Q NGHIEN euro GIAO DUC NUOC NGOAI
TONG QUAN TAI LIEU NGHIEN COU VE SIEU NHAN THUTC
HOANG XOAN BINH Tniffng Dai hoc Nol vu Hi NAi Email: [email protected]
Tdm tdt: Cdc nghien ctfu mdc du dUa ra nhdng cdch dien gidi vi khdi niem sieu nhdn thtfc khdc nhau, song ve cabdn npi hdm khdi mem ndy tuang ddi nhdt qudn. Cdc edng trinh deu cho rdng sieu nhdn thtfc Id cdp do eao han cua nhdn thde, id qud trinh ruduy bde hai. Id qud trinh ngUdi hoc theo doi vd dieu chinh tuduy de mang Igi hieu qud hoe tap, cong viec cao han. Ve ca bdn thdnh phdn cua sieu nhdn thtfc duac nghien ctfu d hai ndi dung. Kien thtfc sieu nhdn thtfc vd kindng sieu nhdn thtfc. Hien nay, d Viet Nam viec nghien ctfu vd vdn dung li thuyet sieu nhdn thtfc trong gido due chUa nhieu. Do do, dendng cao ndng lUc phdt hien vd gidi quyet vdn de, ren luyen ki ndng sieu nhdn thtfc cho hoc sinh nhdm giup edc em tieh eUc. tUgidc, phdt huy tinh chu the sdng tao eua ngUdi hge thi can co nhieu nghien ctfu eu the cho ttfng vdn deciia sieu nhdn thtfe.
Ttf khda: Tong quan; tdi lieu; nghien ctfu; sieu nhdn thtfc
(Nhdn bdi ngdy 17/3/2017, Nhdn kit qud phdn bien vd chinh stfa ngdy 02/4/2017; Duyet ddng ngdy 25/4/2017).
I.Datvande
Thuat ngd"Sieu nhan thdc"(5NT) dupc sddung t d nim 1976 de cip den qui trinh tU duy ciia mdt ngUdl va tu kiem soat, dieu chinh, danh gia qua trinh tU duy.
"Sieu nhin thdc" (metacognltion) hoic "tu duy ve t u duy" (thinking about thinking) dUpc giai thich la nang lUe kiem soat qua trinh suy nghf cita c i nhan, dac biet la nhan thdc ve viec lUa chpn va sd dung cac chien lUpc giii toin. SNT l i t u p h i n tich qui trinh suy nghT cua mot ngudi nio do trong khi giai quyet van de. Do dd, viec van dung li thuyet SNT (metacognitive skills) vao trong qua trinh day hoc Toan phd thdng la can thiet, nd giup hoc sinh (HS) hieu dUOc qua trinh suy nghf ciia ban than trong qua trinh hoc tap ndi chung cung nhU trong qua trinh giii bai toan ndi neng va nhdng y nghia ciia bai toan mang lai, Td dd tao cho cac em niem say me hdng thu hoc tap, gdp phan giup HS tang cudng tinh tU chu, tim tdi, sing tao, phat hien trong qua trinh chiem linh tn thdc, hinh thanh kinang, kf xao, lam cho ngUdi hoc thich dng vdi cudc song, ap dung dUOc kien thdc v i ki nang hoc trong nha trudng vao cudc sdng.
Thuc te hien nay cho thay, hau nhu HS khong hieu dupc qua trinh tu duy ciia minh, tham chi khdng biet minh dang lam gi va can phii lam gi trong qua trinh hoc tap (chang han HS khdng biet muc dich hoc t i p cua minh la gl, khdng biet tai sao minh hoc yeu, khdng biet lap ke hoach, giam sat, dieu chinh, danh gia kip thdi trong qua trinh hoc tap,.), Viec trang bi kien thdc ve SNT cho HS se giup cac em hieu duac qui trinh tU duy cua minh, biet lap ke hoach; theo ddi, dieu chinh va tU dinh gia qua trinh hoc tap ciing nhutrong qui trinh giai toan.
Nhung trong thuc te chuong trinh giang day mdn Toan nudc ta chua de cap mdt cich tUdng mmh ve viec trang bl kien thdc SNT cho HS Vi vay, trong bai viet nay, chung tdi tap trung nghien cdu de lam sang to hien nay tren the gidl cung nhU d nude ta da va dang nghiem cUu ve SNT nhuthe nao detdddco nhdng van dung cung nhU
cd hudng nghien cdu tiep theo nhim dUa li thuyet ve SNT vao trong qua trinh day hpe d nUde ta,
2. Khai niem ve sieu nhan thdc
Khil mem dau tien ciia SNT duoc dUa ra vio nim 1975 bdi J.H.FIavell. Theo dng, SNT la: "Sp hieu biet cua ca nhan hen quan den qua trinh nhan thdc cua ban than, eic sin pham va nhdng yeu td khic cd lien quan trong dd cdn de cap den viec theo ddi tich epc, dieu chinh ket qui va sap xep cic q u i trinh nay de ludn hudng tdi muc tieu dat ra"[l].
Dmh nghfa cua Flavell nhan manh den theo ddi va dieu chinh hoat ddng trong qui trinh nhan thdc Ong da dua ra mot md binh cua SNT va theo ddi nhan thdc gdm cae yeu tdnhUca nhan, nhiem vu, chien luoc, cac kl ning theo ddi va dieu ehinh nhdng hoat dpng nhin thdc, SNT, hoic "tu duy ve t u duy" de cap den nhan thdc va khi nang kiem soit q u i trinh tuduy cua mdt ngudl, die biet l i viec lua chon va sd dung cac chien lupc giii quyet van de. SNT cd ba thanh phan chinh do la xac dinh muc tieu, lap ke hoach; theo ddi, dieu ehinh trong qui trinh giai quyet van de v i t u d i n h gia
3. Ngudn gde cua sieu nhan thdc
Khil niem "SNT" bat dau duoc sd dung td nhdng nghien cdu cua nha tam li hoc phat trien ngUdi Mi J H Flavell td nam 1976, tuy nhien trUoc dd, da cd mot sd nghien cdu ve nhdng khia canh khae nhau ciia SNT Nam 1690,John Locke (1632- 1704) nha triet hoc, chi'nh tn hoc ngudl Anh da de cap den sU phat tnen on dinh ve kha nang t u p h i n i n h cua tre em trong qui trinh tuduy, Oau the ki XX, John Dewey trong "How we think" (Cach ta nghf] da neu ra khai niem "Reflective thinking" (tu duy phin tinh, tU duy phan than - theo Vu Ode Anh) la
"nhdng suy tfnh, dan do. tich cUc, ben biva can trong ddi vol bat cd mem tin hoac hinh thdc nao ciia tn thdc dudi sUsoitdcua nhdng can cd nang do nova nhdng ket luin ma nd c6 xu hudng giai phdng" [John Dewey, 2013] Tren CO sd do Dewey cho ring: "Duy tri trang t h i i hoai nghi
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va lien tuc tra van mdt cich cd he thdng - diy chinh l i nhdng thinh td eo sd cua tu duy" [John Dewey; 2013].
4.Tinh hinh nghien etfu ngoai nddc 4.). Nghien ctfu visieu nhdn thtfc trong gido due Hien tai, nhdng nghien cdu ve SNT khdng chi ddng lai d mdc dp li thuyet trong pham vi ciia Tim li hoe ma cdn d trong tam vao nhdng van de dng dung giio due. Nhieu nha nghien cdu da di td li thuyet den thyc hanh, td phdng thi nghiem den Idp bpc. Borkowski v i (Vluthukrishma(1992) da chi ra rang If thuyet SNT cd the hd tro die Ipc cho giao vien trong viec tao ra mdi trudng Idp hoc trong tam d viec bpc cae chien lupe bao gdm c i sU Imh hoat va sing tao.
Phakitl (2003) d i nghien cdu sau d hai phuang dien ciia SNT: Chien luoc len ke hoach va chien luPc giam sat, Chien luoc dau tien giup xac dinh ngudn de giai quyet cac bil tap hay nhiem vu, thiet lap ke hoach hoan thanh bai. Chien lupc thd hai giiip nhin ra dae diem bai tap, kiem tra tien do, danh gii tien trinh v i dU doin ket qui,
Douglas,J. Hacker v i John Dunlosky da tap hop cac bai bao, bio cao khoa hoc cua nhieu nha nghien cdu ve cac kl ning cu the nhU kf nang dpc, kf nang viet, kl nang giai quyet van de.„ Nghien cdu SNT trong phat trien kf nang viet duoc de cap den trong cac cdng trinh, bai bio cua Flower & Hayes, Scardamalia & Bereiter, Stolarek... Cac tic gii d i phin biet cac kf nang cua ngUdi Viet chuyen nghiep v i nghiep du Trong dd. ngudi viet chuyen nghiep thudng trai qua qua trinh td xac dmh van de, ddc gia, len ke hoach, chuyen y tudng thanh ngdn ngd, lua chon giii phip, theo ddi tinh hieu qua cua mdt giai doan hay toan bp qua trinh Tuy nhien, nhdng nguoi nghiep du khdng cd duoc qui trinh nay hoac khdng dong bd tat ca cac bude trong do.
Odi vdi kl nang viet eiia tre em, cac nghien cdu ciia Englert, Raphael, Fear, Anderson, Steward, Hiebert, Taylor, Beach,, da dieu tra kien thdc SNT trong viet cua tre em bing each yeu cau viet eic doan van d cic mdc do khic nhau. Td dd, cac tie gii cho rang ngUdi viet can so sanh sin pham vda lam ra vpi muc tieu d i t ra, Su khong nhat quan giua ket qua vdi sin pham dutinh ban dau phat dupcchii y va sau dd pbai dUoc giat quyet theo each nao dd de ed duoc ket qua nhu mong muon
Ve kf nang doe, cic tac gia nhu Myers & Paris, Baker, Hacker, Brown, Glenberg & Epstein, MaKi, Dunlosky &
Thiede, da nghien cdu ve cic yeu td anh hudng den viec doc va cho rang, kf nang SNT trong doc phu thudc vao dd tuoi Odng thdt, cac nghien cdu ciing tim hieu va dinh gii kha nang phat hien lot hay tinh khong nhat quan eua van ban, giai thich tai sao ngudl doc lai that bai trong viee tim ra cac lot trong van ban do Td dd, cac nha nghien cdu khang dmh can phii ket hap cac li thuyet trong quan sit, theo dot SNT vdi nhdng li thuyet ve hieu vin ban va viec doc lat van ban se giup nguoi dpc xic dmh van de ro rang hon v i dmh hudng nhdng cdng viec sau dd.
Li thuyet SNT da va dang dUoc dng dung vao nhieu mdn hoc d cac qudc gia khic Godwin va Kodituwakku nghien cdu chien luoc SNT duoc tre em td Idp 6 den Idp 10 sd dung trong qua trinh viet bing tieng ban ngd
nghien edu eho thay sU thay ddi tfch eUe kf ning viet ciia HS 0 ldp Idn hon va dda ra mdt sd de xui't ve d i o tao SNT, Teong Su Kwang (2000) cung cap mdt so van de chung ve SNT va nghien cdu, dieu tra, phan tfch anh hudng eung nhU hieu qui eiia dao tao SNT trong giai quyet van de thuat ngd toan hoc ddo tudi 11 -12 trong mdl trudng miy tinh d Singapo.
Chuyen khao "Phuong phip hoe tap tdi uu" eiia Uy ban Khoa hoc ve Hanh vi - xa hdi va Giio due cimg de cap den mdt sd npi dung eiia If thuyet SNT, cho ring mdt phuong phip giing day mang tinh SNT ed the giup HS hoc duoc each kiem soat viec hoc cua minh bang cich xac dmh mue tieu va theo ddi tien trinh dat muc tieu [2]
"Mdt sd van de ve dao tao giao vien" ciia (Vlichel Develay (1998) cho rang can col trong quan diem "hoc l i lim v i tUxem minh lam", Trong dd, y nghfa ciia viec hoc nam gida muc dich ciia ca nhan va ket q u i dat dUOc. Y nghfa dd cd lien quan mat thiet vol y thdc ve bin than:Y thdc vey thdc, l i tuduy ciia tuduy, la y thdc vey dd ciia minh. Cdng trinh eung d i neu [en vai trd ciia SNT vdi viec hpe t i p ciia HS
Ngoil ra, cdn nhieu cdng trinh eiia cic nhi nghien cdu khic ve SNT nhu R.H Kluwe; DJ.Hacker; TO Nelson;
L Baker; Llvmgson ,, Cac nha nghien cdu deu hUdng tdi viec day cho HS cac chien luac hoc tap nhu khi nang l i p ke hoach, kha nang dydoan ket qua, kha nang dieu chinh, nhan ra diem manh va diem yeu ciia minh ., tddd giup cac em hoc tap hieu qua han, Lf thuyet SNT dUoc xay dUng tren nen tang vdng chac ciia tam li hoc, can cdvao nghien cdu thUc tien va dUa vao thuc tien de kiem chdng
4.2. Nghien ctfu vi vai trd cua sieu nhdn thtfc trong dgy hge mon Todn
Annemie Desoete (2007) nghien cdu hieu qua cua viec day hoc toan thdng qua kf nang SNT tren 32 HS Idp 3 va Idp 4 d Bl, KT nang SNT duoc danh gia vdi sd kiem soat ve thdng tin xep hang giao vien, each thde ndi to suy nghT, xep hang HS trong qua khd va tiem nang.
Trong nghien cdu cd mo ta each thdc phat tnen viec hoe toin thdng qua SNT, Ket qui nghien cdu cho thay ring cd bang chdng chdng td day hoc toin thdng qua ren luyen SNT la thuc sU cd ich, Nghien cdu nay cung chi ro, viec ap dung SNT day Toan cho HS phu thudc vao xep hang ciia giao vten, tdi 22,2%. Nghien edu de xui't rang giao vten mudn day SNT cho HS can thiet kecac phuong phap da dang, bao gdm cac cau hdi de c6 mdt buc tranh khai quat ve kTnang SNT
Nghien cUu ve viec SNT trp giiip HS nhu the nao trong viec giai quyet van de cua mmh v i giao vien quan tam nhu the nao den vtec day SNT, Teong (2003) d i tien hanh mdt nghien cdu thd nghiem tren 40 HS Singapore do tudi 11,12 ve nhdng anh hudng cua viec day SNT den kha nang giai quyet van de ciia cic em Nghien cdu chia cac HS thanh 2 nhdm, Nhdm thd nghiem va nhdm ddi chung. Cac ket qua cua nghien cdu nay chdng mmh rang cdsUtien bddang ke trong nhdm thd nghiem, cac HS thd nghiem cd nhieu khi nang giai quyet bai toan han nhdm ddi chdng. Nghien cdu cung chi ra rang neu chi biet chien luoc SNT la gi thi khdng dii de giai quyet van de, HS can co 0139-THANG 4/2017* 115
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kha nang d e b i e t k h i n i o la t h i e h h o p d e sd d u n g va l a m t h e nao d e s d d y n g c h i i n g m d t each h i e u q u a ,
Teri Rysz (2004) s d d u n g p h u o n g p h a p n g h i e n c d u d m h t i n h d e xac d i n h c i c c h i e n lupc SNT eiia smh v i e n khi hoc ve c o sd t h d n g ke, c i e k h a i m e m xac s u i t va k h i g i i i q u y e t v a n de, m d t m i n h hoac v d i eae smh v i e n khae.
T r o n g so 4 9 sinh v i e n d u p c q u a n s i t t r o n g m o t I d p hoc, 7 sinh v i e n dUOc lUa e h p n cd m u c d i e h d e p h d n g van b e n n g o a i Idp t h a n h ba l a n , Lan t h d nhat, x e m xet cac g h i c h e p ciia sinh v i e n t h u c h i e n t r o n g Idp h o c t r u d e c u d c p h d n g v a n , lan t h d h a i la giai q u y e t v a n d e m d t m i n h HS, va lan t h d ba la m d t n h d m ba h o i c b o n smh v i e n e u n g giai q u y e t v a n d e v d i n h a u , Ket q u a n g h i e n c d u c h o t h a y rang c i c smh v i e n cd ket q u i t r e n t r u n g b i n h cd t h e s d d u n g m d t each h a n c h e h o i c k h d n g s d d u n g c h i e n lupe SNT, t u y n h i e n n h d n g s i n h v i e n cd s d d u n g c h i e n luoc SNT rd rang ( d u a c t h e h i e n t r o n g t U g h i c h e p ) c d m d t s y hieu b i e t xac s u i t , t h d n g ke t d t h o n ,
Polya (1965) c h o rang "viec giai q u y e t m d t van d e ed nghTa la t i m each t h o a t k h d i k h d k h a n , m d t c o n d U d n g x u n g q u a n h t r d n g a i , viec d a t d u o c m u c t i e u m a k h d n g p h i i la ngay l i p t d c c d t h e d a t d u o c " [3] Polya c u n g c h o rang c h i i d e e h i n h ciia viec giai t o a n l i g i i i q u y e t v a n de va d i e u q u a n t r o n g t r o n g day bpc la d a y c h o HS suy n g h i (tU duy), O e l a m dUOc d i e u nay, d n g p h a t t r i e n m p t II t h u y e t b d n giai d o a n n g u d i ta n e n t h a m gia v a o g i i i q u y e t v a n d e n h U t h e nao, Bdn giai d o a n t i e p can cua Polya l i . 1 / Su h i e u btet; 2 / L i p ke h o a c h ; 3 / T h U c h i e n ; 4 / X e m lai hoac Phan i n h (Polya n a m 1957; Wilson v i e d n g s d 1993; Snraman 2004)
Oe g i i i q u y e t m d t van de, k h d n g ehi la m d t q u a t r i n h t d t r e n x u d n g dOn g i a n g d m b o n glai d o a n , ma t r o n g t h u c te tat c i cac giai d o a n dUOc xen ke, q u a y v d n g , t r d n l i n va d u a c t i e n h a n h s o n g s o n g , n h d n g p h a t h i e n m d l cd x u h u d n g t h a y dot ke h o a c h t o n g t h e Fernandez, Hadaway va Wilson (1994) c u n g c a p m d t m d h i n h giai q u y e t van d e (Hinh 1), t r o n g d d b a o g d m cac q u y t r i n h q u a n ii, n h d n g nha g i a o d u e k h i c n h u S e h o e n f e l d va Flavell g o i la SNT
'Ti=l
Hinh 1 Khung nhdn manh tinh chdt ndng dong vd vdng tron eiia hoat dong gidi quyet vdn de
(Ngudn Fernandez, Hodaway and Wilion (1994)) N h u vay, e h u n g ta n e n va can t h i e t p h i i ed h o a t
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d d n g ren l u y e n kf n i n g SNT t r o n g d a y h o c m d n Toan.
T r o n g chUOng t r i n h m d n T o i n cua S i n g a p o r e d a dUa ra so d d m d t i c i c t h a n h t d c o b i n ciia e h u o n g t r i n h mdn T o i n d u p c i p d u n g d ca e h u a n g t r i n h t i e u h o c va t r u n g hoe, T r o n g s o d d k h u n g nay, c i c t h i n h p h a n d u o c m d t i rat rd, c u the:
- Gidl quyit vdn di todn hoc (Mathematical Problem Solving) Idthdnhtdtrungtdmeiiagidoduc todn hoc.NoWen q u a n d e n viec d n g d u n g cac k h a i n i e m va kf n a n g toan h o c t r o n g m d t p h a m v l r d n g cac t i n h h u o n g , b a o gdm ea cac v a n d e k h d n g q u e n t h u d c , v a n d e c d ket t h u c md va v a n d e t r o n g e u d e s d n g t h d e ,
- Su phdt then khd ndng gidi quyet vdn de todn hoc phu thudc vdo ede thdnh phdn cd lien quan den nhau Id, Khdi mem (Concepts), Ki ndng (Skills), Quy trinh (Processes), Thdi do (Attitudes) vd SNT (Metacognltion).
T r o n g d d , t h a n h p h a n SNTdi cap d e n q u i t r i n h " t u d u y ve t u d u y " hay g l i m sat s y suy n g h f eiia e h i n h m i n h va t u d i e u c h i n h q u a t r i n h h o c t i p .
- Viee eung cdp kinh nghiem SNT Id edn thiet degiiip HS phdt tnen khd ndng gidi quyet van de cua ho.
Q u a m d t sd n g h i e n c d u , c d t h e t h i ' y r i n g cac tac gia d e u dUa ra n h d n g b a n g c h d n g c h d n g t d rang SNT giup ich c h o q u a t r i n h hoc t i p c u a HS va n d c d n h d n g vai trd eu t h e n h U s a u '
Thtf nhdt, hieu Id vdn dung SNTse giiip HS dmh hudng vd lap duac ke hoach hoe tdp mdt cdch khoa hge. L i p ke h o a c h b a o g d m viee xae d i n h r d cac m u c t i e u can dat d u a c , xay d d n g m o t c h i e n l u p c t d n g t h e d e d a t d u p e c i c m u c t i e u d i t ra va t n e n khai he t h d n g c i c ke hoach de t h o n g n h a t va p h d i h o p cae h o a t d d n g . N h u vay, HS se h a n c h e t d i m d c t o i da n h d n g t i n h h u d n g k h i e n ngUdi hoe bi d d n g T d m lai, HS b i e t d m h h U d n g va lap ke hoach se c h o h i e u q u i h o c t a p cao h o n
Thtf hai, SNT giup HS tu ddnh gid vd dieu chinh ve nhiiu khia canh eiia viec hoc n h U p h a t h i e n ra n h d n g Id h o n g ve kten t h d c d e k i p t h d i b o s u n g , l i m sau sac t h e m k i e n t h d c ciia b a n t h a n , n h a n t h i y h u a n g d i , each lam h i e n tai cd p h u h o p v d i m u c t i e u d a t ra k h d n g ; Viec HS b i e t t u d i e u c h i n h se h a n c h e t d i d a h o c t h e o kieu t h d - sal; g i u p cae e m k h d n g c h i n h i n t h d c dUoc c h i n h ban t h a n m i n h m i c d n n h i n t h d c d u a c ve n g u d i khae eung n h u n h d n g t h a y d d i ve each t h d c thUc h i e n cua n h d n g
Sado 1: Khung chUang tnnh mdn Todn cua Singapore
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nhiem vu nhan thdc khae nhau.Tddd, eic em se ty minh tap trung chii y mdt each phu hop v i o eic van de trong tam thay vi cd su nhae nhd t d ngUdl khie. Tu danh gii dung va dieu chinh hoat ddng kip thdi la nhdng kf nang can thiet cho sd thanh dat trong cudc song m i nhi trudng can trang b\ eho HS.
Thtf ba, HS cd dugc nhtfng ki ndng SNT ed the theo ddi viee hoe vd tu dua ra phuang phdp gidi quyet phu hap trong tdng tinh huong cu the. Viec bpc ed hieu qui hon khi HS cd kha ning dng dung kf nang chiem Ifnh dupc de giii quyet cae tinh hudng hoc tap eu the, vdi eic mde dpkhienhau:
- Cd kha nang dng dung kf nang ehiem Ifnh duac de giai quyet mdt tinh hudng cd eau true gidng vdi rinh hudng ban dau.
- Cd khi ning dng dung kf ning chlem Ifnh duoc de gial quyet mot rinh huong cd cau true gin gidng vdi tinh hudng ban dau,
- Cd kha nang dng dung kf nang chiem Ifnh dUOc degiai quyet mdt tinh hudng hoan toan mdi so vdi rinh hudng ban dau,
Thd tu, SNT giup HS phdt triin duge tU duy logic, tU duy chiin luac. Hoc t i p vdi li thuyet SNT doi hdi HS cin cd ngudn kien thdc vdng chic va biet each lien he eae kien thdc dd vdi nhau de giii quyet nhiem vu nhan thde mdi. Ddng trUdc mdt van de can giii quyet, HS cd the bit dau td t r i ldi cae eau hdi (Who, Ai''; What- Cai gl?.
Where: 6 dau, When, Khi nao?; Why, Tai sao?; How NhU the nao?). Viee lien he kien thde eu vdi kien thdc mdi va phdt hop nhuan nhuyen, hop li chung vdi nhau giup HS cd eai nhln siu sic, toin dien ban ve cic van de dong thai han che lang phi thdi gian, cdng sdc khi thUe hien nhiem vu mdi.
Thi! ndm, tfng dung SNT Idm phdt then tinh dpc lap, giup HS thich nghi tot vdi qud trinh mdt edn bdng giua chii the vdi mdi truong. HS thuong hoe trong dieu kien thay minh dang d vao mdt tinh hudng eao hon trinh do hien tat ciia minh du khdng eao hon bao nhieu, tdc la ho dang trong "vung phat tnen gan". Td dd, HS se thay cin thiet phii co cdng cu moi, khae vdi cdng cu hien cd de cd the bat dau viec hoc mdi. Ban dau, HS cd the can nhung ho tro td phia giio vien nhung khi da hinh thinh cac ki nang SNT, cic em hoan toan ed the ddc lap suy nghT tim hudng giai quyet ma khdng bi "bd ngd" truoc tinh huong mdt.
5. Tmh hinh nghien cdu trong nUdc Nghien cdu sau ve SNT 6 Vtet Nam la chua nhieu.
Trudc tien la khai mem "SNT"chua duoc de cap rd ma chi mang tinh gidi thieu dudi cie thuat ngd nhu "td nhin thuc" hay "tu duy ve tuduy" trong gtao trinh Tam 11 hoc giio due (Pham Thanh Nghi, 2011] Ve nghien cdu liluin va he thdng lai cac nghien cdu da cd, cd de tai "Nghien cdu li thuyet SNT va de xuat kha nang dng dung trong giao due trung hoc'cuaThS, Ho Thi Huong Tic gia d i he thdng lai nhung quan diem ve SNT, gioi thieu va phan tieh mdt sd md hinh SNT eua cae tic gia kmh dien cung nhu lam ndi bat chdc nang va tam quan trong eiia li thuyet SNT trong day hoc.
Tie g i i sd dung khai mem "SNT la hinh thde cua nhan thdc, la qua trinh tu duy bae eao bao gdm sy hieu biet ve tu duy cua minh, theo ddi qui trinh nhin thUe, no lUe de dieu ehinh qua trinh nhan thdc cd lien quan khi can thiet v i dng dung v i o giai quyet van de"de dinh hudng cho viec nghien cdu nhdng npi dung eiia de tai [4], Khii niem niy phin biet rd sukhac nhau va lien quan gida hai khai niem"nhin thdc" v i "SNT".
Mdt sd nghien cdu khae di vio cie phan mdn cu the. Ap dung SNT vao mdn Anh van co nghien cdu ciia ThS, Tran Thi Lan Anh (2009), "Hudn luyen chien iuae SNT vd stf dung hoat ddng phu dgo nhdm ndng cao ki ndng giao tiip vdi stf iuu y ddc biet tdi phu dm", nghien cdu ciia Nguyen Thinh Ode, Trinh Hong Tinh, 2011, "Mtfc do stf dung cdc chien luac doe nhdn thtfc vd SNT cua sinh vien chuyen ngdnh Anh vdn" dang tren Tap chi Khoa hoc - Oai hoc Can Tho, Hoang Th; Tuyet, "Cdc chien luqc dgy tu nhien - xd hpi a tieu hge" sd dung khai niem "SNT"
(Metacognltion) theo each hieu la "nghT veviec minh suy nghf" va giii thi'ch ro SNT ehl y thdc va sU kiem soit cic tien trinh nhin thdc ciia bin thin,
Trong mdn Toan, c6 nghien cdu cua Nguyen Van Thanh (2012) "Ren iuyen ki ndng SNT cho HS idp 7 trong day hoc Todn ti le thtfc", Jap ehi Giio due so 290. Bai viet da dUa ra cac budc trong giai quyet mdt van de nhU nhin dien van de, dmh hudng giai phap, dinh gii. phin tfch cae glai phap, thu thap cae glai phap de hinh thanh kT nang SNT cho HS, Nguyen Thi Huong Lan {20U)"Vaitrd cua sieu nhdn thUe trong day hoe mdn Toon','Tap chi Giio due sd 319, gidl thieu mdt sd nghien cdu tren the gidi ve vai trp cua eua SNT trong day hoe mdn Toan Bai viet so sanh cac hoat ddng trong giai quyet van de va cac thanh td eua SNT va eho rang viee day SNT trong mdn Toan la can thiet ThS, Le Trung Tin (2015) "Vdn dung li thuyet sieu nhdn thdc trong day hoc mdn todn o truong trung hoc pho thdng", Jap chi Khoa hoc Oai hocSuphamTP HdChi Minh, gidl thieu eae ehdc nang cO ban eua SNT va da van dung li thuyet SNT vao day hoc d mdt so truong trung hoc pho thdng dcac dia ban khae nhau, ket qua eho thay van dung 11 thuyet SNT trong day hoe da giup HS: Oinh hudng va lap ke hoach hoc tap mdt each khoa hoc va rd rang hon;Theo ddi, t u d i n h gia va dieu chinh dUOc mdt so budc, mdt so khia canh ciia qua trtnh hoc; Phat trien tuduy bac cao nhu tuduy phe phan, tuduy sang tao va phat tnen tinh ddc lap, thich nghi tdt han vdi trang that mat can bang gida chit the vdi mdi trudng,
Mdt sd nghien cdu khic ve phuong phap day hoc cdmdt so ndi dung trung vdi cac thanh phan cua kinang SNTcu the'Oethuc hien day hoc phat hien va giii quyet van de, Phd Ode Hdadua ra cau true va chu trinh ciia tinh hudng cd van de. Cau true bao gdm ba thanh phan- Oat van de, xay dung bai toan nhan thUc, Giai quyet van de dat ra, va Ket luan Chu trinh giai quyet van de bao gdm cae cdng viee sau duoc lap lai khi thuc hien den cdng viee cudi.
1) Xem xet tinh trang dang xdy ra; 2) Xde dmh vdn de; 3)Thu thdp thong tm, 4) Phdn tich thdng tin; 5) Ldp ke hoach gidl quyet van de;6) Lua chon ki hoach tdt nhdt 7)
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ThUchien ke hoach; 8) Kiem sodt vd ddnh gid.
Nguyen Ba Kim, Le Khic Thanh, Bui Van Nghi de xuat bon budc sau day khi thUc hien phuong phap day hoc phit hien va glii quyet van de
Budc 1: Phdt hien hodc thdm nhdp vdn de, Budc 2- Tim gidi phdp; Budc 3: Trinh bdy gidi phdp; Budc 4: Nghien edu sdu gidl phdp.
Nhu viy, ed the thay trong cac nghien edu ve phuong phap day hoc h i t hien va giai quyet van de trong nude ed mdt so ndi dung trung vdi cac thanh phan cua kf nang SNT Nhan thdc (hieu/phat hien/tham nhap van de); l i p ke hoach v i dat muc tieu (rim giii phap); xem xet va dieu chinh (Marzano, 1998), Sd khae biet gida kf nang/
chien luoc SNT v i kf ning phat hien v i giii quyet van de la SNT cdn quan tam den chinh qua trinh suy nghf trong khi glii quyet van de. Dodd neu sddung cic kf nang SNT CO the glii quyet duoc nhieu van de khdng quen thudc, khdng nhdng trong hoc tap m i cdn trong c i cudc sdng.
6. Ket luan
Hien nay, tren the gidl d i ed nhieu edng trinh nghien cdu ve SNT trong ITnh vyc giao due va ed nhieu nude tren the gidi da van dung li thuyet SNT v i o viec day hoc. 6 nUde ta hien nay da ed nhdng tai lieu nghien cdu ve SNT Tuy nhien, sd luong cdng trinh nghien edu ve SNT trong giao due mdt cac tudng mmh va viec van dung If thuyet SNT vao trong day hoc la chUa cd.
Qua nghien cdu, cic nha nghien cdu nhan thi'y, SNT la mdt li thuyet hoc tap nham hudng tdi tich cue hda, phat huy tinh chu the sang tao cua ngUdi hpe. Do do, nd rat hdu ich khi van dung linh hoat vao day hoc ndi neng va giio due ndi chung Chinh vl vay, ben canh mdt sd ket qua nghien edu ve SNT dUpc d tren can phai tiep tuc nghien cdu siu them mdt s6 van de ve SNT cu the nhu sau, Oac diem cua SNT la gl? Mdi lien he gida nhan thdc va SNT; Vai trd eiia SNT trong giio dye, Vai trd ciia SNT trong viec day v i hoc toan d trUdng trung hoc phd thdng; ThUc trang cua viec van dung li thuyet SNT vao day hoc toin ndi neng va day hoc noi chung d trudng phd thong hien nay nhU the nao? Nghien cdu va xic
dmh mdt sd kf ning SNT nham bdi dudng nang Ipc phit hien va gial quyet van de; Xay dyng cic bien phip ren luyen kf nang SNT nhim bdi dudng nang lye phat hien v i giai quyet van de cho HS THPT v i Cic van de ve do ludng kf nang SNT cda HS, cie phuong phip v i eic cdng cy duoc sddyng trong viec nghien cdu nay,
TAlLtEU THAM KHAO
[1]. Flavell J,H, (1976), Metacognitive aspects of problem solving. The nature of intelligence.
[2]. Uy ban Khoa hoe ve Hinh vi xa hdi va Giao due, (2007), Phuong phdp hoc tdp tdi uu: Tri tue. tU duy, kinh nghiem vd nhd trudng, t^XBTong hop TP. Hd Chf Minh
[3]. Polya, G., (1965), Mathematical discovery: On understanding, learning, and teaching problem solving (vol. 2], New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, inc,
[4]. HdThl Huong, (2013), Wghien ctfu li thuyit sieu nhdn thtfe vd de xudt khd ndng tfng dung trong gido due trung hoc, Oe t i i cap Vien, Vien Khoa hoc Giio due Viet Nam.
[5], Dy an Viet - Bi, (2000), Dgy hoe ede ki ndng tu duy, Ha Nol.
[6], Nguyen Vin Thanh, Ren luyen kindng sieu nhdn thtfe cho hoc smh Idp 7 trong dgy todn ve tile thtfc, Tap chi Giio due, sd290, nam 2012
[7], Pham Thanh Nghi, (2011), Gido trinh Tdm lihoc gido due, NXB Oai hoc Qudc gta Ha Ndi,
[8], Nguyen Thi Huong Lan, Vai trd eua sieu nhdn thtfc trong day hoc mdn Todn, Tap ehi Giio due, so 319, nim 2013
[9], Le Trung Tin, Vdn dung li thuyit sieu nhdn thde trong day hoc mon Todn d trUdng trung hge pho thdng.
Tap chi Khoa hoe, TrUdng Oai hoc SU pham TP. Hd Chi Minh, nam 2015,
[10] Tran Thi Lan Anh, Huan luyen chien lUac sieu nhdn thdc vd sddung hogt dong phu dgo nhdm ndng cao ki ndng giao tiep vdi su luu y ddc biet tdi phu dm, TrUdng Oai hoe Ha Ndi, 2009.
A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON METACOGNITION
Hoang Xuan Binh Hanoi University of Home Affairs Email: [email protected] Abstract: The studies, though, offer different interpretations of the concept of metacognltion. but essentially the implication of this concept is relatively consistent The works assume that metacognltion is the higher level of perception, the second-order thinking process, the process by which learners track and adjust their thinking to bring about higher learning outcomes. Basically, the components of metacognltion are studied in two areas: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive skills. At present, in Vietnam, research and application of metacognitive theory in education is not much.
Therefore, in order to improve the ability to detect and solve problems, to tram students'metacognitive skills, helping them actively develop learner's creativity, it is necessary to conduct more specific researches for each issue of metacognltion
Keywords: Overview, document: research, metacognltion.
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