing Iai bpn dia chfi thuc ddn. Trong cuoc khdng chien chfing Phap va chong My, ba con noi ddy da tich cue tiiam gia, hy sinh chidn dau cho each mang, su nghidp giai phdng dan tgc va ddt nudc. Nhidu vung Khmer d VTnh Chdu, My Tfi, Long Phfi da timg la can cfi cdch mang qua hai cupc khdng chidn. Dugc su quan tam cfia Dang va Nha nudc, cac dia phuong trong khu vuc dac bidt quan tdm den bao ton cac gia fii van hda truydn thfing Khmer
Nam Bfi. Thfing qua ban hanh va tridn khai quy dinh thuc hidn ndp sfing van minh trorig vide cudi, vide tang va le hgi, da sfi ngiroi dan da chdp hanh tfit; cac hoat dfing md tin da dan dugc loai bd.
Ngoai ra, cung vdi hang loat du an, de an, chuong trinh dugc Trung uong ddu tu, cdc dia phuong da ddy raanh phat tridn kinh td - xd hdi, nang cao ddi sfing vdt chdt va tinh thdn cho nguoi dan. Cdc Id hpi dugc quan tdm tfi chfic ngay cang tdt hon; tren truydn hinh va dai phat tiianh ddu cd chuong trinh tidng Khmer dd phuc vu ddng bao, cdc san phdm van hoa dugc tang cuong vd sfi lugng vd ndng cao rapt budc ve chdt lugng; hoat dfing giao luu van hda fiong ddng bao dan tgc Khmer dugc tridn khai tich cue vd hieu qua, gop phdn cfing cfi, tang cuong doan kdt cac dan tfic.
3. Nhvng van de dat ra trong bao ton, phat huy ban sac van hoa dan toe Khmer a Soc Trang
Toan cdu hfia giup cho cac ddn tgc cd co hpi giao luu tidp bien van hfia, bfi sung va lam giau cho ban sdc van hfia dan tpc minh.
Khi tidp nhan cac ddng chay van hda mdi, dong bao ddn tpc Khmer mfit mat tiep thu dugc nhung gia tri van hda mdi, Iam phong phfi thdm ban sdc van hda cua dan tgc minh, mat khac, Ioai bfi dupc nhfing ydu tfi vdn hda khong cdn phfi hgp vdi hidn tai dd Id cac phong tuc, tap qudn da loi thdi, lac hau.
Tuy vay, hidn nay viec bao tfin, phat huy gid tri van hfia cua ngudi Khmer con cd nhiing han chd, bat cap. Vide tfi chfic suu tam, bidn s o ^ , gidi thieu net vdn hfia chua dugc quan tam dfing mfic, do thidu nhdn su
chuydn nghiep va kinh phi ho^t dfing. Mgt sfi loai hinh nghd thudt truydn thong nhu Dfi Kd, Rfi Bam cd nguy co bi mai mdt do ldp fie ngay cdng tiep nhdn cac loai hinh nghd thuat hidn dai. Hon nfia, vide hpc tap, sfi dung va phat tridn ngon ngfi, chu vidt Khmer gap nhidu khfi khan nhdt la fidn cdc phuong tidn thfing tin dai chung, tuy cfi tang vd sfi lugng, nhung chdt lugng con nhidu han chd. Vide day va hgc chfi Khraer cdn nhidu bdt cap ca vd chuong trinh, tai lieu hpc tap, each thfic giang day v.v..
Trong cdc le hgi truydn thfing cfia dfing bao Khmer, nhidu sac thai vdn hda cd gia tri chua dugc chu y khfii phuc, thuong chi chu trpng ve hinh thfic vd nghi Id tfin giao, song chua chfi y dung mfic ddn vide bao tfin vd phat huy cdc gia tri vdn hda trong Id hpi.
Cac dn phara van hda dpc hai thong qua:
Intemet, mang xa hfii, cac kenh truyen hinh... dang thdm nhdp vdo moi qufic gia, lam bdng hoai cac gia tri van hfia, dao dfic dan tpc. Cac the luc thu djch ciing Igi dung Iam tiia hda cdc gia tri van hfia Idu ddi cfia cdc ddn tpc. Didu do Idm bien dang, mai mgt cac gia tri, bdn sac van hda dfic ddo cua ddn tfic Khmer d tinh Sdc Trdng. Ngoai ra, vide gifi gin ban sac van hda ddn tpc cd xu huong chay theo phong trao, hinh thfic, khdu hidu, rap khufin chua cd chidu sdu;
tinh van cdn xera nang phat tridn kinh te chua chu trgng dfing muc ddu tu cho van hda cung nhu giu gin va phdt huy bdn sac van hda ddn tgc ndi ridng. Cdc cap chinh quyen mdi dung lai d tinh dinh hudng tu tudng ma chua cd nhan thfic day dfi, sau sac vd giu gin ban sac van hda ddn tfic fiong qua trinh xay dung nong thdn radi.
He qua la kinh td cd budc phdt tridn nhung van hda thi mai ragt tham chi cdn cfi nhung budc lui.
4. Giai phap bao t^n, phat huy ban sdc van hoa dan t$c Khmer or Soc Trang
Mdt Id, cdn cd su tham gia tich cue cfia cac ngdnh, cac cap trong bao tdn va phat huy cac gia trj van hda ddn tgc Khmer, dac biet la nganh vdn hda thd thao va du Iich. Khac phuc su thidu thdng nhat trong chi dao va thuc hidn cac hoat dgng van hda d cac cdp.
Tap hgp dugc sfic manh trong nhdn ddn, bien thanh sfic raanh du ludn xa hfii nhdra Idn dn cac hanh vi sai trai, Idch lac phdn vdn hda nham xay dung mfit mfii truong van hda lanh raanh.
Hai Id, tang cudng cfing tac qudn Iy vd tfi chfic Id hgi, gidra tdn suat, quy rafi tfi chfic le hpi, ngay hgi. Khfing cap phep, tfi chfic Id hgi trdn lan, vi muc dich thuong raai, vi pham cac quy dinh ve thuc hidn ndp sfing vdn minh. Chi dao dimg tfi chfic dfii vdi nhfing \i hgi da cdp phep trudc ddy nhung cd npi dung phdn cam, kich dfing bao luc, gdy bfic xuc du Iuan xd hpi.
Ba Id. tap trung thuc hidn cd hieu qua cac chinh sdch dan tfic, nhat la chinh sach vd ha tang, ho fig phat trien san xudt, thfic ddy chuyen dich co cau kinh te, gido due va dao tao, cham sdc sfic khde nhan ddn, giai quydt vide lam cho nhan dan. Tung budc ndng cao chit lugng ngufin nhan Iuc cac dan lpc thidu sfi, quan tdm ddn cdng tac ddo tao, quy hoach, bfii dudng, bfi nhidm can bp nguoi ddn tgc thidu sfi fiong tiidi ky mdi.
Ddy manh hon nfia cai each hanh chinh, tap trung ngufin Iuc thuc hidn tdt cac chuong fiinh, chinh sach dfii voi dfing bao ddn tfic tiiidu sfi nhu nhd d, quy hoach ddn cu, hd ngheo tiieo hudng phat fiidn bdn vung.
Bdn la, cdn giao due cho nhan ddn vd nhung gid fii truydn thfing, ban sac van hfia cua ddn tgc. Trdn co sd dd, xac dinh ro vi
Khoa hpc xa hpi VietNam, so 7-2019 tri, vai tro va nhidm vu cfia cdc td chfic, cac luc lugng voi sir nghidp each mang ndi chung, gifi gin, phat huy ban sac van hda ciia ddn tpc nfii rieng; tfi do ra sfic hpc tap nang cao trinh do chuyen mfin nghidp vu trong cfing tac mydn truyen, giao due, nang cao y thfic tinh thdn trdch nhiem trong tham gia cac hoat dfing gifi gin ban sdc vdn hda cfia ddn tpc.
Ndm Id, ddy manh hoat ddng dao tao, bfii duong dpi ngu can bfi d dia phuong; cd kd hoach sfi dung hpc sinh, sinh vidn ddn tpc dugc dao tao co ban dd hp dugc vd phuc vu dia phuong vd ddn tfic minh. Dd phdt tridn bdn viing kinh td - xa hfii tinh nha thi kd hoach bdo tfin di san khfing thd tach rdi cac kd hoach, chidn Iugc phat tridn khac cfia tinh. Giu gin va phdt huy gia fii di sdn van hda d dia phuong cdn thiet phai dugc gan voi chien luge phat fiidn du Iich, ndng cao ddi song kinh td cho cpng dfing ddn cu dia phucmg va bdo vd mdi truong.
5. Ket luan
Bdn sac vdn hda dan tfic Khmer tinh Sdc Trdng hien nay dang chiu tac dfing cfia nhidu nhdn tfi, nhu todn cdu hda, kinh te thi truong, qua trinh cfing nghiep hoa, hien dai hfia, su du nhdp fi at cfia cac fiao luu van hda, he thfing thfing tin, truydn tiiong, cac an phdm bdo chi, mang Intemet... Cdc nhan tfi trdn tac dpng den vide bdo ton va phdt huy bdn sdc van hda ddn tfic Khmer d tinh Sdc Trang hidn nay.
Dd tidp tuc bao tdn va phat huy bdn sdc van hda ddn tgc Khmer, ddng bd vd nhdn dan tinh Sdc Trdng ngoai vide phdt fiidn kinh td, qudc phdng, an ninh cdn dac bidt
quan tam hon nfia ddn vide gifi gin va pna huy ban sdc van hfia fidn dia ban tinh; can cd chinh sach uu tidn phat tridn kinh te vfing dfing bdng sfing Cfiu Long nfii chung va tinh Sdc Trang ndi ridng, nang cao n h ^ thuc cua nhdn ddn cac dan tpc d tinh Soc Trdng, Iam tot cong tac quan ly, dinh huong cua Nha nudc, ndng cao trdch nhidm cua chinh quydn cac cdp, phoi hgp vdi cac to chfic chinh t r i - x a hpi, tfi chfic xa hpi nghe nghidp trong tfi chfic hoat ddng van hda.
Tai lieu tham khao
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