Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Vo Xuan Ddn
TRAN QUY CAP (1870 - 1908) - MOT NHAN CACH CUA THOfI DAI
v6 XUAN DAN' TOM TAT
Trdn Quy Cdp - mgt ngu&i thdng minh, hieu hpc, cdu tien. Ong cue luc phdn ddi ldi hgc tic chuang, khoa cu, de xudt ldi hpc m&i cd tinh thdn di qudc. Ong cd tu tu&ng duy tdn vd tien hdnh cudc van ddng duy tdn ciing v&i Phan Chdu Trinh vd Huynh Thiic Khdng.
Thuc ddn Phdp thdy dugc tinh cdch mgng cua phong trdo nen da thdng tay ddn dp.
Su hi sinh cua Trdn Quy Cdp da the hien mgt nhdn cdch ctia thai dgi, hi sinh vi sic nghiep gidi phdng ddn tgc, cd gid tri ma ra mgt giai dogn m&i cua phong trdo ddu tranh dual su lanh dgo cua Ddng Cdng sdn Viet Nam.
Tir khda: Tran Quy Cap, nhan each mai, duy tan.
ABSTRACT
Tran Quy Cap (1870-1908) - the personality of the era
Tran Quy Cap - an intelligent, studious and willing-to-learn man - opposed strongly to the traditional way of learning, and offered a new one with patriotism. He had a mind for Modernism, and together with Phan Boi Chau and Huynh Thuc Khang organized the
campaign for Modernism, which was suppressed by the French colonists.
Tran Quy Cap demonstrated a great personality of the era through his sacrifice for the liberation of the country, opening a new phase for the struggle led by Communist Party of Vietnam.
Keywords: Tran Quy Cap, new personality, modernism.
Tran Quy Cap (tu Da Hang) dirgfc quy men. Khi hpc voi cu Le Cung a lang sinh ra tai thon Thai La, lang Bat Nhi, Nong Son, Tran Quy Cap hgc rat xuat huyen Dien Ban, tinh Quang Nam, trong sac. Doc hoc Ma Son Tran Dinh Phong mot gia dinh nong dan thuan tuy. Luc biet tieng nen da chpn Tran Quy Cap ve nho, ong con co ten la Tr^n Nghi. hpc 6 truong tinh Thanh Ciiiem. Ong Thoi trai tre, ong la nguai rit thong duac cap hpc b6ng va dupe d6i ten thanh minh, hilu hpc, ham dpc sach. Nha Trin Quy Cap tir do. Tran Quy Cap la ngheo, khong co ti§n mua sach, nha 6 mot trong sau hpc sinh 16i lac ciia cu D6c gin nha cu Phu dao Nguyin Thanh Y hpc Ma Son Trin Dinh Phong (g^m:
nhilu sach, nen Trin Qu^ Cap thucmg Pham Lieu, NguySn Dinh Hiln, Phan qua muon sach de dpc. Chau Trinh, Huynh Thuc Khang, Phan
Nam 1890, Trin Quy Cap da n6i Quang va Trin Quy Cap),
tiing la nguoi van chuang, dupe b^n be Trin Quy Cap tuy hoc gioi nhung duong cong danh rat lan dan. Nam 1897 ' PGS TS, Tru-frng Dai hpc Ngogi ng& - ong "loi do tii tai. Nam 1899, than phu Tin hpc TPHCM Tran Quy Cap lam benh, ong 6 nha cham
T^p ciii KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCIVI So 46 nam 2013
soc. Khi than phu mat, ong chiu tang ba nam, khong di thi. Nam 1903, Tran Quy Cap ra HuS thi Huong nhung khSng dS;
d6n nam 1904, ong dugc dac each thi Hoi rdi thi Dinh, dS Nhit giap tien sT ciing khoa voi Huynh Thiic Khang.
Trin Quy Cap la nguoi cSu tien, chiu anh huong cua cac hoc gia Trung Hoa nhu Lucmg Khai SiSu, Khang Huu Vi. Ong cue luc phan doi loi hpc ttr chuang khoa cir, de nghi mot 16i hoc mdi cti tinh thin ciiu qu6c.
Tuy dat thanh qua trong hoc tap nhung Tran Qu^ Cap khong ra lam quan de vinh than, phi gia. Ong dan than vao con duong each mang, bai xich cu nghiep, de xuong tan hoc. Nam 1904, sau khi do Nhat giap tien sT, ong da cung v6i Phan Chau Trinh, Huynh Thuc Khang len tan cac vung rimg sau, nuac doc, nui non hiSm tro ciia Quang Nam nhu Phude Son, Thanh MT de tuyen truyen vgn dong nhan dan cham chi lam an sinh s6ng de thay doi cuoc song ciing cue cua minh theo tinh than duy tan.
Nam 1905 Trin Quy Cap, Phan Chau Trinh, Huynh Thiic Khang len duong di vao cac tinh phia Nam de quan sat tinh hinh, vjn dong duy tan. Di dSn dau cac ong ciing tuyen truyen tu tuong duy tan, co siiy d ^ quyen va dugrc nhiSu nguai huong ling.
Khi toi Binh Djnh, gap ki thi khao hach, Phan Ch4u Trinh da lam bai tho
"Chi thanh cong thanh", Tran Quy Cap va Huynh Thiic Khang lam bai phii
"Lucmg nggc danh son" dS bai xich l6i hgc cii nghiep, gay mSt tiing vang lan trong gidi si tii va quin chiing duong
thdi. Bai cua ba ong khiSn cho quan tinh phai dau diu va bao cao ra trieu dinh Hue de quyet dinh.
Sau do cac ong lai tiep tuc len durdng vao Nam, luc di ngang qua tinh Khanh Hoa, gap chiSn thuyen cua Nga vao trii bao d vinh Cam Ranh, cac ong gia vd Iam ngudi ban hang de xii6ng tau chien cua Nga quan sat.
Tai Binh Thugn, Trin Qu;^ Cap, Phan Chau Trinh, Huynh Thiic Khang da kit giao vdi cac sT phu yeu nude d mien Nam nhu Truong Gia Mo, H6 Ta Bang, Nguyen Viet Chi vk hai anh em Nguyin Trgng Lgi, Nguyen Quy Anh (la con trai ciia nha tho yeu nude Nguyin Thong) diy len phong trao Duy Tan d Binh ThuSn. Til phong trao Duy Tan din den su ra ddi LiSn Thanh thi xS, Lien Thanh thuang quan va Due Thanh hgc hieu trong nhiing nam sau do d Binh Thuan.
Sau chuyen Nam du ve dSn tmh nha, Trin Quy Cap ciing vdi cac bgc than hao trong tinh bat tay th\rc hien cong cugc Duy Tan cai each, xudng lap Hoi Thuong, md trudng Tan hgc, phong trao Duy Tan khong chi phat ddng rim rg a tinh Quang Nam ma con lan ra cac tinh d Nam Tnmg Bg.
Mudn hoat dgng phai cd co sd vat chit, vi vSy Trin Quy Cap cimg cac ddng nghiep cua dng tiln hanh l£ip hgi budn, md ddn diln. Nam 1903, Trin Quy Cap lap ndng hgi Cd Vi cimg vdi cdc dng Bang Ky Lam, Nguyin Tan, Phan Thuc Duy$n, Le Ba Trinh, H 6 Thanh Van, Trin Huynh Sach. Dien tich nong trudng khoang 20 mau do Trin Quy Cap trvic tilp chi huy, dilu hanh cdng viec. Song,
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Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Vo Xudn Ban
do dieu kien dudng sa xa xoi, nui non each tro, khi dia hiem ac cua viing son dia, cac sT phu khong chju noi phai roi bo nong truong Ca VT riit vl vung Cim Ne.
Tran Quy Cap tilp tuc hoat d6ng o So nong hoi Cim Ne. Nam 1906, trilu dinh Hue c6 chieu bo nhiem ong lam Giao thp phu Thang Binh. Liic dau, ong khdng chiu, nhung do ban be khuyen bap, ong mdi chap nhan va lo tinh ke sach lau dai, c6 lpi cho su nghiep each mang.
Trin Quy Cap t6 chiic nhiing buoi diln thuylt, c6 dpng cho tan hpc tao dupe su xiic dpng manh me trong hang ngii than hao, nhan sT, nen hp tu nguyen gop cong, gop cua xay dung nhimg ngoi truong duy tan trong cac xom lang, mai thiy vl day chQ qu6c ngii, chii Tay. Chua diy sau thang, 40 truong tan hpc da dupe xay dung khap nai. Nhieu trucmg gay dupe anh huong \6n, uy tin lan rpng ca tinh nhu trudng Phii Lam, Dien Phong, Phiie Binh, Cam Togi...
Nhung c6ng viSc ma Tran Quy Cap tiln hanh a Thang Binh lam cho gidi cuu hpc phan ung, nha cam quyen coi ong nhu ke thu. Hp da tim each chuySn 6ng vap lam Giao thp 6 Ninh Hoa tinh Khanh Hoa, voi muc dich tach ong ra khoi phong trao each m ^ g dang soi sue o Quang Nam.
Ngay 17-5-1908, Trin Quy Cap bi xii chem ngang lung tai Khanh Hoa.
Trong bai "VSn te Thai xuyen Tran Quy Cap", Phan Bpi Chau da vilt: "Nho khi 6ng ra toi truong chem, dao da kl c6, con thung dung xin voi quan giam tram cho
bai ta qudc dan ngu bai, roi khing khai chiu hinh, sac mat in nhu khi nhom tro giang saeh".
True tiep quyet dmh giet iiai Tran Quy Cap la kham sii va cong sii Khanh Hoa. Chiing chii tam giet Tran Quy Cap la de ngan chein phong trao dau tranh cua nhan dan ta dang lan rpng vao eac tinh Nam Trung Ki. Trong bao cao giii ve Bp thupc dia Phap nam 1908, toan quyen lam thoi Bonhoure da khen ngpi hanh dpng kien quyet va nhay ben cua kham sii Khanh Hoa Levecque.
Tran Quy Cap hi sinh, nhan dan Viet Nam tiec thuong vo han. Nhieu nha each mang, than hao, nhan sT, dong mon, hpc tro... da iam tha, cau doi de khoe Tran Quy Cap. Trong baj tho khoe Thai xuyen Tran Quy Cap, Hujrih Thiic Khang viet:
Guam sdch xdm xam tdch dgm miin
Ldm quan vi me hd vi tiin Quyet dem hpc m&i thay nd klip Ai biit quyen ddn ndy hoa nguyen Bdng ddo gid chua dua gidc mdng Nha Trang cd da khdc hdn thieng Chia tay chen rugu cdn duang ndng
Dd Ndng dua nhau luc xudng thuyin.
Phan Chau Trinh dang bi giam tai nha tu Con Dao ciing eo bai tho khoe Tran Quy Cap:
Anh biet cho chang b&i Da Hdng Thinh linh sdng day cira Nha Trang Lai nguyin tr&i ddt cdn ghi tgc Gipt mdu non sdng dd chdy trdn
Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM SS 46 ndm 2013
Bd quyen mudn kiep odn chua tan.
Phan Bgi Chau cd bai van t l va cau ddi viSng Tran Quy Cap:
Nggc ndt han ngoi Idnh, ba cha ngi^c thdnh, khdc ren ndi bien;
Long hdng nhe md non Thdi ngng, nghin ndm lugn dinh, chdi rgng troi sao.
Tran Quy Cap hi sinh nam 38 tudi, tudi cua sire sdng manh me vdi mdt tinh than dan tgc sau sac, mdt ^ chi quEit cudng. Trin Quy Cap - mgt nhan each ciia thdi dai, vi dng da dat nhiing yeu td de tao nen nhan each ky:
(i) Trin Quy Cap la mgt nha nho tilp thu tu tudng mdi tir Tan Thu ma nay sinh tu tudng duy tan ciiu nude. Ong theo Phan Bdi ChSu, Phan Chau Trinh timg budc xay dung co sd cho cudc van ddng ciiu nude theo hudng dan chu tu san, md dau bang nhiing cudc van ddng duy tan, cai each toan dien xa hdi mgt each hoa binh, cong khai, hgp phap, mang tinh tu duy sang tgo cua ldp si phu yeu nude, tiSn bd lOc biy gid.
(ii) Ong hgc tai nhung cai tai cua dng khdng su dung cho chi do thuc dan - phong kien ma danh dl thuc hien tu tudng Idn: each mgng van hda - phong trao duy tSn vdi khiu hieu diu tranh
"khai tii tri sinh - tinh xa siing kien, duy tan tu cudng".
(iii) Nhfci chirc Giao tho la vi viec dan, viec nude chit khdng phai dl vinh than, phi gia. Vdi vj tri Giao thg, dng da cimg vdi Phan Chau Trinh, HuJ-nh Thue Khang ra strc vgn ddng nhSn dan quydn gdp md cac trudng hgc theo hudng cai each duy tan. Viec md trudng d Quang Nam chO ylu d viing ndng thdn, nai cd
phong trao Duy T4n phat triln, khdng tap trung d mpt noi. Chi trong vong 5, 6 thang da md dugc hon 40 trudng tan hoc.
Theo bdo cao cua Chanh tdng Phude Lgi, phu Tam Ki, den dau nam 1908, trong s6 39 xa - thdn cua tdng n^y da cd den 64 trudng day chir qudc ngU. Dieu nay cho thay cac tnrdng tan hgc d Quang Nam d3 thanh cdng trong vide pho cap cho nguoi that hgc va ciing nhd dd md rgng tuyen truyln chu truong duy tan toan dien.
(iv) Trin Quy Cap da ciing vdi Phan Chau Trinh, Huynh Thuc Khang phat ddng phong trao Duy Tan, chdng 16i hgc khoa cu, len an chi do ngu dan, bin ciing hda dan ta ciia chinh quyen bao ho va Nam trieu, lap hgi budn, md trudng hgc d huang thdn, lap Tan hgc hgi, lap diln thuylt hdi, Igp hdi trdng cay, Igp ndng trgi, IJp hdi cit tdc, mac ao ngSn.
Ong da cimg Huynh Thiic Khang lam bai phii Luang ngpc danh son:
Hai ngudi tri thic kia ai!
Tren thai quan lgi dual thdi thu sinh,
Nen vi nghia vi danh mgt chut, '-' Quang ma di vui biit ditng len.
Bimg cam chiu tuang uong hen Hai tdn con tha cha quen phuc thii.
Bai phu vdi nhung tir ngQ don gian, dl hieu, dl phd biln nhiing tu tudng moi.
Viee Trin Quy Cap cimg mgt sd hgc tro thuc hanh ndng trai d vimg L^, Se thugc huyin Qui San tinh Quang Nam dS noi len dugc y nghia cua cudc vgn ddng duy tan d Quang Nam ma dng la ngudi dl.
xudng va thuc hi?n mgt each hi$u qua, md ra phong trao hgc tap va lam theo gucmg cac bac chi si.
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Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Vo Xuan Ddn
(v) Tran Quy Cap. da hinh thanh tu tudng duy tan tir rit sdm do ong tilp can va ITnh hpi Tan thu. Cupe van dpng duy tan vdi ba npi dung: khai dan tri, chan dan khi, hau dan sinh do Tran Quy cap, Phan Chau Trinh, Huynh Thiie Khang khdi xudng da mang lai nhung hoat dpng day y nghia. Trong dd, doi mdi viee hpe, chan hung giao due vdi viec md cac truong hpc kieu mdi la nhung ho^t dong dau tien, noi bat ciia mpt ldp ngudi mang nhan each cua thai dai. Hang nghin hpe sinh tir hpe chii nho chuygn sang hpc qudc ngu vdi cac mdn hpc mdi nhu Bae vat, Toan phap, Lich su Viet Nam va thi gidi, Tiing Phap, Tiing Nhgt, The due, Vd thugt. Nhilu tmdng da thuc hi^n tha canh, tha hpc (ngay nay goi la vira lam vira hpe). 6 Thang Binh, do cd Trin Qu^
Cap lam Giao thp nen cd nhieu trudng ciia nha nude nhvmg th^rc chit lai la trudng duy tan. Ngudn tai ehinh eiia cae trudng hoan toan do dan chiing ddng gdp.
Thuc dan Phdp thiy ro s\r nguy hiem, lpi hai ciia cac hoat dpng duy tan ddi vdi chS
dp cai tri eiia chiing nen da theo sat phong trao va thing tay dan ap.
(vi) Trin Quy Cap la ngudi hit long yeu nude, thuang dan, chien dau hi sinh de giai phdng dan tpc. Ong da chpn phuong phap dau tranh hop phap ma khdng ngai khd khan, nguy hilm, sin sang chiu dung mpi thii thach, ke ca tinh mang ciia minh, de bao ve cong li, gianh dpc Igp, tu do.
Dudi che dp thue dan ha khac, viec diu tranh hcfp phap vi muc tieu dan chii, dan sinh la vd cung khd khan, gian khd.
Phong trao dau tranh duy tan la cuoc dau tranh diu tien, chua cd tiln le. Trin Quy cap da tham gia phong trao vdi tu each la nha lanh dao. Sir hi sinh cua Trin Quy cap the hien mpt nhan each cua thdi dai - hi sinh vi su nghiep giai phdng dan tpc, chdng che dp thuc dan phong kien, ed gia tri md ra mdt thdi dai mdi eua phong trao dau tranh, dd la dau tranh dudi su lanh dgo cua Dang Cpng san Viet Nam tir nam 1930 trd ve sau.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Chuong Thau (1997), Ddng Kinh nghia thuc vd phong trdo cdi cdch vdn hda ddu thi kiXX, Nxb Van hda Thdng tin, Ha Npi.
Nguyen Q Thing (2002), Phan Chdu Trinh - cudc d&i vd tdc phdm, Nxb Van hpe, Ha Npi.
Phan Thi Minh (2001), Phan Chdu Trinh qua nhimg tdi li?u mat, Nxb Da Nlng.
Nguyen Van Xuan (1995), Phong trdo Duy Tdn, Nxb Da Nang.
Nhilu tac gia (2008), J 00 ndm Dong Kinh NghTa Thuc, Nxb Tri thiie.
(Ngdy Tda so^n nh$n cfupc bdi: 22-3-2013; ngdy phdn bi$n ddnh gid' 03-5-2013;
ngdy chip nh$n ddng: 21-5-2013)