Quan trj rui ro va doi pho rui ro trUdfc nguy cof djch benh
tai cac none ho chan nuoi \an tren dia ban tFnh Thai Binh
DOAN TH! ^fGpC THCIV nCGYlN TH! THU TRANG"
LE THANH H A " ' Tdm tat
Chdn nuoi Ign Id mgt trong nhiing ngdnh quan trgng cua nong nghiep linh Thdi Binh, gdp phdn khong nho trong phdt trien kinh te, tgo viee ldm, ndng cao thu nhdp cho cde hg ddn ndng than.
Tuy nhiin, day cdng Id ngdnh thudng xuyen phdi do'i mat vdi rid ro, dgc biet Id nguy ca rui ro dich benh. Dua tren dieu tra phong vdn 340 ho chdn nuoi trin dia bdn 3 huyen Dong Hung, Thdi Thuy va Kie'n Xuang, nghiin ciiu dd chi ra thuc trgng qudn tri rui ro eua cdc nong ho. Ke't qud nghien ciiu eho thdy, ede nhdn id chd yeu dnh hudng ldi nguy caxdy ra dich benh, bao gom: chd't lugng gidng, thdc dn chdn nuoi, vi sinh chuong trgi vd chdt luang dieh vu thu y.
Tuf khoa: chdn nuoi Ign, qudn tri rui ro. dich benh, Thdi Binh Summary
Raising pigs is one of important sectors in Thai Binh agriculture, contributing significantly to economic development, job creation and income improvement for rural households. However, this sector often faces the risks, especially the risk of disease. Based on an interview with 340 livestock households in 3 districts of Dong Hung, Thai Thuy and Kien Xuong, the study describes the situation of risk management of farmers. The result points out some crucial factors influencing the risk of disease outbreaks, including breed quality, animal feed, farm hygiene and quality of veterinary services.
Keywords: raising pig, risk management, disease outbreak. Thai Binh
Gidl THIEU thi tiofdng gia ca dau vao, dau ra bie'n ddng... ddc biet Id rui ro do dich benh khie'n cho hidu qua san xuat cua Vdi dac thu Id tinh thu^n ndng nghidp ngffdi chan nudi Idn khdng dffdc nhff mong mud'n, cung thudc Ddng bang sdng Hong, Thdi Binh nhff khd khdn trong vide ra quyet dinh san xud't vd lam^
hien la mdt trong nhffng tinh cd the' manh anh hffdng khdng nho de'n dnh hinh phdt trie'n kinh td' ve san xud't ndng, ldm nghiep va thuy san. cua tinh Thai Binh. Vi vdy, nghidn cffu dffdc thffc hien Theo xu the' chung thi hien nay tai tinh nham phdn tich, ddnh gid rui ro va cdc bidn phap ffng Thdi Binh, ty trpng ngdnh trong trot giam phd rui ro trffdc nguy cd dich bdnh ciia hd chan nudi tren vd thay vao dd la ty trpng ngdnh chdn nudi dia ban tinh Thai Binh.
tang dan, dac bidt Id chan nudi Idn. Ddy
la nganh cung cap nguon thffc phim thid't PHUCfNG PHAP NGHIEN CU'U ye'u hang ngdy cho con ngffdi, cung ca'p
nguyen Heu cho cdc ngdnh cdng nghidp Dffa trdn tinh hinh phdt trie'n chdn nudi Idn, nghien che bie'n diffc pham. Ngodi ra, san pham cffu Iffa chpn 3 huyen: Ddng Hffng, Thdi Thuy va Kie'n phu cua chdn nudi Idn cdn hd ti-p vd la dau Xffdng Idm die'm nghien citu vdi cd mdu dffdc tinh theo vao cho nganh trdng trot. Tuy nhien, trong cdng thffc Slovin Id:
dieu kien Men nay, ngffdi chdn nudi Idn n= 2W3/(I+2103*(0.05)- )= 336
dang gap phai nhieu rui ro, nhff: thien tai, Tren cd sd dd, nghien cffu tie'n hanh dieu tra 340
"ThS , "ThS., "'ThS., Hoc vien Nong nghiep Viet Nam
Ngay nhdn bar 22/02/2020; Ngdy phdn bien: 14/03/2020; Ngdy duyet ddng: 17/03/2020
83
BAtHG 1: MQT SO LOAI BEr^H THCTdNG GAP VA TAM SUAT MAC BENH d L0n Chi tigu
l.SS'con mdc benli
DVT con/n-im
OMN 24,25
OMV 1 OML 16.36 49,96 2. Tv le mScbenh
-HoichiJni; lieuchav -Viem ohoi -Sot
-Ld mom. loni; mons -Tai xanh -Tu dau Icln -Pho thirana han -MOI so benh khac
q. ..5 ]^n
^i- so lan '"i so Id n f-f ^o'|-;n ''(• so lan 'i solan '<• solan
% so lan 5:^.13
9.38 12.50 15.63 3.13 6.25 6.25 6,25
68.97 6.90 13.79 3.45 3.45 3.45 6.90
45.45 18.18 18.18 18.18 9.09
BAMG 2: SO L^M THIET HAI DO DfCH BENH TREM DjA BAN 3 HaVEN (2017-2019) Chi tidu
I.Tont! Ihiet hai -HoichuTii! iieuchav -Viem phoi -Sot -Ld mdm. Ions; mons -Taixanh -Tu da'u Idn -Pho thu'dne han -Mo! so benh khac -Ta Idn Chau Phi n . Td'ni! dan III. Tv 1^ ton that
DVT con con con con con con con con con con con
%
Nam 2017
4.950 1.656 607 939 1 151
10'' 793 98 104 381.206 1.30
2018 4,79^
1 691 585 941 I OP
98 '84 95 86 394.113 1.22
2019 6 185 1 .501 507 896 996 96 ''65 88 8^
1754 393.576 1.57
Sosanh 2018/2017
96.81 II)'.11 96.38 100.21 87,97 96.08 96.93 96.94 82,69
2019/2018 129.07 88.76 86.67 95.22 98.42 97.96 93.31 9^.63 95.35
Bmh quSn 111.78 95.21 91.39 97.68 93.02 97,01 95.10 94.76 88.80
h^)u6;i Chi c u r C h j i i nuoi ua Thu y tinh Thai Bmh
hd chdn nudi Idn. Cdc hd dffdc chon theo phffdng phap chon mdu ngdu nhien, bao gdm; huyen Ddng Hffng 120 hd, huyen Kie'n Xffdng 120 hd, huyen Thai Thuy 100 hd. Nghien ciha dffdc thffc hien trong nam 2019.
Ben canh dd, nghien cffu cung sff dung sd'Iieu thff ca'p tff cdc bdo cao cua Chi cue Chdn nudi vd Thff y thudc Sd Ndng nghiep vd Phdt trien ndng thdn tinh Thai Blnh.
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU Nhgn dgng rui ro
Ke't qua Bang 1 cho thd'y, cdc hd chdn nudi quy md Idn (QML) thffdng cd so con mac benh Idn nha't (gdn 50 con/nam), nhutig ty le sd' con bi benh so vdi tong dan nudi lai nhd nhd't. Hp quy md vffa (QMV) cd sd con bi benh nhd nhd't (chi hdn 16 con/ndm). Nhff vay, cd the tha'y dffdc cdch quan ly ciia hp quy md nhd (QMN) Id ye'u nhd't (cd so con bi benh Id 24,25 con/ndm). Cdc hd QML tuy cd bien phap qudn ly tdt, phdng, chd'ng dich bdnh td't, nhffng vi so Iffdng chdn nudi Idn, trong khi hidn nay dieu kien thdi tie't cd nhieu ba't ldi, mdi trffdng ngdy cdng d nhiem..., nen khdng trdnh khdi xay ra hien tffdng le te Idn bi mdc benh va lay lan,
Dac biet, thang 2/2019, tai huyen Ddng Hffng vd Thdi Thuy, nhieu hd chdn nudi da gdp phai dich ta Idn chdu Phi tren dan Idn Sff dien bid'n phffc tap cua dich ndy ciing td'c dp lay lan nhanh chdng da khid'n cho nhieu hd gia dinh phai tieu huy ddn Idn bi nhiim benh.
Phdn tich rui ro
Theo ke't qua dieu tra cua nhdm tac gia, dd'i vdi thffc
an chdn nudi, nhffng hd chan n " " ' / ° "^n ^n va QMV cd ty le Idn bi chet nhteu_hon ^ vdi hd cd QML Id do ngudn thffc an tmi dffdc cdc hd tdn dung lai nhidu, ^^""^T bao cdch thffc ho phd'i trdn thffc an. ^nieu hd chdn nudi vdn chu quan co. nh? Knong hoc hdi kinh nghidm trong,chan nuoi khdng cd nhffng chie'n Iffdc ve each quan ly, phdng chd'ng nen da ddn ddn nhffng rui ro khdng ddng cd. . - u -..
V l tap hua'n trong chdn nuoi,^nhffng hd khdng tham gia tap hudn thffdng co ty' le Idn bi mdc bdnh cao hdn so vdi nhffng hd tham gia, chd yeu la do cac hp dd khdng dffdc cap nhat nhffng thong tin hffu ich trong cdc budi tap huan, d^c bid^t la cac thdng tm ve tinh hinh dich benh va nhffng bidn phap phdng chd'ng dich benh.
Cdn ve mffc dp tiem phdng, nhffng hd tiem phdng cho dan Idn d mffc dp cao se Idm giam ty Id Idn bi mdc benh va ty Id Idn che't trong dan, do Idn dffdc tang sffc de khang de phdng chd'ng cac loai bdnh va dich bdnh nguy hidm.
Ngoai ra, mdt trong nhffng nguyen nhan la khi hd cd Idn bi bdnh vd Idn chd't, dd' thu lai tien vd'n ho thffdng khdng bao cdo vdi cd quan chffc nang vd mang di ban chay dd bu dap mot phan chi phi.
Di^u nay lam cho dich bdnh lay lan tff ndi nay sang ndi khac. Ben canh dd, nguydn nhan cung cdn xua't hien tff phia cdc nha quan ly, nhff: van de kidm soat dich bdnh, vd'n de khuyen ndng vd thu y...
Do ludng rui ro
Dich bdnh xay ra, anh hffdng kha Idn tdi sff phat trien chan nudi Idn cua cdc ndng hd. Bang 2 cho thd'y, trong nhffng nam qua, tren dia bdn 3 huyen, sd' Ipn chd't VI dich benh tffdng dd'i Idn anh hffdng nhieu dd'n thu nhap cua cdc ndng hd trdn dia bdn.
Ben canh dd, dich benh xay ra ciing khie'n cho gia thit Idn tren thi trffdng bi bien dpng, gay thiet hai dang ke vd kinh te^ vd anh hffdng khdng nhd dd'n tam ly ddu tff phdt tnen san xua't cua noffdi chan nudi, dac bidt vdi nhffng hd ddn cd ty Id Idn che't benh, Ipn bi tieu buy Idn. Hdn nffa, dich benh xay ra cdn gay 6 nhidm mdi trffdng Idy lan dich benh, do vdn cdn nhieu hp chan nudi xff ly chu'a dung cdch, nhff: vdt bffa bdi nhieu ndi tren cdc kenh,mffdng, sdng .
Ung pho ruiro Qudn ly gidng
Ke't qua dieu tra cho thay, cac hd chd nudi Idn chu yeu sff dung nguon con gidng
84
do t\i hd san xua't chi^m hdn 78%, trong do hd quy md nhd cd hdn 84% sd' Idn gidng tff hd san xud't dffdc trong tdng binh qudn 32,64 con/hd/ndm (Bang 3). Tuy nhien, chd't Iffdng nhiJng con gid'ng nay chffa dffdc kiem sodt, nen nhieu kha nang gdy dnh hffdng tdi hieu qua chdn nudi.
Khi hdi cac hd chan nudi ve ly do chpn nguon cung cd'p gid'ng Idn, thi hp cho bie't chu ye'u cdc hd tin tffdng ve chd't Iffdng nOi dd va nam dffdc ngudn gdc cua Idn gid'ng. Nhifng thffc te', day chi la qua nhieu Ian mua trffdc, nen hp tin tffdng, chff chffa cd ngudn cung ca'p gidjig nao dffdc cd'p chffng nhdn hay dffdc kiem dich that rd rang trffdc khi bdn.
Cac hd QMN thffdng mua gid'ng Idn ciia nhffng hd lan can, ndn ndm dffpc sffc khde ddn Ipn nhff thd' nao, nhffng nd'u cd bdnh u trong Idn thi hp hodn khdng kiem soat dffdc. Cdc hd cd QML quan tdm dd'n cha't Iffdng va ngudn gdc Idn gid'ng nhieu nha't (chie'm hdn 72%). Hon nffa, cac hd QMV va QML ngoai quan tdm dd'n cha't [ffdng, cdn quan tdm dd'n ndi mua gan, nham muc dich biet rd ve ddn Idn va tranh dffdc sff la nffdc, la thffc an de' Ipn khdng hi tidu chay.
Ben canh dd, tieu chi chpn gid'ng Ipn Id mot trong nhffng each quan ly dich benh cho viec chdn nudi Idn cua hd, hp cd tieu chi chpn td't se giam dffdc dich benh cho dan Idn, ngffdc Iai hd cd tidu chuan chon Idn khdng td't se cd nguy cd dich benh cho dan Idn cao.
Theo ke't qua dieu tra, hau he't cac hd chdn nudi khi chpn Idn gid'ng dau tien dffa vdo hinh dang chie'm 81,94%. Cdn cff de Iffa chpn tidu chi chon gidng cua cdc hd didu tra deu dffa vdo kinh nghiem nudi cua ban thdn (chie'm de'n 84,72%). Ngodi ra, cdc hd cdn dffa vdo Idi khuyen cda nhffng ngffdi hang xdm, hp hdng vd dffa vao nhffng kid'n thffc nghe dai, ti vi va doc dffdc tff sach, bdo hay tff nhiJng buoi tap hud'n ma hp nam dffdc.
Qudn ly thiic dn
Theo ke't qua dieu tra, cd ban cdc hp da nhan thffc dffdc dich benh cd th^ lay qua dffdng thffc an ndn cdc hp da sd dung thffc dn cdng nghidp nhieu hdn. Chi cd hdn 27,78% sd' hd cd sff thay doi each phd'i trdn cam de tranh dich benh cho Idn. Chu yd'u nhffng hd nay thay ddi tff cho an cam phd'i trdn giffa ndng nghidp va cdng nghiep sang cho an hoan todn cam cdng nghiep. Cac hd chan nudi Idn chu ye'u cho dn bdng cam cdng nghiep
BAMG 3: MGUOM CCMG CAP GtOMG CUA CAC HQ CHAM MUOl LdM Ngu6n cung dip
Tong so con giong (2019) - TiTsan xudt
- Mua cua hg chan nuoi kliac -Mua cua tr^i giona - Mua ciia thiToFng lai
DVT con/ho/nam
% %
% %
Theo (piv md QMN
3^,64 84.95 11,15 0,94 2,96
QMV
77,02 17,55 0,4 5,03
OML
7^,04 19,07 2.49 6,4
Tinli chimg
78,33 15,76 1,2 4,71 BANG 4; PHtfdMG THCTC SCf DCIMG THtfC AN MHAM GIAM DjCH BgMH
TROMG CHAM NQOI LdM CGA CAC HQ
DVT: <
Chi tieu Ty 1^ h§ da thav doi ph6'i tron cam Chuven san? cho an cam cong nghiep Phoi Iron
Phoi tron theo giai doan Idn
Theo quv mO QMN
21,88 28,57 14,29 57,14
QMV 35,48 40,00 60,00
QML i l i j 66.67 33.33
Tinh chung ''7.78 4«,(K) 6.7^ 55.00
(chid'm 66,67% sd hd) nen nguy cd gdy benh cho Idn tff dffdng thffc an dffdc giam xudng rd't nhieu (Bang 4).
Con cdc hd chdn nudi QMN vd QMV phd'i trdn theo tffng giai doan, tan dung thffc dn sdn cd cua gia dinh nhdm gidm gid thdnh. Dieu ndy cilng khie'n cho dich benh de dang xay ra dd'i vdi dan Idn tai cdc hd chdn nudi QMN va QMV do thffc dn thffa tan dung dffdc phd'i trdn khdng ddm bao an loan, ve sinh.
Qudn ly thu y
Bien phdp xff ly cua hd chan nudi khi Idn bi benh:
Khi Idn bi nhidm bdnh, cac hd chan nudi Idn cd phffdng phap quan ly va giai phdp khdc nhau, cd hd CO the bdn ngay nd'u Idn liic dd Idm thit dffdc, cd hd mua thud'c ve tff chffa cho Idn va cung cd hd vffa tff chffa vffa goi thu y ve chffa. Kd't qua dieu tra cho tha'y, cdc hd chdn nudi QML cd each quan ly de tranh sff lay Ian dich bdnh td't hdn so vdi nhdm QMV vd QMN, hp nhan thffc dffdc tac hai cua dich benh gay ra ihiet hai cho kinh te'gia dinb.
Bien phdp xff ly cua hd chan nudi khi Ipn bi bdnh chd't: Vd van de xff ly khi Idn bi che't, chi cd hd chdn nudi QMN khi Idn chet mdi md va tieu dung (chie'm 3,13% sd hp), ddy Id mdt trong nhffng nguyen nhdn ddn de'n khdng nhffng Idy lan sang ddn Idn khac, md cdn quan trpng hOn cd the' Idy Ian benh sang ngffdi.
Nhieu hd chffa biet cdch ddu hiiy cdn vfft bffa bdi nhieu ndi, nhff: tren cac kenh, mffdng, sdng,. day la mdt trong nhffng mdi trffdng de lay lan dich bdnh nhanh nha't, dac biet la tff viing ndy sang vung khac. Ben canh dd, cd 52,35% sdhd dd bie't chdn sau khi idn chd't, nhffng cdc hd vdn chffa bid't each chdn dung quy trinh ky thudt va quy dinh.
Bien phdp phdng ngffa rui ro dich benh cua hd chan nudi Idn: Ngudn cung cd'p thud'c thu y cho cac hp chdn nudi Id ra't quan trpng. nd'u nguon cung ca'p day du va sdn cd se giup cac hd chdn nudi dd dang hdn trong viec mua thud'c vd chffa tri kip thdi cho Idn khi cd benh cung nhff phdng bdnh cho Idn dung ngay, dung lieu Iffdng.
85
BAMG 5: BIEN P H A P PHONG MGffA RGI RO DjCH BENH CUA HQ CHAN NaOI LCjJN DVT %soho Chi tieu
Diine vac-\in M a chuonE thifdne xuyen Phun thuoc khu: truni:
Dime voi bot Khac
Theo niiv mfi OMN
6.89 89.52 81.25 86.^5 18.32
OMV 1 OML 73.53 96.48 85.86 90.15 21.48
95.14 100 95.44 12.56
Tinh chung
18.74
Ke't qua dieu tra cho thd'y, cdc hd thffdng xuyen rffa sach chuong trai hang ngdy la mdt trong nhffng bidn phap rd't hffu hieu de phdng benh cho dan Idn cua hp.
Hau nhff cac hd d ddy deu rffa chuong trai hang ngay bdng nffdc hdp ve sinh, nha't Id cdc hd chan nudi cd QML dat 100%, chi cd mdt sd ho cd QMN thi 2-3 ngay mdi tay rffa mdt lan. Cdng tac phun thud'c tieu ddc, khff trung vd ve sinh mdi trffdng chdn nudi dffdc ngffdi dan thffc hien kha td't {Bang 5)
KET LUAN VA DE XUAT GIAI PHAP
Kit ludn
Kd't qua nghien cffu cho thd'y, rui ro dich bdnh la mdt trong nhffng rui ro thffdng xuyen gap vd gay thiet hai Idn cho hd chan nudi Idn tren dia ban tinh Thai Binh. Viec bie't each quan ly rui ro dich benh td't se giup giam thieu thiet hai dang ke cho cdc hp. Hau he't cac hd chan nudi Ipn tren dia ban Tinh dd tff bie't each quan ly dich benh cho hoat dpng chan nudi cua minh. Mac du mffc dd gap phai dich benh khdng cd sff khdc biet qud rd ret giffa cdc quy md hp, tuy nhien each thffc xff ly, dd'i phd vdi nguy cd riii ro dich benh d tffng nhdm hd lai khdc nhau.
Ben canh dd, nghien cffu chi ra cac ye'u td'chu ye'u anh hffdng tdi nguy cd xay ra dich benh. bao gdm: chd't Iffdng gid'ng, thffc dn chan nudi, vd sinh chuong trai vd chd't Iffdng dich vu thu y.
De xudt gidi phdp
Be ban chd' va giam thieu rui ro, Nha nffdc, chinh quyen dia phffdng cung nhff cac hd chdn nudi Idn cua
tinh Thai Binh can ldm tot nhiTng giai
phap sau: , Thd nhdt, Tinh vd chinh quyen dia
phffdng can td chffc cac Idp tap huan quy trinh chdn nudi Idn dam bao ve sinh, nhat la chung loai va cdch thffc sff dung thuoc va boa chd't trong chan nudi Idn; Tap hudn each thffc kiem" tra, giam sdt vide diffc hidn quy tnnh chan nudi dam bao vd sinh an toan diffc pham cua ngffdi chdn nudi vd cdc tdc nhdn khdc trong chuoi gid tri thit Idn nhd't la cac tdc nhan cung ffng ddu vdo. bdng thdi, cdn cd cdc giai phdp phu trd lien quan de'n va'n de truy xuat ngudn gd'c san pham, nhan dien sdn phd'm chdn nudi, dam bao ve sinh an toan thffc pbdm^
ThU hai, tff vd'n ky thudt ve viec thid't ke' chuong trai chdn nudi hdp ly, cdi tao chuong nudi. Xay dffng cac md hinh trinh didn, cdc de an chan nudi dp dung cdc bien phdp an toan sinh hoc. Cd chinh sdch hd trd tai chinh de' ngffdi chdn nudi cd thd cai tie'n cd sd ha tang nudi Idn
Thitba, nang cao chd't Iffdng dich vu thu y cdng va tff. Tap hua'n va boi dffdng dinh kl cho can bp thu y ve phdc do dieu tri cho cdc loai benh ciia Idn, cap nhat dien bie'n tinh hinh dich benh trong chan nudi Idn.
Tang cffdng kie'm sodt chd't Iffdng thud'c thu y Iffu hdnh tren thi trffdng.
Thd tu, thdc da'y phat trie'n lien kd't trong sdn xud't va tieu thu san pham chdn nudi. Dong thdi, hd trd hinh thdnh cdc cau lac bd chan nudi Idn; hd trd phdt trien cdc chudi gia thit Idn tren dia ban Tinh.
Thii ndm. khuye'n khich phdt trien san xud't thffc dn chdn nudi. Nghien cffu cdc nguyen lieu, thffc dn an toan thay thd' tai chd, vi du nhff: u men sdn, khoai, ngd, cdm gao... Ben canh do, da dang san xud't va linh hoat trong tieu thu san pham chdn nudi.Q
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O _ _ _ _ _
1. Chi cue Chdn nudi vd Thu y, Sd Ndng nghidp va Phdt trie'n ndng thdn tinh Thai Binh (2017- 2019). Bdo cdo tdng ki't edng tdc chdn nuoi thu y cua tinh Thai Binh cde ndm 2017, 2018, 2019
2. Nguydn Anh Tud'n (2006). Qudn tri rdi ro trong kinh doanh thuang, Nxb Lao ddng - Xd hdi 3. Doan Thi Hdng Van (2013). Gido trinh Qudn tri mi ro vd khung hodng, Nxb Lao ddng - Xa hpi 4. Nguydn Bd Hudn (2014). Gidi phdp phdt trien thi trUdng bdo hiem nong nghiep trong chan nuoi lan tren dia bdn huyen Chuang My, TP. Hd Ngi, Luan van thac sT kmh te', Trffdng Dai hpc Lam nghidp, Hd Ndi
5. Dang Thi Thuy Ha (2009). He thd'ng cung cap thdc dn cho ede hg chdn nuoi Ign d huyen Vdn Giang tinh Hung Yen, Ludn van tdt nghiep dai hoc, Hpc vidn Ndng nghiep Viet Nam
6. Nguydn Thi Bich vd Dd Trffdng Lam (2013). Nghidn cffu rui ro trong chdn nudi Idn cua cac hd ndng dan d huyen Doan Hilng, tinh Phu Tho, Tap chi Khoa hgc vd Phdt trien, sd' 195, trang 104-111 7. Le Ngoc Hifdng, Nguyen Duy Linh (2012). Rui ro va chinh sach quan ly rui ro trong chdn nudi Idn d Viet Nam, Tgp chi Khoa hge vd Phdt trien, so 3, trang 538-545