Quan he giifa cong bang to chufc va tinh hutig hcf tap the;
TriTofng hgfp tai cac doanh nghiep dTP. Ho Chi Minh
v a BA THANH"
MGO V A N TOAM"
T o m t a t , -, Tinh hdng hd tdp the de cap de'n xu hudng cua cd nhdn trong nhom it nd luc han de dqt^ muc tiiu so vdi khi cd nhdn do lam viic doc lap. Thong qua phdn tich dinh luang titsdliiu khdo sdt ddi vdi 228 nhdn viin dang Idm viec tai cdc doanh nghiep d TP. Ho Chi Minh, ket qud cho thdy chi cd 2 ye'u tdla cdng hdng phdn phdi vd cdng bdng thu tuc Id cd tdc ddng ngUac chieu den tinh hitng hd tap the cila nhdn vien. ndi cdch khdc la 2 yeu td ndy cd tdc ddng tich cUc nham loai ho tinh hiing hd tap thi.
TiJf khoa: cdng hdng td chifc. Idm viec nhdm. tinh hdng hd tap the Summary
Social loafing is the phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone. By quantitative analysis from survey data for 228 emplovees in Ho Chi Mmh City-based enterprises. The result reveals that only distribution fairness and procedural fairness produce an opposite effect on employee's social loafing. In
other words, these nvo factors are to eliminate social loafing.
Keywords: organizational justice, team work, .social loafing ^
GIOITHIEU
Tinh hffng h d t a p t h e (social loafing) lii hien tUdng ma d dd sif nd life cua c a n h a n d e dai dUdc m u c tieu khi ho lam viec n h d m ihQ'p hdn khi ca n h a n dd lam v i e c d d c lap ( L a t a n e & cdng sU. 1979: G e o r g e . 1992). T r o n g to chi'fc. cd nhffng ca nhan n h a n thay r a n g , c a c l h a n h \ i c n khac nd lu'c it hdn so vdi ho khi l a m viec n h d m Va'n d e nay liim cho ho c a m thay r i n g , ldi ich m a ho cd dUdc ttf ke't q u a l a m \ iec n h d m la k h d n g cdng b a n g , ho s e iha'\
cd sd ba'l cdng Uong nhdm (Eteniadi & cdng sU. 2 0 1 5 ) . Trong thifc t e . khi hoat ddng n h d m tang len trong id chifc \ i i so lifdng thimh \ i e n ciia n h d m tang, th'i \ iec mdt thiinh \'icn trong nhdm g i a m nd life hdn khi ho hoat ddng ddc lap cd the \;1> ra ( B e n n e t t & cdng sU. 2 0 0 5 i Hien Ufcing nii\' g a \ la nhieu h e qud lieu cifc trong to chffc. n h u guim hieti sua't. g i a m sif hai long \ a stf im tudng irong n h d m i.Aggarwal & cdng sU. 20i)S: M u i p h \ . 20031. giam sif lUdng tac giffa c a c ca nhan \ a q u a d d giiiiii hieu qii.i hoiU ddng ctia td chi'fc ( L i d e n &. c d n g sif. 20tl4i \ h i c u nghien ctfu chi ra r a n g , sff tin tUdng
\ii cdng b'ang trong id chUc se l a m ihay ddi \ u hudiig cua ca nhan lii' viec hoal ddng ddc kip d e himh xtf iheo lap the. ti:f dd sd gnip lam gi.mi di tinh hffng hd tiip i h e , Nhiin thtfc du'dc tam quan l i o n s ncti tren. c i c tac giii
da lUa c h o n n g h i e n ciJu md'i q u a n he giifa c d n g b a n g to chifc v a tinh hffng h d lap the d c a c d o a n h n g h i e p t a i T P . H o Chi Minh, CO s d LY THUYET VA MO H I N H NGHIEN CLfU
T h e o G r e e n b e r g ( 1 9 9 0 ) c d n g bang to chUc la s U n h a n thiJc c u a n h a n \ i e n \esif c d n g b a n g l a i ndi h o l a m \ i e c Dieu do cd nghia lii e a c h thdc m a n h a n \ieii do c;im thii'v h o cd dUdc dd'i x d cdng bang trong c d n g v i e c h a y k h d n g \ ii nd s e anli htfdng d e n h a n h \ i ciia ho trong to' chtfc C d n g biing id chifc la nhiin thdc cua nhan Mcn \ e c i c h a n h \ i h o p ly lai ndi lam
\ ICC \ i i nd cd t h e difdc coi la mdt phan cua cdng biing \ i i hdi l E l e m a d i . 2015 Bies. 20011. Kh.ii nidm \ e c d n g bang to chiTc cd h e n q u a n de'n ciic \ e t i t d quan t i o n g . nhif c a m k e t . ludu ^uii'l, sif hii long ciia n h a n \ icii i L i p p o n e n & cdng sif, 201141. HlcmaLh .,V .,-M:L; sir ( 2 0 1 5 ) da'neii la bdn loai c o n e • ^-c lA chffc. d d la: (H Cdng b a n g phim p^di dii '^r cdmj bang ThS , C ng t\ T^HH Food Farm Email \bihanhl205ggmail com
Truong Dai hoc Tai chinh - Mdiketing I Email ngovantoan242DSgn-
58
cda kS't quS ma nhan vi6n nhan dtfdc);
(2) C6ng bSng thii hac (Ik nhSn thttc ti^
m6t qud tnnh dtfdc sij* dung di phan ph6i cdc phin thtfdng trong to chtfc); (3) Cdng bang ttfdng tic (la stf c6ng bang td chtfc dtfdc chuyen giao eho c'Sp dtfdi va chiu stf giam sat cua c^p trdn); (4) Cdng b^ng h$ thd'ng (la ohSn thtfc cOa nhSn vi6n vi tinh cdng bang trong hanh vi ciia ddng nghiep, cua ngtfdi giam sdt vd cdc thii tuc Ciia todn bd to chtfc ndi ho lam viec).
Ngu6n gd^c ciia dnh htj^g hd t$p thi dtfdc bat dau bang "hiSu tfng Ringelmann", md ta khuynh htfdng cdc cd nhSn se.giim nang suat lao ddng khi ho hoat ddng trong nhdm. Ingham v^ cdng stf (19'74) da md td lai hidu tfng "htfng hd tip the" bang vide chiftig minh n5 Itfc cua cd nhdn bi ttf chd'i khi moi ngtfdi 1dm viec theo nhdm. Den nam 1979, Latane vd cdng stf da ti6'n hdnh nghi6n ctfu vd da chi ra nhilu cdu hoi hdn, nhtf: khi nao vd tai sao lai xdy ra tinh hffng hd tap thi? Cdc nhdm Id mdt phin quan trong trong to chtfc, &i giam thilu tinh htfng hd tdp thi thi ctn lam gi d l ngan chan viec dd? Nhdn thtfc dtfdc tam quan trpng ciia nhffng phat hien nay, hp da dtfa d^n kit ludn rang, tinh htfng hd tdp fhl se ddn den nhtfng he qua ti6u ctfc tdi cd nhan va td chtfc. Williams & cdng stf (1981) da md rdng thtf nghiem va dya ra cac ke'l luan rang, ne'u nhtf nhffng nd Itfc cua cac ca nhdn trong td' chtfc do Itfdng dtfdc, thi nhtfng ngtfdi gay xung dot, hoac gay ra tinh htfng hd se giam di va cac nghidn ctfu cua ho tap trung cho viec nghien ctfu each do Itfdng dIu ra ciia nhifng ca nhan Uong td chtfc. Vdi nen tang khai niem ve tinh htfng hd tdp thi, thi de'n nay cd nhidu tac gi3 khac da kd'thtfa nghien ctfu va deu cho rang, day Id mot hien ttfdng lam nd life cua ca nhan trong nhdm tha'p hdn khi hp lam viec ddc lap.
Qua nghien ctfu ciia Ligen & cdng stf (2004) dd chi ra nhtfng diem sau: nhan thtfc cua mdt ngtfdi ve stf phu thudc Ian nhau trong cdng viec cd hen quan de'n tinh htfng hd tap the; nhan thtfc ciia mdt ngtfdi ve tam nhin nhiem vu la cd y nghTa tieu ctfc dd'i vdi tinh htfng hd tap the; nhan thtfc ciia mdt ngtfdi ve cdng bang phan phd'i cd y nghTa tieu ctfc lien quan de'n viec hffng hd tSp the; nhan thtfc ciia mdt ngtfdi ve stf cong bdng Uong cac chinh sach va thii luc (cdng bang thii tuc) khdng cd anh htfdng de'n khuynh htfdng giam tinh htfng hd ciia ca nhan.
HINH: Md HiWH NGHIEN CSu D I XOXT
Ferrante & c6ng stf (2006) da khdm phd ra nhtfng gi cIn thilit de ngtfdi lanh dao nhdm cd the lam giup gi^m di tinh hiJng hd tdp thi. Cac nhd nghiSn ctfu da khdo sdt mdt sd ydu td cd anh htfdng ddn vi6c lam gidm tinh htfng hd tap thi nhtf Id cdng bang td chtfc, cdng bang thu tuc. Hp so sanh gitfa nhffiig nhdm cd nha lanh dao va nhOiig nhdm khdng cd nha lanh dzio de xem nhdm ndo tinh hffng hd thap hdn vd kit ludn r^ng, nhiJng nhdm cd nha Idnh dao, thi tinh hCftig hd se thdp hdn.
Diiu dd chtfng td vide cdng bang da dtfdc ddnh gid trong nhdm nh&m gidm di tinh hffng hd tap the.
Tren cd sd kd' thtfa cdc nghiSn ctfu trtfdc v l mdi quan hd giffa cdng bang td chtfc va tinh htfng hd tap thi, tdc gia de xua't md hinh nghidn ctfu cho trtfdng hdp cac doanh nghiep d TP. Ho Chi Minh nhtf Hinh.
Tinh cdng bang td chtfc dtfdc bilu hidn irdn 4 biin:
Cdng bang phdn phdi (CBPP) gdm 9 bien quan sdt (ky hidu ttf CBPPl dd'n CBPP9); Cdng bang thu tuc (CBTTuc) gdm 5 bid'n quan sdt (ky hidu ttf CBTTucl de'n CBTTucS); Cdng bang ttfdng tdc (CBTTac) gom 11 bien quan sdt (ky hidu ttf CBTTacl dd'n CBTTacl 1);
Cdng bang hd thd'ng (CBHT) gdm 10 bien quan sdt (ky hidu ttf CBHTl den CBHTIO). Bie'n phu thudc Tinh hffng hd tap the (HHTT) gdm 10 biin quan sdt (ky hieu tttHHTTI denHHTTlO).
Md hinh xem xet mdi quan hd giffa cdng bang td chtfc de'n tinh htfng hd tdp thi cua nhan vien vdi phtfdng trinh hdi quy nhtf sau:
HHTT = a + J3, * CBPP + d '^ CBTTuc + j3^ * CBTTac + fi^ "^ CBHT
De cd dtf Hdu nghien ctfu, tac gia da gtfi bang cdu hdi khao sat de'n 260 nhan vien dang lam vide tai mot sd doanh nghiep d TP. Ho Chi Minh, sau khi loai bd di nhffng phie'u khdng dat ydu cau cdn lai 228 phieu hdp le, dap tfng yeu cau vl cd mau cho nghidn ctfu. Bang cau hdi cho nghien ctfu nay stf dung thang do Likert vdi 5 mtfc dp.
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU
Kiim dinh do tin cay thang do
ThUc hien kiem dinh dp tin cay cua thang do bang Cronbach's Alpha cho tha'y, 9 bid'n quan sat cua bie'n CBPP, 5 bien quan sat ciia bie'n CBTTuc, 11 bien quan sdt cua bid'n CBTTac, va 10 bien quan sat cua bie'n CBHT ddu CO dp tin cay cao ndn cac bie'n quan sdt ciia cac thanh phan cdng bang td chtfc se dUdc dtfa vao de phan tich EFA cho btfdc udp theo. Trong khi dd, kiem dinh dd tin cay bang Cronbach's Alpha cua 10 bie'n quan sat bie'n HHTT, thi bi loai di 2 bie'n quan sat vi chi
Economy anil Foreeaii Review
59
BANG 1: KET Q a A PHAN TlCH DQ TIM CAY V A PHAM TICH E F A
BifTn
C B P P 6 C B P P 8 C B P P 2
C B H T I O C B H T y
C B T T . I L G C B T ' r , i c 4 C B T T a i ; 3 C B T T : I L 5 C B T T a c 9 C B T T i i c l O C B T T . I C S C B T T a c l C B T T a c ? C B T T u c S C B T T u c " ' C B T T u c 4 C B T T u c l C B T T L I C 3 H H T T 10 H H T T y l l H T f X H H T T l i l H T T d HHTT.S I I H T I ' ' H H T T 4 Phifcdi'is.iiUul RiceiiMilues K M O = 0 . 8 4 4
fm* 1 H&stf
H^sS'tainhSntfi^ CronbMh lAbdiat&ie
881 8fi6 801
1 S.907 7 , 8 7 ' ' Si2 =(1,(I0C
.S78 .H.33 S""?
SXi 785 7 SO . 7 3 8 .737
3 6 . 3 0 5 6.391 Si;!,=0.00(
.816 .764 . 7 5 4 , 7 4 8 ,743 732 ,694 .656 .594
5 2 . 7 1 4 3 , 0 3 4 S m =fl,000
. 8 6 5 . 8 2 5 . 7 8 3 .761 .7.34
6 3 . 7 1 1 2 . 4 5 3 Sis = 0 . 0 0 0
. 8 5 6 , 8 2 0 . 8 1 0 ,743 ,655 ,6'^8 .597 ,591 5 1 . 7 8 6 4 . 1 4 3 Si2 = 0 . 0 0 0
0 , 9 2 8
0 , 9 2 9
0 , 8 9 5
0.881
0,861
Mo Ilinh lillaniisC.) (Clil'P 1 |ci!l Fuc
C li ITa^
icmiT
BAt^G 2 : KET QGA HOI QGY L A N H e so chiTa c h u a n
hoa B 4 099
- 253 -,244 .1127
-mo
Sai so c h u a i i 230 ,040 042 .043 ,036
H e so c h u a i i hoa
B e t a
-,376 - 3 4 ' ' .037 -.017
t
17 857 -6.408 -5.845 .629 -.284 1
Sig.
oon
000
non
S3n .776
T h o n g k e da
,8'>0 821 . 8 P ,828
V I F
1,219 1.218 1.212 1.207
sd tUOng quan bie'n long khdng dat. Do dd. la chi difa 8 bien quan s.ii ciia bien HI-iTT vi:io phiin licii nhan id kh;impha(EH\)
Phdn tich EEA
Sau khi ihirc hidn EFA 4 Ian. thi hie'n quan sal CBHTl. CBTrac2. CBHT5. CBTTacl I hi loai khdi md hinh 6 kui thifc hicn EFA ihii' 5 cd kcl qua nhU Bang I, he so KMO = 0.844 > O.d cho l!ia\ kd't qua phan tich
EFA dSm bSo dd tin c|y va vide phSn tich nay la thich hdp. Gia tri Sig. = 0,000 <
0,05 trong kiem dinh Battlet cho thSy, ket qua phSn tich dam bao dtfdc mtfc y nghia thdng ke Idn hdn 95% va cac bid'n quan sat cd urong quan vdi nhau Uong tong the. Gid tri tdng phtfdng sai trich bdng 51,786% ihi hien cdc nhSn td' dtfdc diTa ra ttf phep phSn tich cd die giai thich dtTcfc 51,786% stf bie'n thidn ciia dtf heu khao sat ban diu. He so tai nhan to' cua cac bie'n quan sat trong mdi nhan td' deu Idn hdn 0,5 the hidn stf bieu didn td't cua cdc bie'n dd'i vdi nhan to ma cdc bid'n dd the hien. Kd't qua tai Bang 1 ciing cho thay, cac nhan to dai dien cho cac khdi niSm nghien ctfu cd tinh chat nhat qudn noi tai va dp tin cay cao, hoan loan phu hdp cho cac phan tich Ud'p theo,
Ket qud hoi quy
Thtfc hien phan tich hdi quy vdi bien phu thudc HHTT va 4 bid'n ddc lap la CBPP, CBTTuc, CBTTac, CBHT bang phan mem SPSS, kd't qua dtfOc trinh bay trong Bang 2.
Ttf Bang 2 ta nhan tha'y rang, gia In Sig. cua bid'n CBTTac va bie'n CBHT Ian lUOt ia 0,530 va 0,776 deu Idn hdn 0,05.
Dieu dd cd nghTa la bie'n CBTTac va CBHT khdng cd tac ddng de'n bid'n phu thudc HHTT^ Do dd, ta can loai 2 bien CBTTac va CBHT ra khdi md hinh va ihUc hidn lai hdi quy Ian 2. Sau khi thi/c hien hdi quy Ian 2 bang phan mem SPSS, la cd kd't qua dtfdc trinh bay trong Bang 3.
He sd R" la 0,371 va R- hieu chinh la 0.365 cho tha'y, md hinh vdi 2 bie'n CBPP va CBTTuc giai thich dtfdc 36,5% tac ddng ciia cdng bdng phan phd'i va cdng bang thu tuc dd'n linh htfng hd tap the trong cac doanh nghiep tai TP Ho Chi Minh Gia tn Sig = 6,000 (< 0.05) nen sU ke'l hdp ciia 2 bie'n ddc lap nay cd the giai thich dUitc sU bie'n thien ciia bid'n phu thudc. Cac he ho phdng dai ciia phu'dng sai VIF ddu nhd hdn 2 (ca 2 he so'VIF cua CBPP v;i CBTTuc deu la 1,207) chtfng to md hinh hdi quy khdng xay ra hien tUdng da cdng tuyen (khi VIF vUdt qua 10 se xiiy ra hien lUdng da cdng tuye'n va khi VIF Idn hon 2. thi can ph.ii can than trong vide dien guii cac trong so hdi quy).
Cling ttf Bang 3 lha\ rang. 2 bien (^>ng hang phan phdi vi, Cdng^bdng ihii mc ddu tac ddng ddn Tinh htfng hd lap ihe cua nhan Mcn lai C;IL : unh nahifip ircn dia ban TP. Hd Chf Mm;, vdrnuic Phan tich cho ta
60
phtfdng tnnh hdi quy tuydh tinh da dtfdc chuan hda nhu sau:
HHTT = - 0,379 * CBPP - 0.345 * CBTTuc
Qua phtfdng trinh tren ta thS'y rang, Cdng bang phSn phd'i cd tdc ddng manh nha't dd'n Tinh htfng hd tSp th^ va tie'p dd'n la Cdng bdng thu tuc. Ca 2 thanh phan nay deu cd tdc ddng ngtfdc chieu vdi Tinh htfng hd tap the. 2 yd'u Id' can bang tUdng tdc va can bang he thd'ng khdng cd tac ddng de'n tinh htfng hd tip the, ndi each khdc la 2 ye'u to' nay cd tdc ddng tich ctfc nham loai bd tinh htfng hd tap the.
KET LUAN
Kd't qua nghidn clJu cho tha'y, khi mdi cd nhan cam thay rdng, cdng stfc cua ho bd ra de thtfc hien nhiem vu trong nhdm dtfdc phan chia mdt cdch rd rang va nhan dtfdc thanh qua mdt each xtfng dang trong nhdm, thi khi dd tinh htfng hd lap the cua ca nhan dd dd'i vdi td chtfc se giam di va thuc day nhan vidn nd life hdn ntfa dd lam viec va cdng hie'n cho id chtfc.
Md hinh
1 CBPP CBTTuc
BANG 3: KET QOA HOI QGY LAN 2 chifa chu^nh6a
B 4.168
-.256 -.^45
Sai so chuSn ,166 .039 ,041
chufiii hda Beta
-.379 -.345
t Sig.
25.085 -6.529 -5.935
.000 ,000 .000
Thgi^k cdngtn Tolerance .829 .829
%<
e
1 1 a. Dependent Variable: Ho hune Uip the
|R-= 0.371 . R-hieu chinh = 0,365 I I I I 1
Gia tri F = 66.317: Sia. = 0.000 1 I I I 1
Ngu6n, Tinh loan iLf pilar Cdng bang thu tuc cung tdc ddng ngUdc chieu vdi tinh htfng hd tap the', dieu dd chtfng td rang nhan vien quan tam nhieu dd'n sir cdng bang Uong cac chinh sdch chinh thtfc va cac thu tuc ciia td chtfc de nham xac dinh kd't qua lam vide ciia ho Uong nhdm. Khi cdc chinh sach, cdc thu tuc rd rang se gitip cho nhan vien xac dinh rd dtfdc nhiem vu, ciing nhtf thanh qua ma hp dat dUdc va ttf dd tinh htfng hd trong tap the se giam di.
Cdng bang phan phd'i cung the hidn rd't rd tdc ddng de'n tinh htfng hd tap the. Lam vide theo nhdm ndn thanh qua khdng phai la cua mdt ca nhan. Tuy nhien, ngtfdi lanh dao can phai ddnh gia dtfdc mot each cdng bang ddng gdp cua mdi ca nhan, vai trd ciia mdi cd nhan trong nhdm de cdc thanh vien khdc tha'y dUdc che' do lifdng, thudng la rd rang, minh bach va xtfng dang.Q
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Aggarwal, P., & O'Brien, C.L. (2008). Social loafing on group projects: Structural antecedents and effect on student sadsfaction. Journal of Marketing Education, 30(3), 255-264
2. BenneU, N., & Naumann, S. E (2005) Understanding and Preventing Shirking, Job Neglect.
Social Loafing, and Free Riding, Managing organizational deviance, 113-129
3. Bies, R J. (2001). Interactional inju.stice: The sacred and the profane. Advances in organizxitioncd justice, 89-118
4. Etemadi, M., Darab, M. G., Khorasam, E., Moradi, F., & Vazinnasab. H, (2015), Social loafing among nurses and its relation with organizational justice, International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches. 1(2), 125
5. Ferranle, C J . Green. S. G . & Forster, W. R (2006), Gellmg more out of team projects:
Incentivizing leadership lo enhance perfonnance. Journal of Management Edmaiion, 30(6), 788-797 6. Geoige, J. M (1992). Extrinsic and inlrinsic origins of perceived social loafnig in organizations,/Acflc/('»n' of Management Journa\, 35(1). 191-202
7. Greenberg J (1990). Looking Fair Being Fair: Managing Impressions of Organizational Justice, Research in Organizational Behavior. 12(1). 57-11 I
8. Ingham, A. G„ Levinger, G . Graves, J„ & Peckham, V. (1974) The Ringelmann elTecl: Studies of gioup size and group pevioynvjincc. Journal of E.\periinenlul Social Ps\cholog\, 10(4). 371-384
9 Latane. B.. Williams, K . & Harkins. S. (1979) Many hands make light the work- The causes and consequences of social loafmg. Journal of personality and social psychology. 37(61. 822-832
10. Liden. R C . Wayne, S J., Jaworski, R, A . & Beniieu, N. (2004), Social loalmii: A field investigation, Jimriial ol Management. 30(2). 285-304
11. Lipponen, J., OIkkonen, M L,. & Myyiy. L (20041. Personal value nricntalion as a moderator in the relalionships between perceived organizational justice and Us hypdlhesized i:Qnscqucncc^. Social Justice Research. 17(3). 275-292
12 Murphy, S. M . Wayne, S ,! . Liden. R C . & Eidogan. B (2003) Underslandiit!; social hiafina: The role of justice perceptions and exchange relationships, Human relaiions '161 h 61-84 LrWilhams. K.. Harkins. S G„ & Latane. B, (1981). IdentifiabilU\ as a dcicrnmi lo social loafmg Two cheering cxperimenls. Journal of Personality and Social Ps\( holog\. 40(2) 303
