iao due ni^oc ngoai >.Khoci hoc Gido d^c.
VAN DE m CHU, THAM GIA VA TRACH NHIEM TRONG QUAN Ll DUA VAO NHA TRlTOTNG 0 CAC NUOC TREN THE GIOI
1. Dat van de
Quan li dua vao nha trudng (School-Based Management - SBM) la trao quyen ra quye't dinh eho hieu trudng, giao vien, cha me hoc sinh va dai dien cdng ddng khae n h i m tang yeu cau va dam bao ring, nha trudng eung cap cho nhung Ipi ich kinh te va xa hdi phan anh nhung uu tien va gia tri tdt nha't eua eae edng ddng dia phuong dd (Lewis, 2006; and Leithwood and Menzies, 1998). NhCfng eai each giao due cua cac nude thude To ehUe Phat trien va Hpp tac kinh te (Organization Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD) eung ed ehung mot sd dae diem phd bien cua loai nay bao gdm tang quyen tU tri eua eac nha trudng, cd trach nhiem Idn hon ddi vdi eac nhu eau cua dia phuang, muc tieu tdng quat ddi vdi viec cai tien ket qua hpe tap eua hpe sinh (OECD - 2004). Hau bet cac qudc gia ed hpe sinh thUe hien tdt cac trac nghiem ket qua hpe tap qude te, cho phep chinh quyen dia phUdng va nha trUdng quyen tU chu dang ke de quyet dinh ndi dung ehUdng trinh giao due eua hp va su phan bd, quan li cac ngudn lUc eua hp. Trong bai viet nay, ehung tdi khai quat cae van de ve sU tU ehu, sU tham gia va trach nhiem eua eae lien ddi trong xu hudng quan li dUa vao nha trudng hien nay tren the gidi.
2. Vain de tu chu trong quan li dua vao nha trudng
Cae chuong trinh SBM la sU tiep tuc cac mUc dp cua viee dUa ra quyet dinh dupc chuyen giao cho cap dia phUdng - tU viec tu ehu ed gidi ban de'n cac chUdng trinh vdi tham vpng eho phep cac nha trUdng tuyen dung va sd dung dpi ngu giao vien tdi mUe dp cdng ddng va eae td chUe tunhan, ca nhan quan li nha trudng va cud'i cung la cho phep cha me tao ra nha trudng eua ehinh hp. Hinh 1 md ta sU tiep tue nay va gidi thieu mdt sd qude gia da thue hien SBM theo
• TS. NGUYEN XUAN HAI Trudng DSHP Ha Ndi
eae mUc dp tU "yeu" den mUc dp "manh". Cae mUe dp nay can dupe lUu y, tuy nhien khdng nen sd dung mUe dp "yeu" hay "manh" de so sanh nha trudng nao tdt hon hay kem hon, song dieu nay ngu y den viec xac dinh mUe dd tu chu ma cae nha trudng dupc chuyen giae.
Vi du, khi xae dinh SBM la "yeu", d dd eac trudng ehi ed quyen tU chu d mUc dp ban ehe, thudng ehi la eae ITnh vuc lien quan den phuong phap giang day hdac lap ke hoaeh cho sucai tien nha trudng, nhu mdt ehUdng trinh nha trudng chat lupng d Mehied (the Programa Eseuelas de Calidad or PEC) (Skoufi as and Shapiro, 2006;
va Karim va eae edng sU, 2004). Khi eae Hoi ddng nha trUdng b i t dau ddng vai trd tU van, nhU d quan Prince William cua bang Virginia (Drury Levin, 1994), hoac d Edmonton, Canada (Wohlstetter va Mohrman, 1996; Abu-Duhou, 1999), thi nd dupe xac dinh d mUc dp cai each
"trung binh". Khi cac hdi ddng nay trd nen tU ehu nhieu hon - nhan dupc ngudn tai ehinh true tiep tu eac cap ehinh quyen trung UOng hoac cap ehinh quyen phu hpp (vi du, mot khoan ngan sach hoac tai chinh) va tuyen dung, sd dung dpi ngO giao vien va hieu trudng, chpn chUdng trinh, saeh giao khoa giang day - dieu nay la mot loai cai each SBM manh hon nhieu. Cae nha trudng nhu the ed the thay d El Salvador (Gropello, 2006) va New/ Zealand (Wylie, 1996). Cudi cua dudng bieu dien sU tiep tue la he thdng giae due edng dia phuong. 6 dd, eha me hpe sinh hoan toan lUa chpn va dieu hanh tat ea cac quyet dinh giao due, cac nha trudng la nhung bd phan ddc lap, tat ea eae quyet dinh lien quan den quan li giao due, boat ddng, tai ehinh do eac hpi ddng nha trudng hoac cae nha quan li nha trudng dua ra. Trong eae trudng hpp nay, eha me hoac bat ed eae thanh vien cpng ddng nao cung ed the thanh lap cac trUdng tU vdi tai chinh edng nhung
KHGD so 5 1 . thdng 12 - 2009 49
Khoa hoc Gido duc' Giao due ni/dc ngi
hoan toan dLfpc tu chu ve tai chinh, nhU d Dan Mach, Ha Lan va trong mdt sd trudng hpp cac trUdng edng hoan toan tU ehu d mdt sd bang eua Hoa Ki (Abu-Duhu 1999) va d VUdng qudc Anh.
Ve mdt phUdng dien nao dd, cha me hoc sinh ed quyen ve tU ehu va sU lUa chon d ca trUdng tU lan trudng cdng nhUng dupe tu chu hoan toan ve tai chinh.
3. Mdi quan he giUa s u t L r c h u va s U t h a m gia
Mpt phu'dng dien khae, dd la ai nhan dUdc quyen ra quyet dinh khi dieu nay dupe ehuyen giao den cap dd nha trUdng. Mpt each ddn gian, 4 md hinh sau cd hieu qua ddi vdi viee xac dinh
ai la ngUdi dupe trao quyen ra quyet dinh trong bat eU cai each SBM nao (Leithwood and Menzies, 1998): Dieu hanh quan li hanh ehinh;
dieu hanh ehuyen mdn; dieu hanh edng ddng;
dieu hanh sU can b i n g .
- Dieu hanh quan li hanh chinh SBM la chuyen giao quyen lUe eho hieu trudng nha trudng. Md hinh nay n h i m mue dich lam eho mdi nha trudng ed trach nhiem hon ddi vdi co quan trung tam eua quan/huyen hoac van phdng hdi ddng. Lpi ieh eda loai SBM nay bao gdm viec tang eUdng hieu qua cua viec chi tieu ddi vdi van de nhan sU, chuong trinh giao due va mpt ca nhan cua mdi nha trUdng ed trach nhiem hdn ddi
Hinh 1 : Phan loai cac cai each SBM duac thuc hien a cac quoc gia khac nhau Yeu
He thdng dLfpc phi tap trung hoa ddi voi cac bang hoac cac dia phuong nhung khdng cho cac truong.
vi the cac trudng khdng duoc tir chu.
Trung binh Tu chu d muc dd gidi han, chu yeu qua viec lap ke hoaeh va giang day.
TUdng ddi manh
Cac hoi dong nha trirdng duoc thanh lap song chu ye'u cd chLfc nang tuvan.
Cac hdi ddng nha trudng cd quyen tu chu trong viec tuyen va SLf dung giao vien, hieu trudng va lua chon chuong trinh, sach giao khoa,.,.
Manh
Dieu hanh cac ngudn luc trong ye'u (vi du nhu cac khoan tai chinh)
Cha me hoc sinh hoac cong ddng dieu hanh nha trudng.
Rat manh
Life chon mo hinh ma cha me va nhu'ng ngudi khac co thfe thanh lap trudng.
Argentina Ctiile
Mexico, Cpng tioa Sec
Virginia (US) Canada Brazil Thailand
Florida
Israel Cambodia
New Zealand El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Guatemala Australia Hong Kong
UK Ha Lan
1/ Su s^p xep nay theo su tiep didn cua tu chu va quyen chuyen giao cho nha trudng vdi cac loai SBM khac nhau.
2/ Cac nha trudng a Israel cd quyen tU chu ve ngan sach cua hq. Ngan sach nha trudng duac dieu hanh d dia phuang va duac phan chia mpt phan nho trong tdng s6 chi tieu cong. bai vi hau het nhUng chi tieu duac dieu hanh va thuc hien bdi chinh quyen trung uang. Khong hoi dong nha trudng va hiep hpi cha me nao cd quyen dUa ra quyet dinh.
3/ Cac nha trudng a Cam-pu-chia trong chuang tnnh Education Quality International Program - EQIP nhan duac su tai tra tien mat. cha me va ddi ngu can bo nhan vien nha trudng cd quyen trong viec ra quyet dinh. nhung hpi dong nha trudng khdng duqc thanh lap mpt each chinh thUc.
50 KHGD so 5 1 . thdng 12 - 2009
10 duc nuoc ngoai ' Khoa hoc Gido duc
vdi cac nha chUe trach trung tam.
- Dieu hanh chuyen mdn SBM la chuyen giao quyen ra quye't dinh chu yeu den giao vien.
Md hinh nay nham mue dich tan dung td't hon kien thUe ma nha trudng can eua giae vien d cap dp Idp hpe, SUtham gia day du vao tien trinh ra quyet dinh cung ddng thdi tao dpng lUe eho cac giao vien thue hien edng viee giang day tdt hdn, ed the dan den hieu qua va anh hudng Idn hon trong viec giang day.
- Dieu hanh cpng dong SBM la sU chuyen giao quyen ra quyet dinh ehu yeu eho eha me hpe sinh hoac edng ddng. Theo md hinh nay, giao vien va hieu trudng dupe eci la can dap Ung nhieu hon ddi vdi nhu eau eua eha me hpe sinh.
Mdt Ipi ieh khac nua dd la chuong trinh giao due ed the phan anh cac nhu cau va mong mudn d dia phUdng.
- Dieu hanh sucan bdng SBM la lam che ec su can bang giUa quyen ra quyet dinh giua eha me hpe sinh va giao vien khi ma ea hai deu la cac lien ddi ehinh eua bat eU nha trUdng nao.
Mue dich eua sU dieu hanh nay la tan dung nhUng Ipi the ve kien thUc cua giao vien ddi vdi
nha trudng de eai tien edng tae quan li nha trudng va lam cho nha trudng co trach nhiem hdn ddi vdi cha me hpe sinh.
Md hinh dieu hanh quan li hanh chinh ed the khdng bao gid tdn tai theo dang thuan tuy khi eac hieu trudng khdng bao gid quan li nd trong thUe tien. Hieu trudng can ngudi khac de thUe hien viec nay va giup hp dUa ra quyet dinh cho nha trudng. Nhin ehung cd 4 md hinh dUpe trao quyen tU ehu SBM tren the gidi dupe md ta tren day Trong hau bet eac trudng hpp, quyen lUc dupe ehuyen giac cho mpt bd phan hpp phap ehinh thUe dang tdn tai kieu nhU hpi ddng nha trudng hoac uy ban quan li nha trUdng, trdng dd bao gdm eae giao vien va hieu trudng. Hau het cac kieu SBM, cac dai dien cpng ddng cdn phue vu cho uy ban hoac nhdm. Ket qua la nhung ngUdi lam viee eua nha trUdng can lam quen de biet nhUng ngUdi dia phUdng, nhUng ngUdi cd trach nhiem ddi vdi nha trudng va xem xet eae nhu cau, nguyen vpng cua dia phUdng de dua ra quyet dinh thee sU hieu biet eua hp. NhUng ngUdi dan dia phUdng cd the giam sat boat dpng chuyen mdn eua nha trudng de dUa ra nhUng
Hinh 2: Moi quan he giUa su tu chii va su tham gia
1
Quyen tU ch
I
Ha Lan
'
New Zealand
*
Guatemala
•k
El Salvador '^'
Mexico AGES
•k
Chicago, USA
•k
Mozambique k Mexico
PEC
•k
- • Hieu trifdng Giao vien Cdng dong/cha me Su ket hop
SUtham gia
KHGD so 5 1 , thdng 12 - 2009 51
Khoo hoc Gido duc ' Gido due niidc ngc
thay ddi. Mac du su tham gia cua cdng ddng ed the eai tien viee lap va thue hien cae ehuong trinh theo each nay, song eae nhan vien nha trudng ldi cudn su tham gia cua cpng ddng chi theo each be ngoai ma khdng lam phUc tap them cudc sdng cua hieu trudng va cac giac vien (Wdrid Bank, 2007b; and Cook, 2007). Cha me hpe sinh va thanh vien edng ddng ddng vai trd trong SBM nhUng khdng ed anh hudng rd rang.
Tuy nhien, trong mpt sd trUdng hpp, bd phan hpp phap cd quyen lUc ehu yeu ddi vdi viee thue hien SBM la hpi ddng cha me hoe sinh, mac du hp khdng the boat dpng thanh cdng neu khdng cd su hd trp cua eac giao vien va hieu trudng nha trudng.
Mdi quan he giUa sU tu chu va sU tham gia xac dinh tam quan trpng eua cai each SBM. Hinh 2 sd dung mdt sd it nhCfng eai each SBM thdng dung hon tren the gidi de phac boa mdi quan he nay
ChUdng trinh AGES (Apoyo a la GestiCin Escolar) d Mehied giao quyen tU ehu d mUe dd tdi thieu eho cac hpi ddng nha trudng, chu yeu dUdc eae bae eha me dieu hanh (Gertler et al., 2006). Nhu vay, trong hinh 2, true hoanh the hien mpt chut quyen tU ehu eua cha me. Mat khac.
New Zealand cd the dupe coi nhu la ndi ed quyen tU chu d mUe eae khi hau bet cac bac cha me ed quyen ra quyet dinh (Wylie, 1996). Met mUe cao khac la Ha Lan, qude gia da thue hien giao quyen dUa ra quyet dinh cho hieu trUdng nha trudng de lam eho nha trudng ed hieu qua hdn vao nam 1985. Cung thdi gian dd, cha me d Ha Lan cd the dupe uy quyen de sang lap ra mdt trudng mdi nham dap Ung nhu cau tin ngudng va van hoa cu the cua chinh ban than hp. Thanh phd Chicago eua Hoa Ki la mdt vi du dien hinh ve he thdng trUdng hdc cd sU ket hpp giua cac thanh vien cdng ddng, giao vien va hieu trudng duoc trao quyen tU ehu d mUe dp cao (Cook et al., 2000).
4. Mdi lien he giOra su" tu" cttu - sU tham gia va trach nhiem
Cd mdi quan he khac trong chudi tU ehu - tham gia, dd la trach nhiem. Tai mdt sd qudc gia, mdt trong nhUng muc tieu chu yeu cua viec thue
hien SBM la lam cho nha trudng cd trach nhiem hdn va quan li mang tinh minh bach hdn.
Anderson (2005) de xua't 3 loai trach nhiem cua SBM. Ddi vdi nhC/ng ngUdi dieu hanh nha trUdng can phai:
a) Cd trach nhiem gan ke't giUa eae quy dinh va trach nhiem cua nhung ngUdi ed tha'm quyen ve giao due.
b) Cd trach nhiem g i n ket eae tieu chuan va trach nhiem vdi ddng nghiep eua hp.
e) Cd trach nhiem ve viee hpe tap cua hpe sinh va trach nhiem vdi cpng ddng ndi ehung.
Cae chuong tnnh SBM vUa tang eUdng sUe manh, ddng thdi vUa don gian boa cae loai trach nhiem nay bang each tang cUdng quyen lue cae trach nhiem nay d cap dd nha trudng de dUa ra quye't dinh cd tinh chat tap the, do dd lam tang su minh bach eua tien trinh.
Bang each tang cudng tinh minh bach, SBM cc the lam giam sU tham nhung. Vi du. dang tU chu bi gidi ban cua SBM trong chUdng trinh PEC d Mehied dupe cdng nhan ed sy gia tang trach nhiem va sU minh bach eung nhU phdng ngUa va ban che dupc thuc te tham nhung trong quan li eae ngudn tai ehinh danh cho giao due (Karim et al., 2004). Oieu nay do eae hdi ddng nha trudng ed trach nhiem dd'i vdi nhUng ngudi cd tham quyen ve giao due (trach nhiem dUng) va ddi vdi cdng ddng nha trudng cung nhu eae nha tai trp (trach nhiem ngang). Neu dupe md rdng, ehuong trinh nay ed nhieu tiem nang de lam giam phan Idn SLf tham nhung (theo tai lieu SU minh bach qudc te - 2005 va Patrinos va Kagia - 2007). Mpt sd lupng eac qudc gia thUc hien md hinh SBM vdi mue dich rd rang la lam tang trach nhiem, tang SUtham gia cua eha me va cpng ddng trong tien trinh dUa ra quyet dinh. PhUOng dien trach nhiem cua cae eai each SBM cung dupc nhan manh trong Bao cao Phat trien the gidi cua WB (World Bank 2004) nhu la phUdng each de tang cudng sUc manh eho eac md'i quan he trach nhiem giCfa khach hang (eha me va hpe sinh) va ngudi cung cap dich vu (giao vien, hieu trUdng va chinh quyen).
Do dd, ve mat ban chat, SBM ed kha nang dam bao trach nhiem cua nhung ngudi ra quyet
52 KHGD so 5 1 , thdng 12 - 2009
^ G i d o due nuoc ngoai Khoa hoc Gido duc
dinh d cap dp nha trudng cho chinh cac hanh ddng cua hp. Tuy nhien, d rat nhieu noi, can phai xay dung nang lUc cho cae thanh vien cpng ddng, giao vien va hieu trudng de tao ra hoac tang them mot van hoa trach nhiem.
5. Ket luan
Su tu ehu, SLf tham gia dupe g i n lien vdi trach nhiem la nhung van de bet sUe cdt Idi trong qua trinh thue hien SBM. Giao due Viet Nam dang trong tien trinh thUe hien phan cap quan li giao due vdi eae npi dung ve: Quan li chuong trinh giao due va ddi mdi qua trinh day hpe;
Quan li tai ehinh va ed sd vat chat; Quan li nhan SU- Nghien eUu cae van de tren day d cae nude khae ed the giup eho qua trinh phan cap quan li giao due d nudc ta cd dupe bai hpe li luan va thuc tien quy bau, tan dung dupc nhung thanh tUu va tranh nliUng bUde di khdng can thiet nham day nhanh tien trinh tat yeu nay.
TAI Lieu THAM KHAO
1. Caldwell, B. J. (2005), School-Based Management Education Policy Series. The International Institute for Educational Planning and The International Academy of Education, Paris and Brussels
2. Nguyen Xuan Hai, Quan li dua vao nha trudng va mgt so bai hgc kinh nghiem cho cac trudng pho thong Viet Nam hien nay. lap chi Giao due - Bd Giao duc va Oao tao, sd 220, Ki 2 - 8/2009, tr,5-6-7-8.
3.http://www.unesco.org /liep/Educationpolicysehes 4, The World Bank (11/2007), What Is School-Based
Management?, Washington, DC.
SUMMARY
The article presents the issues of autonomy in school - based management, relationship between autonomy par- ticipation and accountability in school-based management in other countries.
Dl/BAO...
(Tiep theo trang 48) nghiep. Ban hanh chinh saeh dao tao nghe, trung cap ehuyen nghiep, cao d i n g va dai hpe ddi hpe sinh, sinh vien DTTS n h i m dam bao sd lupng va chat lu'dng ngudn nhan lUc cho vung dan toe, vung nui, vung cao.TAI L1£U THAM KHAO
1, Bp Giao due va Oao tao, Doi mdi phuang thifc dao tao a truang pho thdng dan tpc npi trii tinh dap ifng nhu cau dao iao can bp dan tpc thieu so trong giai doan hien nay, De tai cap Bd B 2003 - 49 58, 2005.
2, B'^ Giao duc va Oao tao Oe an, Wang cao chat lugng va hieu qua dao tao cac trudng pho thong dan tgc npi trii.
2003.
3, Bo Giao due va Oao tao, Mpt so chii truang chinh sach ciia Dang va nha nudc ve trudng PTDTNT. NXB Giao duc. Ha Ndi, 2000.
4, Bd Giao duc va Oao tao, Nimg cao chat lugng dao tao cac trudng PTDTNT. NXB Van hoa dan tdc, Ha Ndi, 2000, 5, Bo Giao duc va Oao tao, QD2590/GD- OT ngay 1 4 - 8
- 1997 cua Bd trudng Bo GD- OT ve td chuc va hoat ddng cua trudng PTDTNT
6, Bo Giao due va Oao tao, So lieu thong ke giao due - dao tao cac nam 2000 - 2008.
7, Bd Giao due va Oao tao, Bao cao tong ket tinh hinh phat then ciia he thong Truang pho thong DTNT giai doan 1997 - 2007 va phuang hudng phat tnen den nam 2020, thang 1t/2008.
8. Bd Giao duc va Oao tao, Dinh huang phat trien he thong trudng pho thong Dan tgc ngi trii theo Nghi quyet Trung uang 2 khoa W//, Ha Ngi, 1997.
9. Bd Giao due va Oao tao, Tai lieu Hgi nghi ve Trudng PTDTBTdan nuoi. Oien Bien 7/2009.
SUMMARY
Based on some prognosis about ethnic minority man- power in Vietnanm, forecast of the needs for higher educa- tion students from ethnic minority in Vietnam, prognosis about ethnic minority manpower in Northwest up to 2020 the author presents some solutions to the development of ethnic minority manpower up to 2020
KHGD so 5 1 , thdng 12 - 2 0 0 9 53