Trdn Minh Ddc - Chinh saeh gido due ddn tgc thieu so' cua Trung Qud'c hien nay 59
Sau khi thanh lap nam 1949, dac biet la tfl khi cai each md efla cho de'n nay, Dang Cdng san va chinh phu Trung Qud'c rat coi trpng phat t r i l n giao due qud'c d&n, chu trpng ehinh saeh giao due binh dang cho mpi dan tdc, giao due DTTS dUde coi la mpt bd quan trpng khdng t h i tach rdi.
Trung Qud'c da bUde dau x&y dung va thflc hidn mdt loat cac ehinh sach va phap luat phat t r i l n giao due DTTS theo thflc te' ttmg DTTS va vung DTTS. Cu t h i nhU:
* Hodn thipn hi thong ludt phdp bdo ddm cho cdi cdch vd phdt triin gido due DTTS.
Dilu 46 Hien phap nam 1982 cua Trung Qud'e quy dinh: "Cdng d&n nfldc Cdng hda nh&n d&n Trung Hoa ed quyen va nghla vu dfldc hpe tap"; Dieu 119 quy dinh: "Co quan quan ly nha nfldc cua e&e khu tii tri d&n tdc quan ly tfl chii giao due, khoa hpe, v&n hda, ve sinh, sfl nghidp t h i due t b i thao eiia dia phfldng minh, bao vd va chinh ly cdc di san v&n hda efla d&n tdc thilu sd, sfl phat trien va phdn thinh cua van hoa dan tdc"; Dieu 22 quy dinh: "Nha nUde hd trd tren cac phuong didn nhU tai ehinh, vat chat, ky thuat.. nham giup dd cae d&n tdc thieu sd day nhanh phat trien Mnh te' va sif nghiep x&y dung van hda"*^'. Tren ca sd tinh t h i n eua Hien phap nam 1982, hd thd'ng cae van ban phap luat khac nhu Lu&t khu tU tri d&n tpc n&m 1984, LuSt Nghia vu giao due nam 1986 (chinh sfla nam 2006) va Lu§t giao due nam 1995... deu nh&n manh de'n npi dung gi&o due DTTS, dfla ra cae quy dinh chi tiet va eu the ddi vdi v&h de nay. Dfla tren Hidn ph&p va luat ph&p ed lidn quan va eae quy dinh, can cfl vao tmh hinh thflc tien cu the cua tiftig khu viic va
dae diem cua tiing DTTS, cac bd ban ng&nh Tnmg uong va ehinh quyln dia phfldng cae cap da xay dung mdt sd lupng Idn van ban phap quy, cac quy dinh, c&e van Men ed tinh quy pham ve giao due DTTS, dien hinh nhfl: "Cuong linh ve eai each va phat trien giao due DTTS toan qude" eiia Bd giao due Trung Qud'c nam 1992; "Dilu 1& gi&o due DTTS C&t L&m" do tinh c a t L&m ban h&nh nam 1998; " Ke' hoach hanh ddng 10 n&m phat trien giao due dan tdc tinh TU Xuyen" do tinh Tfl Xuydn ban hahh nam 2000; "Dieu le giao due dan tdc khu tU tri d&n tdc Hoi Ninh Ha" do Khu tif tri Hdi Ninh Ha ban hanh nam 2001.,, Cae van ban phdp quy nay d&
budc diu hinh thanh he thd'ng phap luat giao due DTTS & Trung Qud'c, nham bao dam thuc day cdng cude eai each va phat trien giao due DTTS d qud'e gia n&y.
* Chu trgng chinh sdch ddu tU tdi chinh cho gido due DTTS
Tfl nhOfng nam 50 cua the' ky XX, nha nfldc Tnmg Qud'c da xay dung nguon Mnh phi chuyen dung cho giao due DTTS, ngudn Mnh phi nay khdng ngiftig tang eung vdi sU ph&t trien cua Mnh te qud'c d&n, nam 1951 la khoang 1,5 trieu nh&n dan te, den n&m 1955 la 1,8 tridu nhan d&n te, nam 1979 la 7,1 tridu nhan dan td; tUn&m 1985 trd lai day, hang nam cbinh quyen nha nUdc Trung Qude da dau tU khoang 100 trieu nhan dan te eho phat trien giao due cac khu vfle khd khan, DTTS, bien gidi hai dao'^',.. Cung thdi diem nay, nha nfldc Trung Qud'c cung xay dUng nhilu ehinh sach hd trp Mnh phi nhu "Kinh phi bd trd khu vU DTTS"; "Kinh phi ho trd sU nghiep xay dung vung bien"; "Kinh phi vien trd
60 Nghien edu Ddng Nam A, sd 4/2019
phat trien khu vUe cd Mnh te khd kh&n"..,.
Trong viec sfl dung cac nguon Mnh phi nay deu quy dinh: c&c I3nh, cae khu vfle tif tri ein danh mdt ty Id nb^t dinh eho phat trien giao due DTTS.
Trong thdi ky ke hoach 5 nam (1996 - 2000), chinh phu Trung Qud'c da c&p ckc ngudn kinh phi khac nhau dl diu tU cho giao due DTTS, vdi cac chfldng trinh hd trd nhfl: ehuong trinh hd trd Mnh phi giao due trong xda ddi giam ngheo; ehUdng trinh giao due nghia vu vdi cae khu vfle kho khan; ehflOng trinh 211 (dau tU vao cac trfldng dai hpc trong dilm)..., da dau tU vao vung DTTS va cae khu vUc phia Tay Trung Qud'c khoang 7,5 ty nhan dan te. Trong nhiing nam trd lai d&y, thdng qua cae chuong trinh cai tao phdng hpc trung tilu hpe d khu vfle ndng thdn, ke hoaeh "hai cd ban" d mien Tay Trung Qud'c,.. Bd Tai ehinh trung Udng Trung Qud'e da dau tU khoang hdn 29 ty nh&n d&n te, tich eUc cai thien dieu Mdn, cd sd vat chat hpc tap vung DTTS. Nam 2004, ehinh phu Trung Qud'e trien khai thuc hidn cbinh saeh
"LuSng mien nhat bd" (miln phi sach giao khoa, miln tap phi, bo sung sinh hoat phi) dd'i vdi khu viic ndng thdn m i l n Tay, dahb Uu dai cho tuyet dai bp phan hpc sinh d&n tdc thieu so. Nam 2006, Trung Qud'c lan diu thUc hidn cai each ehd' dp bao dam Mnh phi giao due nghia vu ddi vdi khu vUc ndng thdn, e&e khu vife dan tpc v& khu vUc dae biet khd khan, sap xd'p nguSn kinh phi chuyen dung d l hd trp, nhU mdi nam s&p xep 120 trieu nhan dan te ho trd giao due tilu hpc d eae eung ndng thdn Tay Tang vdi mue tidu "tam bao" (bao an, bao d, bao phi hpc tap). Nam 2008, Cbinh phu trung
Udng Trung Qud'e da d i u tfl eho giao due d 5 khu tu tri dan tdc thilu sd' sd tien la 1,8 ty nhan dSn td nham thflc day sfl nghidp giao due khoa hpc ky thu&t, day n g h i tai cac khu viic n&/*'. Trong 5 nam (2010- 2014), Bd tai chinh trung UOng Trung Qudc da dau tfl v&o giao due d 5 khu tfl tri DTTS sd t i l n la 120 ty nh&n d&n td'^'.
* Chd trgng cdc chinh sdch xdy diing ddi ngu. gido vien DTTS
Nham giai quyet tinh trang ddi ngu giao vien DTTS vifa thieu ve sd' Ifldng, vifa kem ve chat lUdng, phat trien khdng on dinh, ehinh phu Trung Qudc da thflc hidn rat nhilu cbinh saeh flU dai nhfl; phan b l giao vien va sinh vien sfl pham td't nghiep ve nhan nhidm vu giao due cf cac vimg DTTS, tu nam 1974 dd'n nam 1998, sd giao vidn dd'n hd trd T i y Tang la 2.969 ngUdi'^';
so' Ifldng nay tiep tue tang nhijiig nam g i n day vdi chinh sach hd trd thdng nhat giao vien v& sinh vidn sfl pham dd'n m i l n Tay edng tac. Thflc hien chinh sach chuyin ngfldi dan lam viec day hpe d cac khu vUe tfl tri thanh gi&o vidn cua nha nfldc, tao ra nhOng chuyen bid'n tich cfle, tao sU 6n dinh cho ddi ngu giao vien khu vUe dan toe thieu sd. Ddng thdi, thflc Mdn chinh sach flu dai dac thu ddi vdi gi&o vidn khu vfle DTTS nhu hd trd Ifldng, phue Idi lao dpng, bao h i l m y te, xac dinh vi tri vide lam, cdng vide gia dinh.
2. Thanh tifu v a vS'n d e dsit ra trong thiic h i 0 n chinh s a c h giao due d a n tpc thiSu & Trung Qud'c
2.1. Thanh tiJu dat diidc Vdi nhOtng chinh sach dae thij nhu trdn, gi&o due DTTS Trung Qudc da cd nhflng
Trdn Minh Ddc - Chinh sdch gido due ddn tdc thiiu so'eua Trung Qude hien nay 61
thay ddi to Idn va dat dUdc nhflng thanh tUu tren nhieu phUdng dien, diln hinh nhU:
Mgt la, he thdng gido due DTTS dd duoc xdy dUng vd hodn thipn, trinh do gid^o due DTTS da dugc cdi thipn
Trong nhifng n&m qua, he thdng giao due DTTS Trung Qud'c da tiftig bUde dflpc ho&n thien vdi diy du cac cip hpe nhfl gi&o due mam non, giao due cd sd, giao due dai h p c ; quy md giao due khdng ngimg md rdng, chat Ifldng giao due dfldc n&ng eao.
Dd'n cud'i nam 2008, cd 167 trudng cao dang v& dai hoc d Trung Qud'c, 2.217 trudng mau giao dan tpc, 20.906 trudng tilu hpc dan tdc, 3.536 trfldng trung hpc d&n tdc va trfldng day nghe dan tdc. Tong sd hpc sinh dan tpc thieu so trong cac tnfdng khac nhau d tat ca cac cap Trung Qud'c la khoang 21,9 trieu ngUdi. Trong sd dd, sd lUOng hpe sinh dan tpc thilu sd d cae trudng tilu hpe \k 10,7 tridu ngUdi, chiem 10,4% t i n g sd' hpe sinh ca nUdc, so' lUdng hpc sinh DTTS thupc cae trudng trung hpc phd thdng la 6,8 trieu ngudi, chid'm 8,5%
ting sd hpe sinh ca nUdc; s l sinh vidn trong cac trUdng dai hpc la 13,3 tridu ngudi, chie'm 8,2% tong so' sinh vidn; ch^t lUdng van hda tdng the cua eae khd'i DTTS da dUde cai tMen rd rang. Theo Tdng dilu tra Dan so lan thfl nam vao nam 2000, Trung Qud'c cd 14 DTTS, bao gdm Trilu Tien, M&n Ch&u, Mdng C6 va Kazakhstan, cd thdi gian dfldc di hpe eao ngang bang vdi mflc trung binh cua qudc gia. Dd'n nam 2009, 55 DTTS cda Tnmg Qud'e dlu cd sinh vien dai hpc rieng eua dan tdc; cd mudi may DTTS Trung Qud'c cd ty 1^ sinh vidn dai hpc trdn mdi trieu ngUdi da vUdt qua mflc trung binh qudc gia*'''.
De'n nam 2014, tdng sd hpe sinh DTTS trong cae trudng khae nhau d tat ca cae cap da tang Idn 25,3 trieu ngfldi (tang lan lUdt 27,6% va 6,14% so vdi nam 2002 va 2012), cho de'n n&m 2018 la khoang 27 trieu ngUdi'^'. Ty Id bao phu dan so' dupe giao due bat budc chin nam d cac khu tU tri dan tpc da dat 100%. Ty le hpe smh DTTS trong tong so' hpc sinh trong tnidng hpe eua Trung Qude da tang dang ke. Tfl n&m 2002 dd'n 2014, ty le hpc sinh DTTS d cac trudng tieu hpc tang tfl 9,46% len 11,2%; d cae trfldng phd thdng trung hpc tang tfl 7,40% len 10,27%; d cip dai hpc tang tfl 5,99% dd'n 7,67%<»'.
Hai Id, thuc hipn ve ca bdn "hai muc tieu ca ban" (co bdn pho cap gido due 9 ndm, ca bdn xda md chd/^'^K
Khi mdi thanh lap Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Qud'e, ty le nhap hpc cua tre em trong dp tudi di hoc d cac vung DTTS cua nudc ndy rat thip, cd din 80% dan sd khdng bidt ehfl va ban bie't chtt, giao due phd thdng r&'t yeu. Theo thd'ng ke n&m 1950, trong tong sd hpe sinh d cac tnidng eao dang, trung hpc cd sd va tieu hpe, hpe sinh DTTS chi chie'm lan lUdt 0,19%, 0,14% v& 2%, it hdn nhilu so vdi ty le dan sd DTTS la 6% trong cung ky'^^'. Sau 50 nam phat triln, din nam 2000, hon 85%
dan so' va khu vifc cua Trung Qud'c da dat dfldc mue tieu giao due pho cap cd ban bat budc chin nam; vl ed ban xda mu ehfl d thanh nien va trung nien, nhung van cdn khoang 15% dan sd la ngudi DTTS chua dupe pho cap giao due. Din cud'i nam 2008, da cd 674 huyen thifc hien dflpc "hai muc tieu CO ban" thupc cac khu viic DTTS, chie'm 96,6% tong sd cac huyen, trong chin
62 Nghien edu Dong Nam A, sd 5'4/2019
tinh va khu vfle bao gom Ndi Mdng, Ninh Ha, T&n Cudng, T&y Tang, Quang Ch&u, Quy Chau, v a n Nam... ty Id nhap hpc eua tre em trong dp tuoi di hpe nam 2006 dat 98%, v l CO ban la tuong dfldng vdi mflc trung binh qud'c gia'^^'.
Ba Id, boi duang dgi ngd nguon nhdn lUc DTTS chdt lugng cao
De tang cudng dao tao nhan tai ciia cae DTTS, Trung Qude da chinh thUe trien khai ChUdng trinh dao tao nhan sii chu chdt cap eao eho eae DTTS vao nam 2006, trong do chii yeu sfl dung cac ngudn nhan life chat lUdng eao dupe dao tao tai cac trfldng dai hpe trpng dilm. Nam 2006, 68 tnfdng dai hpe trpng diem eua Trung Qude da tuyen sinh hon 860 hpe vidn ngUdi dan tdc thilu sd, trong do cd hdn 640 hpc vien thac Sl vk hPn 220 hpc vien tie'n si. Nam 2009, Trung Qud'e da xay dUng kd' hoach tuyen sinh d&o tao hdn 4.700 hpe vien DTTS, bao gom 3.700 hpe vien thae si va 1.000 bpe vidn tid'n si. Sd' lUdng sinh vien trong eae trfldng eao dang va dai hpe cua cae khu tfl tri dan tdc d Trung Qud'c da tang tfl khoang 4.500 sinh vien vao nam 1952 len 1,1 tridu vao nam 2006, tang hdn 251 lan; so sinh vien tot nghiep cua cae trfldng dai hpc cua khu tfl tri dan toe d&
t&ng tfl 3.000 ngfldi vdo nam 1952 Idn 2,3 tridu ngudi nam 2006'^^'.
Bdn la, ddi ngU gido vien ngUdi DTTS khdng ngUng dugc tdng cudng.
Trong nhflng n&m qua, giao due DTTS d Tnmg Qud'c ve cd ban da hinh thanh mdt dpi ngu giao vien dia phUdng hda, d&n tdc hda, ehuyen ngdnh boa, ke't e&'u hpp ly va tuong dd'i on dinh. Sd' lUdng giao vien
chuyen trach ngUdi d&n tdc thieu sd d t a t ca cac cap v& cae trfldng deu khdng ngOftig tang, ngoai ra, nhkm bao dam chi^t Ifldng giao vidn, mdt hd thd'ng trung tam bdi dudng, dao tao giao vien thieu sd da dUdc binh thanh. Ngoai cac trUdng eao dang va dai hpc sU pham phu trach dao tao giao vien DTTS, cdn cd 22 trfldng cd ehuyen khoa dao tao giao vidn DTTS, ddng thdi xay dflng mdt Tnmg tam dao tao giao vidn DTTS d Tay Bac Trung Qud'e. Tinh de'n eudi nam 2007, Trung Qude cd t i n g cdng hon 1 tridu giao vidn thieu sd chuydn trach, chie'm 84% trong tong so 1,2 tridu can bp dan tpc thilu sd', tang gan 17 l i n so vdi thdi ky d i u cua Trung Qud'c'^^'. De'n nam 2018, sd giao vien DTTS chuyen trach trong cae cd sd dao tao dai hpc la 93 nghin ngudi (chid'm 5% tong so' giao vidn chuyen trach ca nUdc); d cap trung hpc cd sd la 480 nghin ngUdi; d c^p tilu hpc la 620 nghin ngfldi*-^^'.
Ndm Id, xdy diing he thdng gida due song ngd d cdc trUdng DTTS
Giao due song ngfl la mdt dilm dae triftig quan trpng cua giao due dan tdc tMeu so' d Trung Qud'e, va cung la mdt ndi dung va hinh thflc quan trpng cua giao due DTTS, cd y nghia quan trpng trong dam bao su cdng bang, nang eao chat lUpng giao due DTTS, giup ke' thUa va phat trien van hda DTTS. Cbinh vi vay, Trung Qud'c rat coi trpng vide ph&t t r i l n giao due song ngff dd'i vfli cac DTTS. DUa tren thiic te' cua cac dan tdc thilu sd v& cae vung dan tdc, Trung Qudc da xay dflng dupe nhilu md Ihnh giang day song ngfl. Giao due song ngfl da dat dupe ke't qua dang ehu y, eho de'n nay cd hdn 10.000 trudng tilu hpe va trung hoe
Trdn Minh Dde - Chinh sdch gido due ddn tdc thieu so' eda Trung Qud'c hien nay 63
DTTS trong toan Trung Qud'c sfl dung ngdn ngfl cua 21 DTTS cho giang day song ngii, tid'n hanh giang day song ngU eho hdn 6 trieu hpc sinh. Cdng tac chinh sfla, tham dinh, xui^t ban va phat hanh sach giao khoa bang tidng dan tpc cung da dat dupe ke't qua dang ehu y. Mdi nam, hdn 3.500 saeh giao khoa bang tie'ng d&n tpc thilu sd da dflpc bien soan va xu^t ban, vdi tong sd' bin ui d& dat hdn 100 tridu'^^'.
2.2. va'n de dat r a
Ben canh nhiftig thanh tflu neu tren, so vdi mflc dd t6ng the phat t r i l n giao due qud'c d&n eua Trung Qud'c, sU phat trien eua gi&o due DTTS cdn cham va khdng t h i thieh Ung td't vdi nhu cau phat t r i l n Mnh te v& xa hdi d eae vung dan tdc, vdi nhilu van dl dat ra, cu t h i nhu:
* Trinh dp phdt triin chung cua gido due khu vUc DTTS cdn thdp vd nhiing kho khdn vi ngudn tdi chinh cho gido due
Hiu h i t cac khu vUe DTTS eua Trung Qud'c deu la c&e khu vifc ngheo khd, vung bi§n gidi, dieu Men tfl nhien k h i e nghiet, Mnh td' lac hau, cd sd van hda giao due ylu kem. Theo thd'ng ke n&m 1982, chi sd tong hdp giao due toan Trung Qud'c luc dd la 45,4; trong khi ehi so' tong hdp cua giao due d&n tdc thieu so Trung Qud'c cbi la 28,7, sif ehdnh Ideh la rat Idn'^'''. Din nhflng nam g i n day, van edn khoang 20%
khu vuc thupc cac vung tu tri dan tdc thieu sd chUa ho&n thahh 2 muc tieu co ban la phi cap giao due chin nam va xda mu ehfl.
Giao due trung hpc pho thdng va dao tao trung ca'p n g h i phat trien cham, quy md giao due dai hpc con nhd, trinh dp nghidn cflu khoa hpc giao due cin phai dupe nang
cao; chat lUpng dpi ngu giao vien th&'p, so' lUdng khdng du. Ngoai trU mdt sd khu vifc DTTS kha ph&t t r i l n thi h i u he't cae khu vUc dan tdc thieu so dlu cd ty le ngUdi d&n cd trinh dd giao due tren dai hpc th&'p hdn binh qu&n chung cua ca nUde. Khoang each gifla trinh dp phat t r i l n eua giao due DTTS va giao due cac khu vifc phat trien ngay eang Idn. Ddng thdi, hien nay ra't nhilu khu vUe DTTS Trung Qud'c do khd khan vl ngudn tai chinh, ed sd ha t i n g giio due va dilu M§n day hpe he't sfle lac hau, dai ngd giao vidn thap, dpi ngu giao vien khdng dat ehuin ea v l sd lupng va cha't lUpng. O mpt sd khu vUe tU tri dan tdc, kinh phi cho giao due thie'u hut rat Idn, ngoai vile uli tien bao dam tra lUdng cho giao vien, ve cd ban khdng ed ngudn life de phat t r i l n sif ngMep giao due, cd dia phUdng tham ehi cdn nd lUdng giao vien.
* Hgn che trong hp thong chinh sdch vd phdp lugt vi gido due DTTS
Hien nay, chinh sach giao due DTTS Trung Qude ton tai mdt so van de nhu:
Nhan thflc chua dung vai trd cua d&nh gia ehinh sach giao due DTTS, thudng coi nhe cdng tac d&nh gia chinh saeh, thieu cae t l chfle chuyen gia dde lap ve danh gia chinh sach, tieu chuin danh gia ddn nhat, coi trpng tieu chuan gia tri cdng bang, binh dang xa bdi, ma thieu di cae danh gia ve tidu chuan thifc te' cua ehinh sach. Cdng tac lap phap trong giao due DTTS d Tnmg Qudc chUa phat huy dupe vai trd dam bao v& thuc diy giao due DTTS, van ban phap quy ve giao due DTTS chii ydu d e&'p thap, chUa hinh thanh luat chuyen biet vl giao due DTTS va hanh ehinh giao due DTTS;
he thd'ng lu&t phap ve giao due DTTS da
Trdn Minh Ddc - Chinh saeh gido due ddn tde thieu so'cua Trung Qud'c Men nay 65
nhu -lUdng giao vidn, Mnh phi, giao trinh, ngdn ngfl day hpc, ifu dai vdi hpc sinh va giao vien, vien trp chO giao due, nghidn cflu giao due,,-; se gdp phan bao dam quyln ldi giao due binh dang cua cac DTTS, thuc day sfl phat trien dn dinh va b i n vung cua cac vung DTTS & nude ta.
Hai Id, can tang ngudn diu tu cho edng tae phat trien giao due d vung DTTS ed dMi so, trong dd xa hdi hda giao due de toan dan, toan xa bdi dong gdp mot each thiet thue cho sii phat triln giao due vung DTTS, ein ph&n bd hdp ly gifla cac ngudn ng&n sach cho boat ddng giao due DTTS nhu ng&n sach eua Dang va Nh& nude;
ng&n sach cua dia phuong va sfl ddng gdp cua toan dan eho sfl nghiep giao due 6 vung dong bao DTTS.
Ba Id, chu trpng dao tao ddi ngu giao 'vidn la ngfldi dan tdc thilu sd' cd trinh do
• ca ve sfl pham va Men thflc cho tifng vung, tflng dan tpc, dong thdi can x&y dung ehd' .dd dai ngo va sfl dung dpi ngu gi&o vidn va e&n bd quan ly giao due d eae vimg DTTS, de hp ydn tdm vdi nghe nghiep, gan bd vdi sfl nghidp giao due dan tpc thieu so'.
Bon Id, da dang hda cae loai hinh giao due, dao tao vimg DTTS, can xay diing chuong trinh, sach giao khoa va phUdng phap day hoc phu hpp vdi ddi tupng hpc cua tiftig dan toe, ttfng vung. Trong dd, dae biet chd trpng tdi viec hpe tap va sfl dung ngdn ngfl va van tu cua cac d&n tdc thieu so, tiep tue hoan thien chinh saeh giao due song ngfl, xay dflng tren cd sd ea hai ngdn ngfl la ngdn ngfl me de va ngdn ngfl pho thdng, tang cfldng nghien cflu va giang day ngdn ngU, van tu d&n tpc thieu so, coi trpng ca hai muc tieu trong phat triln giao
due d cac vung DTTS la bdi dudng nang life sfl' dimg ngdn ngfl DTTS va nang lUc sfl dung tieng Vidt cua cae hpc sinh ngUdi dan tdc thieu so./.
CHU THICH
1. Tran Lap Bang (Chen Lipeng), Ly Na (Li Na), 60 nam giao due dan tpc thilu so Trung Qudc: hdi flc va suy ngam. Tap chi Nghi&n ciiu gido due ddn tgc, s6' 1 nam 2010, tr.5,
2. Hiinphdp nudc Cong hdaNhdn dan Trung Hoa (nam 1982), trang dien tfl Nhan dai Trung Qudc, http://www.npc.gov.cn, ngay c&p nhat 15/12/2018.
3. Tran Bai Chieu (Chen Peizhao), 60 nam giao due d&n tdc thilu sd Trung Qudc mdi.
Tap chi Nghi&n ciiu ddn tdc Quy Chdu, so' 1 nam 2010, tr,147,
4. Trin Bai Chieu (Chen Peizhao), tldd, tr.l47.
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66 Nghien cdu Bdng Nam A, so 4/2019^
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TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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Tap chl Nghi&n ciiu ddn tgc Qu$ Chdu, sd 1 nam 2010.
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