KHOA HOC C 6 N G N G H £
VAI TRD CLIA IMGU DAIXI TROIXIG PHAT TRIEIM MfiH^ CA BIEIVI BEIM VOlVE VA CO TRACH IMHIEM U VIET IMAM
Nguyen Chu Hdi\ Cao U Quyen^ ©§ Song H^^
T6MTAT
Bai Viet nay phan tich cac dac diem dac tnmg ca ban cua ngir d^n nuoc ta v^ cac mat: qua trinh hinh thanh va truyen thong phat trien, ca cau nganh nghe, trinh do va nang Iuc, muc song, dac diem ngu ttuang khai thac. Ket qua cho thay, cong dong ngu dan ngh^ ca bien cua nu6c ta co truyen thong khai thac hai san tir lau doi. Ngu dan luon la nhan t6 dong gop tich cue cho phat tri^n nganh thuy san trong suot 60 nam qua, cung nhu da d6ng hanh ciing dan toe trong qua trinh bao v§ chii quy^n bien, dao. Tuy nhien, cong dong ngu dan mio'c ta cung dang boc lo nhieu bat c^p nhu ca cau nghe con nhieu ngu cu c6 hai, sd Iuong tau khai thac qua Ion dSn den du thira cuong Iuc khai thac, trinh do ky thuat chira cao, miic sdng co xu hirong giam.
Dac biet. tnroc yeu cau moi ve phat trien ngh& ca bien bSn vung va co trach nhiem, cung nhu ddi mat voi nhirag thach thiic trong bao ve ngu6n Igi va khai thac hai san ben vimg, nang lire va vi the cua cong d6ng ngu dan dang bpc 16 nhi&u bat cap, gay anh huong khong nho toi vai tro va dong gop quan trgng cua ngu dan khong chi trong phat trien b^n vung kinh te bien ma con trong su nghiep bao v^ chu quyen bien dao cua Td qudc. Tr^n co sa do de xuat cac giai phap nang cao vi tri va phat huy vai tro cua ngu dan trong phat trien ngh^ ca bien b^n viing va co trach nhiem a nuoc ta. Dac biet nhan manh den cac giai phap: (i) Tang cirong vai tro cua ngu dan trong phat tnen kinh te bien va bao ve ngudn loi hai san; (ii) Nang cao vai tro ciia ngu dan trong hiSn dien dan su tr^n bien va bao ve chu quyen bien dao ciia Td qudc.
Tukhod: A^wt/^/7, tha ban, nghe ca ben vimg, nghe ca cd trach nhiSm, hien dien dan su.
Lima DAU
Vol Ipi th^ cua mOt qudc gia co viing bien rong, bff bi^n dai va nhieu dao, nghe ca bien nuoc ta da co lich sii phat trien lau dai va chiem vi tri dac biet quan trong trong phat trien kinh te qudc dan. Chinh vi the, nganh thuy san nuoc ta, trong do co nghe ca bien, tiep tuc duoc xac dinh la mot trong sau nganh kinh te bien chu dao (Nghi quyet so 36-NQ/TW ngay 22/10/2018 ciia Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang, Khoa XIO, dong gop vao cai thien dinh duong, an ninh Iuong thuc, thuc pham, tao sinh ke, thu nhap cho nguoi dan a viing ven bien, dong gop vao kim ngach xuat khau va gop phan bao ve qudc phong an ninh bien quoc gia. Tuy nhien, nghe ca bien nuoc ta hien dang phai ddi mat voi nhiing kho khan va thach thiic trong qua trinh chuyen ddi tir nghe ca tiep can
"mo'' sang nghe ca co trach nhiem va ben vihig.
Trong do, van de ngu dan va boat dgng san xuat ciia ho tren bien la mot trong nhijmg bat cap, doi hoi phai
Hdi Nghe ca Viet Nam Email: nchoi52@i!mail com
" Vien Kinh te va Quy hoach thuy san Email: quvenvifep@yahoo com.vn ' Hoc vien Phong khong - Khdng quan Email: dalsonhaotg'gmail.com
dugc giai quyet tdt bang cac ca che, chinh sach va giai phap moi khac.
Nhin chung, ngu dan nuoc ta co tinh can cu, sang tao trong lao dong san xuat nhung nSng Iuc k?
thuat, trmh do van hoa con thap, chu y^u dua vao kinh nghiem "cha truyen, con ndi", nhan thiic v^ khai thac va bao ve ngudn loi thuy san ban che, miic sdng va thu nhap cua nguoi lao dgng nghe ca con thap.
Dpi ngij thuyen trudng, may truong tau ca hau het chua dupe dao tao qua truong lop chinh quy n^n thieu cac kien thiic co ban de co t h i tiep c^n va sii dung dupe cac thiet hi hang hai, khai thac hi6n dai;
hieu biet ctia ngu dan ve phap luit tren hiin, ranh gioi cac vung bien duoc phep khai thac con thieu, dan den cac vi pham ve quy dinh danh bat va luat phap trong nuoc va qudc td tr6n bien.
Mac du vay, ngu dan van la mot trong nhiing nhan td chu dao gop phan tao nen cac thanh tuu cua nganh thuy san nuoc ta trong sudt 60 nam qua va Cling voi ngu nghidp, ngu trudng tiep tuc la 3 win dh gdp phan bao dam cho nghe ca nuoc ta phat tri^n ben viing va co h-ach nhi^m. Noi each khac, qua trinh hien dai hoa nghe ca bien theo huong phat trien b^n vung va co trach nhiem doi hoi cung ph^
giai quydt tdt 'Van d4 ngu dan" • mgt thanh td quan trong cua nghe ca bien. trong bdi canh ngudn loi va
14 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 9/2020
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
moi truong bifa bi suy thoai, ciing nhu cue dien Bien Dong tiep tuc diSn biSn phiic tap, co yeu td Idio ludng.
Bai Viet nay phan tich khai quat cac dac tnmg co ban cua ngu dan nuoc ta ve cac mat trayen thong, su hinh thanh va phat trien, ca can nganh nghe, trinh do va nang Iuc, miic sdng, dac diem hoat dgng khai thac hai san trong bdi canh mdi. Tren co sd do d^ xuat cac nhom giai phap de phat huy vai tro va kha nang dong gdp ciia ngu dan trong phat trien ngh^ ca bien ben vimg va cd trach nhifem, gdp phan bao ve chu quyen bifa dao ciia dat nude. DSy cung la mot trong nhung k^t qua nghien ciiu cua d6 tai khoa hoc va cong nghe (KHCN) cap Nha nuoc "Nghien cifu xay dtmg chinh sach ve ngu dan, ngu nghiep va ngu trudng de phat tnen nghS ca bSn viing va co trach ntdem & Viet Nanf, ma sd KC.09.24/16-20, thuoe "Chuang trinh Nghien ctru KHCNphirc vu quan ly hien, hai dao va phit tnen kinh tebiSrV.
Z.nlllONGFHAPNGHHClhI 2.1.11™ thap so li$u
Cac thdng tin, sd lieu chung (sd lieu thii cap) ve dac diem, co civ, nganh nghe, trinh do, nang Iuc va mile sdng cua ngu dan dugc thu thap tu cac cdng trinh nghien cilu da cong bd, nien giam thdng ke va cac bao cao ciia cac ca quan, cac nganh cd lien quan.
Cac thdng tin, sd lieu sa cap cd lidn quan den cac van tk. tr6n duge thu thap true tiep (phong van) qua didu tra, khao sat thuc te tai 5 tinh ven biSn: Quang Binh, Quang Ngai, Phu Ydn, Bmh Thuan va Ba Ria-Vung Tau vdi tdng sd 63 phieu dieu tra. Day la cac dia phuong cd hoat ddng khai thac hai san tap trung cao nen dupe chon lam dia diem nghien ciiu dai dien.
2.2.XiilysdMu
Phuong phap thdng kd, bien dd, ma-fran va so sanh duoc sii dung de md ta, phan tich ca cau nganh nghe, trinh do, nang Iuc va miic sdng ciia ngu dan, lam ca sa dd xuat giai phap nang cao vi tri va vai trd cQa ngu dan, cung nhu van dd ngu dan trong khudn khd chinh sach phat Men nghe ca bien bdn vUng va cd trach nhiem d Viet Nam.
3. KET QUA NGHH CUU
3.1. D^c tnmg ca ban cila ngu dan nude ta Ngu dan Vidt Nam cd diiyen thdng khai thae hai san tir lau ddi va rat can cu trong lao ddng. Tir thoi phong kidn xua, doc theo cac vimg ven bien da hinh
thanh nen cac cdng ddng ngu dan khai thac thuy san quy md nhd dudi dang cac Van chai - mdt hinh thue td chuc cdng ddng gan ki^t kha chat che va cd kha nang tu quan. Cac edng ddng ngu dan ven bien la noi pha trdn cua nhidu ludng van hoa, dan cu phiic tap nhung lai cd su cd ket thdng qua cac hoat ddng sinh ke hang ngay (Tirong Phi Lai va edng su, 2012). Van chai cdn la mdt td chiic xa hdi nghe nghiep cua cac ngu dan, hmh thanh tir rat sdm va dirae ngu dan tu nguyen tham gia (Ha Xuan Thdng va Nguydn Duy Thieu, 2009).
Thanh vien cua Van chai la nhiing edng ddng ngu dan tieu nghe, cd ddi sdng gan bd vdi nghe khai thae thuy san quy md nhd, ed thd d vung bidn hoac sdng, dam pha. Trudc day Van chai da sd thudng khdng cd dat, ddi sdng chi gin vol nghe chai ludi (Nguydn Quang Vinh Binh, 2009), ddi khi tu hoi thanh cac "Lang ca ndi" va trd thanh "Dan thuy dien"
dien hinh 6 tren pha Tam Giang (Thira Thien-Hud'), d vinh Ha Long, tinh Quang Ninh va vinh Lan Ha, thanh phd Hai Phdng. Sau nay, Nha nude cd nhieu chuang trinh hd trg ndn mdt bd phan dan Van chai chuyen ra khai thac xa bd, mgt bd phan dugc cap dat, tham gia danh ca va nhieu nghe khac, chu yeu la san xuat ndng nghiep (Nguydn Duy Thieu, 2009).
Theo thdi gian, cung vdi cac thay ddi vd dieu kien chinh tn, kinh te, xa hdi cua dat nude va su phat trien cua chinh nghe ca nen vai trd cua Van chai khdng cdn phu hop va bi mai mdt theo thdi gian.
Khoang tir nhimg nam 2000, nganh thuy san chuyen tir san xuat nhd le, tu cung tu cap sang san xuat hang hda, lay xuat khau lam mui nhpn, hudng tdi phat tnen nghe ca thuong mai. Keo theo la su chuyen ddi
"khoa hgc va cdng nghe" theo hudng ap dung nhieu hon cac Uen bd khoa hgc - cdng nghe Uong nghd ca bien, n h u ky thuat khai thac, san xuat ngu ludi cu, ddng sua tau thuyen,...de vuon ra khai xa hon.
Trong didu kien nhu vay, ngu dan tieu nghe cung Ud thanh cac ngu dan khai thac xa bd, duoc trang bi nhiing kien thiie mdi de didu khien va khai thae tren cac con tau cdng suat Idn ban. Tuy nhien, cac dac diem dTiydn thdng trong nghe, nhir "cha truydn con ndi", hoc hdi ky nang khai thac tir hg hang, ddng tdc, di khai thac theo cac nhom nghd va ddng ho vin dugc duy tri trong cdng ddng ngu dan ngay nay (Ngd Anh Tuan, 2012). Dau vay, ban chat cua ngu dan khai thac xa bd vSn xuat phat tir cac ngu dan tieu nghe
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KS 2 - THANG 9/2020
KHOA HOC C 6 N G NGHJ
thuc ve thuc hien khai thac co trach nhieni va b^n viing.
Ve trinh do nghe nghiep: 5,9% so lao dgng duoc dao tao bai ban, 39% sd nguoi qua dao tao, t^p huii ngdn han va khoang 55,1% sd lao ddng lam ngh^ khai thac theo kinh nghi$m. Lao dong tren tau chu y^u 14 ngiiOT dia phuong, chidm 69,3% sd lao dong; lao dong tir cac dia phuong trong tinh chiem 6,7%; lao dong tir cac tinh khac chiem 2,1%; lao ddng ca trong va ngoai linh chiem 21,9%.
Ve thuyen truang: Phan Ion thuyen tnrong chi qua cac lop d^o tao ngdn ban, viec van hanh di^u khi^n cac tau ca hien dai con nhieu bat c4p, su dung cac thiet bi, thdng tin Ben lac con han che, hieu biet v6 phap luat tr^n bien chua cao, do do anh hucmg t6i hieu qua cua khai thac va viec ti^p thu cdng nghk danh ca tit nuoc ngoai, khd khSn trong cai tien cdng cu danh bat va qua trinh hien dai hoa ngh^ ca tfieo huong CO trach nhiem.
Ve thuyen vien va tha ban: Hien nay nguon lao ddng tha ban dang tbieu ve sd lugng va y^u ve ch^t lupng. Trinh do van hoa, nang Iuc ky thujt cua cac tha ban, thuyen viSn trfen cac phuong ti&n dinh bat con thap nen chua co y thuc va trach nhi^m cao doi voi viec bao ve va tai tao ngudn loi hai san. K^t qua khao sat chi ra rang, hau het cac dia phuong ven bi^n trgng diem v^ nghe ca d^u gap khd khan frong vi^
tuyen chgn lao dgng danh ca xa bdf thanh thao ngh^
nghiep. Bod vay, viec su dung lao ddng chua dam bio yeu cau 1^ thuat lanh nghe ngay cang phd bien.
3.2.2. TTiu nhap va miic sdng ciia ngu dan Ngudn loi thuy san ngay cAng suy giam, cuimg Iuc khai thac tang (sd lugng tau ca tang nhanh), su qua tai dang diln ra ca 6 ngu hirdng khai thac gdn ha va xa bd', tranh chap ngu truong va an ninh tren bi&
da va dang didn bien phiic tap. Vi th6, nang suat khai thac binh quan tren ca nuoc th^ hien xu hirong giam lien tuc trong gan 30 nam qua, tir 1 tan/CV/nam nam 1991 giam xudng 0.37 tan/CV/nSm vao nam 2010 (VIFEP, 2013) va ddn nam 2019 xudng cdn 0,3 tan/CV/nam.
Tmh hinh tren khien cho tlm nhap ciia ngu dSn (ke ca chu tau va thp ban) ngay cang khd khan va ciing the hifen xu budng suy giam kin chi phi san xuat (chi phi xang dau, da lanh, chi ph, ),,<, dgng...) ngay cang tang, chat lupng san pham ,ianh bat thap (kich CO- ca khai thac nho di). gia ban sdn pham
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KS 2 - THANG 9/2020 ven b a va it nhieu chiu anh huong ben each nghi ciia
nong dan san xuat ndng nghiep ven bien.
Ngay nay, khai thac hai san gan U^n vdi dac tnmg miia vu khai thac, nen vao cac thang trong mua gid miia Ddng Bac thuong xuat hien nhi^u con bao Idn, d^ tranh rtii ro va thu dupe hi6u qua cao, trong cac cdng ddng ngu dan thuong hinh thanh mdt tap quan rat pho bi^n la sinh boat va san xuat tip tmng theo nhdm ngh6 va dong hp. Dd la cac to/ddi san xuat hoac doan danh ca cd the giiip dd' nhau khi gap hoan nan (thi^n tai, nhan tai) hoac trao ddi ngu truang, vat tu san xuat, Iuong thuc, thuc pham.
Thai gian qua, sd lupng tau thuyen danh ca tang keo theo nhu cau gia tang sd lupng lao ddng khai thac hai san. Nam 1991, ca nude cd khoang 200 nghin lao ddng khai thac hai san, nam 2001 la 270,6 nghin (VIFEP, 2013), den nam 2018 tang len khoang hon 750 nghin lao ddng (tinh ca ngu dan chuyen nghiep vi bin chuydn) true tiep danh bat hai san tren bi^n tai tat ca cac nhom nghe. Neu tinh ca sd lao dgng gian tiep tham gia vao ngh^ ca bi^n (lao ddng dich vu, hau can,...) Ihi tdng sd lao dong tham gia khai thac hai san va dich vu len tdi hon 1 trieu ngudi, chidm trdn 22% tdng sd lao dong nganh thuy san, va lao dong true tiep tham gia khai thac chiem khoang gan 17% sd lao ddng nganh thuy san.
Phan chia lao ddng theo gioi ciing rat dac thii trong nghe ca bien. Do khai thac hai san la nghi rat vat va, dieu kien lao ddng khac nghiet, ddi khi phai mao hiem, phai dimg nhieu sue Iuc va chiu duoc sdng gid nen Iuc lupng lao ddng tren bien chu yeu la nam gioi (chiem 100%). Nir gioi (vp, con gai,...) hau nhu lam cac cdng viec tren b a cd lien quan nhu dich vu hau can va tieu thu san pham khai thac.
3.2. IVinh dd, ndng Iuc va muc sdng cua ngu dan 3.2.1. Trinh do va nang lucky thuat cua ngu dan Kfi't qua khao sat cho thay, trinh dp van hda cua ngu dan khai thac hai san xa b a cdn kha ban chd:
khoang 57,5% sd nguoi duoc khao sat cd hinh dd trung hoc ca so; 30,5% sd nguoi cd trinh dp tieu bpc;
chi khoang 10,5% sd nguoi cd trinh dp trung bpc phd thdng; cdn lai khoang 1,5% sd ngu dan khdng biet chu (phan Ion la cac ngu dan da Idn hioi). Didu nay anh huong khdng nhd ddn viec tiep thu ky thuat khai thac, ky thuat bao quan san pham tren tau, viec van hanh cac con tau hien dai ra khai xa va y tbiic, kien
KHOA HOC C d N G NGHE
khdng tang. Trong cac nam 2009-2010 tdng thu nhap cua ho gia dinh (chii tau) khai thac xa bd- trung binh dat 136,1 fridu ddng/nam d' vinh Bac bd va mi6n Trung; 124,5 trieu ddng df Ddng Nam bd; 236,3 hieu dong d vung Tay Nam bd (VIFEP, 2013). Tuy nhien, sau gan 10 nam, 100% so hd ngu dan tham gia khao sat nam 2019 d6u cho rang, thu nhap cua ho hi suy giam dang ke, tham chi mdt sd hd (12,5% sd hd khao sat) cdn dang mdc no ngan hang khi dau tu vao dong tau mdi hoac nang cap tau ca, ngu ludi cu. Da phan thu nhap ciia chii tau ca khai thac xa bd thudng dao ddng trong khoang 80-110 trieu ddng/nam, trung binh giam khoang 20-50% so vdi nam 2010. Ngoai ra, mdt sd tau ca ddng theo Nghi dinh 67/2014/ND-CP ngay 7/7/2014 cua Chinh phu ciing chua hoat ddng hidu qua, d$c biet la cac tau v6 thep. Theo thdng kd cua cac dia phuong, sd lupng tau ca dupe ddng mdi theo Nghi dinh nay la 1.030 chide vdi cdng suat tir 800 CV trd len, bang 3 loai vat heu chinh la v6 gd, vd thep va v6 composit. Sd lupfng tau v6 thep la 358 chiec, chidm 34,8% tong sd lupng tau ddng mdi va hidn hoat dpng chua hieu qua. Mdt sd tau bi hu hong va doi hoi chi phi sua chira, duy tu bao dudng Idn (21 tau). Sd lupng tau phai nam ba, khdng th^ ra khoi do ngu dan thieu von san xuat, hoac ra khoi nhung khai thac khdng du san lupng do ngudn Ipi can kiet, ngu tnrong qua tai; hoac tau bi hu hong khdng cd tien sua chira, bao dudng la 55 chiec. Di^u nay dSn den thidt hai Idn cho ngu dan va ngan hang khi no xau tang den 33% trong tong sd 10.500 ty du np tin dung ddng tau theo Nghi dinh 67/2014/ND-CP tren pham VI ca nuoc.
Thu nhIp cua lao ddng (thp ban) theo cac nghd khai thac xa bd' ciing the hien xu huong giam nhung it ban so vdi ngu dan chu tau. Ket qua khao sat cho thay, ngu dan tha b^n lam nghd ludi vay cd thu nhap trung binh 59,3 triSu ddng/ngudi/nam; luoi keo 65,5 trieu ddng/ngudi/nam; ludi re 64,6 tridu ddng/ngudi/nam; nghe cau 62.2 trieu ddng/ngudi/nam, nghe khac (chup muc va long bay) 54,6 hieu ddng/ngudi/nam. Tuy vay, khai thac thiiy san van la cac sinh kd chinh ciia ngu dan danh ca xa hb hi6n nay khi ngudn thu nhap tii boat ddng khai thac hai san vln chiem tir 80-90% tdng thu nhap cua hp gia dinh. Thu nhap giam din ddn vi the cua ngu dan trong cong ddng cung cd su thay ddi so vdi trudc kia. Cac ngu dan chu tau timg dupe coi la nhimg ngudi cd "heng ndi", cd tam anh huong va
miic sdng kha gia trong cdng dong ven bidn trong giai doan trudc (2005-2015) thi nay dupe danh gia la cd muc sdng va thu nhap trung binh. Tuy nhidn, hon 95% sd ngu dan chii tau khi duoc hoi deu ebo rang
"nghe di bien" la nghiep ca eudc ddi va cung la "cudc sdng" cua ho, ndn hp se tiep tuc theo dudi nghe nay.
Cac ngu dan nay cung cho rang khd khan hien nay chi la tam thdi, trong tuong lai nghe khai thac hai san xa bd' vln co kha nang dam bao cudc sdng cho hp va gia dinh vdi cac chinh sach quan ly dung hudng tir phia Nha nude. Cac nghe cd lien quan den nghg bien nhu nudi trdng hai san (nudi bi^n), du lich sinh thai bien, dich vu hau can trdn bien,...la nhung lua chon kha nang chuyen nghe cua ngu dan trong trudng hop hp phai dich chuyen sinh ke.
3.3. Dac di^m ho?it dOng san xu^t cua ngu dSn 3.3.1. Cocau nganh nghe khai thac hai san cua ngu dan
Nghe ca nude ta cd gan 40 loai ngh^ khai thac thuy hai san khac nhau. dupe xep vao 7 hp nghi chu yeu, bao gom: hp ludi keo, ludi vay, ludi rd, hp nghi cau, nghe vd manh, nghe cd dinh va hp nghe khac.
Trong sd dd cd nhung hg nghe dupe danh gia la chua cd tinh chpn loc cao vdi ngudn Ipi nhimg vln chidm ty trpng Idn nhu nghd ludi keo, te, xiep, dang, day, lii ven bd'. Trong giai doan 2010-2018, mac dii nganh thuy san va mdt sd dia phuong (nhu Kidn Giang, Ba Ria-Vung Tau,...) da dinh hirdng ban che hoac dimg ddng mdi tau khai thac cac hp nghe nay, dac biet la nghe ludi keo. nhung ty trgng cac ho nghe nay vln chua giam dang ke, tham chi eon tang len a mdt sd nam. Sd lupng tau hanh nghe ludi keo nam 2010 chiem ty trpng khoang 17,6% tdng sd tau khai thae hai san, tuong ung vdi hon 22.500 chide (VIFEP, 2013), den nam 2018, sd lupng tau ludi keo giam xudng con 19.170 chiec, nhung do cac nghe khac cung cd xu hudng giam ndn ty trong tau ludi keo vln a muc 21% (Tong cue Thuy san. 2018). Nhu vay, cd the thay ca clu nghe nghiep khai thac cua ngu dan cdn chua phii hop, viec chuyen doi sang cac nghd chpn Ipc cdn cham, quy md san xuat vln cdn nhd le (ke ca ngu dan khai thae xa bd).
Ngu dan thuc hien boat ddng khai thae bat hap phap dudi nhieu hinh thuc. Didu nay cho thay ap Iuc cua boat ddng khai thac den ngudn loi thuy san, ca xa ba va gan hd vln rat Idn va ddi hdi nghe ca bien can day manh ban ntra qua trinh tai ca cau tau thuyen va nghd khai thac hai san cua ngu dan. Ngoai NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KS 2 - THANG 9/2020 17
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHl
ra, ap Iuc ve hieu qua kinh td cho chuyen bien va dam bao ddi sdng cho ban than gia dinh ciia ngu dan khi ra bi^n cung la mdt yeu td tac ddng khdng nho den vide tai ca cau lai nghd khai thac hai san.
Trong nhimg nam gan day, ca cau ngu dan khai thac xa bd' va gan bd cung cd su thay ddi khi ngudn Ipi ven bd' ngay cang can kiet va dinh hudng chuyen doi ngu dan ra khai thae xa bd de dat loi ich "kep"
vira khai thac ngudn Ipi thiiy san xa bd' phuc vu muc dich kinh te vira tang cudng hien didn "dan su" ciia ngu dan tren cac viing bien, dao ciia To qudc. Do dd, so lupng lao dong danh ca tang vai tdc dd tuong ddi nhanh, trung binh 3,1%/nam. Rieng sd lupng lao ddng tham gia khai thae hai san xa bd- cd tdc dd tang nhanh hon, dat 4,6%/nam, tuong ling hon 300.000 lao ddng (chidm khoang 30% tdng sd lao ddng danh ca).
Bien che sd Iuong lao ddng true hep cho cac tau khai thac xa bd- Idn hon nghe khai thac ven bd. Ket qua khao sat cho thay, cac loai nghd khai thac bang thuyen thii cdng, tau thuyen cdng suat nhd cd sd lugng lao dgng danh ea binh quan tir 2 - 5 ngudi tren 1 don VI tau thuydn, cdn tau khai thac xa bd' binh quan su dung tir 6-14 lao ddng/don vi tau thuydn.
Sd Iuong lao ddng trung binh tren tau cd su khac nhau kha Idn giiia cac nghi va cd' tau. Do miic dp hien dai hoa tren tau danh ca chua cao nen cac nghd ludi keo doi. ludi vay, ludi re thudng sii dung nhieu nhan lire trong qua trinh khai thac tren bien. Tuy nhidn, phin Idn cac nghi khai thac hai san xa bd- deu cd sd lugng lao dgng true tiep tren tau kha Idn: pho bidn tir 6 - 10 lao ddng/trdn tau, chiem 65,5% sd tau dupe dilu tra va sd tau cd tir 11 - 14 lao ddng/tau, chiem khoang 34,5% sd tau duoc dilu tra.
Tuy nhien, khi kinh te ngay cang phat trien, thanh nien d* cac vimg ven bien dang dan dan tir bo nghd ca truyen thdng de di tim Idem cdng viec nhe nhang va cd thu nhap cao ban. Bdi vay, cac tinh ven bien dIu dang trong tinh trang thieu ngu dan lanh nghe (con gpi la thp ban) trong boat ddng khai thac hai san do dac thii cua nghi khai thac thudng rui ro.
nguy hiem, thu nhap khong eao va khdng on dinh.
Hien nay, nhilu tau phai nam b a do khdng du lao dpng/tha ban de di bien. Vdi dinh hudng phat trien tau ca xa bd ngay cang nhilu, nhu cau lao ddng ngay cang cao, cd the viec tim kiem lao ddng di khai thac hai san se ngay eang khd khan hon.
3.3.2 Ngu tnrong khai thac hai san can ngirdSn Ngu bTiong khai thac thuy san cua ngir dan phSn bd trai dai h-en vimg bien rpng Idn b:uig t'""^" ^^' ^ nam h-ong khu vuc nhiet doi gid miia va cd khu he ck bien thudc khu h^ ddng vat An Dd Tay Thai Binh Duong. Day la khu vuc khdng chi dae tnmg cho mfii trudng sinh thai ciia ca biln nbidt ddi, ma cdn phong phii, da dang ve thanh phan loai. Tuy nhi^n, gan day do cudng Iuc khai thac tang nhanh, ca dn nghe khai thac cua ngu dan phat triln khdng hop ly, sd lupng tau ca lam cac n g h i kem chpn loc ngudn Ipi con nhieu; bidn tupng khai thac thuy san qua mirc, sir dung cac chat nd, kich dien; van d l tranh ch^p ngu trudng tren bien giira ngu dan nude ta vdi cac nuoc khac hoac giira cac n g h i khai thac vdi nhau....dSn den trir lupng cac nhdm ngudn Ipi chii yeu gdm zk, giap xac, chan dIu trong nhiing nam g i n day giam ro ret (giam khoang 12,9% so vdi giai doan 2000-2005) CTrln Van Cudng va nnk, 2018). Chat lugng nguon loi ngay cang suy giam, trong khi ty le san lupng cii tap chiem uu the va co xu hudng tang len trong mot me ludi. Cac ddi tuong hai san kinh te cd san lupng va kich thudc trung binh giam dang ke. Ngu dan vin thue bidn khai thac hai san non va chua sinh san lan dIu vdi ly 16 kha lan (Nguydn Quang Hiing va nnk, 2016). Ca ngudn Ipi vimg biln ven ha va xa bd dIu co dau hieu suy giam trong hai nam tro' lai day.
Ngoai ra, dilu kien mdi trudng va nhieu he sinh thai tieu bilu, nhu: hk sinh thai ciia sdng. dam ph^, rimg ngap man bi suy thoai nghiem trpng do cac boat ddng khai thae, xay dung va phat triln kinh t^ cr vimg ven bien va dao ven bd'. Hien tupng dao dap d^
xay dung dao nhan tao tai mdt sd bai can khu vuc ngoai khoi Bien Ddng cung lam huy hoai va suy thoai he smh thai ran san ho. gay anh hudng nghi&n trpng den nai sinh cu cua cac loai thuy san va nghe ca ciia cac nude trong khu vuc (Nguyin Chu Hoi, 2016). Rd rang, ngu trudng d' Biln Ddng khdng don gian chi la eau chuyen v l viec danh b i t ca, ma da trcr thanh van de "an ninh nghe ea" - mdt bd phan ciia an mnh qudc gia va an ninh toan cau do tac ddng xa hOi sau sac va nhung anh hudng dai ban ciia nd den tilm nang phat hnen nghe ca khu vuc va ngu dan Via Nam cung khdng phai la mdt ngoai le (Nguydn Chu Hdi, 2017).
Tinh hinh tren cho thay, cdng ddng ngu dan va bogt ddng khai thac hai san cua nuoc ta 6 ,ac ngu trudng tren Bien Ddng dang phai ddi nijit x^n nhiing
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG T H 5 N - KS 2 - THANG 9/2020
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
khd khan, thach thiic trong dai ban ca ttr cac tac ddng tu nhien va "nhan tai". Cac thach thiic, kho khan nhu vay cung anh hudng khong nhd tdi vai trd quan trpng ciia ngu dan trong qua trinh thuc hien mpt nghe ca bin virng va ed trach nhiem.
3.4. Nang cao vai trd ciia ngu dan trong phat hi^n nghi ck biln b i n vimg v i cd trdch nhiira
Ngu dan khai thac xa bd (d tat ca cac nhdm nghi, nhdm cdng suat, dac bidt la cdng suat tren 400 CV) dIu danh phan Idn thdi gian trong nam danh ca trdn biln (vdi khoang 250 ngay/nam). Cho nen, ngu dan la Iuc lupng ddng vai trd quan trgng trong: (i) khai thae hieu qua va b i n vung ngudn loi thuy san:
bao vd nguon Ipi, cai thien sinh ke, tao hang hda hai san cd sue canh tranh cao va dong gdp lau dai cho thi phan xuat khiu thuy san ciia dit nude; (ii) tang cudng hien di^n dan su tren cac vimg bien chii quyin, quyin chu quyin va quyin tai phan qudc gia ciia mrdc ta, ddng thdi la Iuc lugng khdng the thieu trong cudc dau tranh bao ve chii quyen bien, dao cua dat nude trdn Bidn Ddng. Boi vay, de ho tra ngu dan lam tdt hai nhidm vu chien lupc noi trdn cIn phai cd cac giai phlp nang cao vi tri va phat huy vai tro dac biet cua ngu dan trong phat trien nghi ea b i n virng va cd trach nhi^m a nude ta.
3.4.1. TSng cudng vai trd cua ngu dan trong phat trien kinh tebiSn va bao vd ngudn loi hai san
Xuat phat tir dac diem dae thii ciia ngu dan ta vl cac mat truyin thong, ea cau nganh nghe, hinh dp, nang Iuc ky thuat va miic sdng trong bdi canh ngudn loi hai san da va dang suy giam d' ca ngu trudng gan bd va xa bd- nhu ndi tren. can phai ed nhimg giai phap tang cudng val trd cua ngu dan trong phat trien kinh te biln gin vdi bao vd ngudn loi hai san. Trudc hit. phai kiem soat dupe "dIu vao - dau ra" (input - output cond-ol) trong boat dong khai thac hai san, bao gdm giam cudng Iuc khai diac (giam sd Iuong tau thuyin cd nghe chua than thien vdi ngudn loi) thdng qua nit bdt lao ddng ra khdi cac n g h i ca kem chpn loc. Sd lao ddng du ddi cIn dupe chuyen ddi nghi nghidp sang cac sinh ke khac trdn tinh than dam bao 'ly ndng bat ly huong" de ho vln sdng duoc tiir khai thlc cac ngudn sinh k l tir bien khac tai que huong va ngu trudng cua minh.
Theo dd, trong thdi gian tdi, can timg buoc chuyin ngu dan tir nhiing nghi ea chua than thien vdi nguon Ipi (nghi ludi keo viing long, te, xiep, dang
day. lii ven ba) sang nudi bien cdng nghiep ling dung cdng nghd cao (ke ca nudi bien tren dat); phat trien nghe ca giai tri, du hch sinh thai bien cgng ddng (kl ca trong khu bao tdn bien), cac nghi thu cdng truyin thdng a dia phuong hoac phat trien cac boat ddng dich vu bien khac. Phat trien nudi trong hai san tren bien va tren dat quy md hang hoa vira gop phin giam ap Iuc den nghi khai thae hai san. vira cung cap lua chpn chuyen doi sinh ke kha thi cho nhiing ngu dan khai thac mudn chuyen nghi. Khi dd ngu dan chuyin nghe van tiep tuc bam bien, bam qud va se trd' thanh nhiing ngudi nudi bien lanh nghi, cd trinh dp ky thuat cao va nang cao duoc vi the cua hp trong cac nganh kinh t l bien chu Iuc hien nay. Cac tau ca ciia ngu dan chuyen nghi cung cd the dupe cai hoan, chuyen ddi thanh cac tau dich vu hSu can cung ung dich vu van chuyen cho boat ddng nudi bien hoac nha nude hd tra ngu dan giai ban cac tau ludi keo da cu, hu hong, tham chi lua chgn mdt sd "danh dim"
lam ran san bd nhan tao - nin tang cho phat trien du beh n g h i ca, tang cudng bao tdn ngudn loi va cac he sinh thai bien. Tao dilu kien va co hdi de ngu dan tham gia vao chudi cung cap dich vu du hch sinh thai bien dua vao cgng ddng cung la mdt giai phap lua chgn can thiet de nit bdt lao ddng ra khoi nghi ca va giam cudng lire khai diac dIu vao (tau thuyin dinh ca). Ngoai ra, nhung ngu dan "tha ban" hr cae nghi ea kem chpn loc vdi ngudn loi duoc nit bdt se dirge tao ea hdi de chuyin sang lam viec tren cac tau ca cd tinh chgn Igc cao hon nhu: nghi vay, nghi cau, tau dich vu hau can cho nghi ea, Nhu vay, van de thilu lao ddng ebo nghi ca bidn nay cung se duac giai quyet mdt phan.
Vdi nguyen tic nang cao chat lupng thay vi chay theo sd lupng, cac ngu dan cdn lai b-ong nghi ea se dupe hd trp v l dao tao ky thuat, hd tro ve chinh sach tin dung, ea che ho trp khai thac tren cac vimg bien xa, hd tra bao hiem y te, bao hiem xa hdi (cd the can nhic chinh sach ho tra Iuong huu cho cac ngu dan chuyen nghiep, tham gia khai thae hai san lien tuc tir 30 nam trd len),... Muc dich chung la td chuc lai sd ngu dan nay thanh nhiing ddi hinh ra bien vdi tam thuc va tu thd mdi, giiip ho trdf thanh cae chu tau va ngu dan thuc sir lanh nghi, dii kien thuc, nang Iuc ky thuat (chii trpng ky thuat bao quan sau khai thac) va hilu hilt phap luat qudc gia va qudc te vl bien d l cimg vdi cac con tau hien dai vuon khoi bam bien, khai thac hieu qua va ben vimg ngudn loi hai san d'
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 9/2020 19
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHl vimg bien xa cua Td qudc, timg buoc hdi nhap qudc
te h-ong linh vuc nghi ea bien. Dac biet, can hep tuc nang eao nhan thuc va trach nhidm d l cac ngu dan nay thue hien nghiem tiic cac nguyen t i c va 14 quy dinh cua Luat Thuy san (2017) vl cam danh b i t ea bat hpp phap, khdng thdng bao, khdng theo quy dinh (lUU).
3.4.2. Nang cao vai tro cua ngu dan trong hien dien dan su tren bien va bao v$ chu quyen bien dao cua Tdqudc
Vdi ban chat bam bien (khoang 250 ngay/nam), hoat ddng danh ea cua ngu din nude ta dupe trien khai h-en khip cae vimg bien, dao cua Td quoc vdi khoang hon 750.000 ngu dan frdn gan 10.000 tau thuyin danh ca/ngay. Voi quy md hoat ddng rpng khlp vimg bien, tir bd' ra khoi. tir Ble xudng Nam, ngu dan nuoc ta ra bien khdng chi d l muu sinh, ma cdn la hinh anh v l nhimg cot mdc chu quyin cua Vidt Nam tren Bien Ddng. Noi each khac, ngu dan ludn la Iuc lupng tidn phong duy tri "chu quyin dan su" viing chic trdn biln, la lire lugng khdng the thieu trong cudc chiln tranh nhan dan khi viing bien To qudc lam nguy (Nguyin Chu Hoi. Cao Le Quyen, 2020). Qudc gia bien phai cd cdng dan bien va ngu dan chinh la Iuc Iuong thuc hien su bidn dien dan su, ludn sat canh ciing cac Iuc lupng chap phap tren biln. nhu: bien phdng. canh sat bien, kiem ngu, dam bao hang hai va Iuc lupng vu trang (hai quan). Hp ciing la nong cot trong thanh phan dan quln tu ve biln, dac biet la Iuc lupng quyet dinh trong xay dung the tran qudc phdng toan dan tren bien voi cae md hinh kit ndi "dan-quan, quan-dan", gdp phan quan trpng trong su nghiep bao ve cac quyen va Ipi ieh cua nude ta tren Bien Ddng.
Dilu 2 eua Luat Dan quan tu vd (2019) quy dinh dan quan la: "Iuc lupng vu trang quln chiing khdng thoat ly san xuat, edng tac, duoc td chiie 6 dia phuong". Quy dinh nay rat phii hop vdi dac thii san xuat cua ngu din tren biln nhu ndi tren. Cho nen, theo do, Luat nay ciing quy dmh: dan quan tu ve bien la lire lupng dan quan lam nhiem vu tren cac hai dao, vimg bien Viet Nam. Luat Dan quan tu ve (2019), Dilu 43.2.e ciing quy dinh vl viec su dung tau, thuyin khai thac thiiy san ciia ngu dan de trang bi cho dan quan tu ve bien, cu the: "Bd Ndng nghidp va Phat then ndng thdn chii tri, phdi hop vdi Bo Qudc phdng. ca quan, td chiic lien quan chi dao ca quan, don VI thudc quyen phdi hop vdi dan quan tu ve trong
bao v$ hai dao. vimg bien. phdng. chdng ^"^" ^' dm kidm. cuu nan, cuu hd, bao ve la phdng. chdng chay rung: chi dao, hudng din viec dmr ^> ^^8 kiim, cap gidy phep khai thac thuy san doi vdi t^u, thuyen trang bi cho dan quSn tu i e bidn theo quy dmh cua phap Mr. Nhu vay, Luat Dan quan hi v^
(2019) da gian tilp khlng dinh moi quan h§ khang khit giira boat ddng danh ea eua ngu dan tr6n biln vai hoat ddng ciia IIK Iuong dan quan tu vd biln trong bao vd chu quyin biln dao.
4. KFT LUAN
- Ngu dan n g h i ca bien nude ta xuat phat tir cac ngu dan tilu nghd, boat ddng chu yeu p vimg biln ven bd'. quy md san xult nhd le (ke ca khi da chuyin thanh ngu dan khai thac xa bd), tau thuyin vl ngir ludi cu lac hau. ky thuat khai thac hai san thii cdng, miic dp hilu bilt va tuan thu phap luat cdn h ^ ch^.
Vi the, chi phi san xult cao, hieu qua kinh te thu dupe thap, ngu trudng va nguon loi dang hi khai ihk qua miic va ngay eang suy giam, tranh chap ngu hirdng va an ninh trdn biln ngay cang phiic tap, hien tupng danh bat ca bat hpp phap, khdng thdng bao, khdng theo quy dinh... chua dupe giai quyet triet dl.
Nhung bat cap va ban c h l nay da anh hirong khdng nhd den vai trd va ddng gdp cua ngu dan vao phat trien bin vung nghe ca bien va ddng gdp vao bao v^
chii quyin biln dao qudc gia.
- De phat huy vai trd va vi t h i cua ngu dan trong phat triln nghi ca bien b i n viing va cd trach nhi^m can thue hien dong bd cac giai phap di ngu dan dong gdp vao: phat trien kinh te hieu qua, bao ve nguon Igi thuy san, tang cuong su hien dien dan su tren bien va bao ve cae quyen va loi ich cua nuoc ta trin Bien Dong. Can tap trung hoan thien co che, chinh sach de kiem soat tdt "dau vao - dIu ra" trong ho^t dpng khai thac hai san. trong do uu tien giam cudng Iuc khai thac va nit bdt lao dgng ra khdi cac nghi ca kem chgn Igc vdi nguon Ipi.
- Sd ngu dan du ddi can hudng din va tao dilu kien ebo hp chuyen nghe sang cac n g h i ea cd tinh chon Ipc eao ban, nbir nghi ludi vay, n g h i cau, mpt sd n g h i ludi re; hd tra chuyen sang nudi bien quy md hang boa, ngbl ea giai tri, du lich smh thai biln va dieh vu hau cIn tren bien.
- Sd ngu dan cdn lai frong nghe ca bit:n can dupe hd trp dao tao ky thuat, nang cao nang iuc, nhan thiic va bilu biet phap luat v l bao v^, khai thac bin viing
20 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 9/2020
KHOA HOC CONG N G H l
ngudn loi... Ddng thdi to chuc hp theo cac ddi hinh ra bien vdi cac ngu dan chu tau va thp ban lanh nghe, la Iuc lupng ndng cot cua nghe ca biln nude ta.
- Can dilu chinh linh hoat ca chl, chinh sach de triln khai hieu qua, thiet thuc Luat Dan quan tu vd (2019), khuyen khich ngu din tham gia dan quan tu vd bien phii hpp vdi dac thii cua ngu dan danh b i t xa bd va thue tiln nghi ca nude ta; tao mdi quan he gin kit giua ngu dan vdi Iuc lupng dan quan tu ve bien, hd trp die Iuc cho cac Iuc lupng chap phap va qudc phdng trong dIu h-anh bao vd chu quyin biln, dao cua Tdqudc.
LOI CAM ON
Bai bao nay la mot trong nhung san pham cua de tai nghien cuu KHCN cap Nha nude KC 09.24/16-20 thudc "Chuong trinh Nghien cuu Khoa hoc vA Cdng nghe phuc vu quan ly biSn, hai dao va phat triSn kinh tebidn". Ma sd: KC.09/16-20. Tac gia tran trong cam on cac thanh vidn de fet/' da cho phep su dung cac sd heu va thdng tin nghien cuu, cam on su hd tra va giiip dd cua Ban chu nhiem chuong trinh va cac td chuc cd hen quan. Tac gia xin chiu trach nhiem ve ndi dung va mong mudn nhan duoc nhung gdp y quy bau (neu cd) dSbai bao dupe hoan thidn han.
TAI UEUTKAM KHAO
1. Nguyen Quang Vmh Binh (2009). Van chai in Thua Thien-Hue: Tradition, present and future challenges. In: Ruddle, Kenneth and Tuong, Phi Lai (eds.), (2009). The Van chai of Vietnam: managing nearshore Ssheries and hshing communities.
International Resources Management Institute, Publication No.3, Hong Kong, pp.21-35.
2. Bd Qudc phdng (2017). Bao cao tong ket thm: hi$n Luat Dan quan tii vd nSm 2009. Bao cao lay y kiln gdp y phuc vu sua ddi Luat Dan quan tu ve nam 2009, Bd Qudc phdng. Ha Ndi.
3. Tran Van Cudng va nnk (2018). Bao cao tong hpp kit qua dilu tra nam 2018. Du an 1.8 ''DiSu ti-a tdng thd bien ddng ngudn lai thuy san ven bien Viet Nam tu nam 2017 ddn 2020', Vien nghien cuu Hai san, Hai Phdng.
4. Nguyin Phuong Hoa (2017). Mgt sd van de vS td chiic va hoat ddng ciia Iuc lugng dan quan tu ve bien. Tap chi Qudc phong toan dan, sd thing 3 nam 2017.
5. Nguyin Chu Hdi (2016). Phan quydt vd moi trudng Bidn Ddng trong vu Philippines kien Trung Qudc. Tap chi Khoa bpc va Cdng nghe Viet Nam, sd 11 nam 2016, Ha Ndi.
6. Nguyin Chu Hdi (2017). An ninh nghe ca vi mot Bien Ddngxanh. Tap chi Thuy san Viet Nam so thing 01/2017.
7. Nguyin Chu Hdi (2018). Nghe ca ra khoi hi the mdi. Tap chi Thuy san Viet Nam sd 3-i4 (274+275), trang 10-11.
8. Nguyin Chu Hdi va Cao Le Quyen (2020).
Ngu dan - bieu tuong chii quydn sdng ddng tren bien. Tap chi Thuy san Viet Nam sd 2+3(321-i-322), trang 80-81.
9. Nguydn Quang Hiing va rmk (2016). Didu tra hidn trang nguon loi thuy san ven bien VidtNam, giai doan I (2015-2016). Bao cao tong ket du an, luu tai Vi§n Nghien cuu Hai san, Hai Phdng.
10. Tuong Phi Lai, Kenneth Ruddle va Nguyin Quang Vinh Binh (2012). Vai trd ciia van chai quan ly nghd ca truyen thdng - dd xui't hirdng long ghep nh&ng gia tri cua van chai trong quan ly nghd ca ven bad VidtNam. Trung tam Nghien cuu Tai nguyen va Phat trien ndng thdn (RECERD).
11. Luat Dan quan hr ve (2019) (Luat sd 48/2019/QH14).
12. Luat Thuy san (2017) (Luat sd 18/2017/QH14).
13. Nguydn Duy Thieu (2009). The role of floating fishing villages in the social life of fishers in the South-Central Region,In: Ruddle, Kermeth and Tuong, Phi Lai (eds.), (2009). The Van chai of Vietnam: managing nearshore hsheries and Gshing communities. International Resources Management Institute, Pubhcation No.3, Hong Kong, pp.21-35.
14. Tdng cue Thiiy san (2018). Bao cao tdng ket khai thac ca vu Nam nam 2018 va trien khai ke hoach khai thac ca vu Bic nam 2018 - 2019 D-FISH, Ha Ndi.
15. Ha Xuan Thong and Nguyen Duy Thieu (2009). The van chai and its role m the hierarchy of fisheries administration m Vietnam. In: Ruddle, Kenneth and Tuong. Phi Lai (eds.), (2009). The Van chai of Vietnam: managing nearshore Gsheries and hshing communities. International Resources
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KS 2 - THANG 9/2020 21
KHOA HOC C6NG NGHfe
Management Institute, Publication No.3, Hong Kong, 18. Nghi quylt sd 36-NQ/rW ngay 22/10/2018 PP-21-35. cua Ban chap hinh Tnmg uong Dang. Klioa XH vl
16. Ngd Anh Tuin (2012). 50 nam thuy san Viet *^^*^n lupc phat h i l n b i n vimg kmh te bien Vi^t Nam. Nha xuat ban Ndng nghiep Ha Ndi. ^^^ "^^n nam 2030. tam nhm den nam 2045.
17. VIFEP (2013). Bao cao tdng hgp Duan didu tra ca ban dieu tra nang Iuc khai thac hai san xa bd.
Vien Kinh te va Quy hoach thuy san, Ha Ngi.
STRENGTHENING ROLE OF HSHERMEN IN SUSTAINABLE AND RESPONSIBLE MARINE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Nguyen Chu Hoi, Cao Le Quyen, Do Song Hao Summary
Withihe socio-economic research application, this paper analyses thetypical attributes of Vietnam fishermen communities m terra of development, tradition, capture gears, technical capacity, incomes and living conditions, marine fishing grounds. The research results show that fishermen's communities in Vietnam has a long history of marine fishing and played an important role in and contributed significantly to fisheries sectordevelopraent in the past 60 years, as well as together with Vietnam's nation m island and manne sovereignty protecUon. However, they are facing new requirements of restructuringmarine fisheries sector towards more responsible and sustainable fisheries development, as well as the challenges in marine living resource protection such as low living conditions and incomes, over-fishing capacity, and low technical appbcaUon. The role and position of the fishermen's communities have shown several inadequacies which have influenced on their important role and contnbutions to both sustainable marine economic development and national island and marine sovereignty protection. Based on that, some feasible measures to improve their role and position have been proposed, emphasingon: (i) professional marine fishermen and associated labors and (li) theircivil presence in Vietaam marine waters and islands to affirm and protect national island and manne rights and benefits of Vietaam in the Bien Dong sea.
Keywords: Fishermen, associated labor, sustainable Ssheries, responsible Ssheries, civil presence.
Ngu6i phan bi$n: TS. Nguyin Long N g l y n h l n b l i : 21/7/2020 Ngay thdng qua phan bi$n: 21/8/2020 Ngly duydt dang: 28/8/2020
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KS 2 - THANG 9/2020