TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HpC V A N HIEN
KHONG GIAN TRI N H J L N CUA DONG TlT TRI GIAC TIENG VIET Nguyen Hoang Phirong
Trudng Dgi hgc Khoa hoc xd hoi vd Nhdn vdn Thdnh pho Ho Chi Minh nguyenhoangphuong(^hcmussh. edu. vn
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 17/9/2018: Ngdy duyet ddng: 17/12/2018
Tdm xit
Trong bdi viet ndy, chung toi nghien cim cdc yeu to khong gian tri nhgn cua dong tit tri gidc tieng Viet vd tieng Anh dua Iren ngir lieu Id 3.946 cdu dd khdo sdt co chira dgng tir tri gidc trong hai bo tdc phdm song ngii: Anh - Viet, Viet - Anh • Nhirng cuoc phieu lim cua Sherlock Holmes vd Tinh yeu sau chien tranh.
Qua nghien citv. chung toi da ghi nhdn duac cdc yeu to chi phoi khong gian tri nhdn cua dgng tir tri gidc gom co cdc yeu to ben trong vd ben ngodi Dua tren nhirng dgc diem Iri nhdn rut ra tir nghien cuu ndy, chimg la co the gidi thich dugc nhieu vdn de ngon ngir nhu dn du, hodn du, y niem hoa, cdch ihuc ngon ngU duac hinh thdnh trong tdm thirc chung la vd dugc hiiu giira ngudi nghe vd ngudi noi, cdch chung ta lao ra vd tn nhgn ngon ngd, .
Tie khoa: khong gian tinh thdn, khong gian tn nhdn, dgng lii- tn gidc, qud trinh tdm Ihuc, cdc yeu to chi phoi
The cognitive space of the Vietnamese perception verbs Abstract
In this article, we examine the cognitive space elements of the Vietnamese and English perception verbs, based on the research data of 3,946 surveyed statements with perception verbs from two sets of English-Vietnamese, Vietnamese-English novels: The adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Love after war.
Through this research, the cognitive space elements of the perception verbs including internal and external factors are recognized. Based on the perceived characteristics drawn from this study, many linguistic problems such as metaphor, metonymy, conceptualization are explained and how language informed in our mind and how il is understood between speakers and listeners, and how perceive language is created.
Keywords: mental space, cognitive space, perception verbs, mental process, dominant factors
\. Ly thuyet khdng gian tri nhan gian tinh than frong tam thuc eua ehu the tiep Trong mdi tuong tac gifta thuc te va ngdn ngft nhan. Chang han vdi bieu thuc ngdn ngu Toi thdy chiing ta CO khdng gian khach quan, khong gian cdy, chiing ta cd mgt khong gian ca sd hay khdng tam thiic phan anh ben trong nhan thuc ciia chiing gian thuc trong dd cd hai thuc the la a: toi va b:
ta va khdng gian ngdn ngft. cdy. Tu khdng gian co sd nay da phan anh vao tam Fauconier (1995) cho rang mdt bieu thue ngdn thiic cua ehu the mdt khdng gian tmh thdn cd hai ngft bat ky nao cung se ggi len mdt vimg khdng yeu tda': /f5/vab': cay vdi y mem la Toi thdy cdy.
VAN HIEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUME 6 NUMBER 3
Trong pham vi cua bai bao nay, chiing tdi nghien ciiu vl khdng gian tri nhan eua dgng ui tri giac tieng Viet theo quan diem cua Giles Fauconier.
2. Dac diem cua khdng gian tri nhan Khong gian tn nhan cdn cd the coi la khdng gian gia lap ciia khdng gian thuc dugc tao dung nen trong tam thirc cua ngudi sir dung ngdn ngir.
Khdng gian gia lap doi khi khong nhat thilt phai trimg khdp hoan toan vdi khdng gian thuc. Tinh chan nguy cua no ddi vdi khdng gian thue doi khi chi la tuong dli, Nd chi cd gia tri frong ngon ngft, trong tam thiic cua ngudi su dung ngdn ngu, khdng ddi hdi cao ve khoa hgc tu nhien, chinh xac. Chang han cae y niem "con rdng",
"con ky lan" chi tdn tai trong khdng gian tinh than ma thdi. Va cung chSng ai nghi van gi vdi cau ndi "Trong ky lie tdi thay thap Eiffel chi mdi xay dung dugc mgt nua thdi." du ai eung cd the dl dang nhan ra cai khdng gian gia lap ma cau nay tao ra hoan toan khdng diing vdi su thuc hien tai.
Khdng gian tri nhan la ragt chinh the phdi eanh Idn cd the co nhieu tang nhieu ldp. Trong mdi khdng gian tn nhan chua dung cac thanh td CLia no va cac khong gian nay duge dung len tii' cac khiHig tri nhan va md hinh tn nhan ma bieu thirc ngon ngft phan anh.
Khdng gian tri nhan dugc dung nen phu thudc vao nhieu yeu td nhu kha nang lugc dd hda, tn thirc nen, phuong thiic phan tich, tdng hgp, anh xa, phan vimg y niem, van hda, kinh nghiem... eiia chii the.
Vi ed nhieu yeu td da dang phuc tap ehi phdi
khdng gian tri nhan nen frong ngdn ngii cac phat ngdn chiu sir tac dgng ciia nhieu he quy chilu khdng gian khac nhau nhu khdng gian quyen lire hay dia vi, khdng gian dia ly, khdng gian van hda, khdng gian kmh nghiem, khdng gian tn thiic... Ching han vdi ciing mdt ddi the la Uy ban Phudng nhung se ed the cd nhieu phat ngon khac nhau:
Tdi len Phudng. (1) Toi xudng Phudng. (2) Tdi ra Phudng. (3) Tdi vao Phudng. (4) Tdi din Phudng. (5)
Trong nam vi du vira neu cd su dan xen chi phoi eua khdng gian quyln luc, khdng gian dia ly va khdng gian van hda.
Ung dung khdng gian tri nhan cd the giai thich dugc rat nhilu vin de frong ngdn ngir chang han nhu vSn dl tri nhan vi tri khdng gian, van de nang lire ngdn ngii... hay vande cuthe nhu phan biet an du va hoan du. An du la phep chuyen doi tieu diem tu khdng gian tri nhan nay sang mdt khong gian tn nhan khac. Hoan du la phep chuyen ddi tieu diem frong cung mpt khdng gian tri nhan.
3. C^c yeu td trong khong gian tri nh^n ciia dgng tfr tri giac
Cac ylu td trong khong gian tri nhan hay cung cd the coi la cac yeu td frong khung tn nhan nhu each ggi frong nhieu cdng trinh nghieo Clin da quen thudc vdi chiing ta.
Trong Khung ngir nghia hgc, cac tir duoc hieu trong mdi lien he vdi cau true chim. Khung (phdng, md hinh) se cung cap bdi canh nen can
TAP CHl KHOA HQC OAI HQC V A N HIEN
thiet de nam bat y nghia. Khung ngit nghia da dugc su dung de phan tich dgng tir trong nhieu cdng trinh nghien eiiu nhu cac cdng trinh cua Fillmore (1971, 1977, 1982 a,b), ciia Fillmore va Atkins (1994), cua Rojo va Valenzuela (2005)...
Fillmore dinh nghia khung ngft nghia la "he thdng y niem Hen quan vdi nhau theo cai each ma de hieu bSt ky mgt y mem nao frong sd do chiing ta phai hieu cai eau tnic toan the ma y niem do an khdp vdi". (Fillmore, 1977: fr. 111) Chang ban, mdt y niem nhu "tay" khdng the xae dinh dugc neu thieu vang linh vuc "than the";
cung khdng the xac dinh dugc mdt y mem nhu
"con" ma bd qua khung "bd me". Va mdt y niem nhu "weekend" khdng the hieu dugc neu khdng cd nhiing tri thirc nen ve duong lich (chia ra 7 ngay dem) va nhung quy udc van hda (chia ra ngay lam viec va ngay nghi). (Ly Toan Thang, 2005: tr. 26)
Theo Ly Toan Thang, mdi dan vi ngdn ngu deu ggi ra mgt khung ngft nghia. Do vay, y nghia ciia mgt don vi ngdn ngii phai duge xac dinh cd tinh den ca "y niem" lan "khung". Nhimg sir khac biet ngu nghia xuyen ngdn ngu thudng hay lien quan den thdng tin dugc cu the hda frong khung hon la cau tnic ngi tai cua y niem hinh bdng. (Ly Toan Thang, 2005: tr. 26-27)
Khdng gian tri nhan hay khung tri nh^n ciia dgng tu tri giac gdm cd cae yeu td dudi day.
3.1. Chii the tri nhan
Trong mgt hoat ddng tri nhan bat huge phai cd chil thi tn nhan (perceptor/ perceiver) hay eiing cd thi ggi la nghiem thi (experiencer) hay tac thi (agent). Ddi vai nhdm cac ddng Xii tri giac thi chii thi tri nhan la ddi tugng chii thi thue hien cac hanh ddng fri giac.
Vd: - Bd cd bao gid nhin thay nd khdng?
- Toi nghe hat ma nudc mat eu the chay ra ran rua, tu nhien khdng kim lai duge.
- Man hay khdng chiing toi dau da dugc nem thu.
Cd thi cd trudng hgp da ehii the tri nhan.
Trong vi du sau cd hai chu the tri nhan 'toi' va 'hdn'.
Vd: Toi thay hdn nhin cd gai.
Chu the tn nhan ed the nam frong va ngoai khdng gian tn nhSn.
Vd: (Tdi thay) Han nhin cd gai.
Trong VI du fren 'hdn' la ehii thi nam trong khdng gian tn nhan 'Hdn nhin co gdi' cdn 'Toi' la ehu the ngoai, ngam hieu cua khdng gian tri nhan do,
Dgng tu tn giac cd the dugc xac minh dua tren tinh chii y eiia chu the fri nhan. Mgt s6 ddng tu tn giae ddi hdi mgt chu the tri nhan co ehii y (tac the) va sd khae thi lai ddi hdi mdt chii the tri nhan khdng co chii y (nghiem the).
Vd: Khdng cd chii y (non-volitional), chii the la nghiem the.
- Hdi dd tdi ciing co thdy nhieu nha bi Id nhung khdng ngd Id mau nhu vay.
- Anh khdng nhd la cd Stoner cho biet chi cd ay cd lan ngiri thdy miii khdi xi ga ciia lao bac sT Roylott hay sao?
- Tinh day, sa len mat chi thdy mau.
Vd: Cd chii y (volitional), chii the la tae the.
- Tdi nhin vao ddi mat anh menh mang budn.
- Tdi Clii xudng ngui hoa.
- Sd vao da thit em xem ed phai ma khdng?
Ve diem nay Leech (2004: tr. 28) da mieu ta tri giae ehii y la: "1 go out of my way, physically, to focus my attention on some object." (Tdi thoat ra, ve mat the xae, de tap trung sir chii y len fren vat the). Vendler (1957) cung da cho rang cac dgng tu fri giae chu y mieu ta cac hoat ddng ma d do chu thi hudng sir chii y den vat the. Nhu vay, theo quan diem nay cd the hieu fri giac chil y la su chuyen ddng an du tu chii the tdi vat the cdn fri giac khdng cd chii y la ngugc lai, tu vat the den ehu the.
3.2. Thuc the dieac tri nhan
Trong mgt hoat ddng tri nhan ngoai chu the tri nhan cdn ed doi tugng tri nhan hay ddi the, thuc the duge tn nhan, cai duac tn nhan hoac ciing cd the eoi la kich thich (stimulus). Ddi the tri nhan dd cd the la ddi the muc tieu ma cung ed khi la ddi the tdng quan.
Vd: - Ba cd bao gid nhin thay no khdng?
- Ba ngude len, chot thay ong ciing dang loay hoay tim cdi gi do.
- Liie tudng anh an com thi den bac sau muai
VAN HIEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUMES NUMBER 3
mot cSu thang go Tran nghe thay anh hdt vong lin mot bdi gi do.
3.3. Cff quan tri gidc
Con ngudi chac chan se khdng the tn nhan dugc thi gidi ben ngoai neu nhu khdng thdng qua cac co quan tri giac. Tuong ling vdi mdi ca quan fri giac trong mdi ngdn ngu danh cho nd mgt so ddng tu tri giac nham bieu thi hoat ddng cua tung CO quan.
Vd: - Thi giae:
Han cay dang nhin nang.
- Thinh giac:
Tdi lang nghe Mudn hat, thay gigt nudc mat lan tren gd ma eua co.
- Khiiu giae:
Cung la, he mua la dng ngui thdy miii mdc d CO the minh, min rua nat d do vat.
- Vi giac:
Anh ed the nim thdy tdi frong mon kho nay.
- Xiic giac:
Mi nit tay khdi ao Ngoan, sd nhe len mdi Ngoan.
3.4. Tinh tri gidc
Chi danh cho ddi tugng cd fri giac. Khdng danh cho ddi tugng vd tn.
Vd: Cdn phong phia trudc dugc trang bi nhu mgt phdng khach, nd dan vao mgt phong ngii nhd, nhin ra mpt ben tau.
0 day chac chan chiing ta khdng thi nao thay tir nhin (look) bang tu thdy (see) dugc vi cdn phong {the room) khdng phai la mdt chii the cd kha nang tri giae.
3.5. Nguon
La thue the phat hay tao ra eac kich thich giac quan nhan dugc.
_ Vd: - Trong liic noi chuyen, toi thudng nghe thay tieng dan duang cdm vang vgng, thoang xa
^ - Phai ndi rang cai den keo qudn Sy la mdn do choi quyen ru nhat tdi tung nhin thiy.
- Cling la, he mua la dng ngui thay miii mdc d ca thi minh, miu rira nat d do vgt.
3.6. Vi tri tri nhan
La cac vi tri ma theo dd boat dgng tri nhan dien ra,
3.6.1. Vi tri cita chii thi tri nhdn La VI fr! cua chii thi khi thgc hien hoat ddng
tri nhSn.
Vd: - Odd cd the nhin thdy nha em dugc.
- Ltic tudng anh an cam thi din bdc sdu muai mot cdu thang go Tran nghe thiy anh hat v6ng len mgt bai gi do.
- Ba lao sd soang eac thii tir chong an com len chan. {Bd lao dang d frong phdng.)
3.6.2. Vi tri cita thuc the duac tri nhgn La vi tri ciia kich thich fri nhan dugc phat ra de din dat boat ddng tn nhan dugc diln ra.
Vd. - Cd nhin chdng tap chi va bao a tren bdn.
- Thdt nhien tdi nhin thay Roza trin 6 ctrasS doi dien.
- Cd nghe thay tieng thd dai nai long nguc ngudi dan ong.
3.7. Khodng cdch tri nhan
Ddi vdi cac ddng tir fri giac tinh khoang each xa gan frong hoat ddng tri giae cung dugc phan anh rat ro len cac cau tnic ngdn ngu.
Vd: - Bieu dung cd ngo qua ben, a ma quen niia, nghe cua cau ddi hdi eau phai nghe nhin khdng bd sdt mgt thir gi... mudn nhin a ldm gan khdng?
- Cimg ngdi mdt ban, cdn cd ngudi dan ba Viet Nam diing tudi, an mac xenh xoang, doi mat den lue nao nhu cung nhin xa xdm.
Trong sd cac dgng tu tri giae duoc nghien ciiu frong bai viet nay thi cac dgng tii ngui, ngiri ihdy, nem, nem thdy, sd, sd thdy chi cd the dugc dimg vdi khoang each tri nhan gan. Do do chiing tacd the noi nhin xa xa, nghe xa xa, thdyxaxa...
nhung khdng the ndi ngiei xa xa, nem xa xa, sa xaxa...
3.8. Dirdng ddn tri nhan
La dudng di cua eac kich thich giac quan tir ngudn cho den chu the tri nhan.
Vd: - Nhin qua vai anh, tdi thay mgt thieu phu, than hinh day da, dang dimg fren ll dudng ddi dien.
- Hy vgng Roza se tinh cd nhin thay qua mot 6 cua toi tdm ndo do.
- Nhung neu qua la lir ngodi bdi cd vong vdo thi sao em khdng nghe thay?
3.9. Chieu tri nhgn
La chieu hudng ma hoat ddng tri nhan dugc
TAP CHI KHOA HQC O^l HQC VAN HIEN TAP 6 SO 3
dien ra. Hoat dgng dd cd the diln ra theo chilu hi chu the tri nh$n din ddi tugng tri nhan.
Vd: - Con be nhin quanh. (Chilu tri nhan tu chu the ra xung quanh.)
- Cd hdm ngoai trdi ndng 39 do, frong nha cdn ndng hon nua, lao cdi fran, ngdi udng rugu kem vdi dau ca, rung diii nghe dai. (Chilu fri nhan tu chii the hudng din cai dai.)
- Chi can cau sd nguc chau nhu liic nay la chau de. (Chieu tn nhjin tu chu the hudng din nguc cd gai.)
Hoac cung co the ngugc lai, tir doi tugng tn nh^in den chu the tri nhan.
Vd: - Ba nguoc len, chgt thay dng cung dang loay hoay tim eai gi do. (Chieu fri nhSn tu ong hudng den bd.)
- Trong liic ndi chuyen, tdi thudng nghe thay tieng dan duong cam vang vgng, thoang xa.
(Chieu tri nhan tft dan dirang cdm hudng den toi) - Anh khdng nhd la cd Stoner cho biet chi ed ay ed lan ngin thay min khdi xi ga ciia lao bac si Roylott hay sao? (Chieu tri nhan tir xi gd hudng den CO Stoner.)
Va cung ed khi chieu fri nhan thoat ra tir chu thi tn nhan va quay trd lai chinh ehii the. Ndi each khac thi ehii thi tri nhan cung chinh la ddi tugng tri nhan.
Vd: - Ddi khi em thay minh that xau xa.
- Cung la, he mua la dng ngiri thay mui mdc d ca the minh, miii rua nat d dd vat.
Trong tieng Viet ngin, ngin thdy, nem, nem thdy la cae dgng tir mdt chieu nhung frong tieng Anh smell, taste la cac ddng tu hai chieu cd the ehi hoat ddng tn nhan dien ra theo chieu tir chii the tri nhan den ddi tugng tri nhan
Vd: - Tdi ciii xudng ngin hoa.
- Man hay khdng chiing tdi dau da duac nem thu.
Va eung cd the ngugc lai, chi hoat ddng tri nhan diln ra theo chieu tir ddi tugng tri nhan den chu the tri nhan.
Vd: - Anh khdng nhd la co Stoner cho biet chi CO ay cd lan ngiri thdy mui khdi xl ga eiia lao bac sT Roylott hay sao?
- Anh cd thi nem thdy tdi frong mdn kho nay.
Khac vdi tilng Viet, frong tieng Anh smell
va taste cd the chi hanh dgng phat di kich thich ciing cd the ehi hanh dgng tiep nhan kich thich.
Vd: - He hadn't washed for days and was beginning to smell.
Anh ay khdng tam nhieu ngay va bat dau bdc mui.
Phdt di (emission)
- He said he could smell gas when he entered the room.
Anh ndi anh cd the ngui thdy miii gas khi budc vao phdng,
Tiip nhgn {reception)
- You can taste the garlic in this stew.
Anh cd the nem thdy tdi frong mdn kho nay.
(nhan) (reception) - It tastes sweet.
Nd cd vi nggt.
(phat) (emission)
Trong tieng Anh, eau "It tastes sweet." chi cd the dugc hieu la it la chu the phat ra vi. Do dd, frong tieng Anh, cung mgt ddng tu ed the dugc su dung cho 2 phuong thiic nhung eau tnic khac nhau:
smell (l) (subj./exp - obj/ stim) (chil the/nghiem the - khach the/ kich thich) He said he could smell gas when he entered the room.
Anh ndi anh ed the ngiri thdy min gas khi budc vao phdng.
smell (2) (subj / source - of-comp/ stim) (chii the/ nguon - bd ngft/ Idch thich) Vd:
He hadn't washed for days and was beginning to smell,
Anh ay khdng tam nhieu ngay va bat dau bdc mill.
3.10. Biem nhin
Trong hoat ddng fri nhan diem nhin cd tam quan trgng quyet dinh ket qua tri nhan. Trong ngdn ngft hgc tri nhan diem nhin la mgt yeu td khdng the thieu, khdng phai khdng cd y nghia ddi vdi viec xac dinh y nghia ciia bieu thiic ngdn ngft. Do do, can thiet phai xem xet den diem nhin trong boat dpng tri nhan cua cac ddng tu fri giac. Bay gid chiing ta se xet eae vi du sau:
Vd 1: Tdi nhin anh ay.
VAN HIEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUME 6 NUMBERS
Trong cau vi du tren ro rang diem nhin cua hanh ddng la tir phia toi hudng ve anh dy. The nhung trong vi du dudi day thi chung ta huge phai xem lai diem nhin ciia nd.
Vd 2: Anh ay nhin dep trai.
Hien nhien frong cau vi du nay cd cum tu la anh dy nhin the nhung thuc chat khdng phai la anh dy cd hanh ddng nhin hay ndi each khac boat ddng tri giac khdng xuat phat tu anh dy hay cung CO the ndi anh ay d day khdng phai la chii the tri nhan.
Trong tinh hudng nay diem nhin phai xuat phat tir mgt chu the fri nhan nam ben ngoai hudng ve phia anh dy. C) day co the nit ra mgt nhan xet rang chu the fri nhan khdng phai liie nao cung triing khdp hoan toan vdi chii ngft eua eSu. Chang han nhu frong cae vi du sau day thi chil the tri nhan ehfic chan khdng thi nao la chu ngu ciia cau.
Vd: - Cdn phong phia trudc duge frang bi nhu mdt phdng khach, nd din vko mdt phdng ngii nho, nhin ra mdt bin tau,
Do dd, viec xac dinh dugc diem nhin nhilu khi cung rat quan frgng frong viec hd trg xac dinh y nghia. Chang han xet vi du sau:
Vd: Anh ay ttfti/j cung dugc.
Neu khdng cd ngu eanh hay ndi each khac la khdng xac dinh diem nhin trudc thi cau nay cd the dan den tinh trang luang nghia.
Anh ay nhin cung dugc.
• Anh iy nhin cung duoe (khdng din ndi xau frai),
•Anh ay nhin cung dugc (nhung chua duac rd lam).
Hay nhu trong tilng Anh, cd xac dinh dugc dilm nhin thi chiing ta mdi cd thi phan bi|t dugc y nghia khac nhau giiia hai eau sau:
He smells good, va He smells well.
3.11. Tieu diem tri nhgn
Theo Iy thuylt thdng tin thi mgi thdng diep phat ra deu cd tieu diem thdng tin cita no. Vdi nhdm ddng tu tri giac cung vay. Trong cac phat ngdn eiia nd diu cd tieu dilm tri nhan.
Vd: Toi thiy chiec xe dau frong san.
Vdi vi du nay thi cai tieu dilm tri nhan dn
tap trung la chiic xe, edn sdn ehi la bdi canh nIn ma thdi.
Trong ngdn ngir, khi su dung thao tac chuyin doi tieu diem tri nhan frong ciing khdng gian tri nhan de dai dien cho mdt tieu dilm tap hpp thi do la phep hoan du.
Vd: Tdi thay dd la chan siit chii lire cua dpi bdng.
Vdi vi du nay thi khdng gian tri nhein la mpt cau thii nhung ngudi ndi da hudng tieu dilm ciia minh vao chdn cua cau thii vi da la c3u thii da bdng thi chdn la mgt tieu dilm rat ed gia fri ve mat y nghia thdng tin.
Trudng hop khac nlu chuyin ddi mpt tieu dilm tri nhan frong mgt khdng gian tri nhan nay de ap len mdt tieu dilm tri nhan frong mdt khong gian khac thi do la phep an du.
Vd: Ngay ngay mat trdi di qua fren lang, Thay mdt mat trdi frong lang rat dd.
(Vieng lang Bac, Vien Phuong) 0 day chiing ta eung can phai hieu rd la lieu diem va diim nhin la hai khai niem khac nhau.
Tieu diem la muc tieu cdn diem nhin la khoi phat. N I U nhu nhin la mgt qua trinh thi tieu dilm la ngon, la dich cdn diem nhin la gdc. Dilm nhin la chd frr do ngudi ta hudng di din dich cdn tieu diem la dich ma ngudi ta muon hudng din.
Ngoai ra, tieu diem la cai ludn nSm ben frong khdng gian tri nhan cdn dilm nhin cd thi nim ngoai khdng gian tri nhan.
Vd: Arthur ndi, ddi mat nhin xudng.
Vdi vi du nay thi tieu dilm thdng tin la doi mat nhin xudng, nhung dilm nhin thi cd thi la tir Arthur nhin xuong, nhung cung cd thi la tir nhan vat ben ngoai quan sat Arthur.
3.12. Dp net
Khdng gian fri nhan cd chira dung nhilu thdng tin nen chac chan nd se dugc phan anh qua do net tue la muc do thdng tin ed dugc.
Vd: thay rd, th§y khdng ro, th4y hai ma, khdng thdy gi, thSy rk rd frrng ehi tilt...
3.13. Phdn ldp
La mgt phdi canh khdng gian phue tap nen chac chan se cd sir phan ldp khdng gian. Chiing ta hoan toan cd thi kilm chiing dilu dd frong ngdn ngft.
TAP CHf KHOA HQC Dfyl HQC VAN HIEN
Vd: nhin ben ngoai, nhin ben trong, nhin tung mat, nhin sau hon...
Khong gian tn nhan ed thi bd tri da phan Idp.
Vd; Tdi thay h&n nhin cd gai.
Phanldp 1 Phan ldp 2 3.14. Quy ho^ch
Quy hoach la each bd fri khdng gian. Vi khdng gian tri nhan phan anh khdng gian thue nen nd ciing se ed quy hoach. Trong ngdn ngft chiing ta thay ed nhieu each diln dat quy hoach khdng gian.
Vd: nhin tdng the, nhin chi tiet, nhin ngang, nhin dgc, nhin tir dudi len, nhin tir tren xudng, nhin toan eanh, nhin toan cue, nhin tdng quan, nhin cuthe...
3.15. Cdch thu-c tri nhan
La cai each ma hoat dgng tri nhan dugc tien hanh, each thuc dien ra su tinh.
Vd: - Han cay ddng nhin nang.
- Tay earn ngugc td bao ma mieng ga cii hd hoc nghe nang cudi ndi.
- Mi nit tay khdi ao Ngoan, sd nhe len mdi Ngoan.
3.15.1. Tri nhdn true Hep
La each thiie ma chu th8 fri nhan dugc ddi tugng mdt each true tilp ngay sau mpt boat ddng tri giac.
Vd: Nhin qua vai anh, tdi thdy mgt thieu phu, than hinh dSy da, dang diing fren le dudng ddi dien.
O day qua trinh tri nhan cd the dugc dien giai nhu sau: Tdi nhin qua vai anh rdi tdi thdy mgt thieu phu, than hinh day da, dang dung tren le dudng ddi dien. Dd la tri nhan true tiep, vi tdi true tiep nhin thay dieu do.
3.15.2. Tri nhdn gidn tiep
The nhung khdng phai liic nao cung sau mgt hoat dgng fri giac la chii thi da tn nhan dugc ddi tugng mgt each dl dang ma nhieu khi dd la ea mdt qua trinh phuc tap ciia phan doan, suy luan, so sanh ddi chieu, tdng hgp, phan tich, bang ca mgt kien thiic, mdt kinh nghiem sdng phong phii mdi nit ra dugc ket qua tri nhan.
Vd 1: Trang sang qua, sang den ndi tir xa, rat xa van thdy mau trong nguc ba dang chay.
CJ day chac chan la chimg ta khdng the nao
nhin thay mau frong nguc ba dang chay mdt each true tiep dugc. Ma dieu do chi ed the thay dugc bang mgt kmh nghiem sdng ma thdi. Neu so sanh cau vi du tr8n vdi cau sau:
Vd 2: Nhung vira Ihdy cd, tdi biet minh khdng the lam chuyen do.
Rd rang chiing ta thay vi du 1 la mdt cau cd chua dung boat dpng tri nhan gian tiep cdn d vi du 2 chiia dung mdt hoat ddng fri nhan true tiep.
3.16. Logic tri nhgn
Mdi sir vat hien tugng khi dugc con ngudi tri giac rdi tn nhan deu theo nhftng each thirc dac tnmg nao do. Tilp theo den qua trinh chuyin ddi thdng tin tri nhan thanh ma ngdn ngft dl phat thdng tin den ddi tugng giao tiep roi ddi tugng do se tiep nhan ma, giai ma de thau hieu thdng tin tir do mdi cd the thuc hi?n chu frinh nguge lai. The nen cai qua trinh giao tiep do chac chan phai cd nhung quy tac ciia no. De giao tiep thanh cdng, de cae ddi tugng giao tiep hieu nhau thi can phai cd he thdng eac quy tae logic tri nhan.
Ddi vdi nhdm ddng tir tri giac dang nghien eiiu thi logic fri nhan ciia chiing ciing ed nhieu diem vd eung thii vi. Chang han xet cac vi dy sau day:
Mary sees every frogjump. (1) Mary sees nobody dance. (2) Every frog is seen by Mary to jump. (3) There is nobody there, so, Mary can see nobody dance. (4)
There is nobody who Mary sees dance. (5) There is somebody dance, however, Mary can't see any (6)
Ddi vdi cau (1) thi mgi viec da qua ro rang, vi the cau (3) la eau chuyen ddi hoan toan chinh xac ciia (1). Tuy nhien, den cau (2) thi van de se phuc tap hon. Vdi mdt phat ngdn bat chgt nhu (2) thi chiing ta se cd den ba each thdng hieu phat ngdn nay nhu d (4), (5) va (6).
Logic tri nhan ciia dgng tir tri giae thugc ve ca logic hinh thiic va logic phi hinh thuc. Trong nhieu trudng hgp tinh chan nguy ciia nd khdng ddng vai trd gi va chang ddng gdp y nghia gi de quyet dinh mdt phat ngdn la diing hay sai. Tren thuc te giao tilp thi se can them nhilu thao tac khac de cd the hieu va tuong tae ngdn ngu, giao
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VAN HIEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUMES NUMBER 3
tilp vdi nhau thanh cong, Vi du nhu vdi tmdng hgp sau: "Han nhin mai ma khdng thay ed cay biit fren ban." thi viec fren ban thuc su cd "eay biit" hay khdng chang anh hudng gi din tinh chan nguy cua phat ngdn nay. Va se khdng the hilu frgn ven hit cac net nghia cua phat ngdn nay nlu khong co sir lien kit thong tin, cac thao tac phdi canh khac chang han nhu ket ndi tiep vdi mdt trong hai tnrdng hgp sau day:
- Hdn danh qua phdng ben tim. (1) -Han that la so xuat. (2)
4. Cac yeu t l ben ngoai anh hirong khong gian tri nhan ciia dong tii' tri giae
4.1. Van hda
van hda la mdt yeu td ehi phdi tri nhan ngdn ngu. Chang han vdi cimg mdt bieu thirc ngdn ngu "Toi thay mot con rdng.", tuy nhien tiep nhan nd la hai ngudi khac nhau, mgt ngudi chau A va mgt ngudi chau Au, thi ngay lap hie cai khdng gian tri nhan dugc dung len trong tam thiic hai ngudi nay ve hinh anh va cac thude tinh cua con rdng se la rat khac nhau.
4.2. Tri tue
Tri tue cung la mdt yeu td chi phdi tn nhan ngdn ngu. Vi du vdi cimg mgt bieu thirc ngdn ngft la "ngdi sao", nhung vdi hai ngudi khac nhau, mdt ngudi c6 kien thirc hieu biet tdt ve vat ly hpc, ve khai niem va dinh nghia the nao la mdt ngdi sao va mpt ngudi chua co kien thiic vat ly do, thi kha nang tri nhan eua hai ngudi nay ve ngdi sao se rat khac nhau. Ngudi cd kien thiic vat ly thi biet rang trong Thai duong he chi cd mpt ngdi sao duy nhat la Mat trdi. Cdn ngudi kia cho rang Thai duong he co mudi ngdi sao chang ban.
4.3. Ddn tpc
Yeu td dan tgc ciing chi phdi tri nhan ngdn ngu, Vi du nhu ngudi chau A, chau Au va chau Phi vi thupc cac dan tgc khac nhau cd cac thudc tinh gidng ndi khac nhau nen frong tn nhan ciia tiing gidng ngudi nay ve y niem 'cao' se rSt khac nhau ve chuan mue ma mdt ngudi se duge coi la 'cao'.
4.4. Bia ly
Ylu t l dia ly cung tac dgng sau sic tdi kha nang tri nhan, tu do anh hudng den viec ehu thi
phat ngon se lua chgn bieu thiic ngdn ngCr nhu the nao. Vi du ngudi T§y nguyen ndi la 'xuing Sai Gdn' frong khi do ngudi mien Tay ndi la 'len Sai Gdn'. Ndi nhu the thi hoan toan la do ylu tl dia ly ehi phdi.
4.5. Tu-duy
Con ngudi cd tu duy. Con ngudi khi sii dung ngdn ngft cd y thue thi cang can phai cd tu duy.
Tu duy la mdt yeu td chi phdi manh ddi vdi ngon ngft. So sanh ddi chieu tieng Anh va tieng Vi?t chiing ta thay cd diem thii vi ve tu duy. Vi d\i frong tieng Viet ehiing ta ndi 'mdt ngdi nha dep' nghia la chiing ta tu duy di tu tdng the roi moi din thugc tinh. Trong khi dd vdi tieng Anh thi ndi la 'a beautiful house'. Day la tu duy di tu thupc tinh roi mdi den tdng the, Nhu vay ngucri Viet thich tu duy dien dieh trong khi ngudi Anh lai cd ldi tu duy quy nap? Dieu nay c^n phai dugc khao sat, nghien cuu va chiing minh. Tuy nhien qua day ciing phan nao cho thay tu duy co chi phdi ngdn ngu va tri nhan ngdn ngft.
5. Ket luan
Tdng kit lai qua nhung gi da nghifin ciru, khao sat dugc chiing ta thay khdng gian tri nhan la mdt ly thuyet hoan toan diing dan frong nghien ciiu ngdn ngft hgc theo quan diem tri nhan, da dugc kiem chftng khdng chi neng trong linh vuc ngdn ngii ma ca t§m ly hgc, than kinh hge, van hda hgc, triet hgc, dan tdc hgc... Van dung dae diem khdng gian tri nhan cd the giai thich cac van de ngdn ngu khac nhau vd ciing hieu qua.
Di vao nghien cuu cu the chiing ta cung d§
thay khdng gian tri nhan cua ddng tu fri giac la mgt ehinh the phiic hgp bao gdm nhieu yeu to ca ben trong va ben ngoai nhu ehu the tri nhan, thue the dugc fri nhan, co quan fri giac, each thue tri nhan, vi tri fri nhan, dudng din fri nhan, ngudn, chieu fri nhan, eo che nhan - phat, diem nhin, khoang each fri nhan, tri nhan fruc tilp va tn nhan gian riep, tinh fri giac, do net, quy hoach, phan Idp, van hda, fri tue, dia ly, dan tpc, tuduy...
Them niia, khdng gian tn nhan ciia dgng tir tri giac cd logic tri nhan rieng ciia nd. Qua ket qua nghien eiiu khdng gian tri nhan ciia dgng hi
TAP CHf KHOA HQC BAI HQC VAN HIEN TAP 6 SO 3
tri giac chimg ta cd c o s d d l di sau vao n g h i e n ciiu cac CO c h e an du ciia d d n g tir tri giae ciing n h u ed the u n g d u n g eac ket qua dd vao viec n g h i e n c u u giang d a y rilng mdt each tdt nhat, hieu q u a nhk, franh d u g c eac sai ISm c u n g n h u c a e k h a p k h i i n g ve tri nhan ngdn ngft va d d n g thdi cd the d a n h gia ehinh xac tri n a n g ngdn ngii eiia n g u d i h g c .
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