. • ; 5
tra thong ke chon m i u
Dieu tra thong ke
D
ieu tra thdng kd Id mpt hinh thiic co bdn dd thu thap so lieu thdng ke. Cd 2 hinh thiic chii ydu dd thu thap sd lifu Id chd dp bdo cdo thdng kd dinh ky (CDBCTKDK) vd dieu tra thong kd (DTTK).CDBCTKDK Id hinh thiie td chiic thu thap so lifu thdng kd dupc tidn hdnh theo che dp quy dinh ciia Nhd
r 7 nw
nude, vdi he thdng bidu mdu thdng kd do cap cd thdm quydn ban hdnh vd su dyng thdng nhat trong nhidu ndm trdn CO sd ngudn thdng tin dupe theo ddi, ghi chep vd tdng hop mdt cdch cd hf thdng tii dudi ldn trdn. Bdo cdo thdng kd dinh ky dupc
r 7
dp dyng chu ydu dd thu thap thdng tin thdng kd trong thdi
r
ky kd hoach hda tap trung,
r
quan lidu, bao cap. Ngdy nay, CDBCTKDK vdn dupe tiep tyc dp dyng, nhung dupc tinh gidm, gpn nhe vd cd pham vi hep hom.
DTTK la hinh thiic thu thap sd lifu thdng kd dupc tidn hanh theo phuong an
tv y
ridng cho mdi cupc didu tra.
r f t
Ddi tupng chu ydu dd dp dyng DTTK la nhihig hidn tupng khdng thd hode khdng
can thiet phdi thyc hidn CDBCTKDK.
Do mdi cupc dieu tra cd phuong an rieng, nen npi dung didu tra, phuong phdp didu tra, pham vi thu thap sd lifu, bidu mdu didu tra cung nhu ke hoach vd thdi gian tidn hdnh didu tra cd the thay ddi tiiy thudc vdo nhu cdu thdng tin vd dieu kien thyc td ciia tiing thdi ky. Nhu vdy, so vdi CDBCTKDK, DTTK
> 7
linh boat hon, didu tra cd the bd bdt nhihig thdng tin khdng can thiet, ddng thdi cd thd bd sung thdm nhihig chi tidu mdi cho phu hpp vdi ydu cdu thdng tin thyc td ddi hdi.
Dieu tra toan bo va dieu tra khong toan bo
Cdn cii vdo pham vi thu thdp sd lifu theo cdc don vi
r y
thudc ddi tupng didu tra thyc te, DTTK dupc phdn thdnh didu tra todn bd (DTTB) vd dieu tra khdng todn bd (DTKTB).
DTTB la tidn hdnh thu thap tdi lifu tren todn bd cdc dom vi thudc ddi tupng didu tra thyc td. Vi dy nhu didu tra cdc doanh nghifp, cac co sd gido dye ddo tao d mpt dia phuang.
DTTB cd quy md ldn.
r
tidn hdnh tren pham vi cd
r y
nudc vd lien quan den nhieu ngdnh, nhieu ITnh vyc gpi Id
7 > 1 y
tdng dieu tra, nhu tdng didu tra ddn so vd nhd d ndm 2009, hifn nay, dang tien hdnh tong dieu tra co sd kinh td, hdnh chinh, sy nghidp ndm 2012.
DTKTB Id chi tien hdnh
r r
thu thap so lifu d mdt sd cdc
r y
dom vi thudc ddi tuong didu tra thyc te. Vi dy cd 2.000 doanh nghidp cdng nghifp
r y
thudc ddi tupng didu tra, trong dd chi chpn ra 200
7 r
doanh nghifp de tidn hdnh
\ f y
didu tra thyc td, tiic Id didu ti-a tiieo tylf 10%.
Trong DTKTB cd 3 loai thudng gap sau day:
Didu tra ti-png didm la chi
r r
tidn hdnh thu thdp sd lifu d mdt bd phdn don vi cd ddc diem ndi trdi nhdt (xet theo tidu thirc didu tra) trong tdng thd, n h ^ nghien cuu tinh chdt didn hinh ciia hifn tupng. Vi dy, didu tra nhirng em hpc sinh gidi d mdt khda hpc ndo dd dd nghien ciiu quan hf cua hpc tap va didu kien kinh td gia dinh ciia cdc em nay. Kdt qud didu tra trpng didm khdng dupc dung de suy rdng cho todn bd tdng the.
Didu tra chuyen dd Id chi
f r
tien hdnh thu thap sd lieu d
r r
mdt sd rdt it, thdm chi chi d mdt don vi, nhung lai di sdu nghien ciiu nhieu khia canh khdc nhau cua don vi dd, nhdm nit ra nhirng van dc cot ldi, tim ra nhihig bdi hpc kinh nghifm dc chi dao chung.
Ket qua dieu tra chuyen de cung khdng dupc dung de suy rpng cho todn bd tdng thd.
Dieu tra chpn mdu (DTCM) ciing chi chpn ra mpt sd don vi trong tong the, nhung gdm nhumg don vi dai difn cho tdng thd chung. Ket qud ciia DTCM dupc dung de suy rdng cho todn bp tong tiid.
Phuong an DTTK
De td chiic mdt cupc DTTK ddi hdi phdi xdy dyng dupc mdt phuang dn DTTK that chi tidt, ti mi, todn didn vd cd tinh khd thi. Ddy Id mdt vdn bdn hudng dan thyc hifn mdt cupc didu tra, trong dd xdc dinh rd nhiing budc tidn hanh, nhiing vdn de can phdi gidi quydt, can dupc thdng nhdt trong sudt qud trinh thyc hifn didu tra. Trong nhihig cupc dieu tra Idn lidn quan
' y y f
ddn nhidu ngdnh, nhieu cdp thi vide xay dyng phuong dn didu tra can cd sy phdi hpp ban bac thdng nhdt giiia co quan thdng kd vd cac ngdnh cd lien quan vd phdi dupc
f t y
cap cd thdm quydn phe duyft.
Phuong an ciia mdi cupc dieu tra cd the khdc nhau, tiiy thupc vdo dieu kifn cy the cua nd. Nhung nhin chung mdi phuang dn DTTK thudng gom nhirng npi dung chu yeu sau: Xdc dinh myc dich, npi dung, pham vi, doi tupng vd don vi dieu tra, quy dinh phuang an dieu tra, lupc do dieu tra, lupc dd chpn mau (neu Id DTCM), npi dung phieu dieu tra vd ban gidi thich cdch ghi chep cho tung phieu, thdi gian tien hdnh, phuang thiic td chiic, phuong phdp tdng hpp, phdn tich vd cdng bo ket qud dieu tra...
Thiet ke phieu dieu tra Phidu dieu tra la vat mang tin. Id cdng cy giiip dieu tra vidn didn nhihig thdng tin bode ddnh dau, ddnh md vdo cdc d, ddng, cpt phu hpp theo ndi dung cung cdp (trd Idi) cua cdc cdu hdi tuong iing vdi cdc tidu thiic ghi trong phieu didu tra.
Cdn cii ddc didm xuat phdt cua thdng tin cdn thu thdp se phan thdnh hai loai phieu didu tra:
(1) Phieu didu tra thu thap nhiing thdng tin da qua tdng hpp. Trudng hpp ndy chi gdm nhimg thdng tin bdng sd (thdng tin djnh lupng). Co cdu ciia loai phidu dieu tra ndy ed hai phdn:
Phdn A: Didn nhihig thdng tin dinh danh (nhan
dang) ciia don vi nhu: Ten gpi, dia chi, nganh nghe boat dpng... phan ndy thudng dp dyng cho cac don vi, td chiic, caquan...
Phan B: Didn nhiing thdng tin can thu thdp, dupc thiet ke dudi dang bang thong ke. Mpt phieu didu tra cd the cd mpt bode nhidu bang tiiy theo ydu cdu vd tinh chdt cua sd lifu didu tra. Mpt bdng cd the cd nhidu ddng, nhieu cpt. Moi ddng, cdt hpp thdnh mpt d. Moi d de dien nhihig thdng tin da dupc tinh todn tdng hpp phu hop vdi npi dung theo cdc ddng cpt dd
(2) Loai thii hai: Phieu didu tra thu thdp nhiing thdng tin Id tdi lieu ban ddu. Phieu nay cd thd dp dyng cho timg ca nhan bode don vi. Ca cau
f y
Ciia phidu didu tra loai thii hai cdng cd hai phdn:
Phan A: Dien nhirng thdng tin dinh danh (nhdn dang) ve dom vi hoac cac nhdn nhu: Tdn gpi, dia chi, nganh nghd boat ddng... neu ddi tupng didu tra Id don vi;
bode hp ten, dia chi, tudi tdc, gidi tinh... ndu ddi tupng didu tra Id cd nhdn.
Phdn B: Didn nhimg thdng tin cdn thu thap cd dinh lupng lan dinh tinh. Npi dung cua phidu didu tra dupc thiet ke dudi dang cdc cau hdi vdi hinh thiic rat dom gidn, de hidu, dam bdo thuan 16 S6 02.2012
tifn cho ngudi di didu tra va ngudi trd ldi. Hinh thiic thiet
r
ke cau hdi cd hai loai: Cau hdi md vd cau hdi ddng.
Cdu hdi md la cau hdi de trdng npi dung tra ldi vd cdn
r r
Cii vao ket qua trd ldi ciia ddi tupng dupe dieu tra, de dieu tra vien hoac ddi tuong dieu tra ty didn thdng tin thich hpp theo yeu cdu ciia cdu hdi.
Vi dy, cau hdi thu nhap cua dng (bd) thdng qua la bao nhieu tidn? hoac nghd nghiep chinh cua dng (bd) hien dang ldm Id nghe gi?
Cdu hdi ddng: Cdc ndi dung trd ldi trong phidu didu tra ciia cdu hdi da cd sdn.
Ngudi dupc hdi lien he trudng hop cua minh, ddi chidu vdi cdc ndi dung trd ldi trong bdng cdu hdi, de lya chpn y kidn trd ldi. Cdn cii
r y
vdo ket qud trd ldi, didu tra vien bode ddi tupng didu tra tich ddu "X" vdo d thich hpp canh npi dung trd ldi dd.
Loai phidu dieu tra loai thii hai thidt kd theo cau hdi ddng, nhap tin don gidn, khdng phdi nhdp nhidu ky ty, ndn khd thudn lpi cho khdu tdng hpp, ddc bift khi su dyng cac cdng cy thdng kd de xu ly, nhu phan mdm SPSS.
Dieu tra chon mau
DTCM la loai DTKTB, trong dd ngudi ta chpn mpt each ngau nhidn mpt sd dii ldn don vi dai difn trong todn
7 7
bp cdc dom vi ciia tdng the
chung de dieu tra, rdi diing ket qud thu thdp dupc tinh toan, suy rdng thanh cac ddc diem cua todn bp tdng the chung. Vi du, de cd ndng sudt vd san lupng liia ctia mdt dia bdn didu tra ndo dd (huyen A chdng ban), ngudi ta chi tien hanh thu thdp sd lieu ve ndng sudt vd sdn lupng liia tren dien tich cua mdt sd hd gia dinh dupc chpn vao mau cua
7 > r
huyen de dieu tra thyc te, sau
r
dd dung ket qud thu dupc tinh toan vd suy rdng cho nang sudt vd sdn luong lua cua todn huyen.
DTCM dupc ling dung rat rdng rdi trong thdng ke kinh
f y
te - xd hdi nhu: Didu tra ndng suat, sdn luong liia; dieu tra lao ddng vide ldm; dieu tra thu thdp, chi tidu ciia hd gia dinh; dieu tra bien ddng
r y
thudng xuyen ddn sd; dieu tra chdt luong sdn phdm cdng nghidp, didu tra phyc vu vide thyc hidn de tdi, dy dn khoa hpc vd cdng nghe.
Ngodi ra, trong ty nhien, trong ddi sdng sinh boat ciia con ngudi, trong y hpc...
chiing ta ciing da gap rdt nhidu vi dy thyc td da dp dung DTCM. Vi dy, khi nghien ciiu dnh hudng ciia hiit thudc Id ddi vdi siic khde con ngudi, ngudi ta chpn ra mdt sd lupng can thidt ngudi hiit thudc la dd kiem ti-a sue khde vd dung kdt qud kidm
r 7 /
tra tu mpt sd ngudi dd de ket luan vd dnh hudng cua hiit
thudc la tdi siic khde cdng ddng...
Do chi tien hanh dieu tra tren mdt bp phdn don vi mau trong tdng the chung nen DTCM cd nhiing uu diem ca bdn sau:
Tien hdnh dieu tra nhanh gpn, bdo dam tinh kip thdi
r r
cua sd lieu thdng ke;
Tiet kiem nhdn lyc vd kinh phi trong qua trinh dieu tra;
Cho phep thu thdp dupc nhieu chi tieu thdng ke, ddc biet ddi vdi cdc chi tieu cd ndi dung phiic tap, khdng cd dieu kien dieu tra d dien rdng. Nhd dd ket qud dieu tra thu dupc se phdn dnh dupc nhieu mat, cho phep nghien
f y
Ciiu cac mdi quan he can thiet ciia hien tupng nghien
ciiu;
Ldm gidm sai sd phi chpn mdu (sai sd do cdn, dong, do, dem, khai bdo, ghi chep...). Trong thyc te cdng tdc thdng ke, sai sd phi chpn mdu ludn ludn tdn tai vd dnh hudng khdng nhd den chdt lupng sd lieu thdng ke, nhdt Id cdc chi tieu cd ndi dung
r 7
phiic tap, viec tiep can de thu
f r
thdp sd lifu khd khdn, tdn nhieu thdi gian trong qud trinh phdng van, ghi chep va
r
ddc bidt hon Id ddi vdi cdc chi tieu dieu tra khdng cd sdn thdng tin md ddi hdi phdi hdi tudng dd nhd lai. Ddi vdi nhimg loai thdng tin nhu
trdn, chi tidn hdnh DTCM mdi cd the tuyen chpn dieu tra vien tdt hom; hudng dan nghifp vy ky hon, thdi gian ddnh cho mpt don vi dieu tra nhidu ban, tao dieu kifn cho cdc doi tupng cung cap thdng tin trd ldi chinh xac hon, tiic Id lam cho sai sd phi chpn mau it hon;
Cho phep nghien ciiu cdc hifn tupng kinh te xa hpi, mdi trudng... khdng the tien hdnh theo phuong phdp DTTB. Vi dy nhu nghidn cuu tru lupng khodng sdn, thuy sdn...
Nhupc didm cua DTCM:
Do DTCM ehi tidn hdnh thu thdp sd lieu trdn mdt sd don vi, sau dd diing kdt qud de suy rpng cho todn bd tdng thd chung ndn kdt qud DTCM ludn tdn tai cai gpi Id "sai sd chpn mdu" sai sd do tinh dai didn. Sai sd chpn mau phy thudc vdo dp ddng ddu cua chi tidu nghidn ciiu, vdo cd mdu vd phuong phdp td chiic chpn mdu. Cd the Idm gidm sai sd chpn mdu bdng each tdng cd mdu d pham vi cho phep vd lya chpn phuong phdp td chiic chpn mau thich hpp nhdt.
Kdt qua DTCM khdng the tidn hdnh phan nhd theo mpi pham vi vd tieu thiic nghien ciiu nhu DTTB, md chi thyc
r
hifn dupc d miic dp nhdt dinh tiiy thudc vdo cd mau,
7
phuong phdp td chiic chpn
mdu vd dp ddng deu giOra cdc don vi theo cdc chi tidu dupc de ra.
Dieu kifn van dyng ciia ,.x
DTCM
DTCM thudng dupc v^n dyng trong cac trudng hpp sau:
Thay the cho DTTB trong nhiing trudng hpp quy md didu tra ldn, npi dung dieu tra can thu thap nhieu chi tieu, thyc te ta khdng dii kinh phi vd nhdn lyc de tien hdnh DTTB, ban nira neu DTTB se mdt qud nhieu thdi gian, khdng ddm bdo tinh kip thdi cua sd lieu thdng kd nhu didu tra thu nhdp chi tidu hd gia
\ r y
dinh, didu tra ndng sudt, didu tra vdn ddu tu ciia cac dom vi ngodi qudc doanh...; bode
'
khdng tidn hdnh dupc DTTB vi khdng the xdc dinh dupc tdng the chung nhu didu tra ddnh gid miic dp d nhidm mdi trudng nudc ciia mpt sd sdng, hd ndo dd (tdng thd chung phdi Id todn bp lupng nudc cd trong cdc sdng, hd dupc xdc dinh Id da bi d nhidm)...
Qud trinh didu tra gdn lidn
7
vdi viec phd buy sdn phdm nhu dieu tra danh gid chdt lupng thit hpp, cd hpp, danh gid chat lupng dan dupc, y td
f 7
Idy mdu ciia bfnh nhan dd xet nghifm... Cac trudng hpp trdn ddy neu DTTB thi sau
> 7
khi didu tra sdn pham sdn xuat ra hoac lupng mau cd
trong CO the cua bfnh nhan se bi phd hiiy hodn todn. Day Id dieu thyc te khdng bao gid cho phdp thyc hifn.
De thu thap nhimg thdng tin tien nghifm trong nhimg trudng hpp edn thidt nhdm phuc vy cho ydu cau cua DTTB. Vi dy, de thdm do miic dp tin nhifm cua cac ling cu vien vao mpt chiic vi ndo dd thi chi cd the DTCM d mpt lupng cu tri nhdt dinh vd phdi dupc tidn hdnh trudc khi bdu cu chmh thiic thi mdi cd y nghTa (bd phidu bdu cu chinh thiic chinh la DTTB)
Thu thdp sd lifu de kidm tra, ddnh gia vd chinh ly sd lieu cua DTTB. Trong thyc td cd nhiing cupc DTTB cd quy md Idn bode didu tra rdt
7 S
phiic tap nhu tdng didu tra
w ^ y
dan sd vd nhd d, tdng didu tra ndng thdn, ndng nghifp vd thiiy sdn... thi sai sd do khai bdo, thu thdp thdng tin thudng xuydn tdn tai vd dnh hudng dang kd ddn chat lupng sd lifu. Vi vdy, cdn cd DTCM vdi quy md nhd hom dd xdc dinh miic dp sai sd ndy, trdn co sd dd, tidn hanh danh gia dp tin cay ciia sd lifu vd chinh ly lai so Ufu thu dupc tii DTTB.
Don vi chon mau va dan chpn mau
Don vi chpn mdu la cac dom vi CO ban hoac nhdm don vi CO bdn duoc xac djnh rd rang, tuomg ddi ddng deu 18 S6 02.2012
va cd thd quan sat dupe, tiiich bop cho myc dich chpn mau. Vi dy, doanh nghifp, hp gia dinh, don vi difn tich, xa, phudng... Ndu chpn mau mpt cap thi cd mpt loai don vi chpn mau, cdn ndu chpn mau nhidu cap thi se cd nhidu loai dom vi chpn mau.
Ddn chpn mdu cd thd Id danh sdch cac don vi chpn mdu vdi nhihig dae didm nhan dang cua chiing hoac ban dd chi ra ranh gidi ciia cdc don vi dupc dung lam cdn cii dd tidn hanh chpn mdu. Khi td chiic DTTK trong tdng thd nghien ciiu, tiiy thudc vdo lupc do chpn mdu ma se cd cac loai dan chpn mau khac nhau.
Chpn mau nglu nhidn, chon mau he thong va chon theo phvoug phap phan tich chuyen gia
Chpn mdu ngdu nhidn la chpn cdc dom vi tii tdng thd vdo mau hoan todn ngdu nhidn khdng qua mpt each sap ddt nao. Cach don gidn nhdt cua chpn mdu ngdu nhien Id nit thdm hoac sii dyng bang sd ngdu nhidn.
Chpn mdu hf thdng Id
7 7
chpn cdc don vi tii tdng the vdo mlu theo mpt khoang cdch cd dinh sau khi da chpn ngau nhidn mdt nhdm ndo dd tren co sd cdc don vi didu tra dupc sdp xdp thii ty theo mpt tieu thiic nhat dinh.
Chpn mlu theo phuang
phdp phan tich chuyen gia Id chpn mlu trdn co sd phdn tich xem xdt chii quan ciia ngudi dieu tra. Cdch chpn nay thudng dp dyng cho tong the cd it don vj mlu hoac tri so ciia chi tieu nghien ciiu giiia cdc don vi mlu chdnh Ifch nhau nhieu.
Cdc phvong phdp th chirc chpn mlu
Cd nhieu phuang phdp, to chiic chpn mlu khdc nhau.
Mdi phuong phdp cd nhiing uu, nhupc diem ridng vd dupc dp dyng trong nhirng didu kifn nhat dinh.
Xdt theo cdp dp chpn mlu cd phuong phdp to chiic chpn mlu mpt cap vd to chiic chpn mlu hai cdp hay nhieu cdp: Chpn mlu mpt cap la tii mdt loai danh sdch ciia tat cd cdc don vi thupc tong the chung, tien hanh chpn mlu mpt ldn tryc tidp ddn cdc don vi didu tra; chpn mlu nhieu cdp la tidn hdnh didu tra theo nhieu cdng doan, trong dd mdi cdng doan la mpt cap chpn mlu. Cd bao nhidu cap chpn mlu thi cd bay nhidu lo^i don vi chpn mlu ciing nhu cd bdy nhidu loai ddn chpn mlu.
Neu trudc khi chpn mlu, ti^n hdnh phan chia tong the thdnh nhirng to khdc nhau theo mpt hay mpt so tidu thiic ndo dd lien quan den tidu thiic dieu tra, sau dd phdn bo CO mlu cho tiing to
vd trong mdi td lap mdt danh sdch rieng vd chpn du sd mdu phan bo cho td dd. Cdch chpn nhu vdy gpi la chpn mau phdn to.
r y
Ndu didu tra chia thdnh nhieu cap, cdc cap tidn hanh trudc thi chpn tiing don vi mau, nhung d cap cudi cung thi chpn cd nhdm cdc don vi de dieu tra. Cdch chpn nhu vdy gpi Id chpn mlu chum (hay chpn mlu cd khoi).
Xdc djnh c& mau (so don vj mlu)
tf r
Xdc dinh cd mdu (sd don vi mlu) chinh xdc Id xdc dinh so lupng don vi dieu tra trong tong the mlu dd tidn hdnh thu thdp so lifu. Ydu cau cua cd mlu Id viia du dd ddm bdo dp tin cay can thidt ciia sd lifu dieu tra vd phii hpp vdi didu kifn vd nhan lyc, kinh phi vd cd the thyc hifn dupc, tiic Id cd tinh khd thi.
Phan b6 mau
Neu dia bdn dieu tra dupc chia thanh cdc khu vyc hoac cdc to khdc nhau vd tien hdnh didu tra trdn tat cd cac khu vyc hoac cdc td thi phdi thyc hifn phdn bd mlu cho tiing khu vyc hoac tiing to. Cach
7
lam nhu vdy gpi Id phdn bd mlu. •
Tien Vy (nguon: Tdi li^u t^p hudn thong ke KH&CN)
