LI LUAN GIAO PUC - PAY HOC
Q U A N N I E M V E H O A T D U N G D A Y V A H O A T D O N G H O C - M O T T H A N H TO C U A T R I THUfC V E H U A T D O N G D A Y - H U C
• • • • •
T
ri rhu-c ve hoqt dong (HD) dgy - hoc Id mot loqi tri thuc dqc biet, co vai trd quan trong ddi vdi ngudi hoc, nhdt Id khi hq phdi thuc hien vai trd trung tdm trong qua trinh day - hoc.Tri thuc nay Id mdt cdu true tdm li phuc hqp gom nhung hieu biet ve nhieu mat, nhieu yeu td lien quan den HD day - hoc, chu khdng dan thudn Id «tri thuc ve each hoc" nhu vdn thudng duqc hieu. Viec nhdn dien loqi tri thuc nay duqc thyc hien theo nhieu hudng khdc nhau, trong dd cd the ke den nghien cuu ve quan niem ve hoqt ddng day (HDD) vd hoqt ddng hoc (HDH) (conceptions of teaching and learning), each tiep can trong HDD vd HDH (approaches to teaching and learning), nhdn thuc ve viec day vd hoc (perception of teaching and learning) cung nhu nhung cdng trinh tryc tiep nghien cuu tri thuc ve HD day - hoc (knowledge of teaching and learning), viec hoc mang tinh ty dieu khien, dieu chinh (self-regulated learning) vd ve sieu nhdn thuc (metacognition).
Bdi viet chu yeu tim hieu sdu quan niem ve HDD vd HDH, Idm rd sy da dang cua quan niem ve HDD vd HDH; tdc ddng cua chung den each tiep can trong HDH vd tu dd den qua trinh thyc hien vd chdt luqng HD day - hoc.
1. Quan niem ve HDD
Quan niem ve HDD vd HDH thudng duqc the hien thdng qua viec trd ldi cdu hdi «HDD va HDH nghTa la gi?", phdn dnh nhdn thuc chung cua ngudi day vd ngudi hoc ve HDD vd HDH.
Trong nghien cuu cua Doyle (1), cdc gido vien (GV) tieu hoc tuang lai dd chi ra 2 loqi quan niem ve HDD: a) Qua trinh cung cap thdng tin;
b) Qua trinh thiic ddy/hudng dan viec hoc.
Nhung quan niem nay gdn gui vdi ket qua nghien cuu ciia Aguirre vd cdng sy (1990), trong dd cd hai quan niem ve ngudi day vd viec day Id: a) GV Id nguon cung cap tri thuc vd day Id Tap chi Giao due so 263 (ki i - 6/2011)
O TS. TRAN TH| TU ANH*
truyen dqt tri thuc; b) GV Id ngudi hudng ddn vd day Id HD tdc ddng den sy thdu hieu.
So sanh vdi quan niem cua gidng vien/GV duang nhiem thi quan niem ve HDD cua cdc gido sinh cdn ngheo nan vd kem tien bd. Kember (2) dd xem xet 14 nghien cuu ve quan niem cua GV ve HDD vd td'ng hqp duqc 5 nhdm quan niem:
a) Truyen dqt thdng tin; b) Truyen dqt tri thuc cd he thdng; c) Tuang tdc GV - hoc sinh; d) Tqo dieu kien de thdu hieu; e) Bien dd'i khdi niem/phdt trien tri tue. Nam nhdm quan niem nay tqo thdnh 3 djnh hudng: 1) Djnh hudng ndi dung vd GV Id trung tdm; 2) Djnh hudng thyc hdnh/hqc nghe vdi sy tuang tdc giua thdy vd trd; 3) Djnh hudng
HDH vd ngudi hoc Id trung tdm. Cd the thdy, quan niem cua gido sinh ve HDD chi bao gom 2 nhdm quan niem, dd Id truyen dqt tri thuc vd tdc ddng den sy thdu hieu.
Tu hudng nghien cuu khdc, Woolfolk-Hoy vd Tschannen-Moran (1999) dd td'ng hqp nhung quan niem ve HDD cua cdc gido sinh nhu sau:
1) Day Id trinh bay rd vd theo each thuc hdp dan; 2} Day Id HD tryc tiep, mang tinh chi dqo;
3) Day Id qua trinh thu hut ngudi hoc: tap trung chu y, gqi tinh td md, trao dd'i y tudng, ket ndi vdi hung thu cua ngudi hoc, sdng tqo; 4) Day Id qua trinh nudi dudng: giup ngudi hoc cam thdy de chju ve bdn than hq khi hq phdt trien kT ndng xd hdi vd muc tieu cam xuc quan trong hon myc tieu nhdn thuc; 5) Day Id kT ndng lien nhdn each, bao gom sy cdng bdng, dn cdn, linh hoqt vd thuang yeu. Nhung quan niem nay chu trong den nhung hanh ddng, quy trinh day cy the vd thieu tinh khdi quat so vdi quan niem cua GV ve HDD nhu trinh bay d tren.
Quan niem ve HDD, dqc biet Id cua GV, tdc ddng den myc tieu day hoc md hq xdc dinh cho
* Tnrdng Dai hoc sir pham • Dai hoc Hue
moi bai hoc, den each thuc ho to' chuc HOD hoc vd tu do den chdt lugng HD day hgc.
2. Quan niem ve HDH
Lien quan den quan niem cua ngudi hoc ve HDH, Saljo (1979) da chi ra 5 nhdm quan niem ve HDH cua sinh vien, dd Id: 1) Lam tang sd luqng tri thuc; 2) Ghi nhd; 3) LTnh hdi su kien, phuang phap de su dung; 4) Khdi qudt hod y nghTa;
5) Gidi nghTa nhdm thdu hieu thuc te. Sau nay, Saljo dd bd sung them nhdm thu 6 Id Hoc nhdm bien ddi cd nhdn. Nghien cuu vdi nhdm khach the khdc Id tre tu 3-8 tudi, Pramling (1983) nhdn thdy tre tach biet hai mat cua HDH, dd Id «hqc cdi gi?" vd «hqc nhu the ndo?", dieu duqc nhieu nhd nghien cuu xem Id hai thdnh phdn chu yeu cdu thdnh nen quan niem ve HDH.
Ngodi ra, nhieu nghien cuu lien quan den quan niem ve HDH duqc thuc hien trong nhung hoan canh hoc dudng khdc nhau, cdc mdn hoc khdc nhau, cdc nen van hod khdc nhau, cdc giai dogn khdc nhau cua tien trinh HT... Cdc ket qua nghien cuu khd tuang ddng trong viec chi ra rdng quan niem ve viec hoc trdi tu quan niem mang tinh tdi hien den quan niem mang
tinh kien tqo, chang hgn: - Hoc Id ghi nhd djnh nghTa, cdng thuc, quy trinh; - Hoc Id dp dung nhung cdng thuc vd quy trinh; - Hoc Id tqo nen y nghTa cua cdc khdi niem vd quy trinh; - Hoc Id xem xet cdc hien tuang trong the gidi theo each nhin mdi; - Hoc Id qua trinh bien ddi cd nhdn (Marshall vd cdng su,
1999).
Mdt mat, quan niem cua ngudi hoc ve HDH cd the true tiep tdc ddng den myc tieu ddi vdi HDH md hq xdc dinh cho bdn than vd each thuc hq thyc hien HDH vd tu
dd den chdt luqng HDD - hoc. Mat khdc, quan niem cua ngudi hoc ve HDH cd the tdc ddng den yeu td trung gian Id each tiep can trong HDH (approaches to learning) cua ngudi hoc, tu do den chdt luqng HDD - h oc.
3. Cach tiep can trong HDH
Trong khi quan niem ve HDD vd HDH hudng den nhdn thuc chung ve HDD vd HDH thi each tiep can trong HDH chu trong den mdi quan he giua chu djnh ciia ngudi hpc.cJpTvdi HDH vd each thuc/
chien luge hq su dyng trong qua trinh hoc.
Marton (1975) nhqn thdy ngudi hoc cd nhung
chu djnh khdc nhau khi dqc bdi khod, vi dy dqc de nhd tu vung dd su dyng hay cd gang tim hieu y nghTa cua bdi viet. Tu dd, dd Id each tiep can chieu sdu (deep approaches) vd each tiep can be mat (surface approaches). Neu ngudi hoc cd chu dinh nhd tu vung, hq se tim each hoc thudc Idng, nhdc di nhdc lgi, tuc Id cd each tiep can be mat. Ngugc Iqi, neu ngudi hoc cd chu djnh hieu ndi dung mot each sdu sdc han, hq se edgdng khdm phd y nghTa.
Entwistle vd Biggs (1987) dd de xudt them mdt each tiep can mdi trong HDH, do Id each tiep can chien luqc hay thdnh tich (strategic/achieving approaches). Cach tiep can nay duqc djnh nghTa Id «chu dinh dgt dugc diem so cao nhdt thong qua viec edgdng HT mdt each kien tri, tim kiem nhung dieu kien vd tdi lieu phu hgp, quan l'\ thai gian va cdng sue mot each hieu qua, quan tdm den nhung yeu cau vd tieu chi ddnh gid, hudng cdng viec de co dugc su ua thich cua GV" (3; tr. 19).
Nhu vdy, cd the thdy each tiep can trong HDH chinh Id sy ket hqp giua ddng ca HT vd chien luqc HT (learning strategy) ciia ngudi hoc (4). Ddc diem ciia tung each tiep can trong HDH duqc td'ng hqp trong bdng sau:
Bdng. Cdc each tiep can trong HDH Cach
tiep
can Dong co HT Chien lucre HT
mat Be Ben ngoai: Nhiem vu HT tac dong tif ben ngoai, nguoi hoc chju su tac dong theo dieu kien hoa va mang tinh thuc dung
- Hoc thuoc long: Ghi nha may moc va tai hien noi dung chu yeu
- Thieu lien ket trong va lien ket ngoai - Yeu to sieu nhan thiic bj han che Chieu
sau Ben trong: Ngudi hoc thich thuc hien nhiem vu HT de thoa man hung thii va su to mo cua ban than
- Tim kiem y nghTa: Di sau vao noi dung cua nhiem vu HT
- Lien ket cac phan trong tai lieu va voi tri thirc da co
Thanh
tich Oat thanh tich: Chii trong ket qua HT, dat diem cao va cac giai thudng
- Tang toi da cu hoi di dat di§m cao.
- Sir dung thdi gian va cong sifc co hieu qua
4. Mdi quan he giua quan niem ve HDH, each tiep can HDH vd ket qua HT
Van Rossum vd Schenk (1984) dd chi ra rdng, hoc sinh cd quan niem ve HDH Id tang sd luqng tri thuc hodc ghi nhd thudng dp dyng each tiep can be mat trong HT. Nguqc Iqi, nhung hoc sinh cho rdng HDH Id sy khdi qudt y nghTa hodc thdu hieu hien thyc thudng dp dyng each tiep can chieu sdu.
Marton vd Saljo (5) cho thdy, mdi quan he giua each tiep can trong HDH vdi chdt luqng vd tinh phuc hqp cua ket qua HT, dd Id: each tiep Tap c h i Giao due so 2 6 3 (k, i . 6/201 p
can be mat dan den sy tdi hien tu vyng tdt han vd chi tiet han, trong khi each tiep can chieu sdu dan den viec kien tgo y nghTa cua bdi khod.
Tuang ty, theo Ramsden (1992), each tiep can chieu sdu dan den ket qua HT cd chdt luqng cao han, diem sd tdt han, thdi dd HT tich eye han, trong khi each tiep can be mat ddn den ket qua HT kem han vd sy thieu hdi Idng. Ramsden nhdn manh rdng, mdi quan he giua each tiep can be mat vd ket qua HT kem khdng rd bdng mdi quan he giua each tiep can chieu sdu vd HDH cd hieu qua vd nhung mdi quan he nay the hien rd han khi ddnh gid chdt luqng HDH so vdi diem sd.
Cung xem xet mdi quan he giua each tiep can trong HDH vd ket qua HT, Biggs (1987) tim thdy mdi quan he tuang quan cd y nghTa ve mat thdng ke giua diem thi vd each tiep can trong HDH: tuang quan thudn vdi each tiep can thdnh tich vd tuang quan nghich vdi each tiep can be mat. Tuy nhien, each tiep can chieu sdu chi dem den diem thi cao khi ngudi hoc hung thu vdi tdi lieu HT. Mat khdc, mdi quan he giua each tiep can trong HDH vd diem thi cung phu thudc vdo each ddnh gid. Ngudi hoc su dyng each tiep can chieu sdu thudng hieu tdi lieu HT sdu sdc han, tqo nen cdu true phuc hqp hon, trong khi nhung hoc sinh cd each tiep can be mat thudng tdi hien cdc sy kien vd chi tiet hieu qua han.
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Nhu vdy, cd the thdy muon ndng cao chdt luqng HD day - hoc khdng the bd qua viec xem Dau tir xa hoi cho giao due...
(Tiep theo trang 9) So sanh dau tu cho GD cua Viet Nam
Mam non
Phd thong va DT nghe
nghiep Dai hoc
Chi GDOT/
GDP
Tong chi GDOT/
1. Cac niltic phai trien 5,7% GDP Nha ni/dc chi binh quan 80% 91,8% 75,7% 5,4%
Dan chi binh quan 20% 8,2% 24,3% 0,3%
2. Cac nuttc mdi phat trien 5,3%
Nha nude chi binh quan 65,8% 72,7% 55,2% 3,9%
Dan chi binh quan 34,2% 27.3% 44,8% 1,4%
3. Viet Nam (2006) 7,2%
Nha nuoc chi 38,6% 87% 63,3% 5,6%
Dan chi 61,4% 13% 36.7% 1,6%
thyc hien cd hieu qua cdc chinh sach xd hdi hda GD, huy ddng ngudi ddn chia se ganh ndng tdi chinh vdi nguon ngdn sach nhd nude cho sy nghiep phdt trien GD-DT. •
xet quan niem ve HDD vd HDH cung nhu each tiep can trong HDH. Du bdng con dudng tryc tiep hay gian tiep, viec nhdn thuc dung ddn, sdu sdc ve HDD vd HDH se thuc day ngudi day vd ngudi hoc dieu chinh myc tieu, each thuc td chuc vd thyc hien HDD vd hoc hudng den ndng cao chdt luqng day hoc. Chinh vi vdy, cdc nhd quan li gido dye, cdc nhd gido cdn tdc ddng de ngudi day vd ngudi hoc nhdn thuc HDD hoc d muc sdu sdc han, hudng den sy phdt trien tri tue, nhdn each cua ngudi hoc chu khdng phdi Id tang so luqng tri thuc, kT ndng. •
(1) Doyle, M. (1997). Beyond life history' as a student:
Preservice teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning. College Student Journal, 31(4), 519-531.
(2) Kember, D. (1998). Teaching beliefs and their impact on student's approach to learning. In B. C.
Dart & G. M. Boulton-Lewis (Eds.), Teaching and learning in higher education (pp. 1-25). Camberwell, Vic.: ACER press.
(3) Entwistle, N. (1997). Constrasting perspectives on learning. In F. Marton & D. Hounsell & N. Entwistle (Eds.), The experience of learning: Implications for teaching and studying in higher education (2nd ed., pp. 3-22). Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
(4) Biggs, J., & Moore, P. J. (1993). The process of learning (3rd ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.
(5) Marton, F., & Saljo, R. (1997). Approaches to learning. In F. Marton & D. Hounsell & N. Entwistle (Eds.), The experience of learning: Implications for teaching and studying in higher education (2nd ed., pp. 39-58). Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. B6 GD-DT. Thong ke giao due dao tao nam 2009-2010.
2. Van kien dai hdi Dang IX, X va XI.
3. B6 GD-DT. Di dn Ddi mdi cache tdi chinh gido due giai doan 2009-2014.
4. D5ng Quoc Bao - Nguyen Khac Hung. Giao due Viet Nam hutftig tdi tutmg lai, van de va giai phap.
NXB Chinh tri qudc gia, H. 2004.
5. Pham Minh Hac. Xa hoi hoa cdng tac giao due dao tao. NXB Chinh tri qudc gia, H. 1997.
6. Dang Xuan Hai. Xa hoi hoa cdng tac giao due va huy dong cong dong tham gia xay dung sy nghiep giao due dao tao. Trudng Can bp quan li giao due dao tao Trung uong I, Ha Noi.
7. Le Phudc Minh. Kinh te hoc giao due. NXB The gidi, H. 2010.
8. Lien minh cac hCii Khoa hoc va KI thuat Viet Nam.
Vien nghien ciru phat men Phuong Dong. Xa hdi hoa giao due dao tao. TP. H6 Chi Minh, 25-26/3/2004.
Tap chi Giao due so 2 6 3 (k, i . 6/201n