TRI^T HOC, S6 4 (287), THANG 4 - 2015
TRIET LY XLT THE NGO THI NHAM
TRAN NGOC ANH''
Ngo Thi Nhgm Id mdt nhd hogt dgng chinh tri ldi lgc, mdt nhd tU tudng ldn cua Viit Nam thdi ky biin logn lich sit niJfct cudi thiky XVHI. O Ngo Thi Nhgm noi lin tU tudng nhgp thi tich cue gdn liin vdi trii't ly x^ thi'mang tdm phugng phdp ludn triit hoc. Bd Id triet ly x& tki"dung If, "hgp thdi", "phdi nghid" - triit ly da giup dng cd nhttng quyit dinh ehinh tri dUng cdm vd sdng suit trin cd sd nhgn rd tkdi thivd dgi nghia ddn tgc, lay ldi ich cua nhdn ddn, ddt nUde ldm e<3 sd. Trong bdi viit ndy, tdc gid dd tap trung phdn tich, lugn gidi vd ldm ro cd sd ly lugn triet hgc va ngi hdm cua cdc khdi niem trong triit ly xit thi cua Ngd Thi Nhgm.
1. Danh si thdi bidn loan Ngfi Tiu Nhdm (1746 - 1803) sinh ra trong mfit gia dinh cd truyfe'n thfi'ng khoa cd, ehiu anh hfldng sau sdc cua gia dinh vd ddng hg. Tuy sdng trong eanh bdn ban, nhflng vdi truydn thdng khoa bang cua ddng hg Ngd Thi, cung vdi nhflng Id thdi ed dinh cua Iich sd xa hdi dfldng thdi, nfen eudc ddi va sfl nghifep cua Ngfi Thi Nhdm dfldng nhfl da dfldc dinh trflde: Hgc hanh (de tieh luy kien thflc), thi cd (de dd dat) vd Idra quan (de thi thfi' tdi ndng vd lam nfen sfl nghifep). Chf hfldng cua Ngfi Thi Nhdra, ngay tfl budi thife'u thdi, ciing da the hifen rd dife'u dd. Chinh Ngd Thi Nhdm, khi den tudi dfldc ddt tfen, da tfl Ifla chgn cho rainh tfen tfl la Hy Dodn, vdi ham y "nhdn ldm theo dng Y Doan" - mdt nhan vdt tifeu bieu cho ly tfldng
"nhdp thd hdnh dao", phd vua giup nflde vd de lai sfl nghifep ldn trong lich sd thdi An Thfldng. Sach Manh Td, thifen Van chfldng, ggi Y Doan la "thanh chi
nhdm", nghia Id bdc thanh ve ganh vac vifee ddi, vdi phfldng cham "tri diee tien, loan diee tife'n" (thdi tri hay loan dfe'u gdng sfle ra tay). Phai ehdng Ngd Thi Nhdm, du sdiig trong thdi loan lac, nhflng da nufii chi ldn rat sdm "lam theo Y Doan"?
Cudc ddi thdng trdm, day sdng gid cua Ngd Thi Nhdm da anh hfldng rat ldn dfe'n nhflng chang dfldng tfl tfldng cua dng, Cd thfe chia cugc ddi Ngd Thi Nhdm thanh ba thdi ky: Thdi ky lam quan eho Le - Trinh; thdi ky ldnh nan va phuc vu eho Tdy Sdn; thdi ky thd't sung vd tri si va lap ra Trdc Ldm thien vifen. Dd Id nhflng bfldc ngodt khac nhau trong cufie ddi Ngd Thi Nhdm, ddng thdi cung Id nhflng giai doan chuyen bien, nhiing chdng dfldng tfl tfldng quan trgng cua dng - mdt danh si thdi bie'n loan.
(*) Tien si, TrU6ng khoa Kinh te Chinh tri, TrUdng Dai boe Kinh te, Dai hoc D& N&ng.
45
Thdi ky ldm q u a n dfldi tridu dinh Lfe - Trinh, thdi eugc chfla lam cho Ngd T h i Nhdm p h a i suy n g h i n h i e u vd chfl t r u n g , ehfl nghia. Cai Iam dng k h a c bifet vdi edc n h d n h o t h a m chfnh dfldng thdi Id dfle hfem khidt. Id ldng yfeu nflde thfldng dan, la quydt t d m each t a n che do trfen cd sd "khoan thfl sflc dan", "Id'y d a n lam gfi'c". Td't nhifen, trong hodn eanh thfii n a t cua vfldng tridu phong kien lue bd'y gid, Ngfi Thi N h d m vfla mufi'n bao ve che' dfi Lfe - Trinh, lai vfla mufi'n "khoan sflc cho dan" la dieu khdng tfldng. Ngd Thi N h d m dfldng nhfl da thd'y rd hifen tfldng "vua hfen ehua raanh", "chua hdn, t h a n ninh" la nguyfen n h d n cua hga loan nflde nhd vd k h a n g dinh: ' T d n chi cua sdch X u a n T h u cdi dfe td rd dao ldn vua, cha, xdy dflng ngbia Idn trdi ddi. C h i n h la n g h i a trdi khfing cd h a i mdit trdi, ddi khfing cd h a i vua, n h a khfing cd h a i chu, tfen khfing ed h a i bde, ragi sfl mgi vdt deu p h a i cd gdc r e vdy"(l).
Nhflng n d m l a n h n a n sau vu an ndra C a n h Ty Id nhflng ndra tfl tfldng "hdnh, tdng, xud't, xii" eua Ngfi Thi Nhdra chuyen hfldng ddn tflng bfldc. 6 n g da suy nghifem nhie'u ve ed nghifep suy t a n cua nhd Le - T r i n h vd bdt ddu hfldng vd
"nggn gid trdi Nam". Sfl kifen Tay Sdn r a Bdc H a , "phu Le diet Trinh" vd t h d n g tay dep cac loan t h a n nhfl Nguyen Hiiu Chinh, Vu Vdn N h d m da tac ddng m a n h me d e n Ngd Thi Nhdm va hodn td't q u a t r i n h chuyen hfldng tfl tfldng eua fing. T r o n g khi gidi si p h u
Bdc H a dfldng t h d i md't phfldng hfldng sfi'ng va h a n h dfing, d a sfi' khfing the t h o a t khdi vdng d a y xieng xfch cua "ngu trung", Ngd T h i N h d m , n g a y tfl ddu, da dflt k h o a t Ifla c h g n con dfldng di vdi Tay Sdn. T d m vdc cao c u a Ngd T h i Nhdm trflde hfei la d con m d t n h i n diing cho dflng va hfldng di cua ngfldi t r i thflc chan chinh t r o n g bdi c a n h lieh sd ddy bife'n loan, Cudc g a p gd gifla Quang T r u n g va Ngd T h i N h a m , vi vdy. Id radt gdp gd ky dieu, nhfl ldi t h d cua Ngd Thi N h d m "trdi xui h a o k i e t kfei thanh e h a n tay", gifla ngfldi a n h h u n g d a n tgc kiet xud't vdi ngfldi t r i thflc Ifii lae cua thdi dai.
NhQng n d m l a m q u a n , p h u c vu dfldi tridu dai T a y Sdn cua Q u a n g Trung - Nguyen H u e (1788 - 1792) Id thdi ky ddc y nhd't t r o n g cufie ddi Ngd Thi Nhdra. Dfe'n vdi p h o n g trdo Tay Sdn, Ngd T h i N h d m , n g a y Idp tfle d a cd dip t h i thfi' tdi n a n g . Trflde sfl xdm Ifldc d ^t nhfl nflde vd bd c u a 29 v a n q u a n Thanh t r d n vdo nflde t a , Ngo T h i Nhdra da hie'n k d "nflde cd T a m Diep", tao cd hfii cho Q u a n g T r u n g N g u y e n Hufe md cudc h d n h b i n h t h d n tfi'c, dai p h a qudn T h a n h vao m u a x u a n Ky Ddu (1789).
S a u dai t h d n g q u a n T h a n h , Ngfi Thi Nhdra dflde v u a Q u a n g T r u n g giao t r g n g t r a c h ciing Io vifee Bdc Hd vd ddc t r a c h vifec giao thifep vdi T r u n g Qudc.
Vdi long yfeu nflde va tdi n d n g Idi lac
(1) Ng6 Thi Nham. Tdc pham IV (chu biSn Mai Quoc Lign). Nxb Van hoc, H^ Noi, 2002, t r . l l .
TRAN NGOC ANH cua minh, Ngd Thi Nham da khdng phu
long uy thae cua Quang Trung, hodn thdnh xudi sdc nhifem vu "kheo ldi lfe radi dep ndi vifec binh dao", bang cufic dd'u tranh vfla kien quyet, vfla mdm deo trfen mdt trdn ngoai giao. Nhd dd, nhd Thanh khdng nhflng phai buy bd vifec ddng binh 9 tinh tinh ehuyfen tra thu, raa edn phai chinh thfle thfla nhdn tinh ehinh thd'ng cua vfldng tridu Tay Sdn vd bai bd Ig "due ngfldi vdng dem tife'n edng". Dfldc Quang Trung tin dung, Ngd Thi Nhdm cdn thfldng xuyfen ra Bde vao Nam, giup vua Quang Trung thao sdc Ifenh, dinh chfnh sach, cung cd vd phat trien dd't nflde, thda chi "nhdn lara theo Y Doan" eua dng.
Nhiing nam eudi ddi, trong the' bi cfi ldp gifla trieu cfinh ngay cdng suy sup cua Tay Sdn va cai chet dot ngdt cua vua Quang Trung, Ngd Thi Nhdm bi thdi sung, le Ioi "nhfl bdng nhan cd ddn".
Nhieu ban be ddng hfeu da bi quan, chdn nan, mudn rdi bd nhd Tay Sdn, nhflng Ngd Tiu Nham vdn cfldng quyfei khdng rdi bd vi tri, vdn kifen cfldng lam vifee.
Ong lam thd khuyfen ban Id Phan Huy ich: 'Tidng chua cdu hidn bao ai md, bgn minh gdp hdi ha rdi xa?... Khuyen ban ddng lifeu, hoa didm tdc, mat hoa ndo sanh chife'e tram hoa!"(2).
Ve phdn minh, Ngd Thi Nhdm vdn kien dinh trong gian khd, Ong tfl vi minh vdi cay thfing, du ddn Ie, vdn vflng vang trflde phong ba, sfldng tuyfei:
"Sflng sflng than ddn trong gia lanh.., Coi khinh sfldng tuyet thfldng tin chdc.
Chdng ehiu nghfeo so vd'n tinh trdi"(3).
Ngay ca khi dflde trieu dinh Tdy Sdn cho ve tri si, bufie phai xa rdi boat dgng ehfnh tri, Ngfi Thi Nhdm vdn tira each lam vifec, vdn khdng ngiing quan tara tdi thdi cugc vd vdn mfenh cua dd't nflde.
Ong lap ra Thidn vifen True Lara vd quay sang nghifen eflu vidt sdch vd Phdt hgc, Ong da kfe' thfla tinh thdn nhdp thfe' tich cflc cua thien hgc True Ldm ddi Tran, mgt thien hgc Vifet Nam lufin kfei hdp chdt chfe gifla tinh thdn dao ly vdi tinh thdn ddn tge, Thien hge Ngfl Thi Nhdm la thidn hgc cua mgt con ngfldi lufin lufin ndng Idng yeu nflde, yfeu ddi, xa than, nhdp thd. Bdi the, sd'ng trong Thidn vifen Tnic Iam d phfldng Bfch Cau thdnh Thang Long, Ngd Thi Nhdm vdn khfing ngflng quan tdm tdi thdi cugc, vdn mgt ldng tin tfldng vao vdn mfenh tfldng lai tfii dep cua nflde nhd: "Tfl ddi nhd Tfi'ng dfe'n nay, sfing Hoang Ha trd Iflng ve phia bdc, fim la'y phfldng nam, raa phong khi eua nflde Viet ta lai flng vdi didu dd, thanh danh van vdt rat Id thinh vfldng, ehde la sdp ed mdt cd hdi ldn"(4).
2. Triet ly xijf the: "Dung Iy", "hgfp thdi", "phai nghia"
Quan niem ve*'dii.ng ly*', Ngd Thi Nhdm la mgt trong nhflng hgc gia dfldng thdi cd y thflc xdy dflng
(2) Tuyin tap tha van Ngd Thi Nhdm, quyen I. Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi. Ha N6i, 1978, tr.235.
(3) Tuyin tap thtf vdn Ngd Thi Nhdm, q u y i n I.
Sdd., tr.249.
(4) 77K; vdn Ng6 Thi Nhgm, t . l . Nxb Khoa hoc xa h6i, H& Noi, 1978, tr.180.
47
eho minh mdt phfldng phap ludn phu hdp vdi thflc te lich sd. Trong toan bd cae trflde tac cua Ngd Thi Nhdm, cd the thd'y dng quan tam va suy nghi den mfit sd vd'n de tridt hge, ldy dd ldm nen tang eho nhflng tfl tfldng chinh tri, nhflng quan nifem vd nhdn sinh vd phfldng chdm xd thfe' cua fing. Mgt trong nhutng vd'n dd trifei hgc ma Ngfi Thi Nham tap trung suy nghi la pham tru "ly". Ld mgt nhd chinh tri hara boat dgng, Ngfi Thi Nhdra suy tfl nhieu ve "ly" chu ye'u vdi tu cdch Id dqo ly, vdi cdch hieu chu dqo Id quy lu&t, nhdm soi sdng thdi thi vd ldm ca sd ly lu&n cho phUOng ch&m kdnh dgng vd tkdi do Ong xii cua minh tnide nhflng sfl bie'n xa hgi qua phflc tap va mau le. Trflde hfei, chiu anh hfldng eiia quan didm ly hgc Tfi'ng Nho, Ngfi Thi Nhdm ciing cho rdng, "ly" cd ngudn gfi'c tfl thai cflc, "ly" bao trum todn bg the gidi, ehi phfii sfl vdn dgng, bife'n hda cua trdi da't vd van vdt vd "suy rdng ra, td't ca cdc sfl vdt khdng cdi gi la khdng cd dao ly". Vdi Ngd Thi Nhdm,
"ly" thfldng dfldc giai thieh cu thd, cd tinh khdch quan, phan dnh kfei qua cua sfl quan sat the gidi, sfl suy tfl, chifem nghifera eua rifeng dng. Tfl tfldng ndy ddc bifet thfe hifen rd trong Trdc Ldm tdng chl nguyen thanh. Khi tra ldi cdu hdi "Nhd nho ndi Ly. Vay the nao Id Ly?", Ngd Thi Nhdra da giai dap: "Ly nhfl cae thd, cdi ddi cua cay", "ban tinh eua Ly Id ed ngang, chfe'eh, cd cong, thdng nhfl cdi thd cua cay... moi vdt dfe'u cd thifen tfnh tfl nhifen cua nd, do dd noi
theo Ly md khfing thfing tM trd thdnh ngflng trfe"(5), Caeh nfii cua Ngfi Thi Nhdm cd the lifen tfldng: Khi che cay, nfe'u biet dfldc thd vd dfii eua nd vd ehe dao theo diing thd cua nd tiu cdng viec se trfii chay dfe dang. Nhfl vdy, trong mgi vifec, nfe'u ndm dfldc "ly", ldm theo
"ly" dt se thanh cfing.
Khdng chi vay, tfl sfl quan sat, nhin nhan tinh te ve thfe' gidi, Ngfi Thi Nham cdn di ddn quan niem dac sac ve tinh phd bie'n va tinh dae thu eua "ly". Dd la tfl tfldng ve "ly thudn" va "ly nghich".
"Ngfla gap dfldng phdng di bon bon. Goc cay chdng chit bda khdng ra... Dfldng phang la ngfla thudn Iy, gd'c rdn la cay nghich ly, Iy cd thuan, nghich, cho nfen ngfldi khdng chd'p trflde (cau ne) thi khdng bdt bufic phai noi theo ly... Cay true thi nggn d trfen, dd la ly tfl nhifen.
Dfe'n nhfl ehdt tnie lam gay, tay cdm ddng gd'c, thi nggn lai trd xud'ng dfldi, ay la ly chang, phi ly chdng?"(6). Dfldng nhfl Ngd Thi Nhdm da tien gdn den quan diem "ehdn ly la eu the", rade du fing khfing dfla ra dfldc mfenh de mang tinh khai qudt. Ngfi Thi Nham hieu rd
"ly thudn" la phd bife'n, thfing thfldng, dfe nhan thflc, bdi vay, fing rat ehd y ddn
"Iy nghich", ddn cac sfl vdt va tinh the phat tridn mgt each ddc bifet. Phai chdng, dd eung Id mgt cd sd ly Iudn quan trgng hinh thanh nen phfldng cham xd the "dung Iy" cua fing?
(5) Tha van Ngd Thi Nhdm, t.l. Sdd., tr.62.
(6) Tha vdn Ngd Thi Nhdm, t.l. Sdd., tr.63.
48
TRAN NGOC ANH Quan niem vd "htfp th6i".
Khai nifem "thdi" vdn dfldc ban nhieu trong triet hgc phfldng Ddng d md'i quan he gifla thdi va the, thdi va ngfldi, thdi vd mfenh. Trong Iich sd tfl tfldng Vifet Nam, trflde Ngd Thi Nhdm, Trdn Qufi'c Tud'n thfldng nhaii manh den tfl tfldng
"tuy thdi" vd ddi hdi ngfldi lam tfldng phai biet "xem xet quyen bife'n nhfl danh cd vdy, tuy thdi ma Iam". Sau Trdn Qufi'c Tud'n, Nguyfen Trai cung ban nhidu den thdi vdi y nghia thdi cd, thdi vdn ma eon ngfldi khfing dfldc bd Id:
'Tiinh dich 384 hdo ma cfii yfe'u Id d chfl thdi, cho nfen ngfldi quan td theo thdi thfing bife'n, nghia ehfl thdi to tdt thay!...
Thdi! Thdi! Thflc khfing nfen ia"(7). Ngd Thi Nhdm da kfe' thfla va phdt tridn nhiing quan nifem tich cflc vd "thdi" eua Trdn Qudc Tud'n vd Nguyen Trai. Trong tfl tfldng Ngd Thi Nhdm, "tkiti" cd vai trb rdt quan trgng ddl vdi van menh cua mdt thdi dqii ndm diiOc "thdi" vd kdnh dgng theo "thdi" thi triiu dqi ndi lin vd hiing thinh. 6ng cho rdng, "trong dao khfing cd gi Idn bdng ^, trong y khdng cd gi ldn bdng vdn. Trdi cd vdn cua trdi, thanh hidn cd van cua thanh hidn".
Khdng chi nhdn manh vai trd cua "thdi"
trong ho£it ddng cua con ngfldi, Ngfi Thi Nhdm cdn neu Ifen tfl tfldng quan trgng:
"Dao cd thay ddi, thdi cd bien thdng" vd ddt nd trong ddng ehay hfen tuc eua lich sd, trong sfl md't, cdn, thinh, suy cua cae trife'u d^i. Tfl dd, Ngfi Thi Nhdm di de'n tfl tfldng eon ngfldi phai thay dfii theo "thdi", phai tfly "thdi": "Lfla theo
thdi ma bien hda, banh xe, hdn dan, tuy luc tdi lui", "ddi diing thi lam, ddi bd thi ve an, ra hay an, ndi hay im, dfe'u bdi hieu thfing thdi van"(8).
Cd the ndi, tfl nhflng nguyfen tde nhdn thflc vd xd ly vd "thdi" nhfl tren md Ngd Thi Nhdm dd xd the' kip thdi trong nhieu tinh hudng va each xd tri dd cd khi khac ngfldi, dng cung khdng vi thfe' md an ndn, hoi hdn? Ciing vi the ma Ngd Thi Nham lufin td ra Id ngfldi dung cam nhd't, dam vfldt Ifen nhflng giao dieu quen thufic, truyen thfi'ng de ehu dgng nhdp cugc theo trao Iflu tien bg cua lich sd?
Quan nifem vd "phai nghia".
Trifei ly hdnh dgng cua Ngfi Thi Nhiim khfing chi dfla tren cd sd "dung ly", "hdp thdi" ma con phai phu hdp vdi dao nghia. Dd la quan nifem vd trung nghia mgt each sang sufii, nhdn ro thdi the va dai nghia ddn tgc, la'y Idi ich eua nhan dan, dat nflde ldm cd sd. Ngd Thi Nhdm cd each giai quyet dfic dao vd tfeh cflc vd mdi quan hfe gifla danh ldi vd dai nghia. Ong chi chd'p nhdn thfl cfing danh cd danh dfl, ma danh dfl theo quan nifem cua dng, gdn lien vdi dao nghia lam ngfldi. Vdi Ngd Thi Nhdm,
"nghia" rd't quan trgng, bdi theo fing,
"phfldng phdp quan trgng nhd't de thdt chdt long ngfldi, khfing cd gi sdu sdc bdng nghia, khdng cd gi ndng can bdng
(7) Nguyen Trai. Todn tdp. Nxb Khoa hgc xa h6i, Hk N6i, 1969, tr.ll6.
(8) Tuyin tdp tha vdn Ngd Thi Nhgm, quyen II.
Nxb Khoa bgc xa b6i, Hk N6i, 1978, tr.25.
49
ldi". Ngfi Thi Nham thd'y rd, nghia va ldi thfldng ddi lap vdi nhau nhfl dfldng vd dm, cdn ngfldi ddi thi thfldng chay theo ldi, va dd la ngudn gd'c cua tai hga.
Ong so sdnh: "Dfldng la nghia, am la ldi, ldi di theo am eiing nhfl cdy di theo gid, rd't de dang vdy... tfl trfen den dfldi deu cham chu vdo ldi thi rdi edn tfl ehfii didu gi ma khfing Iam"(9). Nhfl vdy, tfl cugc sfi'ng trfldng ddi ma dng da trai nghifera, tfl sfle manh bang hoai ghfe gdm cua ldng tham ldi trong xa hgi phong kife'n thdi ky suy mat, da khife'n Ngd Tiu Nhdm phai bdt Ifen tie'ng kfeu than: "Than di! Ldng tham ldi tuy nhd, nhflng dot ea mdt canh dong, tfl mdt ddm Ida", "thanh nhan rdt ghet ke chi tham ldi rad qufen nghia... ngfldi qudn td nghifem ciiinh ve nghia khdng toan tfnh ve ldi"(10).
Dieu ldm Ngd Thi Nhdm phai quan tdm suy nghi la vaii dd "nghia" cua ngfldi lara be tdi. Theo fing, "'ngbia" dfii vdi bd tfii la phai trung vua nhflng phai thi hanh phan sfl mfit each sang sufii, quyen bife'n: "Bdy tfii thd vua khfing dieu gi khd bdng ve luc gap canh nguy hidm hen hy sinh, ma lai khdng ed dieu gi khd bdng dera le phai rad ngan ngfla sfl hy sinh"(ll), Trong cude ddi minh, Ngfi Thi Nhdm da hanh xd ve "nghia" dung theo tinh thdn quan diem d'y vd du cho cugc ddi dng vi thfe' ma thang tram, nhflng dng khdng he day dflt, hdi hdn.
Dfe'n day, cd thfe thay nhan sinh quan vd trie't ly xd the eiia Ngd Thi Nhdm dfldc xay dflng dfla trfen phfldng phap
ludn triet hge nhdt dinh Do la trifei ly xd thfe' ludn lay "ly" de soi "thdi the*' va gdn hen "thdi th^' vdi "nghia". Nguyfen tdc sfiiig va hdnh ddng cua Ngd Thi Nhdm la:
Ddng "ly", hqp '^hdC', phdi "nghla". Tbeo dng, ehi cd thudn vdi "ly", hdp vdi "thdi", vdi "dao nghia", cung tfle Id thudn vdi mfenh trdi va ldng ngfldi thi mdi cd the Idm nfen nghiep ldn. Cdn nfe'u hanh ddng ngflde vdi "ly", trdi "thdi" tin khac chi
"trong Iuc sdng nflde gam gao ma lai doi phai ra sflc bdi lgi khdng ke tdi minh, do Id dem didu khdng mudii lara vd khdng thd lara ddi hdi d ke si can hdu, ha chdng phai la md ho ldm sao"(12).
Cd thd ndi, cugc ddi Ngfi Thi Nhdm la cugc ddi ciia mfit tri thflc phong kidn, c6 thdng trdm, cd thanh bai, nhflng dng la ngfldi khdng ddu hdng trUdc "sdphqn"
md ludn tim mgi cdch thich itng vdi thiic tqi, cdi bien thiic tqi thdng qua no liic cku. quan vdi long kiin dinh hiim thdy. Dd Id bai hgc dang de hdu the ghi nhdn, Bdi, tri thflc thdi k^ nao eung la Iflc Ifldng miii nhgn trong Iinh vflc nhdn thflc va tfl duy ly luan cua ddn tdc. Va, quan trgng hdn, d bd't cfl thdi dai nao, ngfldi trf thflc ciing phai lufin thflc thdi, sang sudi, nhdn rd xu the' lieh sd tat yfe'u cua dan tdc va thdi dai, gdp phdn dinh hfldng diing ddn cho sfl phat trien cua dd't nflde vd dan tdc. •
(9) Ng6 Tbi Nham. Tdc phdm IV. Sdd., tr.l76.
(10) NgS Thi Nham. Sdd., tr.177.
(11) Ngo Thi Nhim. Sdd., tr.180.
(12) Tuyin tap tha vdn Ngd Thi Nhdm, quyen II.
Sdd., tr.208.