IEN CtIO - TRAO DOI
Phat trien dong bo ket cau ha tang nham nang cao nang li/c quoc gia ve logistics cua Viet Nam
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Thrfi gian qua, chi sfTn^ng lrfc qud'c gia vd logistics (LPI) cua Vi$t Nam da co stf thang tid'n vrf^ b§c va gop phin quan trpng vao stf phat tri^n kinh td' eua dSt nrfdc. Srf tai^ trrfdng chi s^LPI eua Viet Nam eo dong gop r§'t ldn ttf srf phat tri€n cua kd't c^u ha ting d tS't ca cac kfaia c^nh, nhrf: drfdng bi^n, drfcTng bd»
drf^g sat, drfcAig hang khdng va drfdug thuy noi dia. Tuy nhidn, srf phat triin do con thidu d6ng bd, dac bidt la v i ^ kdt ndi da phrfdbg thtfc girfa cac nhom kd't cd'u h^ ting. Bi giai quy^t v§'n dd nay, ein co nh&ig gili phdp d6ng bo ddi vd! ttfng nhdm ha ting va dam bao thd'ng nhd't, hai hoa trong kd't ndi da phtfdng thtfc.
NANG L\JC QUOC GIA VE LOGISTICS CUA VI ^T NAM
Chi sdLPI dffdc sfidung dd ddnh gid ndng Iffc qud'c gia vd logistics do Ngdn hang The gidi (WB) dtfa ra. Chi so LPI qude te dtfde ddnh gid dtfa ttdn 6 tidu chi, bao gdm:
Hai quan (Customs); Kd't cd'u ha ting (Infrastmcture);
Td chffc giao hdng (Ease of arranging shipments); Chd't Iffdng dich vu logistics (Quality of Logistics Services);
Kha ndng theo ddi vd truy xud't cdc 16 hang (Tracking and Tracing); Thdi gian/thdi han (Timeliness). Cdc tidu ehi ttdn dtfde ltfa ehpn drfa ttdn nhffng nghidn cfitf ly thuydt, thffe nghidm vd ttdn kinh nghidm tiiffe tiin eua cdc ehuydn gia ttong Hnh vtfc logistics.
Lin diu tidn, WB cdng bd chi sd'LPI vao ndm 2007, iln thff 2 vdo ndm 2010 vd sau dd ctf 2 ndm mpt iln chi sdndy lai dtfdc cdng bd(Bp Cdng Thffdng, 2019a). Mdc du, day Id chi sd do mdt td chtfc qudc te dtfa ra, nhtfng da dtfdc ddng ddo cdc nffdc thffa nhan nhff mpt ehi sd ddnh gia ndng Iffc canh ttanh vd hidu qua boat ddng efia nganh dich vu logistics mdi ntfde. LPI cho phdp cdc chinh phfi, cdc doanh nghidp vd cdc bdn cd lidn quan ddnh gid ldi thd'eanh ttanh tao ra tff boat ddng logistics va ed bidn phdp dd cdi thidn logistics.
Tai Viet Nam, didm sd LPI lidn tue drfdc cai thien qua cdc ndm. Didu ndy cho tha'y, stf ddnh gid tich ctfc cfia cdc chuydn gia logistics de'n tff cac cdng ty chiu ttdch nhidm vdn chuyen hang hda tten khap thd' gidi.
Bang 1 cho tiia'y, giai doan 2007-2012, mac du tiitf hang efia Viet Nam giff nguydn d vi tti thff 53, nhtfng didm so' cd stf cai thidn tff 2,89 ldn 3,00 diem. Diem so
nay tie'p tuc dffde edi thien vd dat 3,15 didm vdo nam 2014 (xd'p hang 48/160 ntfdc tten the'gidi).
Tuy nhidn, ndm 2016, didm so LPI cfia Viet Nam bi sut giam nghidm ttong (chi dat 2,98 didm - xep hang 64/160 ntfdc ttdn ttid'gidi) (Bang 1). Tlieo BO Cdng Thtfdng (2019b), stf sut gidm nay khdng phdi Id do ndng Itfc logistics cfia Vidt Nam ydu kem hdn, ma ed the xua't phdt tff stf phdt trien logistics cfia ntfdc ta phdt tridn ehtfa ttfdng xfiiig vdi stf ddi hdi cfia cdc cdng ty v|ln chuydn hdng hda ttdn the gidi.
Sang ndm 2018, ndng Itfc logistics cua Viet Nam dtfdc cai thi^n rd ndt vd dat 3,27 diem, xep hang 39 ttdn the gidi vd thtf 3 ttong khu vtfc Ddng Nam A (chi sau Thai Lan vd Singapore). Dieu nay da phan dnh nhihig nd Itfc cfia cdc doanh nghiep ttong vide dp dung manh me cdng nghd thdng tin, eung nhtf nd Iffc cai cdch cfia Chinh phfi trong vide tao ldp mdi trtfdng kinh doanh thudn ldi.
KET CXU HA TANG PHl^C Vg LOGISTICS CUA VIET NAM
Hg tdng giao thdng di£fng biin Bdi vdi he thdng bin cdng biin Theo Bdo cdo Logistics ndm 2019 efia BO Cdng Thtfdng (2019b). tinh den
•"*, Hpc vien Ndng nghifp Viet Nam
94
nam 2019, ed ntfdc ed 45 cdng bien vdi 2^1 ben cang d^t edng suit ttdn 550 ttieu tin/ndm. Hd thdng cang bien dtfde dau Uf khd ddng bO ve ket cau ha tang, nhtf: clu ben, phao neo, ttang tiud't bi bdc dd... vd cd khd ndng tidp nhdn tau cd tdi ttpng ldn ttf 30.000-50.000 DWT, tii|m ehi cd cang tidp nhdn tdu tdi ttpng ctfc Idn tff 160.000- 194.000 DWT. Tdng k h ^ Itfcfng hdng hda qua cdc cdng bien cfia Vidt Nam Uen me tdng vdi tdc dO binh qudn khodng 10,3%/
nam (Bieu do 1). Cae bd'n edng bidn hidn nay chfi yeu Id do cdc doanh nghidp diu hf quan \f, he tiid'ng cang bidn cd bdn ddp dag dvttic yeu clu vdn chuydn hang hda.
Mac du he thdng ben cdng bidn thdi gian qua da ed sff phdt tridn cd vd sd^
Itfdng vd chit Itfdng, nhtfng vSn cdn tdn t^i nhidu vin dd ddn tdi stf phdt tridn ndy cdn chrfa ttfdng xdng vdi tiem ndng.
Theo dd, hd thd'ng cdng bidn chtfa eo stf kdt nd^i vdi cdc phtfdng thffc vdn tai ldn la dtfdng bO vd dtfdng sat (chi cd duy nhat cdng Hai Phdng drfdc kdt nd'i vdi drfdng sat), chrfa cd drfdng eao td'c ddnh ridng cho van tdi hdng hda.
Dd'n ndm 2019, Viet Nam c6 27 cang thfiy ndi dia tid'p nhdn dtfde tdu bien (BO Cdng Thtfdng, 20i9b). Kdt noi giao thdng vdi dtfdng thfiy cung bi ban chd' do cdc clu vrfdt qua sdng khd thd'p, ndn stf kd't nd^i cdc cdng bidn vdi vdn tai da phrfdng thfic cdn nhieu ban che, ddn tdi chi phi logistics cdn cao.
Bdi vdi ddi Idu biin
Bdo cdo Logistics ndm 2019 eung cho tiia'y, ddn tiidng 6/2019, Viet Nam cd khodng gin 1.568 tau bidn (dfi^g thff 30 tten thd^ gidi va thff 4 ttong khu vrfc ASEAN) vdi tdng dung tich khoang 4,8 tridu GT, tdng ttong tdi khodng 7,8 tridu DWT. Dpi tau cfia ntfdc ta cd xu htfdng tdng deu qua cdc nam. Dac bidt, ddi tau container tdng trtfdng khd tdt tff 19 tau ttong ndm 2013 len 39 tdu vdo nam 2019.
Mac dfi, bi kiem tta khd chdt chd, nhuhg 4 ndm lidn tuc ke tff nam 2014 dpi tau bidn Vidt Nam duy tri ttong Sdeh ttdng cfia Tokyo Mou.
Bdn canh dd, tudi tdu binh qudn efia ddi tdu Vidt Nam hien Id 15,6 tudi; tte hdn 5,2 Uidi so vdi tiid'gidi (20,8 tudi). Didu dd cho tiia'y, ndng Itfc logistics vd dpi tdu bidn ntfdc ta khd ddm bdo. Hien tai, Vidt Nam da hi vdn chuydn gan nhtf 100% hang hda ndi dia bdng dtfdng bidn (trd mpt sd mdt hdng chuydn dung, nhtf: hdng long, xi mdng rdi..) (Bo Cdng Thffdng, 2019b).
BANG 1: DIEM SO VA XEP HAMG LPi CUA VIET MAM QUA cAC NAM Nam " P
2007 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
' mSm sS 2.H9 2.96 3.00 3,15 2,98 3,27
Bi^m c9n diiSi
2,78 2,81 2,99 2,76 3,11
Di^m e$n tren '
3,14 3,20 3,32 3,20 3,44
"'xip li«ng 55
?.; 53 48 64 39 Nguon: Tong hdp ciia nhom lac gia tit so lieu cua Bp C6ng Thtldng (2019a)
B l i a D 6 1: TONG KHOI LtiprfG HANG HOA QOA GANG BIEN COA V 1 | T NAM DVT: 1000 l£fn 60C,U0U
! ( « ! M U 1014 Jrt15 ^016 2017 J018
riguon: Tong hqJp ciia nhom tac gia tCr s6 lieu ciia B6 C6ng ThKOng (20i9b) Tuy nhidn, nhffde diem efia dpi tau bien Viet Nam
Id ed kich thtfde nho, ndn cdc chuyen vdn tdi qudc td' chi dam nhdn khodng 7% vd chfi ydu Id cdc tuyd'n gin, nhrf: Trung Qudc, Nhdt Ban, Han Qud'c... Cdc doanh nghidp Viet khdng dfi ngudn lrfc tdi ehinh de ndng cd'p dpi tau. Chinh sdch tin dung cung chtfa thtfe stf gifip dtfdc eac doanh nghidp ndy giai bai todn ve diu ttf phdt tridn dpi tau bidn.
Hg tdng giao thdng dudng bQ
Hd thd'ng giao thong drfdng bd cfia Viet Nam thdi gian qua ed nhffng btfdc phdt ttien khd nhanh chdng.
Theo bao cdo cfia BO Cdng thtfdng (2019b), tdng chieu dai dtfdng qud^c 10 cfia Viet Nam Id khoang 24.866km vdi hdn 154 tuye'n, tinh Id la 28.143km, huydn 10 Id 57.033km, dtfdng dd thi Id 27.500km, dtfdng lidn xa Id gin 160.000km. Dd'n nam 2019, nffdc ta da ed 16 tuyen dffdng cao td'c vdi tdng chidu dai Id 1010km.
Tinh ehung todn hd tiid'ng, t^ Id dffdng ttdi nhtfa dat gin 17%. Ddng thdi, he thd'ng dtfdng bp dtfdc diu hf cd ttpng tdm, tdp trung vdo cdc eong tiinh cd tinh k^t nd'i, Ian tda vd da tao dOng Iffc cho phdt trien kinh td^
- xa hOi.
Tuy nhidn, hd thd'ng kd't clu ha ting giao tiidng dffdng bp efia Vidt Nam vdn cdn nhieu yd'u kdm, thid'u ddng bd. Hien tai, nhieu tuyen dtfdng qud'c 10 chtfa dffde cai tao nang cap, so'clu ttdn qud'c Id cd tai trpng khdng ddng elp cdn kha nhidu. Chinh dieu ndy da ban chd tdi ttong efia nhidu phffdng tidn dtfdng bd, din tdi hidu suit hoat dOng ye'u kdm.
Bdn canh dd, hd thd'ng giao thdng thieu ddng bO va cdc quy dinh ve ban che'tdc dp day ddc vd dan xen dd
95
IEN CCfu - TRAO DOI
kdo ddi thdi gian v|n ehuydn, tdc dO binh quan efia xe tdi d Viet Nam chi dat khodng 35kin/h. Cfing vdi dd Id stf thidu quy hoach din tdi ttnh ttang eanh ttanh giffa cdc doanh nghidp van tai vd da anh htfdng rd't ldn tdi hidu sud't khai thdc van tdi.
Hg tdng giao thdng dUdng sdt
Hd thdng dtfdng sat Viet Nam hidn nay bao gdm 297 ga, mang Itfdi dtfdng sat vdi tdng chieu ddi la 3.143km (trong dd cd 515,46km la dtfdng nhanh) vdi 3 loai khd dtfdng, trong dd ehfi yd'u Id khd dtfdng mpt mdt (chid'm 85%) (BO Cdng Thtfdng, 2019b).
Hd thd'ng dtfdng sat Viet Nam dtfde ddnh gid la rat lac hdu ttdn mpi phtfdng didn. Cu thd: Dtfdng sdt dd dtfde xdy dtfng ttf 50 dd'n 100 ndm trtfdc, he tin hidu vd ede thie't bi eu va lae hdu; He thdng thdng tin tin hidu ttdn cdc tuyd'n khdng ddng bd ve cdng nghd, ky thudt, mdi doan, mdi tuyen lai dung cae he thdng edng nghe khde nhau; Hd thdng ga dtfdng sat chu yd'u Id ga nhd, ha ting cu, chidu ddi ngan va cung ehi cd ttung binh tff 2 ddn 3 dtfdng; He thdng kho ga, bai hdng da xud'ng e l p nghiem ttpng vd khdng cd kho dat chuin dd Iffu ttff, bdo qudn cdc mat hdng ttfdi sdng, hdng gid tri cao.
Ddng thdi, stf ket ndi giffa he thong dtfdng sat vdi dffdng bd, dtfdng thuy, dffdng bien cdn rd't ban chd'. Do dd, ha tang giao thdng dffdng sit Viet Nam kem phdt ttien va ddng gdp rit ban che' vdo dieh vu logistics.
Hg tdng giao thdng dUdng thuy ngi dia Theo sdlidu cfia Bp Cdng Thffdng (2019b), ca nffdc hidn ed khoang 42.000km dtfdng sdng, kdnh cd kha ndng khai thde vdn tdi. Sd' Iffdng cdng thfiy ndi dia la 285 cdng, ttong dd cd 210 cang hdng hda, 12 edng hdnh khdch va cdn Iai Id 63 cdng chuydn dung. Dac biet, eo 18 edng dtfdc phdp vd du ndng Itfc tid'p nhan phtfdng tidn thfiy ntfdc ngodi (15 cdng hdng hda, 2 cang hdnh khdch vd I cdng chuydn dung). Sd' Itfdng ben thfiy nOi dia hien cd khoang hdn 8.200 be'n, ttong dd bd'n khdng phep chid^m khodng 17%.
Nhin ehung, tiem nang vd giao thdng dtfdng thfiy ndi dia cfia Vidt Nam Id khd ldn. Khd^i Itfdng hdng hda vdn tai nhiJhg ndm qua ed stf tdng trtfdng rit ldn
Nam2()l«, n ^ n g l ^ logistic cua Viet Nam xep Ihtr 39 tren the gioi va ihij y trong khu vvc Dong Nam A
(binh qudn khoang 9,23%/ndm). Thi phin hdng hda dtfdng thfiy nOi dia chid'm khodng 18% vd dtfdc danh gid la khd cao (eao hdn nhieu so vdi Trung Qud'e, Hoa KJ vd EU) (BO Cdng Thtfdng, 2019b).
Tuy nhien, stf phdt trien he thong ha tdng giao thdng dtfdng thfiy nOi dia chtfa thtfc sff tffdng xffng vdi tidm ndng hidn CO. Cu the: Sff ddu ttf eho ha tang ndy cdn nhieu ban che, phtfdng tidn vdn tdi da cu vd lac hdu; Kd't cau ha tang ket ndi den cac cang, ben chrfa ddng bO, h$ thd'ng cdng thfiy npi dia ehu ye'u Id cd quy md nhd, cdc cdng ddu md'i cd srf phdt tridn rat ban che'; Ngudn vdn diu ttf cho dtfdng thfiy nOi dia cdn thap, nang Iffc eanh ttanh cfia cdc doanh nghidp vdn tdi thfiy cdn yd'u; Cdng tde duy tu, bdo tti cung chtfa dtfdc quan tdm dfing mtfe, stf phdt trien edn manh mfin, nhd ie va tff phdt.
Hg tdng giao thong dtdfng hdng khong Tinh dd'n ndm 2019, ea nffde ed 22 cang hdng khdng dang hoat dOng, ttong dd ed 9 edng hdng khdng qudc te, 13 edng hdng khdng nOi dia. Trong 10 ndm qua, thi trffdng hang khong Vi^t Nam da cd stf tdng trtfdng manh md vd hidn nay xdp thtf 7 trong so nhffng thi trffdng phdt tridn nhanh nhat vd hdng khdng (Bp Cdng Thtfdng, 2019b).
Mac dfi cd stf phdt trien rit an ttfdng, nhtfhg hidn tai, kel ca'u ha ting giao thdng dtfdng hdng khong v5n chtfa ddp tfng kip stf gia tdng efia nhu cau. Hau hdt cdc cdng hang khdng d Vipt Nam dang phdi boat dpng vffdt qud cdng suit thiel ke^ dan tdi diem so' ddnh gid logistics cfia ntfde ta chtfa cao. Ddng tiidi, nhieu sdn bay da xud'ng cap, liem In rui ro an todn bay.
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Tuy nhien, sff diu ttf cfia ttf nhdn vdo Knh vtfc hang khdng la rat ddng ghi nhdn, da cd nhieu dtf dn tiieo phtfdng tiitfc BOT xdy drfhg cang hdng khdng, nhtf: Ldo Cai, Binh Thu^n, Vung Tdu...
Stf diu ttf cua Nha nrfdc cung rit ldn vdi quy hoach md rdng cdc san bay qud'c te. Mac dfi vdy, ttong s^ ede cdng hang khdng, chi cd 4 cang hang khdng (Ndi Bdi, Da Nang, Cam Ranh, Tdn Sdn Nhit) Id CO nha ga hang hda ridng bidt.
Cdc cang hang khdng cdn lai khdng ed nhd ga hdng hda, toan bO hang hda xd IJ ttong nhd ga hdnh khdch.
Ngodi ra, chi cd cdc edng hdng khdng ldn, nhrf: Ndi Bdi, Tdn Sdn Nha't la cd cdc trung tdm logistics phuc vu xd If hang khdng. Cdc trung tam logistics ndy ddm nhidm xd If phan Idn khd'i Irfdng hdng hda xua't khau, nh$p khiu qua dtfdng hang khdng vdi chfing loai hdng hda khd da dang.
M O T SO Ggfl V CHINH SACH Nhin chung, he tho'ng ha ting giao thdng efia Viet Nam nhu^g ndm qua da cd stf phdt tridn manh md, gdp phtn vao stf phdt tridn ndng Itfc quoc gia vd logistics. Nhidu cdng trinh ldn, hidn dai da drfdc diu trf xdy dtfng vd dtfa vdo sfi dung. Tuy nhidn, vin cdn nhidu vin dd cdn giai quyd^t dd dtfa hd thd'ng kd't clu ha tang giao thdng ddp tfng dtfdc nhu cau phdt t r i ^ kinh td - xa hdi cfia da't ntfdc.
Dd giai quyd't vd'n de ndy, cln dp dung ddng bO cdc giai phdp dd'i vdi ttfng nhdm ket clu ha ting, ddc bidt la can ed stf thd'ng nhd't vd phdt ttien kd't ndi da phtfdng thfic. Cu the nhtf sau:
(i) D^ vdi hg tdng giao th^g d^/ng bien Cln gdn cang bidn vdi van tai da phrfdng tiitfc dd he thd'ng cang phdt ttidn bdn vfihg. Cdc nhdm cdng bien trpng didm can drfdc phdt trien theo htfdng cd phan ludng ridng eho vdn tdi hdng hda, ld'y cdng bien lam ttung tdm. De ldm dtfdc didu nay, mot mdt, phai nghien cu^
quy hoaeh phat tridn he thdng edng can dd vffa hd ttd cdc dieh vu eua cang bien, vffa gop phin td chffe hidu qua mang Iffdi giao thdng. Quy hoach quy dit thieh hdp phia sau edng de xay drfng trung tam phdn phdi hang hda, dich vu hdu cang, ket nd'i thudn tien vdi mang Iffdi giao thdng quoc gia. Mat khdc, eo nhiftig chinh sdch khuyen khieh phat trien dpi tau bidn Viet Nam mpt cdch ttfdng x ^ g , ttdnh tinh ttang dpi tdu bidn Viet Nam chl la nhfihg chiec tau nho va ehi du nang Itfe vdn chuyen tten nhiftig tuyen ngan.
(ii) D^ vci bg tdng giao thdng di^g bg.
c l n cd chinh sdeh khuyen khich phdt trien nhiftig tdp dodn vdn tdi manh, nham ndng eao hidu suit van tdi, chfi khdng phai tang so' dau xe. Bdn eanh do, fi^g dung cdng nghd thdng tin ttong edng tde quan ly nhd ntfdc vd kd't ndi san giao dich vdn tdi Idm ed sd phdt tridn dieh vu logistics phfi hdp vdi ntfde ta.
Ddng thdi, can nang d p hd thdng ke't ca'u ha ting mOt cdch ddng bO, nhat Id dong bp vd tdi ttpng. Quy hoach phdt trien mOt cdch hdp ly, ttdnh tinh ttang tdp ttung vdo nhffng khu do thi ldn, gdy canh ttanh qud manh giffa cdc doanh nghiep van tai.
(iii) Ddi vdi hg tdng giao thong dUdng sat c l n thffc hien mdt cdng cuOc cai each toan dien tff ndng d p kd't eau ha tang tdi thay ddi md hlnh kinh doanh vd rtiidn Itfc nganh dtfdng sat. Theo do, cln quy hoach mang Itfdi mdt cdch phfi hdp. Trtfdc mat, c l n tdp trung phdt ttidn nhffng didm cd Idi thd^ vd nhu eau eao, nhtf: tuydn Vinh - Ha Npi, Ha Ndi - Hai Phdng. Ddng thdi, tao cd chd' thong thoang nham thu hut diu ttf ttf nhdn cho ngdnh dtfdng sat.
(IV) Ddi vdi hg tdng giao thdng didfng thuy ndi dia c l n rd sodt, ndng cCp cdc tuyd'n giao thdng kd't nd'i vdi edng bien, ke't hdp phdt trien ddng bd dieh vu logistics hd ttd d hau phtfdng. Tap trung eai tao, nang cap eae myen hdnh lang vdn tdi ehinh, nang eao nang Irfc quan Iy, bao trt cae myen vdn tdi pha song bidn. Cd ehinh sach phu hdp nham phdt trien cdc cdng diu mm, ndng cao ndng Irfc td chtfc khai thdc cung nhtf nang Itfc bdc dd hdng.
(v) Bdi vdi hg tdng giao thdng di^ng hdng khdng Vd'n de ldn nhd't efia nganh hdng khdng la stf qud tdi ngdy cdng nghiem ttpng. Do vay, cln diy manh xa hOi hda nham tdng ctfdng ngudn vdn dau ttf cho ngdnh hang khdng. Mac dfi Nha ntftte da ed nhiJng chinh sdch kdu gpi ngudn vd'n dau ttf ttf nhan, nhifng vide nay cdn didn ra khd chdm va ehtfa dat hidu qua. Chinh vi vdy, hodn thidn he tiidng phdp ludt cung nhtf ede vdn ban htfdng ddn mOt each day du, ddng bO va rd rdng la rat d p bdch.Q
_ TAI Ll|;U THAM KHAO _
1. Bp Cdng Thtfdng (2019a). Tdi lifu hudng ddn vi chi sdhiiu qud Logistics (LPI) 2. Bd Cdng Thrfdng (2019b). Bdo cdo Logistics VietNam ndm 2019, Nxb Cdng Thrfdng l_3. Ddng Dinh Ddo (2013). Phdt tridn dich vu Logistics d Viet Nam, Tgp chi Khoa hgc vd Cong H | Viit Nam. sd' 6
M T World Bank (2018a). International LPL tiny cdp ttf https:/Api.woridbank.org/intemational 5. Worid Bank (2018b). Bomestic LPI. ttuy cdp tiif https://lpi.worldbank.org/domestic