Dinh Nggc Ruin. Bdc diem Chien luge "Chiin tranh Ddc biet" ciia My...
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Dac diem Chien Itftfc "Chien tranh Bac biet" cua My va cuoc dau tranh chong chien luffc nay tai mien Nam Viet Nam va Lao
Dinh Ngoc Ruan *
* Trudng Dgi hgc Tdy Bdc
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 29/03/2019, ngdy giri phdn bien: 14/06/2019. ngdy duyet ddng: 15/07/2019
^au sir that bai cua Phdp tgi Ddng Duang nam 1954, My nhanh chdng thay thi Phdp can thiep kJ vdo khu vuc ndy nhdm bien nai ddy tro thdnh tiin ddn ngdn chan "ldn sdng Dd" a Ddng Nam A. Di thuc hien tham vgng trin, chinh quyen My trien khai chiin luge "Chiin tranh Dgc biit" &
Viet Nam (1961-1965) vd Lao (1959-1968). Mac dii, ddy cung Id mdt logi hinh chien tranh dugc My dp dung lgi Ldo vd mien Nam Viet Nam nhung tiiy theo timg dgc diim tgi riing tung nuoc md chiin luge CO nhirng diim gidng vd khdc nhau, qua dd qud trinh ddu tranh ciia nhdn ddn Viet Nam vd Ldo chdng lgi chien luac ndy cung cd nhirng dgc diem rieng. Bdi viet se tim hieu vi dgc diim cua chien luge "Chien tranh Dgc biet" cua My vd qud trinh ddu tranh chdng chiin luge ndy & mien Nam Viet Nam vd Ldo.
Tir khda: Chiln tranh Dae biet, My, Lao, Viet Nam, dau Uanh Mo* dau
Hiep dinh Geneve vd ban dao Ddng Duong dugc ky ket (21/7/1954) da Iam sup do Chii nghia Thyc dan kieu cij va anh hudng sau rgng den phong trao giai phdng dan tdc trdn the gidi, dac biet tai cac nude A, Phi, My Latinh. Dudi "bdng den" bao triim cua Chien Uanh Lanh, My bat dau thuc hien chien luge chdng chil nghTa cpng san tren pham vi toan cau. Khi thay the Phap tai Ddng Duong, My nhanh chdng trien khai chiln luge "Chiln tranh Dac biet" d Lao (1959-1968) va miln Nam VietNam (1961-1965).
Nhan dan hai nude Lao-Viet dudi su lanh dao cua Dang nhan dan Lao va Dang Lao ddng Viet Nam da bing budc lam pha san chidn luge "Chiln tranh Dac hidt" cua My eiing chinh quyen than My.
1. Khai quat ve chien lu-ffc "Chien tranh D a c biet" cua My va cuoc d5u tranh chong chien lu-ffc nay if Viet N a m va Lao
1.1. Chien luac "Chiin tranh Dgc Met" cua My vd cugc ddu tranh tgi mien Nam Viet Nam giai dogn 1961-1965
Vdi thang Igi ciia phong Uao Ddng khdi ciia nhan dan mien Nam Viet Nam trong nhiing nam 1959-1960, chinh quyin Ngo Dinh Diem than My dung trudc nguy ca sup do. Trudc tinh hinh tren, My chuyen sang thue hien chien luge "Chien tranh Dac biet" dmien Nam VietNam (1961-1965).
Nghien ciiu An Do va Chau A. Sd 7 - 2019, tr.63-69 63
Dinh Ngpc Ruan. Ddc diem Chiin luge "Chiin tranh Ddc b.<^iy^f^„J-^
"Chien tranh Dac biet" d mien Nam Viet Nam dugc tien hanh bdng quan dpi tay sai, dudi s.^ ^^
huy ciia he thdng cd vdn My, dya vao vii khi, trang bj kT thuat, phuong tien chien tranh ciia ^^'"^_
(Phan Nggc Lien, 2009; tr.168-169). Phi'a My xem day la mdt hinh thiic linh boat, kip thdi de doi phd cd hieu qua doi vdi phong trao giai phdng dan tdc ciia cac luc lugng each mang va nhan mien Nam Viet Nam. Muc dich co ban ciia chien luge nay la "diing ngudi Viet danh ngudi Vie .
Sau khi ke hoach Staley-Taylor vdi ndi dung chii ylu la binh djnh miln Nam Viet Nam trong vdng 18 thang dugc Tdng thong J.F.Kennedy phe duyet (thang 11/1961), My tang cudng vien trg quan sy cho chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem, dua vao mien Nam nhieu cd van quan sy. Ihict lap Bp chi huy quan sy (MACV) tai day. Bd Tu lenh lyc lugng dac biet My cung dugc thanh lap, sau do luc lugng khdng quan, hau can dan ddn dugc dua vao Viet Nam. Luc lugng quan ddi Sai Gdn ciing dugc tang nhanh ve sd lugng len 354.000 ngudi (Le Mau Han, Tran Ba De, Nguyin Van Thu, 2004, tr.l80) vao cudi nam 1962, vdi trang bj phuang tien chiln tranh hien dai, ap dung phd bien cac chiln thuat mdi nhu "True thang van", "Thiet xa van", tiln hanh ddn dan lap "Ap chien luge", dy dinh ddn 10 trieu ngudi dan vao 16.000 ap chien luge, trong tdng sd 17.000 ap tren toan mien Nam.
Ddn cudi nam 1963, khi len thay Tdng thong Kennedy bj am sat, Tong thdng L.B.Johnson ngay lap tiic da cho Uieu tap cugc hgp vdi cac cd van cap cao ve Viet Nam. "Trong cugc hgp nay, dng khang dinh tiep tuc theo dudi cac chinh sach va nhiing hanh ddng ma My da cam ket vdi Nam Viet Nam de gianh thang Igi trong cudc chidn tranh" (Vien Ljch su quan sy Viet Nam, 2013, tr.329). Sau dd, "Johnson da cir R.McNamara - Bd trudng Qudc phdng My va Maxwell D, Taylor - Chii tich Hdi ddng tham muu trudng lien quan My sang Viet Nam true tiep nam tinh hinh va vach ra ke hoach chien tranh mdi - ke hoach Johnson-McNamara thay the ke hoach Staley-Taylor da pha san" (Le Mau Han, Trdn Ba De, Nguyin Van Thu, 2004, tr.l92). Ke hoach nay nham tang cudng ban nira sy chi huy tryc tiep cua My, he thdng yem trg, hau can, tang cudng vien trg quan sy cho quan dpi Sai Gdn; dn djnh chinh quyen Sai Gdn, binh djnh mien Nam cd trpng dilm trong 2 nam (1964-1965);
diing khdng quan danh pha miln Bdc Viet Nam va Lao, tiln hanh nhung hoat dgng pha hoai miln Bac nhu phong tda bien gidi; viing bien; de dpa gay siic ep budc mien Bdc phai ngiing chi vien cho mien Nam,
Dudi su lanh dao ciia Dang Lao ddng Viet Nam va Mat tran dan tdc giai phdng midn Nam, quan dan mien Nam day manh dau tranh chdng chien luge "Chien tranh Dac biet" ciia My va gianh dugc nhung thang lgi quan trgng. Tren mat tran chinh trj, cudc dau tranh chdng va pha "Ap chien luge"
diln ra quylt liet d cac vimg ndng thdn mien Nam. Muc tieu dat ra d tren cua My va chinh quyin Sai Gdn khdng thyc hien dugc: "Tren toan mien Nam, din cuoi nam 1962 ta da pha 2665 do chien luge, cd 484 ap pha hoan toan, 115 ap xay dyng thanh lang chien ddu. Ta pha thi kim kep d 8982 thdn, giai phdng hoan toan 4441 thdn trong tong so 17.162 thdn, giai phdng 6,5 trieu dan" iVien Ljch sii quan su VietNam, 2013, U.201). Q cac dd thi, tieu bieu la cudc ddu tranh ciia cac tin d' Ph"t giao, chdng lai su dan ap tdn giao ciia chinh quyen Diem. Trdn mat tran quan sy, quan d" '*
Nam gianh dugc mpt loat thang Igi tieu bieu, md dau la tran Ap Bdc (1963); tidp dd la Bin! P ' - Lao, Ba Gia, Dong Xoai (Ddng-Xuan 1964 - 1965), lam pha san hoan toan chiln luge "Ch "
Dac biet" cua My.
Nghien ciiu An Do va Chau A. S6 7 - 2019, U.63-69
Dinh Nggc Ruan. Ddc diim Chien luge "Chiin tranh Ddc biet" ciia My...
1.2. Chien luac "Chiin tranh Bgc biit" cua My va cugc ddu tranh tgi Ldo giai dogn 1959-1968 Tuang tu nhu Viet Nam, Chien luge "Chien tranh Dac biet" ciia My d Lao la hinh thiic bao luc cua chu nghia thuc dan kilu mdi, dugc tien hanh tir nam 1959 den nam 1968, vdi cdng thiie My ddng vai Ud chi huy thdng qua bp may co vdn va cung cap tidn bac, vii khi; Iuc lugng than My dudi danh nghia "ddc lap, quoc gia, dSn chii" lam cdng cu true tiep tiln hanh chien tranh. Khi tiln hanh tac chiln, quan ddi phai hiiu Lao giir vai trd chii dao, ciing vdi dd la su phdi hgp ciia "luc lugng dac biet ciia Vang Pao" va h'nh Thai Lan nham chdng pha each mang Lao d tirng thdi ky khac nhau. Chiln luge nay dugc My tidn hanh vdi miic do tang dan, hat dau tir am muu bao vay, mua cbudc, Idi keo, tieu diet cac Tilu doan I, Tieu doan 2 ciia quan dpi Pathet Lao (1959); din bdt giam Hoang than Souphanouvong va cdc lanh tu Mat tran Lao yeu nude; dong thdi tang cudng vien trg kinh te, quan su cho phai huu, thiie day phai hthi tang cudng danh pha vimg giai phdng Lao. Sau khi Hiep djnh Geneve 1962 vl Lao dugc ky ket. My tim mpi each pha hoai Hiep dinh va Chinh phii lien hiep dan tpc lan thii hai, qua dd timg budc day manh va md rgng chiln luge "Chiln tranh Dac biet", dung khdng quSn danh pha manh me vimg giai phdng (bat dau tii nam 1964). Ngoai ra. My pha hoai ve kinh td, van hda vathyc hien "Chien Uanh tam ly" ddi vdi each mang Lao.
Muc dich cua chien luge "Chien tranh Dac biet" d Lao la chdng pha each mang Lao mpt each toan dien tir chinh tri, quan sy, ngo^i giao din kinh te, van hda, xa hdi; dudi hai bien phap chu yeu dugc My duy tri Uiet dd la chinh Ui va quan su. Khi cac bien phap chinh trj khdng dat dugc ket qua nhu mong mudn thi My tien hdnh bidn phap quan sy de lam ap lyc, va ngugc Iai, khi bien phap quan sy khdng dat kit qua thi M^ dimg bien phap chinh tri va ngoai giao nham pha hoai thanh qua each mang Lao. Ciing vdi muc dich Uen, den hanh chien luge "Chien tranh Dac biet" d Lao, My cdn nham ngan ch^n anh hudng cua chu nghTa xa hdi dang md rgng d khu vyc Dong Nam A va dac biet la de bop nghet tuyen dudng van tai chien luge chi vien tir mien Bac vao mien Nam Viet Nam cQng nhu tuyen van tai chien luge Tay Trudng San chay Uen dat Lao, qua do de hoan thanh muc tieu de ra trong cac chien luge chien tranh ma My trien khai tai Nam Viet Nam. Dd la dac diem ndi bat ciia chien luge
"Chien tranh Dac bidt", da dugc My thuc hien triet dd trong sudt giai doan 1959-1968 oLao.
Dudi sy lanh dao cua Dang nhan dan va Mat tran Lao ydu nude, quan dan Lao da gianh dugc thdng Igi tren cac mat tran. Tren mat tran chinh hi - ngoai giao, thdng Igi co ban ma nhan dan Lao gianh dugc la ddu tranh khdng djnh vai trd, vj the hgp phap cua Dang nhan dan va Mat tran Lao yeu nude qua Hiep djnh Geneve 1962 vl Lao vdi viec thanh lap Chinh phu lien hiep ba phai lan thir hai.
Ciing vdi dd, luc lugng vu trang, ban vii trang each mang dudi sy lanh dao ciia Dang nhan dan Lao ngay mdt trudng thanh, da danh thdng tirng budc (tieu bieu la chien dich Phu Ciit tir thang 4 den thang 6/1964...) tidn len danh thdng hoan toan chidn luge "Chiln tranh Dac biet" cua My, qua chiln thang Nam Bac (thang 1/1968). Tir giiia nam 1962 trd di, quan dan Thugng Lao tich cue thyc hien cugc van ddng thu phuc phi do Trung uang phat dpng nhdm tieu hao sinh Iuc ciia "lyc lugng dac biet Vang Pao". Sau dgt tuyen truydn van dgng, "den cuoi nam 1964 da gpi dugc 118 ngudi ra hang, thu 389 Sling va diet 27 ngudi ngoan cd" (Cue Khoa hgc Lich sii - Quan su, 2008, tr.492). Tiep dd, cudc van dpng tieu phi, trir gian dugc md rgng trong viing giai phdng tir Bac den Nam Lao... Cugc dau tranh
Nghien ciiu An Do va Chau A. So 7 - 2019, U.63-69 65
Dinh Ngpc Ruan. Ddc diem Chien luge "Chien tranh Dgc bi •'ciiaW chdng ke hoach binh djnh ndng thdn, cu the la chong va pha viec xay dyng "ban doan kci', "kh hung" dien ra sdi ndi, quylt liet, ddi trdve ban cu lam an...
Den nam 1968, each mang Lao da cd mdt vimg giai phdng lien hoan tir Bac din Nam, '^° i virng chdc vao each mang Viet Nam, Trung Qudc, ndi lien hau phucmg Idn va phe xa hdi chu ng^ , ngay cang dugc ciing cd va xay dyng vl mgi mat, tdn tai nhu mdt qudc gia ddc lap, tu chu- Do g chi la hau phuong cua cuoc khang chiln ma cdn la can cir dia each mang cua ca nude chdng My xam luge. Khdi doan kit dan tdc dugc giir viing, quan he lien minh giira Mat tran Lao yeu nuoc va luc lugng trung lap ngay cang dugc ciing cd. Uy tin va anh hudng ciia Mat tran Lao yeu nude ngay cang dugc nang cao va phat huy rdng rai d trong va ngoai nude.
2. Dac di^m chien Inffc "Chiin tranh Dac biet" cua M y va cugc dau tranh chong chien lu-ffc nay ff Viet Nam va Lao
Chiln luge "Chiln tranh Dac biet" ciia My va qua trinh ddu tranh chdng chiln luge nay d Lao (1959-1968) deu cd nhirng diem chung va khac biet so vdi each My triln khai d mien Nam Viet Nam (1961-1965). Vi thai gian, "Chiln tranh Dac biet" d Lao tiln hanh sdm hon nhung kit thiic mudn han (1959-1968), cdn d Viet Nam la tu 1961-1965. Ve khdng gian, tai Lao tidn hanh tren pham vi ca nude, cdn d Viet Nam chi thuc hien d Nam Viet Nam.
Dac dilm chung ciia chien luge "Chiln tranh Dac biet" d mien Nam Viet Nam va Lao, la MJ da khai thac tdi da siic manh cua quan dgi phai hiru va quan dpi Viet Nam Cgng hda ciing nhu khdng ngirng tang cudng he thdng cd van quan su, vien trg kinh te, quan sy cho chi'nh quyen Vientiane va chinh quyen Viet Nam Cgng hda. Ciing vdi do la su chong pha ve kinh te, van hda, xa hpi va thyc hien
"Chien tranh tam Iy", tien hanh chia re tinh doan ket Viet - Lao va su giiip dd ciia Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda ddi vdi each mang Lao.
Ve phuang dien quan su, d ca Nam Viet Nam va Lao, My deu ti'ch eye danh pha viing giai phdng bang quan ddi phai hiiu va quan ddi Viet Nam Cdng hda cimg vdi sy yem trg ciia khdng quan My va cac nude ddng minh; ti'ch eye chdng pha phong trao chien Uanh du kich va chiln tranh nhan dan do nhan dan Lao va Nam Viet Nam tien hanh. Tuy nhien, cung nhu d miln Nam Viet Nam, nhan dan Lao da tich cue dau tranh chdng Chien tranh Dac biet ciia My. Di ciing cac tran danh Idn, nhd khac nhau la cac chiln djch dugc td chirc va chi dao chat che. Dac biet, trong nhilu chiln djch diln ra d Lao da co sy tham gia tich cue chien dau cua bd dpi chii luc, quan tinh nguyen va chuyen gia quan su Viet Nam qua do giiip each mang Lao danh thang chien luge "Chien tranh Dac biet" ciia My.
Mpt bieu hien niia cua sy gidng nhau trong qua trinh trien khai chiln luge "Chiln tranh Dac biet", la neu d Viet Nam, My tich cue thuc bien binh dinh ndng thdn va xay dung he thdng "AD chiln luge" trong khi d Lao chii ylu thuc hien chuong trinh phat trien ndng thdn vdi cac "Khu chdn huna"
"Ban doan ket"... Nhung pham vi va tinh chat cua "Ap chien luge" cua My ap dung d miln Nam Viet Nam dugc td chiic va trien khai rgng ldn hon so vdi "Khu chdn hung" va "Ban doan kit" Q i A~ DI,- nlu "Khu chan hung" va "Ban doan ket" d Lao cd quy md dan sd thudng chi vai tram din mot Vi"
ngudi thi d mien Nam Viet Nam "Ap chien luge" cd noi dugc My xay dung tdi vai nghin ngua"
Nghien ciiu An Do va Chau A. Sd 7 - 2019, U.63-69
Dinh Nggc Ruan. Dgc diem Chiin luge "Chiin tranh Ddc biet" ciia My...
Dilm khac nhau can ban ciia qua trinh trien khai chien luge "Chien tranh Dac biet" d Lao so vdi d Nam Viet Nam la My da xay dyng khu vyc Sam Thdng - Loong Cheng (Xieng Khoang) trd thanh thii phu ciia lyc lucmg phi, la vuang qudc cua ngudi Hmdng, cdn d Viet Nam, trong qua trinh Uiln khai chidn luge "Chien tranh Dac biet". My khong xay dyng mot khu vuc nao kieu nhu Sam Thdng - Loong Cheng. Han nua, ciing vdi xay dung ve mat hanh chinh. My da dau tu xay dyng va huan luyen
"luc lugng dac biet" cua Vang Pao trd thanh Iuc lugng rat manh ben canh quan dpi ciia phai hiru va giii vai trd chii dao trong nhieu cudc hanh quan chdng pha each mang Lao, dac biet tai cac tinh Thugng Lao. Thyc chat, "lyc lugng dac biet" ciia Vang Pao da dugc My xay dung thanh mpt "quan ddi rieng", co "qudc gia rieng" nam trong qudc gia Lao. Cdn d Nam Viet Nam, mac dii My cd xay dung luc lugng Fulro d Tay Nguyen nhung lyc lugng nay nhd be so vdi d Lao (thyc tl chi la nhung nhdm nhd le) va vai trd ciia Fulro ciing khdng thyc sy ro ret nhu "luc lugng dac biet" ciia Vang Pao.
Net rieng can phai de cap cua qua trinh trien khai chien luge "Chiln tranh Dac biet" cua My d Lao la sii dung "thd phi", "biet kich", "tham bao" mdt each toan dien va tren ca ba mien Thugng, Trung va Ha Lao de chong pha each mang. O Nam Viet Nam, Iuc lugng biet kich dugc su dung chii yeu la de chdng pha mien Bac Viet Nam, ddng thdi vdi dd la tien hanh phong tda bien gidi, viing bien de ngan chan su chi vien ciia mien Bac cho mien Nam.
Cimg vdi dd, mac dii Lao khdng phai la tam diem tranh gianh giua hai phe va tinh qudc te ciing khdng manh bang chien luge "Chiln tranh Dac biet" d Viet Nam, nhung su tham du quan sy tryc tilp ciia quan ddi ben ngoai tren chien trudng Lao lai manh me han nhieu so vdi Viet Nam. Ndi bat la, trong "Chien tranh Dac biet" d Lao cd sy tham gia cua quan Thai Lan, quan Viet Nam Cdng hda va quan tinh nguyen Viet Nam, cdn d Viet Nam phai tdi chien luge "Chien tranh cue bp" mdi cd tham gia true tiep cua quan ddi nude ngoai.
Ve phi'a Lao, ke tir khi My tien hanh chien luge "Chien tranh Dac biet", vdi truyen thdng dau tranh each mang kien cudng cua minh, nhan dan Lao da tien hanh dau tranh rat manh me. Tuy nhien, khac vdi Viet Nam, dau Uanh quan su dugc nhan dan Viet Nam trien khai rdng khap de chdng chien luge "Chien tranh Dac biet", va ciing tir thang Igi ve mat quan su da tac ddng, thuc day cho dau Uanh chinh trj, ngoai giao dat muc dich cudi ciing, Vi vay, den dau nam 1965, khi chien luge "Chien tranh Dac biet" diing trudc nguy ca that bai hoan toan. My da d at dua quan vien chinh ciing vdi vQ khi, phuong tien chien tranh vao mien Nam, leo thang miic do chien tranh, chuyen tir chien luge "Chien tranh Dac biet" sang "Chien tranh cue bg" d mien Nam va md rdng danh pha bang khdng quan, hai quan ra mien Bdc" (Le Mau Han, Trdn Ba De, Nguyen Van Thu, 2004, tr.200). Tai Lao, thdi diem My tien hanh chien luge "Chiln tranh Dac biet", cudc dau tranh ciia nhan dan Lao tren mat tran chinh tri va ngoai giao phat trien het stic manh me. Nguyen nhan vi luc lugng trung gian d Lao hinh thanh va phat trien tir kha sdm; ciing vdi do, ngon cd hda binh, trung lap ludn dugc Dang nhan dan va Mat tran Lao yeu nude giuang cao, qua dd tap hgp dugc siic manh dai doan ket toan dan tdc chdng My; han nira, trong giai doan 1959-1968, luc lugng vii trang Lao chua dii manh, de md cac tran danh va chidn djch Idn, ludn cdn cd sy phdi hgp vdi Iuc lugng vii trang Viet Nam. Mat khac, do Lao khdng phai la trpng tam chien luge trong cugc chiln tranh Dong Ducmg ciia My, cgng vdi "Iuc lupng dac biet" Vang Pao dugc My xay dyng kha manh va cd the tiep tuc dam nhiem sii menh cho cudc chien cua My tai
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Dinh Ngpc Rudn. Ddc diim Chiin luge "Chien tranh Ddc r ''cua^__
Lao. Do do, khi thdt bai Uong chiln luge "Chiln tranh Dac biet". My da khdng dua Liuan vao a tham chien de tiln hanh chien luge "Chiln tranh cue bd" nhu d Nam VietNam ma chi nen hanh c luge "Chien tranh Dac biet tang cudng" chdng pha each mang Lao nhimg nam sau do,
Ve vai trd cua Mat tran Lao yeu nude giai doan nay ciing cd su kiiac biet so vdi MSt uan giai phdng miln Nam Viet Nam, thd hien d ch6: "Ngay tir khi mdi thdnh lap, Mdi Iran ddn^ '^'^^'f' phdng miin Nam Viet Nam da thuc su lam chirc ndng qudn ly chinh quyen v&i he ihnng tir cap xa, ap, budn, ldng len huyin, tinh vd Trung irang. Uy ban Trung uang Mat trgn ddn tdc giaiphd>'<r mien Nam VietNam thuc su Id mdt Chinh phu & miin Nam, song song ldn tai v&i chinh quyi" Sdi i J^J" (i.hieutac gia, 1993, tr.l3). Trong khi dd d Lao, chirc nang nay ctia Mat tran Lao yeu nude khdng cd. Mat tran Lao yeu nude chi giir chiic nang la tap hgp, doan ket nhan dan Lao ddu tranh chdng "Chien tranh Dac biet . Mat tran do Hoang than Souphanouvong diing ddu, tuy ludn bj ke thu chdng pha ve mpi mat, dac biet la ve chu truang, dudng Idi va nhan su, nhung du trong hoan canh ndo. Mat Uan Lao yeu nuac ciing ludn neu cao ngon cd chinh nghTa dudi su lanh dao cua Dang nhan dan Lao dirng dau la Kaysone Phomvihane - Tdng Bi thu, da doan kit toan dan vd doan kit qudc tl cho cudc dau tranh thang lgi.
Tuy khdng giir chiic nang qudn ly chinh quyen, nhung d khu vuc nao vai trd ciia Mat tran Lao yeu nude the hien manh me thi d do phong trao ddu tranh ciia nhan dan phat trien va ngugc lai, trong nhung viing tam thdi bi ke thii kiem soat. Mat tran Lao yeu nude bi kem nen su boat dgng thi noi do cudc dau tranh cua nhan chua thuc manh me. Tu dd cd the khang dinh, dii khdng giir chiic nang quan ly chinh quyen nhu Mat Uan Dan tdc giai phdng mien Nam Viet Nam, nhung Mat trdn Ldo ydu nude cd vai trd dac biet quan Upng. Dd la mpt trong nhiing nhan to dan tdi thang Igi trong cugc dau Uanh ciia nhan dan Lao chong chien luge "Chidn tranh Dac biet" nhiing nam 1959-1968.
Diem khac biet nua cdn de cap Id dii nhan dan mien Nam Viet Nam chdng chien luoc "Chien tranh Dac biet" mugn ban so vdi nhan dan Lao (Viet Nam tir nam 1961 cdn d Lao tii' nam 1959), song co sd va tien de khi budc vao cudc dau tranh thuan lgi han d Lao. Cu the, sau thdng lgi ciia phong trao "Ddng khdi" d mien Nam trong cdc nam 1959, 1960, budc sang nam 1961, cdch mang miln Nam cd budc dot pha, vdi vLing ndng thdn rpng Idn dugc giai phong, thi va luc cua each mang ddu ldn manh. Ciing vdi dd, cudc dau Uanh quan sy chdng djch can quet ciia cdc Iuc lugng vu trang da "thiic day phong trao ndi day ciia quan chiing phd tan bg may kim kep ciia djch, phd vd timg mang dp chien luge d mdt so vimg ndng thon ddng bang va mien niii" (Vien Ljch sir quan sy VietNam, 2013, tr.l 75). Hon nua. each mang mien Nam chdng chien luge "Chiln tranh Dac biet" giai doan nay lai cd hau phuang miln Bdc rdt hung manh vdi ca siic ngudi, siic ciia khi dd. Nam 1961 cung Id nam mien Bdc dat dugc nhuTig thanh Urn Idn uong cdng cudc xdy dyng chii nghTa xa hdi. Cac mat kinh tl, van hda, nhdt la qudc phdng vd an ninh diu cd budc phdt trien mdi. Dac biet, hon 10 trieu ndng dan Uong hgp tac xa ndng nghiep da phdn ddu dua san lugng ndng nghiep den nam 1963 cao hon hai ldn so vdi nam 1939 - la nam phat triln cao nhat thdi thudc Phap vd trudc Chien Uanh the gidi ldn thu hai. Cd the ndi, cdc hgp tdc xa ndng nghien ' " tr' chien luge quan trgng trong cudc khang chien chdng My. Bdi cd hgp tac xa mdi ciing c6 va h 't tr"*
duoc ndna thon - tao nen su nhat tri cao ve chinh Ui vd tinh than cua ca mien Bdc, done vl^^ • A . ,
° . . ' • & vien va to chuc dugc hang trieu thanh nien ra tien tuyen, bao dam hdu phuang qudn ddi, hau phuong chiln t cang viing manh.
Nghien ciiu An Do va Chau A. Sd 7 - 2019, U.63-69-
Dinh Ngoc Ruan. Dgc diim Chiin luge "Chien tranh Dgc biet" ciia My...
Trong khi do d Lao, khi budc vao cudc dau tranh chdng chien luge "Chien tranh Dac biet"
(1959), Chinh phu lien hiep ldn thii nhat bj lat do, binh h'nh thupc Tilu doan 2 va mgt phdn Tilu doan 1 cua each mang Ldo hi bao vay, budc vao tinh the het sue khd khan nhung cudi ciing da pha vay ve can cii an toan. Tmh hinh kinh te-van hda- chinh tri- xa hdi, Lao von Id mpt nude ndng nghiep, ciing da trai qua nhieu nam khang chien chdng Phap nen ca sd vat chat cua ndn kinh t l rdt kho khan, ddi sdng nhan dan thieu thon, do do da ban che den tiem iuc cua cudc ddu tranh. Tuy nhien, nhan dan Lao vdi truyen thong yeu nude, da dodn ket chat che dudi su lanh dao cua Dang nhan dan Lao va Mat tran Ldo yeu nude, tranh thu su iing hd ciia be ban qudc tl, dac biet la sy ung hp, giiip dd cua Viet Nam nen cuoi cimg cudc dau tranh chdng chien luge "Chiln tranh Dac biet"
gianh thdng lgi.
Ket luan
Ke tii sau khi thay Phap can dy vao Ddng Duong sau nam 1954, My da ldn lugt triln khai chidn luge "Chien tranh Dae biet" d Viet Nam va Lao. Dudi sy lanh dao cua Dang nhan dan Ldo vd Mat tran Lao yeu nude ciing nhu Dang Lao ddng Viet Nam va Mat tran dan tdc giai phdng mien Nam Viet Nam, cugc ddu tranh chdng chiln luge "Chien tranh Dac biet" ciia My ciing nhu luc lugng than My dien ra quyet liet va gianh dugc nhirng thang lgi Uen cdc mat tran. Mac dii chiln luge "Chiln tranh Dac biet" ciia My d moi nude cd nhirng diem gidng va khac nhau co bdn, nhung xet mdt each tdng the, chien luge chien tranh nay My da gay ra nhieu khd khan Ud ngai ddi vdi each mang hai nude.
Trong qud trinh dau tranh, nhan dan hai nude da cd nhieu su hd trg, giiip dd lan nhau chdng thii chung, qua do tao nen siic manh tdng the de danh thdng chien luge "Chidn tranh Dac biet" ciia My. Dieu ndy da khien chinh quyen My phdi thay ddi nhieu hinh thiic chien tranh tai Ddng Ducmg eho din khi chi'nh thiic nit khdi khu vuc nay vao nam 1973.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Bd Qudc phdng, Cue Khoa hgc Ljch sii - Qudn sy (2008), Lich sir khdng chiin chdng thuc ddn Phdp vd de quoc My xdm luac ciia luc lugng vu trang vd nhdn ddn cdc tinh Thugng Ldo (1945 - 1975), Vientiane.
2. Bd Qudc phdng, Vien Ljch sii qudn su Viet Nam (2013), Lich sir khdng chien chdng My cuu nude 1954-1975, Tap HI- Ddnh thdng Chiin tranh Dac biit, Nxb. Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Ngi.
3. Le Mau Han (chii bien), Trdn Ba De, Nguyin Van Thu (2004), Dai cuang Lich sir Viet Nam, Tap III, Nxb. Giao due.
4. Phan Ngpc Lien (Tong chu bien) (2009), Lich sic 12, Nxb Giao due
5. Luong Ninh, Nghiem Dinh Vy, Dinh Nggc Bao (1991), Lich sir cdc qudc gia Dong Nam A, tap II, Lich su Ldo, Trudng D^ii hoc Su pham Ha Ndi.
6. Nhieu tdc gid (1993), Chung mdt bdng ca. Ve Mdt trgn Ddn tdc gidi phdng mien Nam Viet Nam, Nxb. Chinh Uj Qudc gia, Ha Npi.
7. Nguyin Himg Phi - Buasi Chalonsiic (2006), Lich sir Ldo hien dai, tap II, Nxb. Chi'nh tri Qudc gia, HaNgi.
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. So 7 - 2019, tr.63-69 69