Thai K i m Phung & Tran Thanh Tinh | 2 3
Cac nhan to anh huong den viec chuyen giao tri thii'C trong qua trinh trien khai he thong ERP tai Viet Nam
U^d<, nhin 09/04/2013 Ngaynhanlai 20/05/2013 Ngay duyet dSne 27/07/2013 M.1S0 04.I3.IT-04
Thai Kim Phung ms Dai hpc Kmh le I P HCM phungihk II uch edu % n Tran Thanh TTnh t u r n ; l\ Adidas Viemani
tinh ir
Tom tat
.Nghien ciru dirac tien hanh nhdm phdn lich cdc nhdn td chinh anh hirong den viec L hin en giao tri thirc trong qud trinh trien khai he thdng ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning - hoach dinh nguon lire doanh nghiep) tai VN. tir do de xudl mdt sd hdm y quan li de ndng cao hieu qua cua qud irinh irien khai lu'iy Ket hap phirang phdp ngfuen tiru dinh linh vd dinh hnmg. nhom tdc gia lien lidnh khao sdt tren 225 ngudi sir dung cudi lai cdc doanh nghiep dd vd dang tham gia vdo qud trinh trien khai he thdng ERP ten I'V Kel qua phdn tich hdi quy vd kiem dinh gia ihu^'Ht cho thdy id 4 nhdn id chinh anh hucmg den vice chuyen giao tn ihi'rc trong qud trinh trien khai he thdng ERP theo thir lir nhu.saw (I) Chia .se hieu biet: (2) Kha ndng tiep ihu: (3/ Ndng lire ngum irien khai.vd l4i Dongca thiic ddy ben trong
Tu- khda: Chuyen giao tri thirc. trien khai he thong [-3RP.
Abstract
The research is conducled to analyze main factors affecting knowledge transfer during implementation of ERP .system in Vietnam thereby suggesting .some managerial implications thai aim at improving effectiveness of this implementation Combining qualitative and quantitative methods, authors make a survey of 225 end-users in enterprises that have taken part in application of ERP sv.stein in Vietnam. Result of regression analysis and test of hypotheses show that four main factors that af/ect the knowledge transfer during implementation of ERP s-vstem in Vielnam are as follows.
in order of importance: (1) Knowledge sharing, (2) Absorptive capacity: (5) Implementing abilily:
and (4) Inner motivation.
Keywords: Knowledge transfer, implementation o f ERP system
2 4 ) Riai Kim Phung & Tran Thanh Tinh
1. Dat van de
Hien nay, viec ijmg dung cong nghe thong tin ciia cac doanh nghiep \ ^ ' van dang rieng le, dpc lap a tCmg bo phan, sau do ghep lai thanh he thong thong tin quan li. Phucmg phap nay thuong lang phi nguon luc ciia doanh nghiep, kho cai tao va ma rong. Giai phap ERP se khac phuc nhung han che do. bien doanh nghiep thanh mgl the thong nhat. Nhieu doanh nghiep img dung he thong ERP voi hy vpng tang nang suat va hieu qua nhu mot don bay de nang cao tinh canh tranh cua doanh nghiep. Tuy nhien, theo thong ke moi chi co khoang 4% doanh nghiep VN ling dung he thong ERP (Bdo cdo thuang mai dien id VN. 2011). Mpt trong nhung nguyen nhan la do qua trinh trien khai ERP co pham vi rong. keo dai. ton kem \ a nhieu doanh nghiep da khong dat dugc miic lieu ban dau. Trien khai he thong ERP la mot qua trinh tap trung nhieu tri thuc. Viec nay yeu cau rat nhieu kinh nghiem tir nhieu nguoi khac nhau va nhirng nguoi nay phai luong lac trong suot qua trinh trien khai. Davenport (1998) cho rang trong suot qua trinh trien khai, tri thirc dugc chuyen giao tir nguoi irien khai den nguoi sir dung la rat quan trpng.
Hay noi each khac. tri thiic ve he thong ERP va quy trinh kinh doanh phai dugc chuyen giao hieu qua giua nguoi trien khai va nguoi su dung de dat dugc thanh cong trong viec tnen khai he thong ERP. Nhan thay tam quan trpng ctia viec chuyen giao tri thtic giua nguoi trien khai va nguoi su dung trong qua trinh trien khai he thong ERP, nghien ciiu "Chuyen giao tri thdc trong qud trinh tnen khai he thong ERP tgi VN' la can thiel nham tim ra cac nhan to chinh anh hucmg den viec chuyen giao tri thuc trong qua trinh trien khai he thong ERP tai VN, va de xuat mpt so ham y quan li de nang cao hieu qua ciia qua trinh nay.
2. Chuyen giao tri thirc trong qua trinh trien khai he thong ERP va cac mo hinh nghien ciru
2.1. He thong ERP
Co nhieu djnh nghTa khac nhau ve he thong ERP tiiy theo quan diem tiep can. Theo Davenport (1998). ERP la goi phan mem tich hgp dimg de quan li mpi thong tin hoat dpng ciia doanh nghiep bao gom: nhan su, chuoi cung ung, tai chinh, ke loan, ban hang.... Shanks & cpng sir (2003) cho rang he thong ERP la mot tap hgp cac module phan mem ling dung da dugc dong goi voi mpt cau true hgp nhat. dirge cac to chuc su dung nhu la co may chinh de hgp nhat dir lieu, quy trinh va cong nghe thong tin trong thoi gian thuc di qua cac chuoi gia tri ben trong va ben ngoai. Diing tren quan diem quan li ctia Laudon. K. & Laudon. J. (1995). ERP la mgt giai phap quan li va to chuc dira tren nen tang cong nghe thong tin giiip doanh nghiep gia tang va lam ggn nhe mgt each hieu qua xii Ii kinh doanh npi bg. vi no doi hoi phai tai cau triic quy trinh hoat dpng kinh doanh va lo chirc doanh nghiep. cung nhu ihay doi phong each quan If doanh nghiep, nghTa la no lac dpng thay doi qu\ trinh quan If. anh huong ca chien luge, to chiic va van hoa ciia doanh nghiep.
2.2. Tri thdc vd chuyen giao tri thuc
Nhieu nguoi theo chii nghTa thuc chihig tin rang tri thiic la nhiing "niem tin dugc minh chimg la dung" (justified beliefs). Nonaka & Takeuchi (1995) ehi ra rang tri ihirc la qua trinh nang dgng ciia con nguoi trong \ iec minh ehirng cac niem tin ca nhan voi nhung sir that. Su tien hoa ciia nhan thirc luan khoa hpc da hinh ihanh mot cau true thii bac cita viec lao ra tri thiirc: tir dCr lieu den thong tin roi Iii thong lin den tri thirc. trong do:
Dir lieu la mgt lap hgp cac su kien, sir viec khach quan, rai rac dugc trinh bay ma khong CO sir phan quyel hoac khong gan vdi boi canh. Dir lieu tro thanh thong tin khi no dugc phan
Tpp chi Phat iru-n kmh li- 274 (08 21113) 23-35
Thai Kim Phung & Tr^n Thanh TTnh | 25
loai, phan tich, tong hgp va dat vao mot boi canh, va trd nen co the nhan thiic dugc doi vdi ngirdi nhan.
Thong lin la dii lieu gan vdi mgt sir lien he hoac mgt muc di'ch. Thong tin bien thanh tri thirc khi no dugc sii dung de so sanh, danh gia nhung ket cue, thiet lap nhiing lien he va tien hanh mgt su doi thoai. Thong tin la dir lieu trong bdi canh ma no cd the sir dung cho viec ra quyet dinh. Dir lieu luon dugc sap xep de tao ra y nghTa cho ngudi nhan, no cd the la van ban, hinh anh, phim, hoac mpt cugc hpi thoai vdi mot ngudi khac.
Tri thirc cd the dugc xem nhu thong tin ma nd dat tdi su sang to, su phan quyet, va nhirng gia tri. Trong nhieu trudng hgp, tri thirc the hien sir that va vi vay no cung cap, tao ra nhimg co so dang lin cay cho hanh dgng. Tri thiic la kho tang cua sir hieu biet va cac kT nang dugc tao ra tir tri tue cua con ngudi, dac biet tir nhirng ngudi khac.
Giong nhu vdi tri thiic, co kha nhi^u dinh nghTa ve chuyen giao tri thiic. Szulanski (1996) djnh nghTa chuyen giao tri thiic nhu mgt cap trao ddi ciia tri thirc td chiic giira don vj giao va nhan. Mpt so nghien ciru khac tap trung vao ket qua thay ddi d6n ngudi nhan. Argote (1999) xem chuyen giao tri thiic trong to chire la qua trinh di xuyen qua mdt don vi (nhu ca nhan. nhom, phdng ban) dugc tac dpng bdi kinh nghiem ctia don vi khac. Darr & Kurtzberg (2000) di ii6p bang each bien luan rang chuyen giao tri thirc xay ra khi mot ngudi truyen dat (distributor) chia se tri thirc ma dugc sii dung bdi ngudi chap nhan (adopter). Ngoai ra, Jennex (2007) bien luan rang chuyen giao tri thirc trong mdt to chiic xay ra khi cac thanh phan ciia mdt td chiic truyen tri thirc hien hiiu va tri thiic an tang cho nhau.
Trong chuyen giao tri thiic, tri thiirc khdng chi dugc chia se trong mgt to chuc qua cac nhom chirc nang khac nhau, cac vj tri vat li khac nhau hoac cac khoang thdi gian khac nhau ma cdn chuyen giao giiia cac to chiic qua sir lien ket ciia cac td chiic. Vi vay. can phan biet ro chuyen giao tri thiic ben trong va ben ngoai: Chuyen giao tri thirc ben trong nhu chuyen giao tri thiic giua cdng ty me vdi cac cong ty con. giira cac chi nhanh vdi nhau, hay noi torn lai la chuyen giao tri thirc giu:a cac don vj to chiirc, cdn chuyen giao tri thiic ben ngoai md ta hien lugng chuyen giao tri thirc giira cac Id chirc vdi nhau.
2.3. Chuyen giao tri thdc trong qud trinh trien khai he thong ERP
Chan & Rosemann (2001) da de cap 6 kieu ciia tri thirc ma mpt doanh nghiep se dugc chuyen giao khi trien khai he thong ERP. Cac kieu tri thirc nay dugc liet ke nhu sau:
- Tri thiic kinh doanh (Business knowledge) bao gom cac van de kinh doanh trong quan li cua cac he thdng doanh nghiep.
- Tri thirc kT thuat (Technical knowledge) trinh bay tri thirc can thiet kel hgp vdi lira chgn va sii dung phan mem quan li co sd dir lieu, quan li he thong mang, cau triic client-server, danh gia hieu nSng he thdng...
- Tri thiic san ph5m (Product knowledge) phan anh nhu cau cho Iri ihirc cu the ciia mpt giai phap ERP duy nhdt. Vung tri thiic nay bao gdm su hieu biet ciia cau true san pham. kien thiic ve cac chiic nang ciia nd. phuong phap luan trien khai. va kien thirc ve ngdn ngir lap trinh chuyen ve ERP.
26 I Ihji Kim I'hungA Iran Ihanh Tinh
- T r i thirc dac i r m i g ciia doanh nghiep (Compan\-specific knowledge): M o t he thdng ERP khong the dugc quan l i thanh cong neu khong co viec hieu chinh xac cac yeu to dac t r i m g ciia doanh nghiep.
- T r i thirc quan li d u an (Project management know ledge) bao gdm quan l i nhan su. thdi gian va chi phi de hoan thanh muc tieu ciia d u an. Quan li d u an lien quan den lap kc hoach. td chiic va dieu khien mot d u an vdi nhieu rang bugc thdi gian va chi p h i . \ a lap hgp su ho t r g ciia quan li cap cao.
- Cac vLing tri thirc khac: Thong ihudng nhiing ngudi tham gia cac du an ERP co nam kieu cua tri thirc dune \ e u cdu nay. D o do. tri thirc \i giao liep. su ket hgp va sir hop lac dugc yeu cau de hgp nhat nam kieu ciia tri thiic a tren
Cac doanh nghiep n i u t h i i u cac tri thirc cdn lhi6l co the t i m kiem ngudn tri Ihii'c ben ngoai.
chang han nhu nhd cac cong ty tu van trien khai. V d i cac iri Ihirc dugc dc cap d tren. cac nha quan li va cac nhan vien t u van co the trien khai. sir dung \ a nang cap he thong ERP hieu qua hon. T r i ihiic da dang dugc chuyen giao giua cdng 1} t u van va doanh nghiep dc dai duoc thanh cong trong qua trinh trien khai he thong ERP.
2.4. Cdc nghien cdu tru&c day ve chuyen giao tri thuc trong trien khai be thdng ERP F3a CO mgt so nghien ciru ve chuyen giao tri thirc irong trien khai he thong ERP trudc day.
Diem hinh la nghiC-n ciru cua L i n (2003) vc " M o i quan he giiia chuyen giao tri thiic hieu qua va su thanh cong cua E.RP" \ d i doi lugng khao sat la gan 1.000 cdng t> san xuat lai Dai Loan. K e l qua nghien ciru na_\ cho thdy 3 nhan i d anh hudng den chuyen giao tri thuc trong qua trinh irien khai he thong ERP' N'Jng luc nhan vien tin hpc ( I T Personnel C a p a b i l i i \ ) . Kha nang liep thu (Absorptive Capacity), va Nang luc ngudi trien khai (Consultant Competence). Tiep theo. K o &
cnng su (2005) nghien cim vc "Chuyen giao tri thirc giiia ngudi i n c n khai va ngudi dimg trong qua trinh trien khai he ihong E R P " vdi diii tugng khao sat la cac nha t u van va cac ngudi dimg trong cac d u a n trien khai he ihdng ERP tai M \ . Ket qua co cac \ e u to lac dpng den chuyen giao tri Ihirc do la: Kha nang tiep thu (Absorptive capacitv). Chiase hieu biet (Shared understanding).
Diic tinh quan he kho khan (Arduous relationship), Su l i n nhiem ngirdi trien khai (Source Credibilitv'). D o n g eo thiic day ben tixmg cua ngudi dimg (Recipient's Intrinsic M o t i v a t i o n ) , Dong CO thiic day ben trong ctia ngudi trien khai (Source's Intrinsic M o t i v a t i o n ) . T r o n g dd tat ca cac %eu to cd lac ddng cung chieu chi co \ e u to dac l i n h quan he kho khan (Arduous Relationship) la ngugc chi^u va \ c u to dgng co thiic day ben trong ciia ngudi diing (Recipient's Intrinsic M o t i v a t i o n ) cd lac dpng manh nhdt doi vdi chu>cn giao tri thirc. V d i nhung tai lieu nhdm lac gia thu thap dugc trong qua trinh nghien ciru. hien lai o \ \ van chua l i m thay mot nghien cuu chinh thirc nao da cong bti ve chuyen giao tri thuc trong qua trinh trien khai he thong ERP.
2.5. .Md hinh nghien cdn de xudt
Dua \ a o cae nghien ciru vi* chuyen giao tri thirc cua L i n (2003) va K o & cgng su (2005).
nhdm lac gia da l i i n hanh thao ludn vdi cac chuvcn gia irong ITnh vuc trien khai ERP d i xem xet. dicu chinh cho phii hgp vdi thuc tc d V N va \ a c dinh 5 nhan t d anh huong den chuyen giao i r i thirc trong qua t r i n h trien khai he thong ERP. bao g d m :
\\>p i.hiPlull ir
Thai Kim Phunt; & Tran Thanh Rnh j 27
Ddng CO thiic day ( M o t i v a t i o n ) : Ddng co thiic day cd the dugc xem n h u la goc re ciia mpi nhu cau ca ban de toi thieu su dau k h d va toi da niem dam me hoac co the bao gom cac nhu cau cu the n h u dn udng. nghi ngoi hoac la cac muc dich mong muon. sd i h i c h , l i tudng hoac co the it ro rang hon n h u dao dire. Idng vi iha. Co hai loai dgng co thiic ddy do la dpng co thiic day ben trong (Intrinsic M o t i v a t i o n ) va dgng co thiic day ben ngoai (Extrinsic M o t i v a t i o n ) . Dong co thiic day ben trong lien quan den nhirng yeu td ben trong ciia con ngudi nhu su quan iam thich ihii den mpt dieu gi do. v i du n h u sir quan tdm. thich ihii den he thdng FRP. D g n g c o ihiic da\ ben ngoai lien quan den cac van de ben ngoai nhu luong bong, khen t h u o n g , su thang tien . ma anh hudng den dgng co lam vice ciia mpt n g u d i .
Nang lire nhdn vicn tin hpc ^ T Personnel Capability); Bao gom kha nang quan li cong nghe, kien thirc kinh doanh va qudn li I n thirc cua nhan vien l i n hgc. Theo L i n (2003), khi doanh nghiep sd hiru nhUng nhan vien lin hgc gioi vdi nen tang kien thuc rgng. ho c6 thi- gia tang toe do ciia qua trinh chuyen giao tri thirc ERP. Trong md hinh nghien ciru cua l i n (2003) >cu to nang lire nhdn vien l i n hgc cung co lac dgng manh den chuyen giao i r i thiic.
Nang luc n g u d i trien khai (Consultant Competence): La kha nang ciia ngudi trien khai dc giai quyet cac van de cua to chirc dang trien khai. dc ra cac kien thirc can thiet va lien quan. de huy dgng nhieu kT nang va de giiip d d to chirc dinh hinh va nhan duoc gia tri lir cac he thong ERP. Lin (2003) cho rang gia tri ciia ngudi trien khai bao gom giam cac loi trien khai nhd vao kinh nghiem di trudc cua hg va gia tang loc dp cua chuyen giao tri thiic. Trong mo hinh nghien cuu ciia L i n (2003), yeu td nang luc ngudi trien khai co tac dpng manh nhat den chuyen giao tri thirc.
Kha nang l l i p thu (Absorptive Capacity): La kha nang ciia mgt to chirc de nhan ra. dong hoa va img dung tri thuc ben ngoai vao cac qua trinh doi m d i ben trong. Theo nghien ciiu ciia Szulanski (1996) va mo hinh nghien ciiu ciia K o & cgng su (2005), kha nang tiep thu la vcu to quan trgng anh hirdng den chuven giao tri thirc.
Chia sc h i i u b i i t (Shared Understanding): Trinh bay pham vi cac quy tac. nguyen lac ciia cdng vice, triet l i . phuong phap giai q u j ' i t vdn de. va kinh nghiem iam viec trudc kia cua hai ben la gi6ng nhau. Nel.son( 1996) da thira nhdn chiase h i i u b i i t anh hudng den chuyen giao tri thirc trong ngir canh ERP va Irong m d hinh nghien ciru ciia K o & cong su (2005) cung da kel ludn r^ng chia sc hieu b i i t da cd tac dpng d i n chuven giao Iri thirc trong qua trinh trien khai he thong I:RP.
Cac gia thuvet,
/ / / • Gia tdng dpng co thiic ddv ciia ngudi diing. .ve lam tdng hieu qua chuyen giao in ihirc.
H2. Trinh dd cua nhdn vien tin hoc cdng cao. .se lam gia tdng hieu qua cua chuyen giao tri thiic.
H3- Ndng Itrc cua ngicdi triin khai cdng cao. hieu qud cua chuyen giao tri thirc se cdng cao H4. Kha ndng tiC-p thu ciia ngirdi diing cdng cao. se cdng lam de ddng htm cho viec chuyen giao tri thirc.
H5. Kha ndng chiu u' hieu biit cua moi ngirdi tham gia cdng cao, se lam tdng them hieu qud cua chuven giaa tri ihirc
Tir eo s o l i thuvel v a c a c gia i h u v c i , m d hinh nghien ciiu dugc de xual n h u irong Hinh 1.
28 I Thai Kim Phung & Trin Thanh TTnh
Ning lux nhan vien tin hoc (NLTH)
Nang lire ngircri trien Whai(NLTK)
Kha n3ng tiep thu (kNTT)
Dongco'thijc day (DCTD)
Chia se hieu biet (CSHB)
Chuyen giao tri thirc (CGTT)
Hinh 1. Mo hinh nghien cihi de xuat 3. Phu-ong phap nghien ciru
Nghien c i i u dugc tien hanh theo 2 budc: Nghien c i m so bg va nghien ciru chinh thiic. Nghien ciiu so bp dung p h u o n g phap djnh tinh bdng each tien hanh phong van sau ngudi quan l i , nha t u van trien khai ERP. cac chuyen gia trong ITnh vuc ERP nham xac d j n h cac nhdn to anh hudng den viec chuyen giao tri thirc trong qua trinh trien khai he thong ERP. T i r do bd sung, hieu chinh thang do va hoan thien bang cdu hoi cung nhu mo hinh nghien ciru. Sd ngudi phong van sau la 10 n g u d i . Ket qua nghien ciru so bp dinh tinh cho thdy co 29 bien quan sal dai dien cho 5 nhom yeu to cd kha nang anh hudng den qua trinh chuyen giao tri thiic va 6 bien quan sat dai dien cho yeu to chuyen giao tri thiic. Thang do va bang cdu hoi dugc tham khao tir cac nghien ciiu trudc ciia L i n (2003) va K o & cgng su (2005). va co dieu chinh phii hgp vdi thuc te trien khai ERP tai V N . Cac thang do su dung dang Likert 5 diem vdi I la hodn loan khong ddng y vd 5 la hoan loan dong y. Nghien ciru chinh thirc dugc thuc hien bang phuong phap djnh lugng nham danh gia thang do va kiem dinh mo hinh nghien ciru thong qua phdn tich Cronbach's A l p h a , phan lich nhdn to kham pha ( E F A ) vd hoi quy tuyen t i n h . Nghien ciru nay dugc thirc hien thong qua khao sdt ngudi sii dung I R P . Phuong phap de khao sal la thdng qua bang cau hdi bdng gidy va qua email doi vdi ngudi su dung ERP tai cac doanh nghiep dang va da t r i i n khai he thong ERP. S6 bang cdu hoi goi qua email Id 300 va thu dugc 60 bang vdi t i le hdi ddp la 2 0 % . Sd bang cau hoi dugc phat giav true tiep la 250 va Ihu dugc 165 bang cd t i le h6i dap la 6 6 % . T d n g so bang cau hoi thu dugc d ca 2 phuong phap la 225. K i c h thudc mau dua vao phan tich la 197 (sau khi bo 28 bang cau hoi khdng hgp le).
4. Ket qu^ nghien cihi
4.1. Md td due diem muu khao sdt
•tkmhh r4(OS2UI3)2.V35
Thai Kim Phung & Trdn Thanh Tinh j 29
Trong sd 197 mau thu thap dugc, co 27 ngudi co trinh do sau dai hgc (13,7%). dai hgc 85 ngudi (54,3%), cao ddng 50 ngudi (25.4%), trung cip 35 ngirdi (17,8%). S6 ngudi lam viec tai doanh nghiep nude ngoai la 107 (54.3%), 25 ngudi lam viec tai doanh nghiep lien doanh (12.7%), 53 ngudi lam viec tai cac doanh nghiep cd phan va trach nhiem hiru han (26,9%). 12 ngudi lam viec tai doanh nghiep nha nude (6,1%). So ngudi su dung ERP dudi 1 nam la 16 (8.1%), 84 ngudi sir dung ERP tir 1 din 3 nam (42,6%), 48 ngudi sii dung ERP tir 3 din 5 nam (24,4%). 49 sir dung ERP tren 5 nam (24,9%).
4.2. Kiem dinh do tin cay vd do gid tri ctia thang do
Du lieu thu thap dugc phan lich bang phan mem SPSS. Ket qua kiem dinh do tin cav Cronbach's Alpha doi vdi cdc nhom yeu to deu Idn hon 0.6. Tuy nhien. co 4 bien bj loai vi he sd tuong quan bien long nho hon 0,3 va sau khi da xem xet ve do gia tri npi dung ciia cac bien (bao gom NLTH05: Nhan vien tin hpc co kha nang lam viec ciing vdi khach hang mpt each cdn than, chat che; NLTKOl: Ngudi trien khai co the cung cap tri thirc chuyen nghiep de giiip dua he thong ERP vao sir dung; NLTK06: Ngudi irien khai nam bat ro va nhanh each thirc van dung he thong ERP vao cdng viec qudn li ciia doanh nghiep; va KNTT06: Tdi co cac kT nang can thiet de trien khai cac module trong ERP)
Phdn tich nhdn to kham pha EFA cho cac bien doc lap dugc trinh bay d Bang 1. Vdi so bien ban dau la 29. sau dd loai 4 biin (NLTH05. NLTKOl. NLTK06. KNTT06) d kiim dinh do tin cay thang do. con lai 25 bien. O budc phan tich nay, tien hanh phdn lich to hgp ciia 25 bien quan sat cdn lai do. Kit qua thu dugc nhu trong Bang 1 co 6 nhdn to (DCTDT: Dpng co thiic day ben trong, DCTDN: Dgng co thiic ddy ben ngoai. NLTH' Nang luc nhdn vien tin hgc, NLTK: Nang luc ngudi trien khai, KNTT: Kha nang tiep thu. CSHB: Chia se hieu biet) so vdi 5 nhdn to nhu mo hinh di xudt ban ddu. Trong do nhdn to dgng co thiic ddy dugc tach thanh 2 nhan to. Oslerloh
& Prey (2000) lap luan rdng neu gom chung 2 \eu to ddng co thiic day vao mdt trong md hinh nghien ciru se cd the gay ra ket qua khdng chinh xac khi xem xet cac lac dgng khac nhau ciia ddng CO thiic ddy ben trong va ben ngoai. \ g o a i ra, Ko & cgng sir (2005) cung tach ra 2 yeu to khi dua ra md hinh nghien ciru vi chuyen giao tri thirc. Vi vay, nhom tdc gid quyet dinh chgn ca 2 nhan to dua vao mo hinh nghien ciru.
Bang I. Ket qua phan tich nhan to cho bien doc lap Nhan to
KNTT DCTDT NLTK CSHB NLTH DCTDN
KNTTOl
Toi hieu rd rang vc muc dich.
cong viec. v^ trach nhiem cua viec trien khai cac module trong ERP.
Toi CO kt nang kT thuat de tiep KNl T02 thu de ddng tri thirc ki thuat ve 0.730
cdc module trong ERP.
-|.„, Toi CO kT nang quan IJ de liep ^ - , j ^ Ihu tri Ihirc kmh doanh nhanh
30 I I iui Kim I'hung & Tran Thanh Tinh
chong ve cac module trong ERP.
Toi CO Ihe khai thac tot nhat cac KNTT04 thong tin mai nhat vi cac 0,661
module trong ERP.
Toi CO the giup giai quyet cac KNTT05 van de dirac ket hpp vai cac 0.593
module irong ERP.
Toi thich duoc hoc cac kien DCTDOl thirc v i kT thuat va kinh doanh
trong he thong ERP.
Cang kho hpc ve kien thiic kT DCTD02 thuat va kinh doanh toi lai cang
ihich thu tim loi ve no.
„ ^ . ^ ^ Toi thich hoc ve cac kien thuc DCTD03
ma hoan loan moi doi vol toi Toi cam nhan rang loi co loi rat DCTD04 nhieu trong viec hpc cac kien
thirc Irons he thons ERP.
Nguoi Irien khai cd the thay rO NLTK02 gia tri cu thi cua he th6ng ERP
doi vol doanh nghiep.
Nguoi trien khai co the khien Nl I K()3 toi hieu het toan bo he thong
ERP.
Ngirai trien khai c6 the cung v . -.-,.•«, '^^P ''i^""i "•' 'hue chuyen 1^1 11^04
nghiep \a kinn nghiem lien quan den he thong ERP, Nguoi Irien kliai co day du kinh Nl.TK'i- nghiem de dua he thong ERP
vao su dung
Toi va nguoi trien khai cung CSHBOI dong v tren van de gi la quan
Irons
Toi va nguoi irien khai co kinh CSHB02 nghiem rat giong nhau doi vcfi
cac du an trien khai.
CSHB03 T.-.i v a n , u , „ . r i i - n k h a i g , . , quvet van de cung each thirc
"1 (118 2(11.1)2.1-35
Toi va nguoi tnen khai khong CSHB04 gap kho khSn trong van de hieu
biet nhau
Toi va nguoi Irien khai that su CSIIB05 hieu nhau khi ban bac cone
maiMniKhung& Iran ihanh linh | 31
Nhan vien tin hpc theo sat xu NLTHOI the khoa hoc cong nghe hien
hanh
Nhan vien lin hoc co the tim hieu tat ca cac van de kho khan NLTH02 truoc mat cua doanh nghiep va dua ra pliuang an giat quyil ihich hop.
Khi can thiet. nhan vien lin hoc NLTH03 CO the giiip 6d ngucri diing giai
quyet cac van de.
NLTH 04 Nhan vien tin hoc co kha nang dao tao ngutri diing khac.
Toi cam thay yen tam hon khi DCTD05 toi de ra muc tieu phai hpc kien
thirc ve he thong ERP Toi se duac thang tien neu toi DCTD06 hoc duac nhieu kien thirc ve he
thing ERP.
Toi se CO thu nhap tot hon neu TD07 loi hoc duoc kien Ihuc ve he
thing ERP.
Cronbach's Alpha Initial Eigenvalues
0,779 J.762
0,786 2,383
0,770 2,184
0,696 1,962
0.728 1,873
0,723 1,403 Tong binh phiroTig trieh c»c nhan to: 5S.27%
,\'.i,'»f!n, Kel qua phan lich nhan to EFA tir so lieu dieu tra
Tiep den la phan ti'ch nhan to cho bien phu thugc. ma Iran nhan to the hien nhan to dugc trieh img vdi khdi niem " C h u > e n giao t r i t h i r c " trong mo hinh dugc i r i n h bay trong Bang 2, cac bien quan sat nhdm thanh I nhan to vd cd he so tai deu Idn hon 0.5.
Bang 2. Ket qua phan tich nhan to cho bien phu thuoc
Bien quan sat Chuyen giao tri thirc (CGTT) Thong qua iam viec vai nguai trien khai da nang cao su hieu biet
CGTTOI ciia toi ve su tich hop, sir lien quan giira cac module trong he thong ERP.
Thong qua lam viec vai ngudi trien khai toi dS nang cao dupe kha CGTT02 nang dat cau hoi, d5t van de mpt each sau sSc ve cac module trong
ERP.
Thong qua lam viec voi nguoi trien khai d3 nang cao kien thuc cua loi ve cac module trong ERP.
Thong qua lam viec voi ngucri trien khai da giiip toi hieu r3 hon v cac tai lieu dao tao ngudi diing trong he thong ERP, Thong qua lam viec voi nguai trien khai da giiip toi trong viec thiet lap cac bang thong so he thong h6 tro cho quy trinh kinh doanh hien tai.
Thong qua \im viec vdi ngudi trien khai, toi da nang cao kha nang phat trien cac doan ma chuang trinh phuc vu viec kiem tra cac module trong ERP.
Tdng binh phutmg trfch c^c nhan t6:
Nguon: Ket qua phan ti'ch nhan to cho bien phu thupc tir so lieu dieu tra
Tdm lai, mo hinh nghien ciru se dugc dieu chinh tir 5 thanh phdn ban ddu thanh 6 thanh phan mdi, bao gom: Dgng co thiic day ben trong, Dgng co thiic day ben ngoai, Nang luc nhan vien lin hgc, Nang luc ngudi trien khai, Khd nang tiep thu, Chia se hieu biet. Cdc thanh phan mdi nay se dugc sir dung de phan tich hoi quy da bien dugc trinh bay trong Bang 3.
4.3. Kiem djnh mo hinh nghien cdu va cdc gid thuyet
Kel qua phan tich hdi quy da bien cho thay R" dieu chinh co gia tri 0,343, di^u nay cho thdy mo hinh hdi quy luong doi phii hgp vdi tap dir lieu mdu d mirc 34,3%, liic la cac bi6n dgc lap giai thich dugc 34.3% bien thien ciia bien phu thudc. Ket qua phdn tich cung cho thdy vdi miic y nghTa p < 5% thi co 4 thanh phdn: Dgng co thiic day ben trong, nang luc ngudi triSn khai, Khd nang tiep thu, Chia se hieu biet co y nghTa ve mat thdng ke, cdn 2 thdnh phan: Ddng co thuc day ben ngoai va Ndng luc nhan vien tin hgc khdng co y nghTa ve mat th6ng ke (Sig. >0,05). Khong cd hien tugng da cdng tuyen do tdt ca cac gia trj ciia VIF ciia cac bien deu nhd hem 10.
Bang 3. Ket qua phan tich hoi quy da bien
Hang so
Dong CO Ihuc day ben trong Dpng ca thuc da> ben ngoai
He so hoi quy chua B 0,575 0,149 0,013
ehuan hoa D9 lech chuan
0,319 0,048 0,049
He so hdi q u \ chuan h6a
Beta
0,188 0,018
M i j c y nghia (Sig.)
0,073 0,002 0.7Sj
VIF
1,102 1.210
Nang lire nhan vien tin hpc Nang luc nguoi tnen khai Kha nang liep thu Chia se hieu biet
.0,030 0,203 0,227 0.298
0,056 0,058 0,055 0,063
-0,033 0,226 0,256 0,288
0,591 0,001 0,000 0,000
1,123 1,239 1,171 1.106 Nguon. Kel qua phan ti'ch hoi quy tir so lieu dieu tra
Phuong trinh hdi quy the hien moi quan he giira chuyen giao tri thirc vdi cac nhdn to: Dgng CO thiic day ben trong, Nang lire ngudi trien khai, Khd nang tiep thu, Chia se hieu biel dugc the hien qua bieu thirc sau:
Chuyen giao tri thicc = 0,575 + 0,149 * Dgng ca thuc day hen trong + 0,203 * Nang luc ngudi trien khai + 0,22 7 * Khd ndng tiep thu + 0,298 * Chia se hieu biet
Ket qua trong Bang 3 cho thdy nhdn td co tdc ddng manh nhat den chuyen giao tri thuc la Chia se hieu biet (Beta ^ 0,288), tiep den la cac nhan to Kha nang liep thu (Beta = 0,256) va Nang luc ngudi trien khai (Beta ^ 0,226), nhan to co tdc dgng thap nhat la Dgng co thuc day ben trong (p = 0,188).
5. Ket luan va kien nghj 5.1. Ket luan
Tir kel qua nghien ciiu nay, cac ket ludn dugc dua ra nhu sau:
Thir nhdt, sir chia se hi^u biet ciia mgi ngudi tham gia cang cao se lam gia tang hieu qua ciia chuySn giao tri thiic. Chia se hi£u biit phan anh su tuong tu trong viec giai quyet van de va kinh nghiem giira ngudi trien khai va ngudi dimg va se cho phep chuyen giao tri thirc hieu qua. Cac kh qua nghien ciru trudc ciia Szulanski (1996) va Nelson (1996) cQng da quan sal dugc tac ddng tuong tu cua chia se hi8u bi^t trong cac ngii cdnh khac, dac biet co nhieu tac dgng trong viec giam tinh khong can xiing tri thirc giira ngudi trien khai vd ngudi su dung.
Thd hai, kha nang tiep thu ciia ngudi dimg cang cao se cang lam de dang hon cho viec chuyen giao tri thirc. K£t qud nay la phd hgp vdi nghien ciiu ciia Szulanski (1996), cho rang can trd chinh ciia chuyen giao tri thiic la do thieu kha nang tiep thu ciia ngudi nhan. Do do, khi ngudi dung cd dugc khd nang tiep thu tuyet vdi, chu\en giao tri thuc se hieu qud. Vi vay khi ngudi triln khai chuyen giao cdc tri thiic lien quan den ERP tdi ngudi nhdn, ngudi nhdn cd the ddng hda tri thiic mdi, thay ddi tri thirc vao nguon tri thiic ben trong ciia hg va khai thac nd cho cdc irng dung kinh doanh.
Thd ha. nang luc ciia ngudi triln khai cang cao thi hieu qua ciia chuyen giao tri thiic se cang cao. Gid trj ciia ngudi triln khai bao gom gidm cac loi trien khai thong qua cac kinh nghiem di trudc va gia tang tdc do ciia chuven giao tri thirc. Ket qua nay phii hgp vdi nghien ciiu ctia Lin (2003). da dl nghj rdng doanh nghiep co thi sir dung ngudi tu vdn lam trung gian de bii dap cho sir thi^u hut kha nang ctia doanh nghiep. Vi vay, cac nha tu van trien khai ERP co the boat dgng nhu cau n6i tri thirc. cung cdp tri thuc cdn thill cho doanh nghiep khi cdc chuyen gia ERP ciia doanh nghiep la rat hiem.
Thu tic. gia tang dgng co thuc ddy ben trong ciia ngudi diing se lam tang hieu qua cua chuyen giao tri thirc. Kit qua nay phii hgp vdi nghien ciiu ciia Osterloh & Frey (2000) cho rang cac nhan
\ ien CO ddng co ihiic ddy ben trong dugc > eu cdu cho du an trien khai ERP bdi vi tri ihiic dugc
Tap chi Phdi irien kinh le 27A (08 20131 23-35
chujen giao chu >eu la tri ihiic dn lang va ket qud ciia chuyin giao tri thiic khdng the dugc do lutmgde dang.
5.2. Kien nghi
Tir nhimg ket qua nil dugc trong qua trinh nghien ciiu. nhdm lac gia xin de xual mgt so ham y quan li nham ndng cao hieu qud ciia chuyen giao tri thirc trong qua trinh irien khai he thong ERP tai VN:
Thic nhdl. chia se hieu biet giua ngudi trien khai va ngudi sir dung la mgt xem xet rat quan trgng khi chuyen giao iri thirc. Doanh nghiep trien khai he thong ERP cd the to chiic cac chuong irinh dao lao, ap dung phuong phap ludn trien khai du an va hudng ddn \ iec tap lu>en gidi quyel vdn de se lam de dang viec chuyen giao tri thirc hon.
Thir hai. khd nang tri thuc cua ngudi diing (kha nang liep thu) trudc khi chuyen giao cung co tac dgng quan Irgng. Trong moi trudng trien khai he Ihong ERP. chuyen giao tri thirc cua ca nhan dugc liep thu tu cong viec nay den cong \iec khac. Tri thiic ciia ngudi diing trudc khi chuyen giao cho phep hg de dang tiep thu tri thuc mdi vd anh huong tich cue den qud trinh trien khai thanh cong. Ket qua nghien cuu co the dugc su dung irong viec chgn ra cac ca nhan co trinh do nhat dinh de tham gia vao dgi ngu trien khai he thong ERP tai doanh nghiep (cac key-user).
Thir ha. lira chgn cac nha tu vdn trien khai thanh thao la rat quan trgng cho trien khai he thong ERP thdnh cong. Khi doanh nghiep trien khai he thong ERP ma thieu cac kT nang cdn thiet, ngudi trien khai cd the la ngudi cung cdp tri thuc trong suot qua trinh trien khai. Ngudi trien khai c6 the giup doanh nghiep nhan dugc gia tri lir he thong ERP. cung cap ca tri thuc san pham va quy trinh kinh doanh. Qua cac hoat dgng tao ra tri thuc. dao lao chinh thiic va hudng dan hgc tap, ngudi irien khai cd the giup cho ngudi diing dat dugc tri thiic cdn thiet cho trien khai he thong ERP Ihanh cdng. Vi vay cac doanh nghiep khi irien khai he thong ERP nen chgn ngudi Iriln khai chdt lugng nhat trudc khi trien khai de dam bao gia tri cua ngudi trien khai dugc phat huy toi da.
Thu tu. dgng co ihuc dd\ ben trong dugc tim iha\ quan trgng hon dgng co thiic day lir ben ngoai. Vi \ :n. su dung su khuyen khich bang tien va cac loai phan thudng khac la khong quan trgng, cd le ngoai trir trong cac giai doan ddu cua irien khai. Ket qua nghien ciru cho thay tam quan trgng trong van de chgn ngudi diing co dgng co thiic dd\ thuc su ben trong Iham gia vao cdc du an irien khai cac he thong ERP phirc tap. Hay noi each khac, nhCrng ngudi vdi chi co dgng CO thiic dd\ ben ngoai co le khdng giup I'ch gi nhieu cho \dn de chuyen giao tri thiic hieu qua. ha\ diing hon cdc ca nhan co dgng co ihiic day ben trong la cdn thiel dl co mat mgi noi khi can thiet. dac biet khi tri thuc an lang rat pho bien trong cdc du an triln khai phii'c tap.
6. Han che va hirdng phat trien
Nghien ciru nd\ \an cdn mgl s6 han che do phuang phap chgn mau thuan tien. Phucmg phdp na\ de thuc hien \a it ton kem nhung la phuang phap co do lin cay chua cao ve linh dai dien.
Ket qua nghien cuu se co do tin cay cao hon neu cac nghien cuu tilp theo lap lai nghien ciiu nay vdi phuong phap chgn mau theo quota hoac theo xdc suat. \ g o a i ra, nghien ciru ndy chi mdi tap trung \ao cdc nhan to: Ddng co thiic da\. Nang luc nhdn \ien tin hgc, \ a n g luc ngudi triln khai, Kha nang tiep ihu \ a chia se hieu biet cd lien quan mat thiel den \ iec chuyen giao tri thirc irong qua trinh trien khai he thong ERP. Ket qud hoi qu> \di R- (dieu chinh) co gid trj la 0,343 hdm \' cac nhdn to tren chi giai ihich dugc 34,3% su iha> doi trong \ ice chuyen giao tri ihuc. Diiu nay
Tliai Kim Phung ^: Tran Thanh Tintr j 35
cho thay cdn nhung nhdn t d khac cung cd anh hudng den chuyen giao tri thirc irong qua trinh trien khai he th6ng ERP nhu kha nang giao tiep. van hda doanh nghiep,... D o do, vdn de nay m d ra mdt hudng m d i cho cac nghien c u u tiep theoB
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