52 N G O N N G f & Btfl S 6 N G s l 1 (243)-2016
[NGOAI N G g VQl BAN NGU)
VAI NET VE QUA TRINH HINH THANH CUA NHOM DONG TlT TRAO-NHAN
TRONG TIENG NH^T HIEN DAI
AN OVERVIEW ON THE FORMATION PROCESS OF "GIVE-RECEIVE" VERB GROUP IN MODERN JAPANESE LANGUAGE
DAO THJ H 6 N G H.JJVH (ThS; B^i hgc Ngogi thuotig Hd Nfi)
Abstract: "Give - Receive" is a group of verbs that characterizes the structure, semantics and pragmatics of Japanese linguistics. The use of this group reflects the features of agglutination and culture-rlcb of such language as Japanese. The formation and development of this verb group in modem Japanese language is closely related to the change of system " preferred to speak" of Japanese from ancient to modem times. The principles of causal inference and the speaker's views are important factors influence the order of priority in communication as well as the formation and use ofthe verb "given - received"
Key words: Verbs of giving and receiving; honorific; preferential speech; point of view.
1. Dfng tft trao - nhgn trong tieng Nhft hifn tctlK, itadakxi. Trong jAgm vi ciia nghien cuu ve Dfng tft trao- nhgn (^^W0^ la nhdm dfng
tft bilu hifn ^ n^Ta chuyin ddi mft v|t nao dd tft dii tirgng A sang dii tugng B. Tbeo Doe (1975), Okuda (1979 - 1983), Temura (1982), dfng tft mang n ^ a trao - nhgn vdi cac djnh ngjua tren bao gIm cdc dfng tft nhu: ^'t'icho vay, cho mugn), i^^ ^(vgy, mugn), ^Srt(AM), mt>^(hgc), m
^^(dgy), H5(mua), ^i)(bdn), ^7L^(cho, tgng), S ( t 5 (rhpn),... Tuy nhidn, hau bet cdc nhd n ^ € n cftu d^u cbo rdng nlu tiiu h9p Idim nifmtiao - nhgn tbi trong nhdm c& ^ n g tft kl 1r€n cd mft nhdm dfng tft (7dfng tft) cd ngjua trao-nhan ndi diui^ nhung lgi hogt d ^ g klid ddc bift vd mang tinh chit d$c thfl cua tiing Nhgt n&i dugc x ^ vao mft nhdm riSng. Dd Id cdc dfng tft: - ^ 5 yaru,fe if 5 ageru, $ U fo ("f 6 sashiag^ru, < t t S kureru,^ fz.'^5 kudasaru vdi n ^ a trao vd cdc dfng tft 1 1 ) p morau,\/^tctc'\ itacMu v&i nghTa nhgn. Nlu phan loai dya tten sdc tb^ bieu edm tbi 7 dfng tOr trSn dugc ehia thanh 2 logi: cde dfng tft dugc sft dyng d till tiidng thudng Id ' ^ 5 yaru,<. t l S kureru vk hho morau; cdc dfng tft dugc ddng d dgng kftib ngft Id: fctf 6 agent,^
b & { " f 5 sashi£^eru,<tc^?> kudasaru vk ^"^
qud trinh hlnh thdnh nhdm dgng tft trao - nhan chiing tdi chi d l c$p din 3 dfng tft co ban digc sir dyng d thi tiidng tiiudng la: - ^ 5 yaru,<. iv6 bfferuvk 'hho morau.
Dfng tCic trao- nh§n trong tiing Nh^t hifn dai dugc ehia thdnh 3 nhdm dya tren edc d ^ trung vl ngbla, chftc ndng cu phdp vd gdc nhin cik ngudi ndi: nhdm - ^ 6 yaru, nhdm < tV 5 kureru vk nhdm hh^ morau.
Nb6m
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5 morau
*Ghich Nghia Trao
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i: chUthe Ngiroi trao Chi ngtt (CD
BSngtt (DD hanhdgn
Ngircri nb§ii Bo ngtt ff>D
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Ngucri nhgn ff>D Ngudi nh§n (CD 7ithi:DT 2. Dfng tit trao - nhf n trong tieng Nhgt cl Hf tiling dfng tft bao - nhgn trong tiing Nh$t c l khdng hodn todn gilng vdi hf thdng dfng tft trao- nbfn trong tiing Nli$t hifn d^. Cde dfng tft trao- nh|in d thi thdng thudng bao gom: < 6
s l 1 (243)-2016 NG6N NGC & Btfl S6NG 53
aku,htz..^ att^ 7 < 7 lAuu; cdc dfng tft trao- nh|nd dang kinb ngft bao gom: 'ft'iii> tamafiL, fz.
T ^ O S tatematsuru, fc ^ ( i S tcanaharu.
Nhung tren thuc tl, nhdm ^ n g tft du>5C sft dyng phi biln Id cdc ^ n g tft d dgng kinb ngft. Cde dfng tft d dgng kinh ngfl fc'^^tanu^ fcT^oS tatematsuru; fc'^\'i'S> tamabam cflng dugc ehia lam 3 nhdm gilng nhu cdc dfng tii - ^ 5 yaru, <
t l S kureru vk %ho morau ngdy nay. Tuy nhiSn, so viA 2 dfng tft dbn lai, tz.'^i'i.^
tamaharu it dugc sft dyng trong ngdn ngfl ndi, vl vgy cd till ndi 2 dfng tft fc ^ ^ tome??/vd fcT S o ^ tatematsuru Id 2 dfng tft trung tam trong hf thong ddng tft trao - nb$n cua tioig Nhgt co. Hai dfng tft nay cung hogt ^ n g trraig cau vdi 2 chftc ndng. d ^ tft thyc vd dgng tft b l trg. Khi digc dung vdi vai trd dfng tft tiiyc nd khdng bilu 1h| sy kInh trgng ma chi don tbuin tbi hifn sy trao - nh$n v ^ cdn Idii dugc diing vdi vai trd dfng tft b l trg nd lgi khdng he mang n^&t trao- nhgn md chi bioi b i ^ sy koih trgng doi vdi cdc nhan vgt tham gja hfi tfiogi.
3. Sv hinh thdnh cdc dfng tft trao-nh^n trong t i ^ Nhdt hifn dgi
3.1. "Cdch ndi drgcuu den " trong di^Nhpt Kikuchi (1997) da < ^ ngfaJa ve "edeh ndi dugc uu ti^** nhu sau: "Cdch ndi dugc uu tidn" Id binh tfiuc n ^ n ^ dugc uu tidn lya chgn dya tren sy cdn nhdc ve ede nhdn t l tham gia giao tiep nbu ngudi ndi, ngudi nghe, ngft ednh. Tde gid ciing lift kd 6 dgng thftc ngdn ngft thufc bf thong ndy trong dd cd nhdm dfng tft trao - nh$n, gom: 1/Cdch ndi be trdn-bl dudi ( ± : T ) ; 2/Cdch ndi Iieh sy-eoi tiiudng ( T ^ : -?: ^ ^ V •»); 3/Cdch ndi trang trgng- than tiiif n(
3fe* *) :M:k); 4/Cdcb ndi nho nhd - tiid tyc(
± f i i : ^ ^ ) ; 5/Cdch ndi tot - xau (iff: M);
6/Cddi ndi tiie lufn on buf ciia cdc dfng tft trao - n h ^ ( ^ : ^ ) .
Tsidxii ^ 1 2 ) cung cho idng, bieu lufn trao - nhgn Id mft bf i^i^n khdng thi t h i ^ trong bf tiling
"cddi ndi uu tiwi":" Trong suit qud trinh v§n dgng cfla f ^ n i ^ tft tiidi d d^ d ^ hifn d^ dkig vdi kinh ngfl, b i ^ hifn trao- nhdn trong tiing Nhgt
ludn d ^ g vai trd quan tn^g trong be thong "cddi ndi uu tioi" cua tioigNhft"
Vdi cddi hi»i nhu t i ^ khih ngfl bay Uka b i ^ trao- nhgn deu Id bilu b i ^ cua hf tiling "each ndi uu tien".VI vfy qud trinh lilnb thdnh, biln doi cfla nhdm dfng tft trao - nhgn cflng theo quy ludt vd diiu dnh budng trye ti^ tft "cddi ndi uu ti^" ndi diung vd kinb ngft ndi ridt^. Sy ra ddi, binh tiianh vd phdt trial cua nhdm dfng tft ndy |didn anb qud trii^ "ty d i ^ chinh" trong lif tiling k&ih n ^ cfla ti^Nh^
3,1 Sfrbiin Mi cua hp thdng kinh ngdtrong Qud trinh hinh tiianh cua cde dfng tit trao - nh$n tn»ig tioig Nhgt gdn l i ^ vdi Ijdi sftjdiattrioicua kvih ngfl. KMi ngfl trong tioig Nb$t bao g ^ 3 dang thflc co ban: tm koA ngS, khiem tdn ngfivd (^'//eft j ^ - . Watanabe (1974) dd khdi ouat 3 net ^ tnmg cua kftih ngft trong tieng N h ^ cd dai vd ti^g Nb§tlii^ ^ nhu sau:
- Kinb ngft trong ti^g Nb$t d dgi dift tiong sy
"gift i^ilm cdch" ccsi trong tioig Nhgt liifn dgi lai m cao sy "t&i kinh ngudi ngbe".
- Trong ti^ Nhdt d dgi, cdch ndi bilu bisi su
^ n kinh doi vdi ngudi nhgn vd cdch ndi the hifn thdi df khi€m tin ty ba thap minh la hai cdch ndi hoan todn dfc lgp nhung trong tieng Nhgt hifn dai bai cdch ndi ndy lgi cd xu hudng sat nhgp trd thdnh mft cdch ndi duy nhat, dd Id cdch ndi the hifn thdi df khidm t i n ty hg thip minh.
- Cdch ndi till hifn kit hgp gifla thdi df tdn kinh dii vdi ngudi thyc hifn hdnh vi trao vd ngudi thyc hifn hdnh vi nhgn khd pho bien trong tiing Nhgt c l dgi nhung lgi khdng till sft dyng tnxig tioig Nhgt hifn dgi. Chdng hgn, trcxig tiing Nb§t d cd till ndi—&B X . i ^ ^ , trong to bgp nay ^ X . Id yeu to the fii^ sy trai kinh doi vdi ngudi tiiyc hifn hdnh vi nli$n; cdn j ^ . ^ thi liifn tiidi dg ty hg t h ^ minh. Ngugc lgi, khd cd thi cd edch kit bgp tuong ty nhu vf y trong tieng Nhdt hifn dgi, bdi khdng till ndi — ^ L±(fJ^<e ^ S .
Risho (2013) ciing chi ra mft so sy thay doi tnmg qud trinh phdt t r i ^ tft kfnh ngfl trong tiing Nhgt c l df^ doi ti^ Nhgt h i ^ d^. Khi so sanh kinh ngfl tnmg ti^g NhSt d <^ vd hifn dd tdc gjd dd di d ^ kit lu$n rdng, sy khdc nhau ca bdn gjfla
54 N G 6 N N G C & Ddi S6NG So 1 (243)-2016
bftiira^ kinb n ^ cua hai didi kltiilhientr€n3sy thay doi
Thft nhat Id vifc sft dung (dil biln bon dgng Iich sy troi^tioig Nhgt h i ^ dgi.
Thft bai Id xu hudng t r ^ sft dyng dang khiem nhudng A (each ndi till hifn sy tdn k&ib doi vdi ngudi nhgn) trong tiaig Nhgt hifn dai, trong khi trong tieng Nhat c l dgi cd hm dar^ khiem nhudng A vd khi&n nhudng B (cdch ndi ty hg tii^ mmh) diu dugc sft dyng phi biln nhu nhau.
Thft 3 Id ngugc lgi vdi tia^ Nhgt d d^, bai dgng tdn kuih ngft vd Idiiem nhudng A khdng tiie sft dyng ding thM trong ngon ngfl hifn dai. Sy phat triin cfla dang Ijeh sy vd dgng khiem nhudng B trong tieng Nhat hifn dai chinh Id yeu tl q t ^ ^ ^nh sy xult hifn cua hai dfng tft < tl^ pturem] vd t) h 0 [morau].
3.3. Svxudt hipn sdm nhat cua ^ng td Ktl Skura-u
K. fl^ kureru Id dgng tft xuat hifn sdm nhat trong nhdm. Theo khdo sdt cfla Miyaji (1981), dfng tir ndy xult hien tren cdc In ptam vdo khodng the ki XV. Cdc dpng tir < fc^-5 kudasaru, - ^ 6 yaru vk'iihv morau xuat hifn vdo khoSng tfie kiXVll,dfngtft foil's ageru xult hifn vdo thi ki XDC, <^ng tft V»fc;^< itadaku xult hifn mudn nhIt vao culi till ki XIX ^ till ki XX.
Khi dgng tiiftc ljcb sy dugc sft dyng phi bien bon cd ngh^ Id ylu t l chi [ ^ i ngudi n ^ dugc quan t§m hon, dift trgng ban trong n ^ n ngfl gjao tilp. Mft trong nhflng quy tdc hfi thoai Id khi ylu to dii i^li ngucn ngjie dugc did trgng tbi ngudi ngjie iMi xuat hifn trong cufc thogi v(M tu cdch Id chu Ihl hdnh ^ n g . Tnmg nhdm cde ^ n g tft trao- nhgn, < t t S kureru Id dfng tft ^ tien tfida mdn dilu kifn ndy. Nhu vgy, sy xult hifn cfla dfng tft kureru cd lien quan trye tilp d ^ thi lich sy trong ngdn ngfl. Sy xuat hifn sdm nhat cfla dfng tft ndy trong nhdm phan dnh qud trinh bien dii cfla bf tiling kmh ngfl tnmg lidi sft tiing Nhgt Dd dimb Id qud trinh yeu t l chi i^li ngudi n ^ e dan dugc chd tigng hon trong mdi cufc tiiogi. Sy tiiay (^i ndy dien la sdm hon so vdi cdc sy thay dii Idiac cfla hf thing kfab ngft trong Iich sft nhu sy phdt t r i ^ cfla the khidm nhudng B, sy khdng ^ tgi dong tiidri till tdn kfiib va tbi khidm nhudng A.
3.4. C^doiipp - ^ ^ </l3 yaru-kureru Mft trong nhung n& dac trung cua dfng tir trao- nhdn trong tiing Nhgt la cung biiu tiij ^ ngb& trao nhung lai tin tgi hai nhdm dfng tft: nhdm - ^ 5 yaru vk nhdm < fl^ kio^ru. Sy dii % J ve nghia CO bdn ^fta - ^ S yaru vk < t t S kureru Id do sit khdc nhau vl gde nhin cfla ngudi ndi. Theo Hdaka (2007), vdo thdi ki Heian chi cd duy nbIt dfng tii '\flh kureru &rgc dung vdi tu cddi Id dfngtji trao - nb|n dl dien td bdnh dfng di chuyen mft s\f vgt tft doi tugng A sang doi tugng B. Khi do, ^ t u 6 kureru dugc sft dyng trong cd hai tiudng hgp di diuyln vdt ( ^ ngudi cd quan hf ^si gui vdi nguoi ndi ciing nhu ngudi cd quan bf xa Ig \ ^ ngudi niM.
Tuy nhien, hifn nay do xu b u t ^ thong nhat hai dii tugng cd quan bf xa Ig v<M ngudi ndi vd ngudi c6 dia vj cao bon n^idi ndi ndn dd i^i& siiib nhOng ban chl vl nhdn xung khiln cho vifc sft dung dfng tft < jJxS kureru ted n6n Idid kbdn bon. Vl ca ban, cdch diing cfla cdc dfng tft trao- nhgn dugc 0.
trong boi ednh xd hfi diu yeu chl cd ngudi cd dia vj cao hon dio ngudi cd dja ^i thap hon mgt vgt n ^ d6. Cbfrih vi nguyen nhdn ndy ma di k&n vin vi^
nhgn dugc vft ndo dd sS Id thdi df bilt on ciia ngufri dudi dii vdi ngudi trdn. Dl bilu tiij dupe mli quan bf gjfta mft n^idi cbo vdi dja vi cao hon vd ngudi nhgn vdi d|a vi f h ^ hon tiidng qua sy ^ chuyen cua sy vgt thi nhung dfng tft chuyen djch nhu J;^"t"j«fawwkh&igtiildamnh0n(higcDo vdy, dfng tft ^ ^1/6 kureru dugc lya dign nhu mft hinh tiiftc ngdn ngft de bilu thj y n^iia ndy.
D I cd till cbx^ mli quan bf tiidn phdn tren- dudi trong xd hfi thyc tl vdo mli quan hf ti£n - dudi dugc h i ^ thyc hda trong bilu hifn trao - nh&i cfla ngdn ngfl, dfng tft < tl^ kureru d i i : ^ dung dl bilu tiij sy di diuyln mft sy vft vl phia ngiiW ndi. B^ag - ^ 5 yaru dugc lya c h ^ vdi m ^ dich b l sung d Irlng cdn Igi. Neu < t l 5 Jbrera biai tiij hdnh d ^ di diuyln sy vat vl irfia ngutt ndi tiii - ^ S yaru bilu tiij sy di ehuyin vgt theo hudng rdi xa ngudi ndi vl i^m ngudi n ^ (Funikawa 1995).
Theo Risho (2013). c ^ dii l|p - ^ S - < t l / 5
^CTw - tererw t&i tgi trong tieng Nhdt b i ^ ^ la sy bdo ton c ^ dii 1 ^ tz.t.^ - fcrkoS tamc^
s l 1 (243)-2016 N G d N NGtJ* & D d i S 6 N G 55
- tcOematsiaii cfla tiong Nhdt co. Q p dii 1 ^ trong nhdm dfng tft mai^ -y n^ua trao Uan^ - tatemarsuru tin tgi sdm bon sy doi 1 ^ gjfla c&i dfng tft trao vd nhfn trong tiing Nhgt cl ^ . Sy doi
%) nay dugc bdo tin trcmg ti^g Nhdt hifn dgi vdi bai ^ n g tft < t V S kureru vk • ^ S yaru. Tuy n h i ^ trong tioig Nhdt cl, sy doi %> gjua 2 d ^ g tft trong nfi bf nhdm mang nghia trao fc^-S>- tc T S ' ^ S tomq/S/-tofemfl&urKlddoylutlk&ih;^
qi^ # i h . Sy tdn kfiib dugc d^ vdo chfl till hdnh dfng thi dfng tft dugc sft dyt^ Id tz.'^^tanu^
Ngugc 1^, nlu sy tdn kfnh hudng tdi dii tugng tilp nhgn Ihl dfng tft dugc lya d i ^ Id fcX'^'O^
tatematsuru. Nhung trong tiing Nhdt hifn dgi nhdn t l quy ^ n b sy dii l|p gjfla - ^ S yaru vd < f\t^
kureru 1^ Id quan hf tiidn so (trong - ngosd). Ciing Id chu till cfla hdiih vi trao, cflng gifl chftc ndng cfl [diap Id chfl ngfl trong cdu, nhung cdn eft vdo sy d ^ gid mli quan bf cflng nhdm (trong nhdm) hay k h ^ nhdm (n^xii nhdm) cfla ngudi ndi md dgng tfl dugc sft dyng sd Id < H ' S kurvru hay^^yaru.
3.5. Svgia nhgp nhdm trao ~ nhpn eda ^ng tit 'f}& P morau
Nbu dd bilt, xuat hifn diu tiSn trong nhdm dfng tft trao - nb$n Id dfng tft mang ngjua trao <
t l S kureru. Bk duy tri vd bdo ^ nhdm dfng tft trao - n h ^ trong tiing Nhdt co, dgng tft tiep theo xuat b i ^ Id-^ 6 ;«ru tgo thdnh e ^ doi %) >OTT/- kureru. E)ay Id sy tilp nii eiia (^p fc^^ - fcT
^ o S Uam/ii - tatemcOsuru tiong, tieng Nhgt co.
Vin de phdt sinh sdm nblt trong nfi bf nhdm cfla cdc dgng tft trao - nhfn trong tiing Nhgt c l cung n b u t i ^ N b d t h i ^ ^ Id van de doi Ifp^Qaban thSn cdc dfng tft ding ngjua trao md khdng phd la
^ doi lgp gjfta y ngbia trao vd y n^ua nhfn. Do v§y, tiq) sau sy Toiat b i ^ efla dgng tft K. tl^
kureru Id dfng tft - ^ 5 yaru md khdng phdi Id dfng tft mang yngjluanb^n hh^ morau.
£)fngtft ^ ^ '9 morau v ^ khdng phdi Id dfng tft dligc sft dyng vdi ^ ngjm nb^n. Iheo Ogjno p007),dfngtft h^O morau xuat hifn trong cae
^ ^ b ^ vdo tiidi Tnit^ dgi nhung lgi mang nglua
"yfiu cau, mong muon". VI dy:
^mm (1268=^— 75 ^ ) # simm- 2007 tc
i. 5 ] (Dan flieo Risho - 2013) (Cdontnd khdng bdo ^p, thgt khdng thi hiiu mi,-thl hifn mong m u ^ )
Dfng tft ndy dugc dimg vdi ngjm "nhgn" sau mgt qud trinh bien Sii vk ngbia, Idii net ngjm "ydu cau, mong muon" bj bu hda vk n6t ngbia "nhdn" trd tiidnh ngjua trung tdm. Qud trinh dfng tft ^ b 7 morau Argc dua vdo sft dyng vdi y ngbia trao - nhgn cd dugc li gjdi thdng qua sy p b ^ trien thi khi&n nhudng B trong qud trinh bioi dii cfla hf filing kfnh ngfl nbu da tiinh bdy d phan tren. Khi tii^ df khiem nhudng, ty bg tti^ miiih dugc de eao thi ngucri ndi phdi xuat hifn trong cufc tho^ vdi vm trd cfla diu the hdnh dfng. Sy gja nhSp nhdm trao- nhgn cfla dfng tft t CJ 9 morau ptikn krh qua trinh b i ^ doi i^jm cfla tft nhdm thda man dieu ki^ndy.
36. Tinh da chde ndng eda edc ^ng tdtrao - nhpn
Cdc dfng tft trao - nhgn trong tiing Nhgt Id nhftng ^ n g tft hogt dfng trong cau vin 2 chftc ndng: chftc ndng Id mft dfng tft tiiyc(^$^^ vd chftc nang Id dfng tft bo trg (^^W0!). Sy phdt t r i ^ cfla till lidi sy vd tbi Idiiem nhudi^ B dugc phdn dnh tiyc tilp vdo vifc loilt hifn dfng tft dau ti&i < i x 6 kureru, dfng tft - ^ 5 yaru vkhhV morau. Cung vdi sy mit din cfla till khiem nhudng A, dgng khih ngfl dugc thi hifn bdng ket clu " d ^ tft thyc + dfng tii b l tn? knib ngft 1 + d ^ g tft lid bv kinh ngft 2" khdng cdn &igc sft dyng vdi myc dich till hifn sy kfnh trgng doi vdi cac nhdn vft tiiam gja hfi thogi. Tuy nhioi, sy mat
£ cfla kit clu ndy dugc thay the rang m ^ binh tilde bieu hifn I d ^ . Dii vdi cdc dfn^ tft trao - nhgn, tfnh da diftc ndng chMi Id mft bdng diung till hifn sy tiiay dii ndy. Tuy nhidn, khde vdi dgng kmh ngft tii^ thudng chiic ndng mdi i^iat sinh cua cdc d ^ tft trao nhgn dugc sft dyng i^idm bilu thi quan hf on buf.
D ^ g tft trao - n h ^ vdi chftc ndi^ Id dfng tft fliyc. Vi dy: :km^1^^\^'^^-^of^(Jato t$nghoaHanako).
£)fngtirtrao - nb^n vdi chftc ndng Id dfng tft bo tn?. Vidy: MUm^PK'^I^^W^X'^ofz (Taro mm boa tgng Hanako).
56 NGON N G f & Bin S 6 N G S6 1 a43)-2016
Dong tir trao - nhan voi chuc nSng la dgng tii bo tro Kp. Vi du: Mi^^^Kl^in-sX-^-D X < iXfc(Taiio da mua hoa tgng Hanako gii!ip tfii).
Dpng tuf trao - nh|n vdi chiic nang la dOng tir bo tn? cho chinh d^ng tir trong nh6m. Vi dy:
:km>1t^i^1ti'¥-o X < nfcCTaro da tang hoa tang Hanako giup toi).
T < ^ f c ( Hanako da nhgn hoa cua TaiD giup toi).
C6 Ihl Ijm IhAy cac vl du chimg minh khA nSng ket hpp k ^ the hi$n tinh da chuc n ^ g ciHa c ^ dOng tir trao - nlian trong cac vSn tian tmoc ddy nliu trong cuong ngon va mpt so tac pham Ihcri c|n dgi.
DSng tiT thuc+ddng tir h6 tic?. Vf dy:
t>* i:hbi-X<nx> i V ^.S.fc Jx if fc
( \i^\..ii^:<P-233 - 7 -39) Dan Iheo Risho - 2013 ( Anh ay n6i la xin nghi nhung lgi...).
DSng tit Ihuc + dSng Iir b6 tnj 1 + dpng tir bo tnjr2.Vidy:
( 8 ) f i £ e K i l i i S i - * V \ K f t C f l i t & t l
(a:^jS;ffiK:284 - 6) Din theo Risho - 2013 ( Diing nhir anh noi toi khong the nao ^ daqc.
Hay ^ anh dy d Ichimatsu, co le la anh ay cung muon ^ anh d6).
Ve nguySn n h ^ hinh th^nh tinh da chuc nSng cua c^cd^ng tir trao-nh&ic6 the li giai nhu sau:
Ckc dpng tir trao - nhin khi m6i xuit hi?n von di khdng ph^i la nhirng dpng tir da chiic nSng. Sy hinh hiinh tinh da chiic nang cua nh6m d^ng Iir nay lien quan chgt chS tii qui trinh bien doi ci3a h^ th6ng kinh ngli-. Trong qua ttMi bien doi cua kinh ngii, quatfmgthcri ki ma cac nh§n 1^ quyet djnh sy lya chgn hinh thirc ngon ngii ciing dui;ic s3p d ^ theo cac thil uu ti6n khac nhau. Theo Kikuji (1997), nhdn to dU(;)C uu tidn Irong kfnh ngii thfri cS dai li
"sy bilu thj kinh y" ^M) da chuyen thanh "sy bieu thj quan hf on h u f ( H M ^ ) v4 quan hp trong - ngoai ( r t ^ l B # ) trong kinh ngii (hjri cgn dgi.
N6i theo tac gii thi diy chfnh la "sy thay d6i goc nhin ciia ngudi noi". Do c6 sy thay doi nay dan trSd CO nhihig don vj kinh ng& tt]k di v i x u ^ hi§n nhiing don vi mdi. Khi cac nhan to nhu quan h? on hu?, quan hf Irong-ngoai trcf thanh yeu to chiim vj tri iru tien hang diu trong myc dich giao tiep thi
hinh &i[c ngSn ngii dui?c lya ch(;)n khong con li dgng kfnh ngil thong thutag. D6 chfnh la nguySn din din dgng khidm nhudng A bi hu hoa v i dgng kfnh ngii bao g6m " dpng tir thyc + In? dgng tii kmh ngii 1+ ta? dpng tir kfnh ngG 2" khdng con dugc sii dyng nhSm the hi?n sy tdn kinh d6i vdi c ^ nhan vgt tham gia hpi thogi. De lip dly d Irlng d6 tiong ngdn ngit, cic dgng tir trao - nh0n da dugc sii dyng vdi chiic ning the quan hf on huf nhu m$t hinh thiic kfnh ngii nhSm tdn kinh doi tugng giao tilp.
4. Ket luan
Cd the ndi, nhdm dgng tir trao - nhan la nhdm dgng tir cd tinh d&c thii vi chiing nhihig d|c dilm khdng gi6ng vdi cic nhdm d§ng tir khic trong tiing Nhit. Nhiing dieu trinh biy d tien dSi chiing minh cho nhin dinh nay.
TAI L i f u THAM KHAO 1. R!f=P r g g t j p o s ^ f f l f i J o S j
2. mmmA (1997) mms M » ± . 3. immm (.ms) msiWim r<ti nam ffi-Sii44.
4. /J^te»» r#asmo^aj ras:
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5. mm*. rj^»)%f.v^asos4j
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6. ^ S S (2003) r S t t H * g t f c - ( t 5
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8. *tt3l*(1982) rH*Bffl-»:S':i'Ji 9. ffiwa,*(2ooi) r t s ^ s t j j i t s s g
« M t J B « t t J {B^m^l W?§»|S.
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