TAI CHiNH OOANH NGHl|P ( Sg 12 (113) 2012 )
Toi iru hoa
Dugc dinh gii li cdn nhilu du dja phit triln lgi Vigt Nam vdi nhilu Igi the, nhung ITnh vyc logistics cung dung trudc nhilu thfich thdc, dge bipt li sy egnh tranh ciia doanh nghigp nude ngoii.
Ngfiy nay vdi rit nhilu ylu tfi. Logistics trd thfinh cdng cy lidn kit cac hogl dgng ttong chuoi gifi ttj loin ciu (GVC - Global Value Chain) nhu cung cap, sin xuat, luu thdng phan phoi, md rfing thj tmdng eho cic boat ddng kinh td. Tinh hg thfing la ydu ciu cfin bin ciia logistics, vi vgy ttong bli cinh toin ciu hda hipn nay, quin ly logistics trd thanh vfin dd "sdng cdn" ddi vdi cic DN.
Mgt sd ky thugt de gidm chi phi logistics
Khai nigm ting chi phf lo- gistics cd thl khfic nhau Iheo timg cdng ty, tuy nhifin vl ca bin thi tdng chi phf logistics bao gdm bfin thinh phin ca bin Ii : chi phf vgn chuyin. chf phf kho bfii. eic chi phi do ton kho, vfi cfic chi phf quin ly dan hfingjil.
Theo nghifin cuu cua McKinsey ve logistics d cac tiij trudng mdi ndi, d tim vT md vigc giim 10%
chi phi logistics se cd thl din ddn liet kigm nguon lyc qufic gia niong duong 1.5%-2% GDP 6 binh dign doanh nghigp, vigc giim dugc chi phf logistics sg
loi nhuan trong hoat d^ng Logistics
gdp phin nfing cao dugc nfing lyc cgnh tranh cho cic doanh nghigp d gdc dfi chi phi. Bfii vilt sd d l cgp din mfit sfi ky thugt giim chi phi logistics m i cic cdng ly hing diu thl gidi dang su dyng.
Ky thugt I: Tgp trung hda cic hogt dfing logistics bing cich xfiy dyng hfii dfing logis- tics hogc bd phgn logistics. Dd qufin ly toin bd hogt dgng logis- tics, cfic cdng ty sg thilt Igp mgt bfi phgn rieng vl logistics nhim tim kilm ca hpi gifim ehi phf vfi dilu phdi tofin bfi hogt dgng lo- gistics. Bfi phgn niy dim bio ring cdng ly dgt higu qui tfit nhit cd thl bfing cich xic djnh vi chia sd nhung kinh nghigm hay vl logistics cho lit e i cfic dan vj kinh doanh cua cdng ty.
Ching hgn nhu khi Tong giim dfic dilu hinh mdi cua IBM len nim quyin vio nfim 2002, dng dfi dgt mye tidu biln chuSi cung dng ciia IBM trd nfin tinh ggn vfi dfip ung til ban. 6 n g dfi cho thilt Igp mfit bfi phgn hoin tofin mdi nhu Ii mfit phin no lyc thay dfii chufii cung dng cda IBM. Bfi phgn dd duge ggi la Integrated Supply Chain (ISC) phy trfich vigc logi bd 30 mgng ludi tttrag chufii cung dng nhim tgo ra mfit chufii eung iing thfing nhit. Bfi phgn nfiy sS dim trich vigc mua hfing, sin xuit, logistics v i hoin thfinh don hfing cho toin bfi cfic
NCS.Hofing Hii Yin don vj kinh doanh d toin cfiu.
Dc nfing cao hipu qufi dip ung cua chuoi cung irng vi cit giam chi phi, ISC da theo duli ba chiin lugc chinh: Thud ngofii cic chdc nfing khdng ddng vai trd nfing Iyc ldi cdng ty; Nii kit lii c i ddi lie ttong chuoi cung ung; Xiy dyng hg thing quy trinh kinh doanh duy nhit nhfim lidu chuan hda cfic quy trinh cho tat cfi cic bg phgn kinh doanh.
Thdng qua sy tifiu chuin hda, IBM nhgn thfiy rfing chi phf giira vfi djch vy khfich hing ting Idn d mfit sfi ITnh vyc nhir chgn nhi cung cip, hda don vi quin ly hang nhgp. Tinh dfin cudi nim 2004. nhimg sing kiln cua ISC d i giup IBM tilt kigm dugc 20 ty USD. Chi phf logis- tics giim 21% v i mdc tfin kho dgt Ihap nhat trong vdng 30 nam qua. Hon thl nira. dg hfii Idng cua khich hfing dfii vdi hogt dfing logistics tfing 2%.
Ky thugt 2: Toi uu hda hg thfing phan phfii bing cich dinh gia Igi hg thfing vfi thilt k l Igi nlu ein thiet. Cic tmng tfim phfin phfii vfi cfic cang thdng quan dugc thilt k l tfii trong chufii cung ung cd thl lam lang chi {du logistics v i inh hudng khdng tit din djch vy khfich hing. Khi toi uu hda hg thfing phfin phfii, cdng ty cin phii dfinh gii Igi ciu hue ctia hg thfing, ehinh li vj tri ciia cic trung tam phfin phfii, vfi thilt
^> Tap chi nghidn cufu Tdi chinh ki todn
( Sd'12 (113) 2012 )
TAI CHfNH DOANH NGHIEP ke Igi neu can thidl nhfim giim
chi phf, nang cao dich vy khfich hfing vfi cfit gifim thdi gian vgn ehuyen. Vi dy nhu nhfim tgn dyng ca bfii thyc hign phin phfii qua bidn gidi khi lien minh EU giim thuc vi rio cin lugt phip, Toyota Motor Marketing Europe (TMME) da gom Igi cic hg thong phan phdi xe hai vfio nfim 2001.
Ky thugt 3 : Tgn dyng ky thugt "di chuyen hfing lidn tyc thdng qua kho" (cross-docking) dd giim nhiing chi phf lidn quan den ldn kho vi nfing cao hipu qufi giao hang. Theo ky thuat niy, nguyen ligu/hing hda se dugc dd xufing tu cic logi xe lii nhd va ngay lip tdc dugc xdp len cic xe tfii xuat hing, vi thd se khdng cd hogc cd rit it tdn kho giiia vipc do xudng v i xep Idn. Cdng ty cd thd sd dyng ky thuat nay dd giim cfic chi phi lien quan den hing tdn kho, nang cao hogt dpng ndi bg, vfi nfing cao khi nang giao hang chinh xic. Eastman Kodak, nhi sin xuat phim dung cho miy anh ldn nhfit thd gidi, da dua ttilt ly "tmh ggn" (lean) vio boat dgng logistics bfing cich chuyfin ddi kho hing tmng tim ciia minh thinh kho "cross- dockmg" vio nim 2002. Theo chuang trinh nay, khi nguyfin vgt Ugu ddn kho "cross-docking" cua Kodak thi cic nhan vidn se phin logi ehiing theo nhfi cung cap v i noi nguyen lipu se din tgi khu vyc lim hing (staging area).
Kodak da phfit ttiln thilt kd eac vi tri lai kho "cross-dock" nhim dap ling lich din cua cfic nguydn vgt lieu khdp vdi kl hogeh xuit
nguydn ligu ldi cic nhi miy cda Kodak. Vdi vigc giao hfing Id nhd vfi thudng xuydn bon dfi giup gifim tfin kho tgi khu vyc sin xuat vi sidu thj td hon 10 ngiy xufing cdn 3 ddn 4 ngiy.
Ket qui dgt dugc thdng qua chuang trinh "cross-dock" li Kodak dfi cit giim cac chi phf lien quan din tfin kho 500 tripu USD td nim 2000 - 2004.
Ky tiiugl 4: Phit ttidn quan hg chiin lugc vdi cic nha cung cip djch vy 3PL. Cic cdng ty cd the phit tridn quan hg ddi tfie vdi cfic cdng ty cung cap djch vy lo- gistics (3PL) dk cfit giim chi phi hoac tap tmng vfio nfing luc cdt ldi. Cac 3PL se tgn dyng tinb hipu qui cung vdi tinh chuydn gia cua minh dl cfit giim ehi phi cho cdng ty. Mpt lgi ich nua la cac 3PL se giup cdng ly khdng dfiu tu vdn vfio cfic tfii sin Idn.
Vio mua thu nfim 2003, Goodyear-hfing sin xufit Idp xe Idn nhat thl gidi. da thud
Exel Pic nhu li nhi cung cap djch vy logistics chfnh. Trong khoing thdi gian hon 90 ngay.
Goodyear da thyc hipn vigc chuydn ddi tu 5 nhfi cung cip din 1 nhfi cung cip. ddng 2 trang lim hogt dfing logistics cda minh, vfi chuydn 4 hogt dpng logistics din Exel. Trong sd 17 tmng tfim logistics tgi Bic My, Exel quin ly 15 ttimg tam, 2 tmng tfim cdn lgi dugc qufin ly bdi Goodyear do nfim ttong khudn vidn sin xuit. Trong vigc dilu hfinh tgi tnmg tfim logistics, cfic nhfin vien eua Exel se dugc bfi tri tgi try sd chfnh cua
Tap chi nghien cufu Tdi chinh k^ todn ^\
Goodyear quin ly hogt dpng ldn kd hogeh ddng hing. Cfic nhfin vifin ciia Exel ciing Idn nhimg dy in ve chien lugc kho cho Goodyear nham giam toe dp di chuyen ton kho, dieu niy cho phdp Goodyear ning cao duge djch vy khach hang vi tgn dyng dugc kho bai. Cic nhin vidn d mpi cap cua 2 cdng ly hing thing vi hing quy ciing nhau hpp lgi dd dinh gii cic ehi ticu eho moi khu vyc vi mfii hogt dpng kinh doanh mi Exel qufin ly. Thdng qua hgp tic chiin luge vdi Exel, Goodyear da giam dugc chi phi logistics eho moi dan vj xudng 27% so vdi trung binh nganh.
Ky thugt 5: Thyc hipn cac giii phfip vl cdng nghg thdng tin trong nginh logistics. Cac giii phap cdng nghe cho phep ning cao khi nang "thiy dugc" (visi- bility) vi quin ly cic hogt dpng logistics. Ndn tfing cdng nghg cd thd khic nhau theo chuc nang, tuy nhien hiu hit diu thyc hign cic chuc nang cabin nhu: quin ly dan hang, quin ly dan dy thiu vgn chuyen, qufin ly vgn chuydn, quan ly kho bfii, quin ly tin kho, hogc md hinh hg thing phan phii. Newell Rubbermaid, l i nha sin xufit cic thiet bj gia dinh va van phdng. Vio nam 2002, cic nhi quin ly logistics cao cip eua cdng ty mong mufin giim duge 5% chi phi logistics hfing nam. D I dgt dugc myc tidu niy, cdng ty dfi ttiln khai phin mIm mdi qufin ly vfi tdi uu hda cic Id hing xuat cho toan bfi hogt dfing kinh doanh toin cfiu khdng kl vj tri khu vyc hoge
TAI CHiNH DOANH NGHlfP ( 8^12(113)2012 ) phuong thuc vgn chuyen. Cfng
dyng dugc cung cip bdi Global Logistics Technology, dfi kit hgp khi ning "thiy dugc chufii cung dng" vdi ky thugt Web.
Thdng qua dng dyng nfiy, cfic dan vj kinh doanh dfi ly dfing hda vigc quin ly toin bfi chu ky cic hogt dfing logistics td liic dgt hfing cho den khi thanh toin tiln vgn chuyen. Vio nim 2005, biy trdn mudi trang web quin ly chinh nhfi vgn chuydn ciia cdng ly di chgy tten phin mdm niy.
Dieu niy cho phdp cdng ty cd the theo ddi nhirng tuan thd ciia cic hfing vgn chuyin chfnh vi cd thd dim phin dugc gii tfit ban. Newell Rubbermaid nhgn thiy mye lidu giim 5% chi phf logistics dgt dugc trong nfim diu tidn thyc hipn chuang trinh niy.
Ky thugt 6: Quin ly chi phf xfing dau. Bdi vi chi phf vgn chuyen cbilm gin mdt nua tdng chi phi logistics, mgt chiin lugc lot giim chi phi xfing dau se eho phep lao nfin mgt sy till kipm ldn trong chi phi logistics. Cfic cdng ty cd thd sd dyng nhirng chidn lugc mang tinh lau dii nhu cic cdng cy tfii chinh phii sinh nhim ttinh sy biln ddng ciia gii diu hoge mfit sd ky thugt nhu thd mua hfing d l kilm tta vi quin ly chi tidu xing diu. Cdng ty United Stales Postal Service (USPS) dang difiu hinh dfii xe Idn nhil d nudc My vdi hfing nfim chi phi cho xfing diu vio khoing 1,5 ty USD. Dl quin ly dugc chi phf nfiy, USPS da su dyng mfit sfi cdng cy sau:
- Su dyng siic mgnh cua tgp
dofin dl mua xing diu (group purchasing) mi cho phfip cdng ly cd thl tilt kigm chi phi do sdc mgnh dfim phin tgo ra;
- Su dyng mfit thd mua xfing diu (fuel card) cho tit ci eic vfin phdng ciia edng ty cho phdp cdng ty nhgn dugc chiit khiu do mua sfi lugng ldn.
Vigc gifim ehi phi logistics ludn dugc cic nhfi quin trj trfin thl gidi dgt Idn hing diu trong chuang trinh gifim tfing chi phf eho doanh nghigp. Dilu niy ril cd y nghTa trong thdi gian gan diy khi mi tinb binh kinh doanh da thay dfii vdi chi phi logistics ngiy cing tfing cao do sy bit fin trong gii xfing diu vi sy tfing Ifin ttong chi phi an ninh. Vi thl doanh nghipp mong mufin cd dugc vj thl cgnh tranh tot ttfin thj tmdng thi cin phii hidu dugc vi quan ly chi phi, tmde hit dd li chi phf logistics. Cic cdng cy quin ly chi phf logistics trdn da dugc chiing minh Ii higu qua d cic tgp doin ttdn the gidi cd thl li nhirng kinh nghigm tham khio cho cic doanh nghipp Vigt Nam.
Cfic bign p h i p tfii vu hda lgi nhugn d cfic doanh nghigp Logistics tfi Vigt Vam
Dfii vdi cic DN Vigt Nam hogl dfing Logistics l i hogt dfing mdi md vi cic DN dang hogt dfing chua toin bfi qui trinh m i chi mfit phin hfinh cua Logis- tics. Cic ky thugt dl tfing doanb thu hay tfii uu hda chi phi diu cd thl ip dyng dugc, d l ed dugc dieu dd cfic doanh nghipp cung nhu Nhfi nudc phii cd nhiing
bign phip dfing bfi dfip ung vdi sy phit triln cua nln kinh td thl gidi.
Thd n h i t , Tfing nhanh doanh tbu hoat dfing Logistics d cic khfiu c i dfiu vio vfi diu ra trong chufii logistics. Hign nay vdi vigc kinh doanh tofin ciu thl nginh djch vy Logistics sd xuyfin suot qui Irinh sinh ra vfi tmdng thfinh cda mgt sin phim.
Do dd vigc dau lien phai bilt khich hing ciia doanh nghigp Ifi ai? Sau dd li gii trj dem lgi eho khich hing li gl? Cudi ciing li thj imdng doanh nghipp nhfim den li gi? D I lim dugc ba vigc tren nhfi qufin trj phai lfim dugc cic vigc sau:
Hogeh djnh nhu eau: E}oi vdi nhdm khich hing chidn lugc qui md Idn can xfiy dyng chifin lugc cfing tfic vfi dy bio nhu cau. E}fii vdi nhdm khfich hang tfing tmdng cin cfin nhic nhieu ban v l mdc dg djch vy mong mudn v l dO nhgy ve gifi.
Hogeh dinh ngudn cung vi logistics: CSn nhfic su dyng md hinh giao hfing trye tilp qua trung tam phfin phoi dfii vdi cfic khfich hing Idn, trong khi cic khich hing nhd cd thl tuih din cic giai phip giao hing trye tilp. \^gc phfin khuc khich hing cung cd thl din dfin chia nhd hogt dfing chufii cung dng vdi nhihig yfiu ciu djch vy khich hfing khic nhau, ddi hdi can nhic tinh tofin cac trade-off (dfinh dfii) v l chi phi v i chit lugng djch vy.
Hogeh djnh sfin xuit: Cic
Tap chi nghidn cOu Tdi chinh k^ todn
( 8^12(113)2012 )
TAI CHINH DOANH NGHIEP khich hing Idn cd the can nhic
din vipe hogeh djnh sin xuit chung.
Hogeh djnh nguon cung vi giao hing: N I U gii ttj dem lgi cho khach hfing li sy thugn tipn thi doanh nghipp cin xfiy dyng ning Iyc cho hogl dfing giao hing nhanh chdng, thugn lign nhit. Ridng cic doanh nghigp thuong mgi dign tu thi uu tifin hfing dau Ii tfic dfi v i chit lugng giao hing. NIU gii trj dem lgi li sfin pbim chit lugng chi phi thfip, doanh nghigp ein xfiy dyng chifin lugc ngufin cung phd hgp cung nhu cich tlidc giup giim chi phf hogt dfing giao hfing.
Hogeh djnh nhu ciu: Cfic thj tmdng mdi se Ifi nhu cau bit fin, khdng xic djnh ddi hdi doanli nghipp dau tu nhilu ban vao boat dgng dy bio nhu cau.
Hogeh djnh logistics v i giao hing: Neu thj tradng khdng ngung md rgng sang nhdng vung dit Ig ddi hdi doanh nghipp cfin quan tam ddn nfing lyc phfin phdi vfi giao hing, diu lu vio bg thong phan phdi vi hofin thinh dan hfing.
Thir hai, Toi uu hda ehi phi ttong logistics cd thl hidu theo nghia l i chi phi phyc vy de dugc tfii uu. Tue li chi phi thap nhil trong dilu kipn nhu ciu khich hfing da dugc xic djnh, hay chi phi cd djnh vdi nhu ciu dugc thda mfin tfii da. Dfiy Ii mgt bfii toin thyc t l m i khdng phii nhfi didu hfinh chuoi cung ung nio cdng cd the giii quylt dugc ttgn vpn. Theo tfic gifi vdi sy phfit
triln ngfinh logisrics d Vigl Nam hign nay thi vigc vgn dyng cfic ky thugt eua cfic nudc diu tit tuy nhidn chi phi logistics ciia chung ta qui cao so vdi thl gidi.
B^ vgn dyng cic ky thuat trdn chung la cfin phai
Phfit ttidn CO sd hg ting eho hogt dfing logistics. Giong nhu Trung QuIc vfi An Dg, ca sd hg ting phyc vy cho hogt dfing logistics tgi Vigt Nam dugc dinh gii Ii kem phit trien vfi khdng llic dip dng nhu cau thi tmdng.
Hon thl nira, Vigt Nam dugc dfinh gii la rat ylu trong hogeh djnh vi thyc hipn chien luge hp thing giao thdng vgn tii, ttong dd ndi cfim Ifi hp thong dudng bp, mdi tmdng chinh sach cho hogt dpng van ehuyen trong dd thj vi vigc thyc hipn chidn lugc chung. v l hp thong kho thi hipn nay ban 90% kho bai thugc quydn quin ly cua Nha nudc, vigc sd dyng cic kho nfiy ddu khdng hidu qua.
Phil ttiln h? thing CNTT (cdng nghg thdng tin ) ttong DN.
Vdi vigc md rfing phit tridn kinh tl thfi gidi thi vipc vgn chuyin bing hda ttdn khip thl gidi CNTT ddng gdp mgt phfin dfing kl dl tilt kipm chi phi luu thdng.
Phat triln nhung sin pham mang lgi gii ttj gia tfing vi hipn nay chu ylu cic DN Vigt Nam dang d nhiittg giai dogn dau cda qui trinh phit trien tdc l i vao nhiing nim 70 cua thl gidi vfi chi dimg d mdc dfi thyc hign trong quan hg khich hang chd ylu Ifi cic sin phim vgn ehuydn, kho bai.
Tap chi nghidn cufu Tai chinh k e toan ^ Dau tu vio hp thfing ttang thidt bj hipn dgi d c i hing khdng, dudng sit, dudng bg...
dd giam thieu chi phi ttong kinh doanh Logistics.
Bfi miy quin ly Nhi nudc cdn cdng kenh, ke khai chgm chgp ndn thii lyc nhgp xuat bing hda qua Hfii Quan ggp nhieu van dd do vgy chi phi kinh doanh khdng chinh thdc cao vi lgi nhuan Logistics giam. Be giai quyet dugc dieu niy cin phai cd tieng ndi chung giua chinh phd Vigl Nam, khfich hfing su dyng djch vy Logistics vfi cfing dong doanh nghigp Logistics.
Tii Ugu tham khio:
Baatz Elizabeth, Pricing Across the Transportation Modes, Logistics Management, 9/2006
Cooke James, Logistics Costs Underpressure, Logistics Management, 7/2006
Hamnon David, Tracking Total Logistics Value from the Inside Out, Purchasing Maga- zine. 10/2004.
"Fundamentals of Logistics Management" Irwin/McGraw- Hill.Boston,MA. Theo do chi phi logistics dugc phdn thdnh 5 nhom l&n: cdc chi phi do ton kho, chi phi mua hdng. chi phi xu ly dan hdng, chi phi vgn chuyen vd chi phi kho bdi.
Tgp chi Supply chain in- sight.