T R I / O N G N G H I A M I E U TA N G O A I H I N H NGlJdl PHU N C T R O N G T R U Y E N NGAN THACH LAM
NGUYEN THI HtrONG CUC**>
Tom tat: Ngon ngQ vita la chat lieu tao nen tac pham vUa la phiSOng tien de qua no ngUdi dpc cam nh$n dupc cai hay, ve dep cua tac pham do. Do la mot trong nhiing li do khien xu hUdng day hgc theo quan diem tich hpp ngQ - van dang dUdc di cao nhii hien nay. Cac li thuyet ngon ngQ trong do co li thuyet ve tnJdng tU vUng ngQ nghia cang dUpc quan tam Qng dung v&o nghien cQu tac ph^m, gop phan giai ma tin hi$u ngon ngQ a mpt dang dac biet - ngon ngQ nghe thuat. Nghien cQu li thuyet v4 trUdng tQ vUng ngQ ngMa dat trong quan he vdi phan tich tac pham van hgc cQng nam trong xu hudng chung do, bdi mdi trUdng nghia chinh la cdsdhinh thanh nen cac hinh tupng nghe thuat ciing nhu de tai hay chu di cua tac pham. Khao sat tritdng nghia mieu ta ngudi phu nQ trong hai t$p truyen ngan "Nang trong vUdn" va "Gio dau mua" cua Thach Lam se lamro thUc ro hdn ve dieu do.
Tit khoa: Phu nQ; d&c diSm; truySn ngin "Thach Lam"; trUdng nghia.
Abstract: Language is the material of a work of literature; it is also the means to dehver the beauty of the work to readers. As a result, modem trends in literature teaching emphasize the integration of linguistics and literature. Linguistic theories, in particular semantic Geld theory, are apphed more commonly in decoding literary language - a special form of linguistic symbols. Research on semantic held theory in literary works is among this trend, as each semantic field is the foundation of literary symbols and themes. The study of semantic field describing the woman in two of Thach Lam's short stories: Ning trong vUdn (Sunlight in the garden) va Gio diu mua (Seasonal breeze) presented a clear example.
Keywords: Woman; feature; Thach Lam's short story; semantic field.
Ngay nhan bai: 12/5/2019; Ngay sisa bai: 26/6/2019; Ngay duyet dang bai: 29/7/2019.
1. Dat van de hinh de tfl dd tha'y rd them sfle didn ta Hinh tUdng ngUdi phu nfl la hinh sinh ddng cua tfl ngfl tie'ng Vidt va nghe tUdng trung tarn trong nhieu truyen thuat sfl dung ngdn tfl eua Thach Lam.
ngan cua Thach Lam. Bdi vay, cae tfl 2. Khao sat trflctag nghia mieu ta ngfl thupc trudng nghia mieu ta ngUdi ngoai hinh ngfldfi phu nii qua hai t£lp phu nfl trong cac tac ph^m truydn ngan truyen ngan Thach Lam
xua't hien vdi t^n sua't Idn gdp ph^n lam Theo Dd Hflu Chau, trudng tfl vflng ngfl noi bat hinb tUdng ngudi phu nfl tfl nghia la tap hdp cac tfl va ngfl ed' dinh cd ngoai binh de'n banh ddng va tinh each, sfl ddng nha't nao da'y ve ngfl nghia trong Nghien eflu trudng nghia mieu ta ngudi tfl vflng eua mot ngdn ngfl'^*. Tfl do cd th^
phu nfl trong truyen ngan Thach Lam
giflp ta hidu hdn ve phong each nghe — thuat va quan niem th^m my eua dng. Ci " TrSn Phu, Ha Dong, Ha N6i;
b a i viet n a y , chflng t d i t a p t r u n g v a o Email: [email protected]
u ' 4- V -^ • .^ ^ 0 . . • . „- . ^ ' Xem: Do Hfiu Chau (1981), TQ vUn^ n^-y r,^h- nhom tu ngu mieu ta dae diem ngoai ,iei.^vi,, Nxb. Giaoduc, HaNoi. ' ^ " ^ ~ " ^ " ^ ^ -
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NHAN Lire KHOA HOC XAHdl .SO 8-2919
NGUYEN THI HUONG CUC nit ra: Tfl ngfl mieu ta ngoai hinh ngUdi
phu nfl la tap hdp nhiing tfl va ngfl cd' dinh trong tid'ng Viet ma ngfl nghia cua chiing bieu thi nhflng dac diem cua ngfldi phu nfl nham lam nd'i bat hinh tUdng hp trong sang tac cua eac nha van.
Trong qua trinh khao sat nhdm tfl mieu ta ngoai hinh ngfldi phu nfl trong hai tap truyen ngan "Gid dau mfla" va "Nang trong vUdn" cua Thach Lam, chflng tdi chfl y tdi nhflng ke't hdp tfl dpc dao, nhflng sang tao ngdn ngfl mdi eua nha van. Tfl do nit ra vai trd va gia tri tham my quan trpng cua nhdm tfl ngfl nay vdi dac trUng phong each eua dng.
Lay tieu chi xac lap, phan loai chinh la ngii nghia, tfl ngfl mieu ta ngoai hinh ngUdi phu nfl trong truydn ngan Thach Lam cd the dUde sap xep vae cac nhdm sau: Mieu ta dien mao; miiu ta dang dieu;
mieu ta lan da; miiu ta khu vUc dau; miiu ta khu vUc minh; miiu ta gigng noi va nu eiidi;mieu ta trang phuc.
Trong hai tap truyen ngan cua Thach lam cd 22/28 truyen ngan (^78,6%) cd sfl xuat hien hinh anh ngUdi phu nfl. Dieu do cho tha'y vai trd quan trpng cfla binh tUdng ngudi phu nfl trong cac sang tac cua Thach Lam. Qua viee tie'n banb khao sat tfl ngfl mieu ta ngUdi phu nfl trong hai tap truyen ngan eua Thach Lam, chiing tdi mong cd the kham pha ra net doc dao rieng bidt cua ngdn ngfl nghe thuat Thach Lam cung nhU vai trd eua hinh tupng ngUdi phu nfl dd'i vdi phong each nghd thuat eua dng.
2.1. Tieu trudng miiu ta dien mao cua ngudi phu nU
NhiSng tfl mieu ta nhan sac cua ngUdi phu nfl trong truyen ngan Thach Lam deu gcii len cho ngUdi dpc nhflng cam nhan, danh gia chung nha't ve ve dep cua ngudi
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con gai. Dien mao cua cac cd gai trong truydn ngan Thach Lam dupe mieu ta deu ra't xinh dep, dang yeu, trong sang. Tinh tfl dupe sfl dung nhieu nha't la "xinh dep"
(4 lan). Sau dd la cac tfl "dep" (3 Ian),
"xinh tUdi" (2 \in), "tUdi tan" (2 l^n). Cac tfl ngfl thudc trudng nay ra't da dang va nhieu each ket hdp mdi me. TU "kieu my"
(2 lan) la tfl Han Viet khdng ehi gpi len ve xinh dep ma cdn the hien dupc thdn thai kieu sa, thoat tue cua ngudi con gai. Cac tfl "thanh nha", "dang yeu", "dam tham",
"diu dang" khdng ehi the hien dupe nhan sac vd cflng xinh dep, Ua nhin ma cdn the hien dupc tinh each dl thUdng, duyen dang cua ngUdi eon gai Viet Nam.
2.2. Tieu trUdng mieu ta dang dieu ciia ngudi phu nU
Dang dieu la nhflng net dac trUng cua mdt ngudi nhin qua dang di, dieu bd, cfl chi. Nhu vay, cd the ndi thdng qua dang dieu cua mdt ngUdi ta cam nban dUde nhflng net chung nha't vd^ tinb each, suy nghi cua ngUdi a'y. Vi du: Dang dieu khoan thai; dang dieu kieu ki... Kbi mieu ta ngUdi phu nfl, Thach Lam ra't chfl trpng mieu ta dang dieu cua ngUdi dd trong nhieu hoan canh khac nhau.
Khao sat nhdm tU nay eho ta tha'y sfl da dang vdi 25 tfl khac nhau dUde lap lai qua eac truyen. Trong do danh tfl "dang dieu"
dupe lap lai vdi tan sd' cao nha't la 7 l^n (=15.22%). Dieu dd ehUng td rang khi mieu ta ngoai hinh ngUdi phu nfl Thach Lam ra't chu trpng raidu ta dang dieu be ngoai cua hp. Ben canh dd, Thach Lam dung nhieu tinh tfl de midu ta dang dieu eua ngUdi phu nfl dae biet la nhflng thieu nfl tre. Cae tinh tfl mieu ta dang dieu nhu:
uyen chuyen, e le, e then, thanh nha, dang yeu, diu dang... deu bieu thi sfl nfl tinh, duyen dang, diu dang, e a'p cfla ngfldi con
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI ^
gai. Khdng cd mdt tinh tfl nao bieu thi ve suong sa, thd kech hay Id' lang cua ngUdi phu nfl xua't hien trong eac tae pham ma chiing tdi khao sat.
Cac tinh tfl bieu thi net mem mai, ydu dudi cua ngudi eon gai dUde lap lai vdi tan sua't cao. Tfl "uyen chuyen" va "e le" dUde lap lai 5 lan (==10.87%). Qua eac tfl ngfl thudc tieu trudng mieu ta dang dieu nhU;
dang yiu, e then, thanh nha, yiu dieu, ben len,... ta cd the tha'y dupe binh tUdng ngudi phu nfl trong eac sang tae cua Thach Lam mang ve dep trong sang, thanh thien, e a'p, diu dang. Dd chinh la hinh tupng ngUdi phu nfl Viet Nam truyen thong.
2.3. Tieu trudng mieu ta lan da ciia ngudi phu nU
Khi mieu ta ngoai hinh eua ngUdi phu nfl, cae nha van nha thd tfl xUa tdi nay deu r^t chu trpng mieu ta lan da. Bdi lan da eua ngudi phu nfl khdng ehi the hien ve ngoai cua hp ma phdn nao ndi len hoan canh xua't than, cupc sd'ng lao dpng (lam lu hay an nhan) va ca tinh each eua bp.
Qua khao sat sd' lan xua't hidn tfl ngfl trong nhdm tfl mieu ta lan da d ca bai tap truyen ngan cua Thach Lam kha it (6 Mn).
Nhdm tfl mieu ta lan da chi xua't hien trong 3 truyen ngin (Nang trong vUdn, Bdn kia sdng, Dfla con). Danh tfl thudc nhdm tfl nay ed tan suat cao nha't la
"Nude da" xua't hien 2/6 lan(=33.33%).
Lan da eua ngUdi phu nfl dupc mieu ta ehu ye'u qua mau sac cua da vdi cac tfl
"tring muot", "tr&ng' va "xam ning' deu xuat bien 1 lan (=16.67%). Thach Lam da cflc ta sac trang cua lan da khi sfl dung tfl
"tring muoi". Nd gpi len ve yeu dud'i, ngay thd cua ngUdi eon gai. "Xam ning' la mdt each kd't hdp la trong viec sfl dung tfl ngfl cua Thach Lam. Nd khdng chi the hien
£ g NHAN Lin; KHOA HOC XA HU
dupe sac dp eua lan da ma cdn gdi len dang sau dd la sfl lam lu, va't va cua ngUfli phu nfl.
2.4. Tieu trudng miiu ti khu vUc diu cua ngUdi phu nU
Ben canh lan da va dang dieu, mai tdc va khudn mat cua ngUdi phu nfl la nhflng chi tie't quan trpng trong nghe thuat khac hpa ngoai hinh nhan vat cua Thach Lam.
cac tfl ngfl bieu thi khu vflc dau cua ngudi phu nfl dac biet la cae ehi tiet tren khudn mat dupc Thach Lam sfl dung vdi tuan suat cao trong hl^u bet cac truyen ngan ed nhan vat ngUdi phu nfl. Trong hai tap truyen ngan eua minh, Thach Lam da sfl dung 196 tfl thupc nhdm tfl mieu ta khu vflc d^u cua ngudi phu nfl dupc phan thanh 9 ti^u trUdng cbi bp phan khac nhau.
Khao sat nhdm tfl nay, ta thay ddi mat va khudn mat cua ngUdi phu nfl chie'm ti Id eao nha't. So' Idn lap lai cac tfl ngfl bieu thi mat la 63 lan (=32.14%). So'lan lap lai cac tfl ngfl thudc nhdm tfl mieu ta khudn mat cua ngUdi phu nfl la 44 Idn (=22.45%). Hai nhdm tfl nay xua't hien vdi tan suat cao bdi hinh dang va dae diem khudn mat la yeu to quan trpng the hien nhan sic cua ngUdi phu nfl. Cdn nhdm tfl bieu thi ddi mat khdng chi khac hpa ve dep ngoai hinh va ndi tam nhan vat ma edn th^ hien dUdc tinh cam, cam xflc cua nhan vat. Xet tflng tieu trudng mieu ta eac bd phan eua ngUdi phu nfl ta tha'y dUdc net dae sic trong ngon ngfl mieu ta hinh tUdng nhan vat cua Thach Lam.
Toe: Bdi "cai rang cai tdc la gdc eon ngUdi" nen khi mieu ta ngUdi phu nfl Thach Lam hudng ngdi but cfla minh vao viec mieu ta mai tdc eua ngudi phu nfl.
Tan sd' tfl ngfl mieu ta ngudi phu nfl qua hai tap truyen "Nang trong vudn" va "Gid
$0 8-2919
NGUYEN THI H0ONG CUC ddu mfla" la 22 lan (=11.22%). Trong do
cac danh tfl ehi toe dfldc Thach Lam sfl dung ra't da dang va co nhi^u ket hpp dpc dao. Tfl "mai tdc" dUdc lap lai 5/22 Idn la mpt each ket hdp kha quen thupc trong ddi song. Ben canh dd mdt loat eac danh tfl chi ehung tdc va sdi toe nhU: Md toe, dong toe, sdi toe, sdi tdc mai Trong do "md tdc"
(1/22 Idn) va "dong tod' (1/22 idn) la nhflng k^t hdp mdi va dpc dao trong trUdng nghia mieu ta mai tdc. Nd khdng ehi la nhflng danh tfl chi mai tdc ddn thuan mfl cdn gdi len mai tdc dep, dai va day cua ngudi thi^u nfl. Qua dd thd hidn sfl nfl tinh, duydn dang cua ngUdi phu nfl dUde midu ta. Ngoai nhan vat ba ddm trong truyen ngan "NgUdi dam" cd mai tdc mau vang, cac nhan vat phu nfl trong cac truyen ngan Thach Lam d^u la nhflng ngUdi thieu nfl cdn tre vdi mai tdc den truyen thong. "Den" va "den nhanh" la nhflng tfl bieu thi mau sac. Nhiing tfl ngfl bieu thi trang thai cua tdc ra^t da dang va sinh dpng: "anh anh" (nhU td), "xc?" (ra), "la tha", "rdi". Dac biet cac tfl lay "anh anh",
"la thd' ra't giau sflc gdi. Nd gpi ra sfl mUdt ma va mem dng cfla mai tdc. Mfli hUdng cua tdc dupe the hien qua tfl "thdm". Hinh anh Mai ^ e m sang trang) vdi mai tdc
"thdm" hidn len chu ye'u qua sfl dam say khi d ben ngudi yeu cfla Tuan: Tuan ciii mat vao dong toe thcfm, ngat ngao mdt tnOi hUdng quen men.
Nhu vay ed th^ tha'y, qua viee sfl dung cac tfl ngfl thudc nhdm tfl mieu ta mai tdc cua ngudi phu nfl, hinh tUdng ngUdi phu nfl trong cac sang tac Thach Lam hien ra la nhflng ed thieu nfl tre mang ve dep nfl tinh, truyen thong vdi mai tdc den, dai va niUdt ma.
Khudn mat: Nhdm tfl mieu ta khudn mat xuSt hien vdi tdn sua't cao trong tidu
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trUdng mieu ta khu vflc dau: 44 lan (=22.45%). Khudn mat eua ngudi thie'u nfl khdng chl th^ hien dupe ve be ngoai ma edn phan anh cam xflc, thai dp, tinh each cfla con ngudi.
Cac danh tfl chi khudn mat gom: "Mat' (3/44 lan), "Khudn mat' (8/44 lan), "Net mat' (6/44 lan), "Ve mat' (1/44 lan). NhU vay cd thd' tha'y danh tfl "khudn mat" dUdc sfl dung pho bid'n nha't trong ti^u trUdng mieu ta khudn mat cua ngudi phu nfl.
Danh tfl "net mat' dudng nhU cdn gdi ra ca ve dep tam hon va tinb each eua hp.
Khi mieu ta khudn mat ngUdi phu nfl, Thach Lam it chfl trpng de'n mieu ta hinh dang khudn mat. Ong ehi dflng hai tinh tfl
"trai xoan" (1/44 Idn) va "deu dan" (2/44 lan) de mieu ta net xinh xan, nfl tinh cua khudn mat thie'u nfl. Thach Lam chu ye'u sfl dung eac tinh tfl bieu thi cam xflc va tinh each ma net mat ngUdi phu nfl the hien nhU: "hon nhiin", "nhan tH', "hien ta', "Men hAu". Bdi khuon mat la ndi thd hien thai dp, cam xflc cua con ngUdi ra't hieu qua nen Thach Lam da sfl dung da dang mdt loat tinh tfl mieu ta cam xflc con ngUdi the hien tren khudn mat: "sung sUdng' (1/44 lan), "buon" (4/44 Idn), "buon ba" (1 lan), "buon rau", "tram mad' (1 lan), "cau co" (1 lan). "gian dH' (1 lan).
Trang thai cua khudn mat chu ye'u dupe mieu ta vdi ve buon, trdm mac. NgUdi phu nfl trong cae sang tae hdu het deu ed net mat hien lanh, nhan hau nhUng mang ddy tam trang.
Mit: Ddi mat la efla so cua tam hon.
Nhin vao ddi mat cua mot ngUdi ta cd thd hieu dUdc tinh each va tam trang eua ho.
Cd le eung vi the' ma khi mieu ta ngUdi phu nfl, Thach Lam dae biet chfl trpng mieu ta doi mat vdi nhflng tfl ngfl vd ciing da dang thudc trUdng nghia nay. Trong
NHAN LUC KHOAHOCXAHOI ^
tieu trUdng mieu ta khu vflc dau eua ngUdi phu nfl, tieu trUdng mieu ta mat xua't bien tdi 63 Idn (=32.14%).
Danh tfl thudc tieu trUdng mieu ta mat dupc lap lai nhieu nha't la "mdt" (11/63 Idn). Tie'p den la "ddi mdt" (7/63 Idn).
Cac tinh tfl mieu ta mat dUdc Thach Lam sfl dung trong hai tap truyen ngan deu gdi len ve dep ngay thd, trong sang, thanh thidn. Ddi mdt - "efla so tam hon"
dupc mieu ta blng nhflng tinh tfl:
"Nhung' (Mat nhung, 11 lan), "long lanh"
(8 Idn), "sang' (6 lan), "to" (2 Idn), "trong' (21an), "den lanh" (1 lan), "thd ngaf (1 Idn), "bo cau" (1 Idn). Cd le do nha van Thach Lam la cay bflt lang man nen nhflng tinh tfl mieu ta mdt dng sfl dung deu ra't nhe nhang, mdng md, mang lai cam xuc yeu men cua ddc gia ddi vdi nban vat. Ong edn cd nhflng each ket hdp tfl ngfl ra't dpc dao, mdi me va giau sflc gpi hinh hdn. Cum "long lanh sang' la mpt kd't hdp la dUdc sfl dung de'n 3 Idn trong cac truyen ngdn eua dng. "Long lanh sang' dudng nhu khdng ehi cd tae dung mieu ta ddi mdt ngudi eon gai sang long lanh ma dudng nhu edn gdi ra ca ve dang yeu, mO mdng eua ngudi eon gai dang yeu. Dd la hinh anh cd Hau d truyen ngdn Nang trong vUdn: Ddi ma nang hong lin trong khoang la xanh, va ddi mit den cua nang long lanh sang.
Trang thai cfla ddi mdt dupe mieu ta hdu he't la nhflng ddi mdt buon ddm nude mat: udt (mdt udt) (2 lan), "do" (2 lan), "do hoe" (4 lan). Cach mieu ta nay khie'n ddi mat triu nang tam trang con ngudi.
Ma: Qua viec mieu ta ddi ma eua ngUdi thid'u nfl, Thach Lam da khde hpa dupc trang thai e then, ngupng ngung, xau hd ddy nfl tinh va dang yeu. Cac tfl ngfl dupc sfl dung deu giflp ngudi dpc g ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdi
hinh dung dupe ddi ma eua cac thidu nfl mdi Idn lan dau biet yeu: "hong', "ling hong', "ling do", "do", "do bUng', "do hong', "hay hay". Nhdm tfl mieu ta ddi ma cua ngUdi thid'u nfl chu yeu la eac tfl chi mau sdc dd va hong nhUng dUde Thach lam sfl dung d nhieu mfle dp khac nhau de the hien nhflng trang thai cam xuc khac nhau. Dac biet tfl "hay hay"
ngoai y nghia ehi ddi ma hong edn the hien dupe sfl tre trung, thd ngay cua ngUdi thid'u nfl mdi Idn.
Mdi: Ddi mdi la mdt trong nhiing bd phan the hidn dUdc ve gdi cam va nhflng cam xuc khi yeu eua ngUdi phu nfl. Nhdm tfl mieu ta ddi mdi cua ngUdi phu nfl trong hai tap truyen ngan Thach Lam rat da dang. Ong khdng ehi sfl dung nhflng tfl ngfl chi mau sdc ma cdn the hien dUde sfl tUdi thdm, gpi cam efla ddi mdi. Danh tfl
"ddi mdi' dupe sfl dung 10/26 lan, "net mdi"(l/ 26 Idn). Dae biet, Thach Lam tap trung mieu ta ddi mdi thieu nfl trong nhflng cai hdn n6ng nan cua tinh yeu, sfl manh liet, cudng nhiet, me say cua ngudi thie'u nfl trong tinh yeu: "hend' (2/26 lan),
"chay mau" (1/26 lan), "dau ddn" (1/26 lan), "rdm mau" (1/26 lan).
Cac cM tiet khac tren khudn mat: Cdc ehi tid't dupe midu ta vdi tan sua't tha'p la mieng (9 Idn, =4.59%), rang (6 lan,
=3.06%), cam(2 lan,=1.02%), tai (4 Idn,
=2.04%). Cac chi tie't nay chi dupc nha van mieu ta dudi gdc dp cha'm pha, ludt qua nhung chung cflng cd vai trd quan trpng trong vide khde hpa ve nfl tinh, duyen dang cua ngudi phu nfl.
2.5. Tieu trUdng mieu ta khu vUc minh ciia ngudi phu nU
Cac bd phan thudc khu vflc minh cua ngUdi phu nfl dupc Thach Lam chpn Ipc, mieu ta nhdm the hidn dupc nhflng dudng sd 8-2919
NGUYEN THI HUONG CUC net m^m mai, nfl tinh cua ed the phu nfl.
Cac bp phan dUdc mieu ta gdm: co (=13.89%), vai (=8.33%), than minh (-52.78%), nguc (=25%).
Tfl chl than minh ngUdi phu nfl dupe lap lai vdi tdn sua't eao (=52.8%). Trong dd cac danh tfl chi than minh dUde sfl dung da dang: "Tam than" (3 Idn), "than thi' (2 l^n), "than hinh" (1 lan), ngudi (1 Idn).
Nhflng ngUdi phu nfl hdu hd't cd vdc dang b6 nhd gdi len sfl y^u dieu, mong manh:
"manh de" (3 lan), "thon thon" (1 lan),
"nho bi' (1 Idn), "gay go" (1 Idn). Tfl "nd nang' the hien sfl phong phao, mem mai cua ngUdi con gai dupe sfl dung 1 lan. Ong con sfl dung nhiing tfl ngfl the hien dUdng net mem mai cua than hinh ngUdi phu nfl:
"mem mai", "deo dang'.
Net dep mang dam thien tinh nfl dUdc Thach Lam khde hpa dam net qua viec mieu ta ngfle eua ngudi phu nfl. Tfl "doi vu" dUdc lap lai 2 lan didn ta dudng net mem mai, quye'n rfl va hdi mang tinh nhuc cam. Cac tinh tfl mieu ta ngfle ngudi phu nfl ra't tre trung va tran ddy sflc sd'ng:
"nho", "trdn", "cang', "no". Trong truyen ngan Thach Lam, bp ngfle edn bao hieu kha nang lam me cua ngUdi phu nfl. Nhan vat ba Ca trong truyen ngdn "Dfla con" la ngUdi da cao tudi ma khdng cd con nen bd ngijfc ba cung "heo hon", "lep". Nhflng tfl ngfl dd the hien sfl buon rdu, hiu hat cfla ngudi phu nfl khdng cd kha nang lam me, khdng dupe trdng thay con khdn Idn nhd b^u sfla cua minh.
Tieu trudng mieu ta than minh dfl cd tan so' xua't hien khdng nhieu so vdi nhdm tfl mieu ta khu vflc dau cua ngUdi phu nfl.
Tuy nhien, qua dd hinh anh nhflng ngUdi phu nfl dfldc khde hpa vdi ve dep can ddi, tran day sflc sd'ng cua tuoi tre. Nhom tfl Qay khdng chi the hien sfl mem mai cfla
than hinh ma edn gdi len sfl uyen chuyen trong dang dieu cfla ngudi phu nfl.
2.6. Tieu trUdng miiu ta tU cM cua ngudi phu nU
Tieu trudng mieu ta tfl cbi cua ngudi phu nfl chi dUpc Thach Lam mieu ta ludt qua d mpt vai truyen ngdn va cd sd' lUdng khdng nhieu. Tdn suat tieu trudng mieu ta chan tay ehi la 24 lan trong hai tap truyen ngdn. Ve duyen dang, yeu didu cua ngUdi phu nfl chu yeu dupe the hien qua ban tay (7 lan). Tfl ehi chung tfl chi cflng xua't hien 7 lan. Tay ngudi phu nfl dupe mieu ta hdng cac tfl ngfl "Xinh xin",
"xinh xeo", "hong hao", "chic map".
Nhflng tfl ngfl tren the hien ngUdi phu nfl dupe mieu ta la nhflng cd gai tre , xinh dep, thanh cao. Ben canh dd, tfl cbi efla nhflng ngudi phu nfl Idn tuoi lam lu, va't va lai dUde mieu ta "xa'u xf, "cin coi',
"ran red'.
2.7. Tiiu trudng miiu ta gigng noi, nu cudi cua ngUdi phu nfl
Gipng ndi va nu cUdi la hai phUdng didn the hien rd nha't tinh each va ldi Ung xfl cfla con ngudi. Bdi the', ben canh viec mieu ta cae bd phan ed the ngUdi phu nfl, Thach Lam da sfl dung trUdng nghia ra't phong phu va da dang de mieu ta gipng ndi va nu cUdi cfla ngudi phu nfl
Tieu trudng mieu ta gipng ndi va nu eUdi eua ngUdi phu nfl xua't hien 42 lan.
Trong dd nhdm tfl mieu ta gipng ndi xua't hien 25/42 lan (=59.52%). Nhdm tfl mieu ta nu cudi xua't hien 17/42 idn (=40.48%).
Gipng ndi cua ngUdi phu nfl the hien dupc ea tinb each va each flng xfl cua hp.
Nhflng ngUdi phu nfl trong truyen ngan Thach Lam cd gipng ndi dd nghe, tre trung, diu dang: "Em diu", "nggt ngao",
"trong', "nhe", "em ai", "lanh lanh",
"tram", "khe". Ben canh dd, gipng ndi cua
Sif 8-2019 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdi Q
ngudi phu nfl cdn the hien dUdc tam trang cua hp:"buan ba", "tam tiic". Gipng ndi diu dang, nhd nhe, a'm ap la mpt trong nhflng ve dep nfl tinh cua ngUdi phu nfl dupe Thach Lam nhan manh nhieu nha't.
Nu cUdi cfla ngUdi phu nfl khdng ehi didn ta ve dep va niem vui ma cdn the hien ca tam trang cua hp. Thach Lam mieu ta tam trang ngudi phu nfl qua nu cudi "an ph^n" va "buon rau". Tfl "net cUdi" la mdt ke't hpp ddc dao. Ve dep cua ngUdi phu nfl dUdc mieu ta bang eac tfl
"duyen sac", "trong', "duyin thim", "diu",
"tUdi'. Qua nu cudi cua ngUoi phu nfl ta tha'y dupe sfl ve dep va net duyen thdm ma cac chi tie't khac khd didn ta dupe.
2.8. Tiiu trudng mieu ta trang phuc cua ngudi phu nU
Nhdm tfl mieu ta trang phuc eua ngUdi phu nfl trong hai tap truyen ngdn Thach Lam dupe chflng toi phan loai thanh 3 nhdm nhd: Trang sflc (=5.01%), qudn ao (=64%), cae phu kien khac (20%). Nhdm tfl mieu ta quan ao ngudi phu nfl cd tan sua't cao nha't.
Trang sUc: Nhflng tfl mieu ta trang sflc xua't hien vdi ti le tha'p va ehi phan bd' d hai truyen ngdn "Trong bdng tdi budi chieu" va "Tid'ng sao". Mieu ta trang sfle vdi cac tfl ngfl "lap lanh", "ddt tiSn",
"vang' dudng nhU cac thie'u nfl hien len cd phdn xa hoa, quy phai hdn. Tfl ngfl mieu ta trang sflc it xua't hien cd le bdi ve dep ngudi phu nfl trong sang tdc Thach Lam ehu ydu the hien sfl gian di, thanh cao.
Quin ao: Thach Lam mieu ta quan ao ngUdi phu nfl bdng cac tfl ngfl het sflc phong phu, da dang ve mau sdc, chat lieu, tinh cha't. Ve tinh chat cua qudn ao, sfl dung eac tinh tfl gdi len sfl diu dang, g ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHdl
nfl tinh cua bd trang phuc: "min", "mong manh", "tha thudt', "manh", "mdng',
"phong phanh", "gian df. Ve kieu loai qudn do cung ra't phong phu, da dang: "ao the", "ao dai', "ao canh". Dd la nhflng trang phuc gian di, mang net truyen thd'ng eua phu nfl xUa. Cd mdt sfl kdt hpp kha la trong tieu trudng mieu ta quan ao:
"cang thing'. Tfl nay diln ta quan ao phdng phiu nhUng it dUdc sfl dung. Mdt sd' ngfl ed' dinh dUde dflng de mieu ta qudn ko:"ldi thdi lich thich", "nfla tinh nvta que". Day la nhflng cum tfl quen thudc trong ldi ndi hang ngay cua ngUdi Viet Nam.
Cac phu kiin khac: Tfl ngfl thudc trudng nay cd so' lupng it. Cac phu kien khac chfl yeu la nhflng tU trang ca nhan phuc vu nhu cdu lam dep eua phu nfl nhu gupng, lUdc, hop sap...
3. Hinh tflotog ngfldi phu nfl qua trfldng nghia mieu ta ngoai hinh trong mot so truyen ngan cua Thach Lam
Nhflng tae pham cua Thach Lam luon di sau khai thac ndi tam, quan tam tdi nhflng sfl chuyen bie'n trong cam xuc dfl la nhe nha't cua nhan vat. Ong dac biet tinh te khi dien ta nhflng rung ddng ben trong, nhflng cam giac mong manh, thoang qua eua nhan vat. Bdi the, ed th^
ndi nhan vat nfl trong sang tac cfla Thach Lam thudng khdng cd mpt ve ngoai mang da'u a'n khac bidt nhU cac nhan vat trong truyen ngdn Nam Cao.
Hdu het trong cae truyen ngdn cua Thach Lam, ngUdi phu nfl deu mang ve dep truyen tho'ng nfl tinh, diu dang, trong sdng. Khi mieu ta ngoai hinb nhan vgLt, dng khdng chu y khde hpa eac chi tiet, bp phan mdt each ti mi nham tao a'n tUdng rieng cho dpc gia. 6ng chu trpng mieu ta nhflng net, chi tie't bie'u hien Sti 8-2919
NGUYEN THI HUONG CUC t&m trang, tinh caeh nhan vat. Dieu do li
giai tai sao nhdm tfl mieu ta khu vflc ddu cua ngfldi phu nfl cd tan so xudt hien eao nha't so vdi cac nhdm tfl mieu ta ngoai lunh khac. De dien ta tam trang va tinh each nhan vat hieu qua nhdt, Thach Lam dac biet chu trpng mieu ta ddi mdt.
Do la "hai mdt nhung nhu canh hoa tim
^x6t" cua ed Hau (Nang trong vUdn) hay doi mat "den", "long lanh sang" eua cd Mai (Dem sang trang), cd Mai vd chang VSn (Bdng ngUdi xUa) va ed Loan (Bdt ddu). Thach Lam chfl trpng dd'n nhflng cam xuc va ve dep tam hon bieu hien qua ddi mat nhan vat chfl khdng chu y the hidn ve dep khac biet nao qua ddi mdt. Bdi vay cac tfl thudc tieu trUdng mieu ta mdt dupe lap lai vdi tan sudt cao. Ddi mdt nhung gdi len ve md mang, dang yeu eua ngUdi thid'u nfl xinh dep dfldc lap lai dd'n 11 idn. Ddi mdt "long lanh sang" mieu ta tam hon ngay thd, trong sang xua't hidn 3 idn. Ddi mdt "den huyen ao" cua cd Bao (Duyen so) da lam Van thoat nhin da "ehoang vang". Va chang da yeu tha thie't ngUdi eon gai vdi ddi mat dd. Ddi mdt la cfla so tam hon.
Vdi ngUdi phu nfl, ddi mdt lai cang ed sfle thu phuc va am anh.
Khdng dung len toan bd chan dung con ngudi ma Thach Lam chi chpn la'y nhflng net ed ban dUdc eoi la diem sang nhfl ddi mdt, khudn mat, doi mdi, ma, ban tay. Tfl nhflng diem nha'n ngoai hinh nay, Thach Lam da dinh hudng cho ngfldi doc tiep can vao chieu sau tam hon nhan vat ngay tfl nhflng net hoc Id ben ngoai. NgUdi dpc khdng dl gi quen dUdc
"b^n tay nhd mat" cua Thuy (Ben kia s6ng) hay ban tay "xinh xeo", "xinh xdn"
cua CO gai trong truyen ngdn "Cud'n sach bo quen". Ve thanh nha, eao quy eua cd SH 8-2919
Lien (Tieng sao) cung dupc th^ hien qua
"ban tay xinh xeo, cd ngdn tay bup mang, va got chan hong nhd nhdn".
Thdng qua viec tim hieu trUdng nghia mieu ta ngoai hinh cua ngudi phu nfl, chflng ta cd the nhein tha'y ngUdi phu nfl qua ngdi but cua Thach Lam hien ra ra't dep. Dudng nhu dng da mieu ta ve dep cua hp bdng tat; ea long tran trpng, men yeu, sfl tinh te nhay cam cua mpt cay bflt ddy trdc dn. Nhflng ngudi phu nfl trong truyen ngdn Thach Lam deu mang ve dep gian di, thanh cao va ed ehflt mong manh day nfl tinh.
Hinh anh cd Hau (Ndng trong vUdn) dudi "net ve" ti mdn va cham chut cua Thach Lam mang mdt ve dep trong sang, thanh sach cua nhflng ed thie'u nfl Idn len d vung ndng thdn. "NgUdi manh de va uyen chuyen nhU mdt eai canh non, khudn mat xinh xdn va tUdi."; "hai mdt nhung nhU canh hoa tim Udt"; "ddi ma nang hong len trong khoang la xanh, va ddi mdt den cua nang long lanh sang."; "mai tdc ed lflc nao eung chai chud't ra't mUpt, anh anh nhU td";
"ddi mdi hdi he nd tren ham rang trdng, hai mdt nhung u6t long lanh". Chinh ve dep ddm thdm, duyen dang ma ngay thO cua Hau da khid'n cau Binh ddm say me mai trong tinh yeu. Nhan vat Mai (Dem sang trang) dUde mieu ta qua anh mdt si tinh cua chang trai dang say md ddm dudi trong tinh yeu. Hinh anh Mai hien len ehu ye'u qua sfl ddm say khi d ben ngUdi yeu. "Tuan eui mat vao dd'ng tdc thdm, ngat ngao mdt mfli hUdng quen men"; "Chang tim ddi mdi xinh dep eua nang"; "hai con mat Mai long lanh yeu men"; "mat nang deu dan, eai edm nhd, eai CO trdn va trdng nhU sfla: dep qua, xinh qua, khien chang say sfla ngay
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA H U [ Q
nga't ca ngUdi." Qua nhflng hanh ddng the hien sfl au yem ddy triu men ddi vdi ngUdi yeu, ve dep cua Mai hien ra diem le, dam thdm va tran day sflc sd'ng cua cd gai tre dang hanh phflc trong tinh yeu. Cd th^ tha'y, khi mieu ta ngoai hinh Thach Lam khdng midu ta mdt each trfle tie'p ma thudng gian tie'p qua eac nhan vat khac.
Hdu bet nhan vat nfl trong truyen ngdn Thach Lam la nhflng nhan vat chinh dien mang ve ngoai xinh dep, dang yeu, chie'm dUde thien cam cua ngUdi dpc. Cac nhan vat nfl phu nhU me ehong, ba ehu vdi tinh tinh ac nghiet thUdng khdng dupc dng ehu trpng mieu ta ngoai hinb. Ba Ca la nhan vat dac biet trong truyen ngdn Thach Lam bdi dd la ngudi phu nfl khdng con ed tinh tinh ac nghiet.
Thach Lam khdng mieu ta chi tie't khudn mat va dang dieu eua ba ma ta't ea ndi khdn khd cua ngUdi dan ba khdng con hidn len qua "ddi vii heo hon", "cai sudn cin coi". Ba ca vdi tinh tinh ae nghiet khi be dUa eon cbi Sen da dupc ban nang lam me danh thflc lUdng tam va long trac an "mat ba sang len mot tia sang ao Udc va them mud'n". Thach Lam da ed cai nhin day bao dung va thUdng cam dd'i vdi nhan vat cua minh.
Qua tieu trUdng mieu ta ngoai binh cua ngudi phu nfl trong hai tap truydn
"Gid dau mfla" va "Ndng trong vUdn" eua Thach Lam, chflng ta ed the nhan tha'y Thach Lam khdng mieu ta ngoai hinh nhan vat mdt each chan thflc, khach quan de'n tan n h i n nbU Nam Cao, hay li tudng, thi vi hda nhan vat nhu nhflng nha van cflng van doan... Nhan vat nfl cua Thach Lam la con ngudi dep de ca hinh thflc Idn tam hon. Dd la ve dep doan trang, nen na, phuc hau, tfl nhien.
QiQ NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
3. Ket luan
Dfla tren nhflng ly thuyet vd" ngon ngfl hoc ma cu the la ly thuyet ve tfl vflng va trudng tfl vflng ngfl nghia theo quan di^m eua nha nghien eflu Dd Hflu Chau, chflng tdi da tie'n hanh khao sat, thd'ng ke, phan loai cac tfl ngfl mieu ta ngoai hinh ngUdi phu nfl tbanb eac nhdm khac nhau. Kd't qua nghien cflu tfl ngfl mieu ta ngUdi phu nfl trong truyen ngdn Thach Lam qua hai tap truyen "Gid dau mfla" va "Ndng trong vudn" cho tha'y day la nhdm tfl cd sd'ludng vdi eac tfl ngfl ra't da dang, phong phfl. Vide nghien cflu, khao sat cac nhdm tfl nay la cd sd quan trpng de tie'p can nghe thuat xay dflng nhan vat nfl ra't dae sdc, sang tao eua Thach Lam. Cac tfl ngfl mieu ta ngoai hinh khdng ehi khde hpa nhan sdc ben ngoai cfla ngudi phu nfl ma qua dd edn gdp phan lam noi bat ve dep tam hon va tinh each eua hp.
T A I LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Tran Thi Kim Anh (2009), TrUdng tfl vUng nam giac quan trong Truyen Kieu cua NguySn Du, Luan van thac si NgQ van, Dai hpe Su Pham Ha Ndi.
2. Dd Hflu Chau (1999), Cac binh dien cua ta va ta tie'ng Viet, Nxb. Dai hpe Qud'c gia, Ha Ndi.
3. Do Hflu Chau (1998), Cd sd ngS ngMa hgc tU vUng, Nxb. Giao due. Ha Noi
4. Dd Hflu Chau (2004), Giao trinh ta vung hoc tie'ng Viet, Nxb. Dai hoc Sfl pham, Ha Ndi.
5. Thach Lam (2014), Gio diu miia, Nxb. Nha Nam, Ha Noi.
6. Thach Lam (2015), N&ng trong vudn Nxb. Nha Nam, Ha Noi.
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