Xay dUng hoat dpng noi iJng khau
phu hdp vdi sinh vien tieng Anh l(hdng chuyen trong Chifdng trinh tieng Anh Cd sol
Le Thj Thu Huyen
TnJdng Dai hoc Ngoai ngfl - Oai hoc Qjoc gia Ha Noi Ddflng Pham Van Dong, quSn Cai Giay, HS N6i, Viet Nam
Email hLyen.letl
TOM TAT: KT nang noi Ung khau (noi ve mot chu de hoin chinh ma khong c6 hoie ed rat it thdi gian chuan bi) la kJnang nhieu ngudi hgc ngoai ngd, daic bi$t la ngoai ngd khong chuyen con yeu. Trong so eac hoat dgng noi sd dung tror}g ldp hoc ngoai ngd, hoat dong noi Ung khau chUa nhin duac nhiiu sU chti y tO phia giang vien trong khi kinang niy dem lai rat nhieu lai ich cho ngudi hgc nhu ren phan xa noi, thuc day sU tu tin khi ndi trudc dim ddng, phat triin kT nang giao tiep va khi nang lanh dao. Bai viet cung cap mot cai nhin tong quan ve kinang ndi Ung khau, cung nhu de xuat eich thUc tien hanh hoat dgng noi Ung khau va cac tieu chi danh gia bai noi cua sinh viin trong Idp hoc ngo^i ngd khong chuyen. Ngoai ra, dUa tren nhUng khd khan cua sinh vidn khindi dng khau, tac gia bai viet de xuat mdt vai gOi y cho giang vien khi tien hanti hoat dong nay tren lap.
J\i KHOA: Ndi l]ng khau; hoat dpng noi; I6p hpc ngoai ngif; danh gia bdi n6i ting kh^u.
•> Nhai bi\ 15/12/2018 -> Nhan ket qua pfian bien va ciiinfi sila 20/03/2019 -^ Duyet dang 25/03/2019,
1 . Dat v a n d e
KT nang (KN) noi, theo Rudder (1999), la mot trong nhimg muc tieu quan trpng nhat trong viec day hoc ngon ngu, bai day la KN vo ciing can thiet de ton tai trong giao tiep boi canh hoi nhap toan cau. Do vay, viec thu dac KN noi ducfc coi la mot trong nhung una tien hang dau trong qua trinh day va hpc tieng Anh nhu mot ngoai ngir o nhieu quoc gia, trong do co Viet Nam. Nhieu hoat dong noi dugc giang vien dua vao sii dung trong lap hpc de tang cuong kha nang noi cho nguai hpc, c6 the ke den nhu thuyit trinh, ihdo ludn, dien A/c/i,...Khong giong nhu cac hinh thirc noi ma nguai hpc co su chuan bi tir truac, hogt dgng noi ung khdu (noi khong c6/rat it thcri gian chuan bj) la mpt tro ngai Ion doi vai nguai hpc ngoai ngir, dac biet la nguai hpc tieng Anh khong chuyen. Tuy nhien, hoat dpng nay chua nhan dugc nhieu su chii y trong lop hpc tieng Anh khong chuyen bai ba li do chinh sau:
Thir nhdt, noi ung khau mai chi dimg lai trong ldp hpc duoi dang thirc khong chinh thuc, tiic la giang vien dat cau hoi va sinh vien (SV) tra loi. Tuy nhien, cau hoi va cau tra loi thuang rat ngan (cau hoi chi ve mpt y nho va cau tra lai thuang du6i dang mpt hoac mpt vai cau chir khong phai la mpt bai noi hoan chinh tii phia nguai hpc),Vi du:
- Giang vien: How often do you go lo Ihe cinema?
' SV: I go to the cinema once a month.
Thie hai, qua khao sat va phong van cac giang vien dang giang day mon Tieng Anh Ca so 1-2 cho SV nam thii nhSt he Chat lugng cao Trucmg Dai hpc Cong nghe - Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi. Cac giang vien nay cho rang, SV cua minh con yeu ve KN noi nen viec ap dung hoat dpng noi ling khau duoi dang thiic chinh thong (SV noi v8 mpt chu
de trong vong vai phiit) duang nhu la qua sire doi vai nhieu em.
Thie ba, do han che ve mat then lupng hoc tren \crp so voi khoi iupng kien thuc trong lich trinh giang day. Thuc te, mot so giang vien tien hanh hoat dpng noi theo cac hinh thiic: Hoat dpng noi theo cap, theo nhom hoac ca nhan tren tinh than xung phong hoac chi dinh. Doi khi co nhiing chii de, giang vien chi co the hucmg dan each trien khai y truac ca lop ma khong du thoi gian de tat ca cac ca nhan deu duac thuc hanh noi. Tren thuc te, hoat dpng noi img khau (hieu theo nghia chat che nhat) gan nhu chua dugc ap dung trong gia hpc noi. Bai viet nay neu len lgi ich ciia KN noi img khau d6i voi nguai hpc. Theo do, chiing toi giai thieu ve hoat dpng noi ling khau trong lap hpc ngoai ngii: Cach thiic tien hanh va cac tieu chi danh gia mpt bai noi iing khdu.
Them vao do la mpt vai tuu y danh cho giang vien khi tien hanh hoat dpng noi trong lop hpc ngoai ngii khong chuyen dugc de xuat dua tren nhiing kho khan cua nguai hpc khi noi ung khau.
2. Npi d u n g n g h i e n ciiru 2.1. Noi (irng khau 2.1.1.fijnh nghia
Noi ling khau la su dien dat, cdu tnic va trinh bay y va quan diem cua nguai noi khi khong co hoac c6 it thai gian chuan bi, Hinh thiic noi irng khau xudt hien duoi nhieu dang thirc khac nhau va trong nhieu b6i canh khac nhau;
Trong giao tiep hang ngay, trong cupc hpp, phong vin xin viec, thi himg bien, hay trong boi canh lop hpc khi giang vien dat cau hoi va nguai hpc dugc gpi tra lai. Tuy nhien, noi ling khiu vdi tu each la mpt hoat dgng noi dugc t6
7n TAP CHJ KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
chijrc trong ldp hgc ngoai ngii can duoc hieu theo nghTa khat khe ban. Do la mpt bai noi img khiu hoan chinh vdi ba phan: Md bai, than bai va k^t bai ve mot chii de nao do, dugc the hien bai nguoi hgc trong mpt khoang thdi gian nhat dinh (khoang vai phiit) vdi it hoac khong co su chuan bj trudc khi ndi, Bai viet su dung thuat ngu noi img khau theo nghia nay.
2.1.2. Ldi ich cua ki nang noi lifng khau
Nhu da dd cap d tren, ndi iing khau cd the xuat hien dudi nhieu hinh thiJc. Dii d pham vi Idn hay nhd, dugc to chiic mgt each trang trpng nhu trong cugc thi hay khdng chinh thong, thi viec thu dac KN noi ling khau co the mang lai nhieu lgi ich cho ngudi ndi, Ro rang, neu ngudi hpc cd kha nang ndi ling khau, do se la mdt Ipi the rat Idn Cac lai ich cua KN ndi iing khau dugc Menguin (2008) liet ke nhu sau:
Cai thien each dien dat suy nghT cua ban than thong qua hinh thuc ndi; Phat tnen su tu tin khi ndi trudc dam dong;
Suy nghT va phan img nhanh \§ mgt van de; Phat tnen KN lanh dao; Phat trien KN giao tiep.
Viec to chiic boat dgng noi ting khau tren ldp hpc ngoai ngS theo do se dem lai nhieu lgi ich cho ngudi hpc, Trudc tien, thdng qua hoat dgng nay, SV phat tnen KN iing khau - khong hoac h cd su chuan bi trudc - tir do cflng tang kha nang phan iing nhanh nhay trong giao tiep bang tieng Anh, Day ddng thdi la KN kha can thiet trong ddi song thudng ngay. Thii hai, hoat dong giiip SV phat trien KN tu duy, sap xep khai mem, y tudng (y chinh va y bd trg) thanh mgt bai ndi hoan chinh co day du ba phan: Md bai, than bai va ket bai. Cac KN ngdn ngii can thiet trong giao tiep nhu sir dung tirngir, phuang tien ndi cau,... cung dugc tang cudng.
Ngoai ra, thong qua hoat dgng ndi iing khau, SV cung duac ren su tu tin, KN ndi trudc dam dong, qua dd chuan bi cho viec thuc hien nhimg bai trinh bay dai hai ban sau nay cung nhu viec tham gia vao cac hoat dpng ndi khd, phirc tap han.
2.2. No! irng khau vdi ti^ each la mpt hoat dong noi tren ldp 2.2.1, Mpt SO quy ifdc ve hoat fipng noi tilng khau trong ldp hoc Chiing tdi de c§p mgt sd luu y ve each thirc td chiic boat dgng ndi iing khau trong ldp hpc tieng Anh khdng chuyen nhu sau.
- Chu de: Cac chii de dugc lua chgn lam de bai cho bai ndi ling khau can nam trong lich trinh giang day, Chu de cd the la mdt cau ndi, trich dan, thanh ngu ndi tieng, yeu cau ngudi ndi neu nhan dinh hay dan chiing; hay co the la mdt van de kinh ti. - chinh tri - xa hpi gay nhieu tranh cai, ddi hdi ngudi ndi bdc lg quan diem ca nhan, Don gian han, trong phan 2 ciia bai thi lELTS hay mpt sd cau hdi cho phan 1 cua bai thi TOEFL iBT, chii de cd the chi kiem tra KN mieu ta ciia ngudi ndi nhu: Ta nguoi, ta vat, ta su kien,.. Tiiy theo chii d^ hay KN ndi trgng tam ciia bai hpc ma giang vien cd th^ chuin bi chii de phu hgp. Cac cau hoi impromptu speaking trong mdt budi hpc chi nen xoay quanh mpt chii d6 Idn. Chi khi giang vien to chirc mdt cupc thi impromptu
speaking thi Iiic do mdi can nhac vific da dang hda chii de.
- Ggi y cho s8n: Tiiy vao trinh dp cua SV mit giang vien cd the cung cap hoac khdng cung cap cac ggi y (suggested ideas) dudi dang gach dau ddng hoac hinh anh. Vdi ddi tugng ngudi hpc trinh dp tieng Anh cdn yeu hoac khi mdi to chiic hoat ddng ndi irng khau, giang vien cd the cung cap ggi y cho san va sau nay tang dan dp khd ciia de ndi.
- Thfri gian chuan bi: Do dac thu ciia ndi iing khau la khdng cd hoac co it thdi gian chuan bi nen giang vien co the dat ra quy dinh ciia hoat dpng ndi ting khau hiy theo trinh dp cua ngudi hpc va tiiy theo thdi gian cho phep. Thdi gian chuan bi nen dudi 2 phiit de dam bao dupe y nghta cua hoat dgng ndi iing khau. Giang vien cd the linh hoat bang each cho nhieu thdi gian chuan bi han vao nhCrng tuan dau ti^n gidi thieu hoat dpng nay va han che thdi gian chuan bj khi ve nhuTig tuan cudi ciia chuang trinh hpc.
•- Thoi gian cho moi bai noi iing khau: Ngudi hpc dugc yeu cau ndi ve chii de dugc bat tham trong khoang thdi gian tir 2-3 phiit. Do dac thii cua hoat dgng ndi img khau la ndi theo ca nhan nen khi tien hanh hoat dpng nay vdi toan bp sd SV trong ldp, hoat dgng nay cung chiem kha nhieu thdi gian, Li tudng nhat la ldp hpc vdi sT sd khoang 15 SV. Tuy nhien, vdi si sd ldp ddng han, giang vien cd the phan bo thdi gian d cac budi khac nhau, tao dieu kien cho tat ca SV cd ca hpi tham gia hoat dgng nay.
2.2.2. Quy trinh to chdc hoat dong ndi dng khau Dudi day la mgt de xuat ve quy trinh td chirc mgt hoat dpng ndi iing khau trong ldp hpc ngoai ngii:
- SV dugc gpi bat ki len bat tham chii de cua minh.
- SV chuan bi trong thdi gian cho phep,
- SV trinh bay bai ndi ling khau trong thdi gian cho phep.
- Nen CO mgt time-keeper (ngudi bam gid). Ngudi nay ngdi phia dudi va cd nhiem vu gio bang thdi gian hoac ra hieu d6 bao hieu cho ngudi ndi. Cd the cd 2 lan bao hieu:
Khi cdn 30 giay niia la het gid hoac/va khi het thdi gian ndi.
- Phin nhah xet: Day la phan danh gia co the den tir 3 phia: 1/ SV tu nhan xet bai ndi cua ban than (Self-correc- tion); 2/ Cac SV khac nban xet phan trinh bay ciia ban (Peer correction); 3/ Giang vien dua ra nhan xet (Teacher correc- tion). Dd la li tudng, tuy nhien, do thdi gian ban che nen thudng chi cd phan nhan xet tir phia giang vien. Tuy thdi gian cho phep va sd lugng SV ma phan nhan xet dien ra ngay sau phan trinh bay ciia SV hay vao cuoi budi. Sau mgt hgc ki vdi nhimg lan thuc hien bai ndi iing khau trudc ldp, ngudi hpc se thay dugc su tien bg ciia minh hay chua, tu nhan ra dugc diem manh va diem can khac phuc trong phan trinh bay ndi ciia minh,
2.3. Cac tieu chi danh gia mot bai ndi dng khau Ndi irng khau chinh la mgt hinh thirc ndi trudc dam ddng, do vay, cac tieu chi danh gia mdt bai ndi img khau ciing chinh la cac thanh td chinh cua mdt bai ndi trudc cong chiing, Mpt bai ndi iing khau chinh la mpt hoat ddng giao
So 15 thang 03/2019
tiep bao gom ba thanh phan: Ngudi ndi, thdng diSp va khan gia. Khi ndi trudc dam dong, ngudi ndi mudn truyen tai thdng diep ciia minh tdi ngudi nghe - ngudi cd quyen quyet dinh xem lieu rang thdng diep dd cd thuylt phuc hay khdng.
Nhin chung, mpt bai ndi iing khau hieu qua can dat dupe cac yeu cau sau day:
1/ Cach thirc to chiic bai ndi: Mdt bai noi dugc td chiic tdt bao gdm 3 phan ca ban: Md bai, than bai va ket luan.
2/ Thdng tin trinh bay phii hgp, dimg chu dh la diSu quan trpng ddi vdi mpt bai ndi img khau.
3/ Hudng den khan gia: Mdt bai ndi tdt can lay khan gia lam trung tam.
4/ Gin kit cam xiic: Mot diln gia thanh cdng cd kha nSng hoa than vao bai ndi va truyen tai cam xiic cho khan gia.
Trinh bay hieu qua: Ca KN ngdn ngii va phi ngon ngO se giiip tao nen mgt bai dien thuyet hieu qua.
5/ KN quan li thdi gian: Mpt dien gia giau kinh nghiem cd the phan bd thdi gian hgp li giua cac phan (Md bai, than bai, ket bai) (Hsieh, 2006). Ngoai ra, td chiic Future Educa- tors Association (2008) da phat trien mdt bang danh gia bai ndi ling khau gdm bdn muc chinh, vdi mdi tieu chi cu the dugc neu ra trong mdi muc. Nhin chung, nhung tieu chi nay tuong ddi nhat quan vdi cac tieu chi dugc neu ra bdi Hsieh (2006) phia tren.
N^i dung v^ c^ch thu-c t6 chvtc bki noi: Gidng nhu cac hinh thiic ndi khac, mgt bai ndi ung khau can cd mot cau true can bang vdi ba phan co ban: Md bai, than bai va ket bai. Phdn md bdi, ngoai viec dua ra cau chii de (thesis) thi can thu hiit dugc su chu y va quan tam ciia nguoi nghe (Gregory, 1996). Giang vien cd the hudng ddn SV mot vai phuang phap bat dau bai ndi thu hiit su chii y nhu trong viet luan nhu dat cau hdi, neu mdt thdng tin gay ngac nhien, trich dan mpt cau ndi phii hpp, ke mgt chuyfn hoac kinh nghiem ban than, de cap den nhiing tin tiic cap nhat. Md dau trdi chay va thu hiit ngudi nghe se giiip cho SV tu tin hon vdi phan trinh bay npi dung chinh. Tuy nhien, neu thdi lugng cua bai ndi iing khau it, ngudi ndi cd the md bai mdt each ngan ggn bang each tra ldi rd rang chii de ciia bai ndi. Phdn thdn bdi chiia. cac y chinh ciing nhirng chiing cii hoac cac y phu bd trg. Gregory (1996: 3) ggi y to chiic than bai bang each dua ra hai den ba y chinh de giai thich hoac chiing minh cho y chu dao va phat trien mdi y chinh dd nhd vao cac vi du, thdng ke hoac trich dan y kien chuyen gia.
Trong phdn kit bdi, ngudi ndi dugc khuyen nen tdng ket cac y chinh da neu va ket thiic bai ndi bang mdt li le vimg chac xoay quanh y chinh ciia bai ndi.
C^eh thfrc trinh bay: Cach thirc trinh bay bai ndi iing khau bao gdm giao tiep ngdn ngu' va phi ngdn ngir.
Ve giao tiep phi ngdn ngii trong van ndi, bat cii diln gia nao cung can the hien dugc cir chi, each di chuyen, dang dimg, giao tiep bing mat va bieu dat khuon mat mdt each tu nhien, hieu qua. Ngudi ndi nen the hien cir chi vd cdch di chuyen (gestures and movement) mdt each tu nhien vit phii hgp vdi ngi dung; tuy nhien, can tranh nhu'ng cir chi vd nghia hoac gay hieu lam (Gregory, 1998: 330-331 &
Gregory, 1996:4). Vg ddng bd (posture), ngudi noi nen diing thing, thi hifn su tu tin va thoai mai khi thuyet trinh (Gregory, 1996: 4). Ngoai ra, giao liep bdng mat (eye con- tact) mgt each tir nhien ciing la mgt thanh td quan trong khac trong mdt bai ndi bdi nd(l) tao ra mdt su lien ket giao tiep va tuong tac giiia ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe, (2) the hi^n su chan thanh, va (3) giiip ngudi ndi biet dugc khi nao cin giai thich lai phan ndi khi cd su bdi rdi the hien tren net m^t ngudi nghe (Gregory, 1998:327). Gdp phin vao tinh hi?u qua ciia bai ndi la bieu dgt khuon mgt (facia! expressions) tu nhien va hgp li ciia ngudi trinh bay bai noi. Dua tren net mat ciia ngudi ndi, khan gia cd thi nhan thiy dugc svnhiet huyet cua ngudi ndi khi truygn tai thdng diep.
Ngoai ra, khi trinh bay mgt bai ndi trudc dam dong, ngudi ndi can ndi vdi gigng ndi (voice) ro rang, mach t^c.
Am lugng (volume) can hgp Ii va phii hgp vdi dien tich phdng cung nhu so lugng khan gia. Ngir dieu (intonation) ciing tao cho ngon ngii mpt giai dieu dac tnmg, neu thieu ngii digu thi chac chan ngudi ndi khdng the nhan mph dupe npi dung quan trpng can bieu dat. Ngoai ra, miec dq trdi chdy (fluency) cung ddng vai trd quan trgng trong mgt bai ndi iing khau thanh cdng, thg hien qua tdc do not (rale of speaking) phu hgp va cd su ngimg nghi (pauses) hi;ip li. Tdc do ndi vira phai giup khan gia dg dang nim bit \i tham thau thong tin. Su ngimg nghi (pauses), theo Gregoiy (1998:323-324), la ygu td cd Igi bdi nd tao ra khoang hSng thdi gian de ngudi ndi lua chpn tir vung phii hgp, ddng thai giiip nhan manh y quan trpng dang dugc ndi tdi. Su nguog nghi lit digu dg higu trong mdt bai ndi img khau va khan gia sg khdng chg trach digu nay (Gregory, 1998: 324). Tuy nhien, ngudi ndi ngn cd chign luge trong bai ndi ciia minh khi can ngung nghi bang each sii dung cac dau hieu diln ngdn nhu "like", "you know", "well", ,,. thay vi chi "uh,"
"er," "um" bdi se lam phan tam quA trinh nghe hieu cua khan gia. Nhiing yeu td tren lign quan tdi tie phong trinh bay giiip xay dung hinh anh mgt ngudi ndi img khau ty tin va nhift huyet, tir do tao an tugng tdt cho khan gia.
Ngdn ngir: Kha nang sir dung ngon ngii cua ngudi noi dugc the hien qua viec lira chgn tie vung (vocabulary) phu hgp, ngit phdp (grammar) chinh xac vaphdi dm (pronun- ciation) dung.
ThM gian: Khai niem thdi gian trong ndi ung khau bao gom thdi gian chuin bi va thdi gian ndi. Ngudi ndi cin biet tan dung thdi gian chuan bj &k vach ra cac y chinh va y bo trg minh du dinh ndi. Trong qua trinh ndi, ngudi ndi can phan bd thdi lugng cho timg phan (md bai, than bai va kel bai) vit can hoan thanh bai ndi trong khoang thdi gian cho phep (khong qua thdi gian va cung khdng thira qua nhifiu thdi gian trong bai ndi ciia minh). Viec danh gia bai noi ciia SV cd anh hudng Idn dgn qua trinh hgc tap cua SV. Nd cho phep SV ghi lai nhiing gi hg da hgc dupe vl bill ndi ciia minh: Digm manh/ diem ygu cua phan trinh bay ciia hp dya vao cac tieu chi trgn. Do vay, giang vien cin ghi lai nhan xet va danh gia danh cho phan trinh bay cua ngudi hgc d\ra tren nhiing tigu chi nhu da gidi thifu d tren.
72 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET HAM
U Thi Thu Huyen
2.4. Nhiing khd khan cua sinh vien khong chuyen khi tham gia noi dng khau
Qua hai hpc ki ap dung hoat dgng ndi ling khiu ddi vdi SV khdng chuygn tieng Anh hi$n dang hgc nam thir nhit Trudng Dai hpc Cong nghe, Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi kgt hpp vdi kit qua khao sat trong nghign ciru cua Hsieh (2006), dudi day chiing tdi liet ke mdt sd khd khan cac ngudi hpc thudng gap phai khi tham gia ndi iing khiu:
2.4.1. Kien thdc n§n ve chu de con han che
Mpt sd chu de nhu Charily (Tie thien) hay Volunteering (Tinh nguyin) dudng nhu lit nhiing chit dg cdn mdi me vdi SV do cac em chua cd ca hdi trai nghiem true tiep vdi nhiing hoat dpng nay hoac chua dgc rdng nhieu lign quan den chu de. Mgt sd SV ciing td ra khdng hung thii vdi nhung chii de khdng thudc ve sd thich hoac do tudi cua minh nhu Agricul- ture (Nong nghiip) hay Economics (Kinh ti).
cao tilng Anh ndi chung va KN ndi ndi rieng. Neu khdng vung kiln thiic nln thi khdng the nao nang cao trinh dp tilng Anh dugc Trudc moi buoi hpc, giang vien cd the yeu ciu SV dgc md rpng vg chu dg cita budi hgc rdi tdm tat lai npi dung chinh ciia chii de dd.
Su thuc la neu khdng cd ngir phap, rat it thdng tin cd the dupe truygn dat, nhung ngu khdng cd tu vung, khdng mgt thdng tin nao cd the dugc truyen dat ca. Do vay, tir vung la phan quan trpng khdng kem trong viec tao ngn mdt bai ndi ling khau thuyet phuc. Giang vien nen khuyen khich SV md rdng vdn tu bang each khuyen khich SV tich cue nghe va dpc md rgng nhigu loai tai lieu, chii dg dg tiep nhan tir va cac sac thai y nghia khac nhau ciia tir. Sau do, giang vign td chiic thao luan ngay vg nhiing chu dg dd de SV cd the dung ngay nhimg tir da hgc. Theo do, ngudi hpc viia cd thg md rdng dugc kign thirc ngn, cung nhu tang cudng vdn tu vung va cau true cau thupc chii de do.
2.4.2. Khdng dii von td vdng va cau true cau
Tu vung va cau tnic cau ludn la mgt khd khan vdi ngudi hpc ngoai ngir. Van de nay khdng nam d so lugng tir vung va cau trite ma ngudi hgc sd huTi, ma phu thudc vao kha nang ngudi hoc cd the nhd dupe bao nhieu tii va dimg dugc nd vao trong nhiing tinh hudng giao tiep thuc te, Cach hgc tir vung, cau tnic truyen thdng bang each ghi chep lai nhieu lan tir hay eau tnic mudn hgc kem theo nghia tieng Viet dS han che kha nang ghi nhd cua ngudi hpc trong thdi gian dai vit dg lam hg rdi trong me cung tii vung do chinh hp tao ra.
Do dd, khi budc viio mdt tinh hudng giao tiep cu the, ngudi hgc thudng liing tiing khi cd gang dich tir tigng Viet sang tieng Anh cua tiing tir sau dd ghep thanh cau de ndi.
2.4.3. Khd khan trong viec td chdc bai ndi
Mdi nen van hda cd each tu duy rieng. Cach tu duy ciia mgt ngudi ciing quyet dinh anh ta se ndi nhu thg nilo. Ngudi phuong Dong trong do cd ngudi Viet Nam cd each tu duy rat khac so vdi each cita cac qudc gia ndi tigng Anh. Khi noi ve mgt chii dg, nhigu ngudi chau A thudng ndi vong quanh, trong khi do ngudi MT lai di thang viio van de (Kaplan, 1966: 15). Do anh hudng van hda tu duy, lai chua nam rd su khac biet ve mat can trite cita cae ngdn ngu, SV chau A thudng dimg idi tu duy vong trdn do de dign dat y tudng bang tieng Anh. Ket qua la biti ndi cua hg co tinh lien kgt kem, thieu logic vii thieu rd rang ddi vdi ngudi ban ngii.
2.5. Mpt sd gdi y cho giang vidn khi sd ilung hoat ddng ndi dng khau trong Idp
2.5.1 Tang cddng hoat dong dpc md rpng
Dgc ma rgng (extensive reading) la phuang phap dgc nhim khuygn khich hpc vien tieng Anh ndi chung va ngudi hgc ndi rieng nang cao KN dgc, vdn tir va kien thiic ndi chung. Viec khuyin khich vii tang cudng hoat dgng dpc md tdng giiip giai quylt hai khd khan ciia SV dupe nhac den d trgn la: Ylu kiln thicc nen va vdn tii vung.
Kiln thirc nln chinh la ngn tang cua viec trau ddi va nang
2.5.2. Luyen tap cho sinh vi§n lap dan y to chdc bai ndi Mdt trd ngai khac ctia ngudi hpe khi thuc hien bai ndi ling khau la each sap xep lap dan y cho bai ndi cua minh.
Do vay, khi gidi thieu hoat dgng ndi iing khau, giang vign can hudng dan vii dua mdt vai vi du cho SV ve each trinh bay y trong tieng Anh vit cau tnie ciia bai ndi vdi ba phan:
Md dau, than bai, ket luan. Cho SV viet dim y la mdt thuc hanh hieu qua. Giang vien cho ca ldp mdt chu dg, ban dau cho SV nhigu thdi gian de suy nghi va viet dan y, sau dd gpi mpt vai SV Ign trinh bay. Khi SV da quen thi se giam dan thai gian chuin bj. Dudi day la mdt vai y tudng ve each lap dan y cho timg yeu cau cua bili ndi ma giang vien cd the hudng dan SV:
Phuong phdp 4P (Point, Past, Present, Future): Phuang phap nay dugc ap dung eho phan than bai khi chii dg yeu cau ngudi ndi binh luan mot van dg nao dd.
- Point (Chi ra): Ngudi ndi bay td quan digm (Md dau).
- Past (Qua khii): Neu ra van de do trong qua khii.
- Present (Hien tai): Trinh bay vg van de dd d hien tai.
- Future (Tuong lai): dua ra du doan tuang lai.
Phirffng phdp PREP (Point, Reason, Example, Point):
Khi chu dg ygu cau ngudi ndi bay td quan diem, ngudi ndi cd thi diing den phuong phap PREP:
- Point (Chi ra): Ngudi ndi bay td quan digm (Md dau).
- Reason (Nguydn nhan): Neu ra cac nguyen nhan giai thich eho quan diem (Than bai),
- Example (Vi du)' Dua cac vi du chiing minh cho cac nguyen nhin (Than biti).
- Point (Chi ra): Ngudi ndi nhiin manh quan diem ciia minh va ket ndi vdi phiin md dau (Ket luan).
Mgt sd phuffng thuc td chuc y khdc:
- Nguyen nhan, he quit, giai phap.
- Digm gidng, digm khiic.
- Diem tich cue, tieu cue, trung gian.
- Dinh nghia, vi du.
Ngoili ra, giang vign cd thg hudng dan SV each dat cac cau hdi what, where, when, how, why dg phat trien y. SV
So 15 Mng 03/2019 7^
NGHIEN CQULf LUAN
dugc khuyen khich sic dung nhieu ngudn thdng tin de lay bd trp cho y can dign dat, n h u kinh nghiem ca nhan, quan digm ca nhan, truyen, cau ndi hai hudc va thdng tm thuc te de minh hpa cho bai ndi iing khau cua minh.
2.5.3. Chien Iddc sda loi
Giang vien can quan binh giua phan hdi tich cue va tigu cue. Giang vien khdng nen chi nhan xet ldi sai trong bai trinh bay cua ngudi hpc ma can neu len nhiing uu diem de tranh lam ngudi hpc mat tu tin. Ldi phan hdi tich cue nen dl trudc ldi phan hdi tigu cue. Ngoai ra, giang vign can bam sat vao nhiing muc tieu da dugc de ra dg danh gia va tir do phan hot. Trong phan nhiin xet, giang vien khdng nen ddi hdi ngudi hgc nhiing gi nam ngoai muc tieu ciia bai hpc.
Giang vien ciing khdng can vdi sira nhQng ldi sai gan nhu khdng the tranh dugc d nhiing ngudi hgc trinh do cdn thap.
Cudi cimg, muc tieu chinh ciia phan hdi la giiip ngudi hpc tign bd vit duy tri ddng c a hpc tap chir khdng phai de hp chan nim va mat tu tin.
3. Ket luan
Thuc tg cho thay, da sd SV thich su an toiin khi thuyet trinh, bdi khi thuygt trinh cae em cd nhigu su chuan bj. Ddi vdi nhieu ngudi hpc tigng Anh khdng chuygn, mdt sd em
cdn v i l t s i n p h i n "kJch ban" (script) vii hpc thugc cho budi thuyet trinh. Ket qua la nhilu p h i n ndi khdng dugc tu nhign va dieu nay ciing khdng ren cho cac em cd dugc phan img nhanh nhay trudc cac tinh hudng. KN ndi ling khau (im- promptu speaking) cd lg la mgt trong nhiing KN gay kh6 khan nhieu nhat cho ngudi hpc ngoai ngii, d | c biet la ngo^ii ngir khdng chuygn. Bai viet da neu len tam quan trgng ciia KN ndi img khau va nhan manh su can thiet eiia viec tang cudng KN nay cho ngudi hgc ngoai ngii, DEc biet, vdi ngudi hgc ngoai ngir khdng chuygn va tiiy thudc vao nang lire cua ngudi hgc, giang vien cd thg tuy chinh hoat dpng nay sao cho phii hgp. N h u da ndi d tren, giimg vign ed the bat dau gidi thieu boat dgng nay bang each cho ngudi hge thgm thdi gian chuan bj va/hoac cho ggi y trong de bai. Sau dd, giang vien tang d i n thu thach cho SV bang each bd di thdi gian chuin bi vii/hoac chi dua ra cau hdi trong d l bai ma khdng cung cip cac y cho sin. Thuc te tien hitnh boat ddng ndi img khau c6 thg se ed nhiing khd khan rigng tiiy vao dieu kien thdi gian vii dae thil eiia mdi nhdm Idp, Cae nghign ciiu trong tucmg lai cd the di sau khai thac ve hoat ddng ndi img khau nay d mpt sd kliia eanh khac nhu: Khao sat tinh hieu qua eiia hoat dpng nay dudi gdc dp ciia ngudi hpc; tir dd, hoat ddng ndi nay co the dugc dieu chinh va ap dung rpng rai trong Chuong trinh hpc mdn Tieng Anh C o sd.
Tfii lieu tham ktiao
[1] Future Educators Association, (2008), Judges' Rating Sheet - Impromptu Speech, Retneved from http //wwvj.
p d kl nl 1. org/fea/feac onf09/Impro m S p e a k, pdf [2] Gregory, H., (1996), Public Speaking for College and
Career (4th Ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, [3] Gregory, H., (1998), Public Speaking for College and
Career, 5th ed, New York: McGraw-Hill.
[4] Hsieh, S , (2006), Problems in preparing for the English impromptu speech contest' The ease of Yuanpei Institute
of Science and Technology in Taiwan, RELC Joumal (Sage), 37(2), 216-235.
Kaplan, R.B , (1966), Culture Thought Patterns in Inter- cultural Education, Language Learning, 16 (1&2), 1-20.
Menguin, J.,(2008), Speaking off the cuff. Retrieved from htrp://www.scribd.com/doc/2026294/Speaking-Off-the- Cuff
Rudder, M.E.,(1999), Eliciting Smdent-Talk, English Teaching Forum, 37, (2), 24-25.
DEVELOPING AN IMPROMPTU SPEAKING ACTIVITY
IN GENERAL ENGLISH COURSES IN ENGLISH NON-MAJOR CLASSROOMS
Le Thi Thu Huyen
University of Languages and International Studies Vietnam National University, Hanoi Pham Van Dong, Caj Giay dislnct, Hanoi, Vietnam Email hiiyen,le,thu@gmail com
ABSTRACT: Impromptu speaking (talking about a topic in a few minutes' time with little or no prior preparation) is probably one of the skills that poses numerous obstacles to a number of English language learners, especially non- ma]ors. Due to its nature, strong ability in impromptu speaking helps improve learners' oral expression of thought, boost confidence in public speaking, enhance communication skills and develop their leadership skills. Despite its significant advantages, an activity that promotes impromptu speaking does not seem to be paid adequate attention to in English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms. This article provides an overview of impromptu speaking skill and proposes a way of implementing the activity for English non-majors.
Criteria on how to evaluate an impromptu speech are also shed light on in Ihe article. Furthermore, based on learners' difficulties in delivering an impromptu speech, several suggestions are made to the teachers when applying the activity in class.
KEYWORDS: Impromptu speaking; speaking activity; EFL c l a s s r o o m ; evaluating an impromptu speech.
/4 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM