NBHIEN CUU THi'CHi VA CHiNH SACH CONB
TliP CAN LIEN NGANH
TRONG NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC PHAP LY
TRAN THi HONG THUY *
T
rong nghien cttu phdp luat, each ttd'p can phd bidn nhat la nghien cffu phdp luat tff chfnh ndi dung ben Irong va mdi quan he eua cdc qui pham phdp luat va cac quan hd phap luat dugc the hien fl hai cap do; Ly luan ehung vd phap luat va ly luan phdp luat chuyen nganh (Ihd hidn Irong cdc Hnh vuc hlnh sff, hanh chfnh, dan Sff, thugng mai...). Ly luan phap luat nghien cffu cdc khai niem, pham trfl, nguydn tac phdp iudt, he Ihdng phap ludt Ihue djnh. Hudng nghien cffu nay da aem lai rat nhidu kit qua Irong vide chi ra CO sd di hlnh thanh, sffa adi va thuc hien phap luat, cung nhu giai Ihich ndi dung cfla luat thffc djnh. Vd vdi nhieu nam nghien edu theo each tidp can nay cfla hang van cae nhd khoa hgc cflng vdi hgc vidn eao hgc vd nghien edu sinh, nhffng ndi dung nghien edu ndu chi Iheo each tidp can nay se tao ra nhffng can trd cho vide nghien cttu eda cdc t h i he sau nay, khi ddi lugng nghien cttu ngdy cdng bj Ihu hep bdi cac cdng trtnh da dttgc cdng bd.Vi ly do trdn, mdt sd nhd khoa hge da mfl ra cdc xu huflng mfli trong nghidn cttu phdp luat, dd la xu huflng nghien cttu phap luat Irong mdi quan he vfli cac nganh khoa hgc khac nhu van hda hgc, dao dflc hpc, kinh td hge. Nghien cffu phap luat Iff sir tidp can cfla eae ngdnh khoa hgc khac nhtt triet hgc, xa hdi hgc, tam ly hgc..., Iham ehi R.Pound - luat gia, nguyen Hieu truflng
Trttflng Luat thuflc Dai hgc Han/ard da tttng kdu gpi: 'Chflng tdi keu gpi stt hd trg efla tridt hgc, dag dttc hge, ehinh trj hge, xa hgi hgc giflp chdng Idi giai quydt cdc van dd cfla luat hgc.
Can phai nghien cffu phap luat trong tat ca cac quan hd cfla nd nhu mdt giai dean chuyen bidt cfla cdi Iheo nghia rdng Id khoa hgc v l xa hdi'"'.
Cae xu huflng nay fla dugc mflt sd nha khoa hgc fl Viet Nam Iriln khai nhung chua mang linh phd bien. Dd ttdp can lien nganh trd thanh met xu thd trong nghidn cttu khoa hgc phap ly, can ed nhffng ggi mfl mang llnh djnh hffdng trong nghidn eflu khdng phai din Iff cdc nha luat hgc, ma tff cac nha khea hgc fl nhffng chuyen nganh khac. Trong ndi dung bdi vidt ndy chdng Idi de cap din viee ttIp can eda hai khoa hgc id Tridt hge va Xa hdi hgc trong nghien cffu phdp luat, cdn flffoe ggi Id tridt hgc phdp luat vd xa hdi hgc phap luat Ly dg efla su lira chgn nay, phap luat can dugc fidp can nghidn cdu khdng ehi fl ndi dung ben Irong, mdi tuong quan gitta eae qui pham phdp luat, cdc quan he phap luat, cdc ky ndng ap dung phdp luat md edn phai dugc tidp can nghidn cffu fl ban chat, vai trd, gid trj cfla phap luat (tridt hgc phap ludt) vd Ihue tten phdp luat, la mdi quan he giffa phap ludt vfli eac ylu td xa hdi (xa hdi hgc phap luat).
Tiep can nghien cffu phap luat tff khoa hgc ' tridt hoc (tridt hgc phap luat)
* Tie'n si, Dal hoc Ludt.
1 - Kulcsar Kalman (BOe Uy bien dich), Cdsdxd hpi hoc phdp ludt, Nxb Gido due, Hd Ndi, 1999, tr.42.
66 TAP CHI GIAO DUC LY LUAN - SO 246 C6/2016)
NBHIiN ciu THi CHEVA CHlNH SACH CONB Xet vd Ijeh sff, phap iudt la khoa hgc ra ddi
mudn hon tridt hge vi trong ndi dung tff tuftng efla mdi nhd tridt hge, ngodi ndi dung vd ban thd luan, phep bidn chffng (hoac phep sidu hlnh), nhan thffe luan, bao gifl eung cfl nfli dung vd triet hgc xa hdi. Trong ndi dung tridt hgc xa hdi, phap luat cung dugc nhidu nha triet hge bdn ddn nhu mdt cdng cu trong vide duy trt va quan ly xa hdi.
Vi vay, nhflng van dd vd ngudn gdc, ban cha't cua nha nude; quan he giffa nha nffdc va phdp luat; tridt hgc phdp quydn, xa hdi edng ddn khdng phai dugc bdn adn ttt cae nha lual hgc ma chinh la cdc nhd tridt hgc. Dac bidl la van d l tridt hge phap quydn, xa hdi cdng ddn da dd cap trong tu tuflng cfla cdc nha tridt hge Tay Au, khfli dau la T.Hdpbo, sau dd la G.G.Rdkfl, F.Heghen vd ainh cao Id C.Mac, Irong ad, F.Heghen da thd hidn ttnh than nay trong tac pha'm "Trill hgc phap quydn", tu luflng chd dag la "...Nghidn eflu tff tffdng efla phap luat Nhidm vu ehfl ydu cfla tridt hge phap quydn Id tim bidu nhflng tu tudng chfl dao nam trong phdp luat tao ndn ttnh than phap luat"".
Tridt hgc cd hai chfte nang eo ban, do la ehffe nang Ihd gifli quan vd phuong phap.luan, trong dd, chffc nang phffdng phdp luan ehung nha't cfla ttidt hgc duae ghi trong tat ca cac cdng trinh nghidn eflu Iff dd ldi khoa hge ehe ddn cac luan van, luan an vdi mdt muc khdng thd thieu, dd la phugng phdp nghien cffu cfla dd Idi. Nhung Irdn thuc t l , Ifnh hidu qua Irong viec sft dung cdn thap, hau nhu cdc cdng trinh nghien edu khoa hgc ddu khdng luan giai dugc nhflng nguyen tac phugng phdp ludn efla tridt hge md minh dua vag cdng trinh nghidn cffu dugc sft aung ad giai quylt nhffng van de nghidn cffu nhu Ihl ndo?
Cdn vd vai trd thd gifli quan eda Irtet hge Ihi rat md nhat Irong cac cdng trinh nghidn cdu, nhttng nguydn ly co ban efla tridt hgc hau nhu khdng
2 - Heghen, Triet hpc phdp quyen, Nxb Bek, Matxcova, 1990 (bdn tieng Nga), tr.59.
duge sd dung nhu eo sfl ly luan d l giai quylt nhffng nfli flung nghien edu (nggai nhung dd tdi eua chuydn nganh Ly luan vd Ijch sft vd nhd nufle vd phap luat).
Tiep can nghien cUu phap luat tU vai trd the gidi quan chung nhat cia triet hoc, tnidc hdt id triet hge nao? Ndu ndi dung cfla de tai nam trong chuydn nganh Ly luan vd Ijch sft vd nhd nude va phap luat vfli phap luat d mdi thfli ky Ijch sd, ddu efl nhflng tu tuflng tridt hgc chi dac tugng ffng. Vi du: Khi nghidn cttu cae Bd Lual Viet Nam thdi phong kiln, lu tuflng chfl dao efla Nho giao duge thd hidn rat eu Ihl vd da dugc cae nhd nghien cffu khai thae tridt d l trong cac edng trinh nghien eflu cfla mlnh. Nhung, ddi vfli phap luat hien hdnh, ttdp can nghidn eflu phdp lual Ifl khoa hgc tridt hge, thi dd phai la tridt hgc Mac - Ldnin. Vi phap lual fl Vidt Nam mang ban chat giai cap cdng nhan vd bao vd igi ieh efla giai cap cflng nhdn va nhdn ddn lao ddng. Ld cdng eu eda nhd nufle, phap luat dugc xdy dttng d l phue vu cho muc dieh ehinh tri la xay dung thanh edng ehfl nghfa xd hgi vdl tu tudng ehfl dao Id chd nghia Mac - Lenin, trong dd, tridt hge Mdc - Ldnin gifl vai trd Id thd gifli quan va phuong phap luan.
Trong tridt hgc Mae - Ldnin, nhflng tri thffe tao ndn thd gidi quan chung nhat eda con ngudi bao gdm chfl nghTa duy vat bien chffng, phep bien chffng duy vat vd chfl nghia duy vat Ijch sft.
Iff dd, cd Ihd tidp can nghien cffu luat hge d cdc ndi dung sau:
- Ly luan phan anh vfli van fld chflng cfl efla luat Td tung hlnh su.
- Quan he bien chffng gifla nguyen nhdn va ket qua, ban chat va hidn lugng Irong luat Hinh su.
- Quan he bien chffng gifla ndi dung vd hlnh thttc trong iudt Ddn su vd lual Td tung dan su;
ludt Hinh su va luat Td lung hinh sir, luat Hanh chfnh vd luat Td lung hanh ehinh.
TAP CHi GIAO D y e LY LUAN - SO 246 (5/2D16)
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NBHIiN CUU THi CHi VA CHiNH SACH CONB
- Quan hd gitta lu do va lat ylu trong phap the hien y ehi efla giai c5p thdng tri trong xa hdi, luat. la nhan Id didu chinh cae quan hd xd hdi (luat - Qui luat thdng nhat va dau Iranh gifla cac thue djnh, van ban - phap luat trdn giay). Cach mat adi lap trong luat Lao adng. tidp can ndy ehfl yeu dugc eac nhd Luat hgc sd
- Van de sfl hflu trong luat Ddn su, luat Dal dung khi nghidn cffu phap luat
dai. Xu hudng thU hat, phap iuSt dugc ttdp can - Quan he giffa nhd nufle vd phap luat vfli vai nhu id mdl loai chud'n mue xa hdi, la tdng sd cac trd Id nhffng ydu td cfla kidn trfle thugng tang qui tae hanh vl cdu tao tfl cae mdi Ildn hd tu trong quan hd vdi ca sd ha tang kinh Id. nhidn cfla con ngufli xuat phdt ttt cac nhu cau, - Vai trfl chi phdi eda y thttc ehinh trj ddi vdi y igi ich xa hgi. Cdch ttdp cdn nay ehfl ylu dttgc thffe phdp luat. cac nhd xd hdi hgc sft dung kbi nghien cffu phdp - Quan he giffa ea nhdn va xa hdi trong luat Vfli xu huflng ndy, phap luat la hien tuang nghidn cffu quydn con ngudi vfli quydn luc cfla xa hdi khach quan vfli dau hidu eau thanh la su nha nufle. binh dang hinh thffe cfla eac ehfl ttid giao tilp Tiep can nghien cUu phap luat tU phuang phap luat - dd Id mffc dd tff do mang tfnh binh phap luan chung nhat cia triet hgc, cd Ihl tridn dang trffu tugng vd cdng bang nhff nhau ddi vdi khai khdng ehi de luan glai vd vai trd phuong tat ea mgi ngufli. Muc dieh efla phap lual la su phdp trong vide giai quydt cae van dd nghidn edng bang, nam fl y tudng thda man tdi da eac cffu, md edn thd hidn trong vide sd dung cde nguyen vgng, nhu cau, Igi ich cfla cgn ngudi.
nguydn tie phugng phdp luan eda tridt hge trong Theo dd, phdp luat khdng chi id nhttng qui ttdp can nghidn eflu, cd the ttdp edn nhu sau: pham do nha nufle ban hanh hoae thtta nhan
- Nguyen tae khdeh quan, nguydn tac loan mang trgng dd y chi cfla nha nufle va dugc the didn, nguyen tac Ijch sft - cu thd trong nghidn hidn dudi dang van ban, ma phap luat dugc cffu luat Hidn phdp, ludt Dan su, lual Hinh su, hinh Ihanh trong thue ttdn, Irong bdnh vi cfla lual Hdnh chinh, lual Thuang mai... con ngfffli, trong xa hfli. Phdp luat dugc hidu Id - Nguyen tac phdn ddi cai thdng nhat thdnh cac hdnh vi phap ly, thue lien phap luat; la nhttng mat ddi lap trong nghien eflu luat Lao hanh vi thuc td efla chfl t h i phap luat, dd la adng. phap luat "sdng".
- Kdt hgp gifla phugng phap logic vd phuong Phap luat cd mue dieh va chttc nang tao ra phdp Ijeh sff trong nghien eflu vd nha nudc phdp sff ddng thuan va hai hda efla xd hdi, vi vay, quydn vd xa hdi dan su. phdp luat phai la edng eu didu ttdt va thda hidp - Nguyen tac thdng nhat giffa ly luan va thffc Igi Ieh trong xa hdi. Phap luat duge dam bao Ildn trting xdy dung vd thue hien phap luat thuc hidn khdng chi bfli su cttflng chd cfla nha Tiep can nghien cflfu phap luat tff khoa hgc nudc ma cdn la cdc bidn phap xa hdi khae. Do xa hoi hoc (xa hgi hgc phap luat) tfnh chat eua phap luat la phan dnh nhu cau vd
Trong xd hdi hge phap luat, ed hai xu hudng Igi ieh xa hgi efla ngudi dan, phan dnh Ihuc tien tidp can nghidn cffu phap lual: cudc sdng, ndn cdc bidn phap xa hgi khac la
Xu hudng thU nhat, phdp luat duge ttdp can ddng luc cho su tudn thfl phdp ludt.
vfli tu each la cdng cu kiem soat xa hdi mgt each Xa bdi hge phdp luat tidp can phap luat fl gia cd y Ihttc cfla td ehffe ehinh tri Ihdng frj trong xa tri thffc efla phap lual la thue tten cugc sdng, dd hgi, vi vay phap luat la he thdng cac qui tac xft la cde quan hd xa hdi ma phdp luat didu chinh.
su do nhd nudc ban hdnh va dam bao thuc hidn, Vdi cdch tidp can nay, phap luat flugc nghidn
6 8 ' * ' ™ ® ' * ° "'^ ^* '•"•N - S6 246 (5/2016)
NBHIiN cuu THi CHi VA CHINH SACH CONB cffu vfli tu edch la mdt hidn tugng xd hdi, phdt
sinh, tdn tai va phat tridn eung vfli su xuat hidn va phat trien cfla nha nufle va cfla xd hgi. Xa hdi hge phap luat nghien eflu nhffng qui luat va tinh qui lual eda qua trinh phat sinh, tdn tai va boat ddng cfla phap luat trong dfli sdng xa hdi ndi ehung, trong lidn he efla nd vdi cdc chuan mue
•xa hdi khdc nhu chua'n muc tdn gido, ehuan muc dae dffc, ehuan mue phong tuc tap quan...'"
Trong co cau cfla khea hge xa hdi hge, ndu xdt theo pham vi eua nhdm van dd nghien eflu sd bao gdm xa hgi hgc dai cUdng vd xa hdi hgc chuydn bidt Xd hdi hge dai eugng nghien cttu cae qui luat efla su tdn tai, van dflng vd phat trien eua xa hdi, cdc mdl quan he xd hgi va su tugng tde xd hdi gifla cae bd phan cfla xa hdi trong tinh chinh thd. Xa hdi hge ehuyen bidt phan dnh mdi lidn hd .khdeh quan gifla edc mat khac nhau cfla ddi sdng xa hdi, di sdu nghidn cffu tffng Hnh vue, tffng van ad xd hdi cu the, vi du: Xa hdi hgc gia dinh, xa hfli hge ndng thdn, xa hdi hgc phdp luat... Phdp luat dugc nghien cffu ttt khoa hgc xa hgi hge chuydn bidt - xa hgi hgc phap luat, cd thd dugc trtdn khai nghidn eflu d nhffng van fld ehung nhu sau:
- Nghidn eflu tinh qui djnh xd hdi cfla phap luat thdng qua vide phdn tich ngudn gdc, ban chat xa hdi, vai trd va cdc chftc nang xa hdi cfla phap luat
- Nghidn cffu ban chat phdn loai, hau qua, eac CO chl eua hdnh vi sai Idch chua'n muc phdp lual, edc bien phap phdng, chdng sai leeh chud'n muc phap luat.
- Nghidn eflu cdc khfa eanh xa hdi efla boat ddng xdy dung phap luat thue hien va ap dung phap luat; eae nhan td xa hdi tdc ddng den edng tac xdy dung, Ihuc hidn vd ap dung phdp lual eung nhu eac bidn phdp ndng cao chat lugng vd hieu qua cfla ede hoat ddng nay.
3 - Ngo Van Nhdn. Xa fldi fipc pfidp ludt, Nxb Tit phdp. Hd Ndi, 2010.
TAP CHi GIAO Dye L* LUAN - s 6 246 (5/2016)
- Nghidn cttu he thdng phap luat mue dich xa hdi cfla cdc qui pham phdp luat, ea ehd didu chinh phap lual Irong vide dam bao su kiem seat xa hgi vd td chffc ddi sdng xa hdi.
- Nghidn cffu y thffe phap luat hdnh vi phap luat va Idi sdng theo phap luat efla edc bd phan dan eu, cac nhdm xa hdi cung nhu eac ca nhdn trong xa hdi.
Ngodi nhflng van dd chung, ndi dung nghidn cttu tidp can phap luat tff khoa hgc xa hdi hgc cd the dffgc friln khai tff nhflng van fld eu thd:
- Quan hd gifla chua'n muc chinh tri vd phdp luat
- Quan he gifla ehuan muc tdn glad va phdp luat
- Quan hd giffa chuan muc dao dffc va phap luat
- Quan hd gifla chuin mue phong tue, lap quan va phdp lual.
- Quan hd gifla chuin muc tham my va phdp lual.
- Quan hd giffa hanh vi sai Idch ehuan muc phap luat vdi su gia tang cfla eac loai tdi pham.
- Cae ydu td xa hdi anh huflng ddn boat ddng xdy dung phap luat va bidn phap ndng eao hidu qua eua hoat dflng xdy dung phap lual fl Vidt Nam hidn nay.
- Cac ylu Id xd hdi anh huflng din boat ddng thuc hidn phdp luat va bidn phap nang cao hidu qua cfla boat ddng thuc hidn phap luat fl Viet Nam hidn nay.
- Tac dgng cfla du luan xa hdi ddi vdi y thffe phap luat efla dpi ngu can bg, cdng chffc cap xa hcac cap huydn hoae cap tinh...
D l cd Ihl van dung each ttdp can lien nganh Irong nghien cffu phap lual, ddi hdi eac nha luat hge khdng nhflng nam vflng trt thffe trcng ngdnh khga hgc cfla minh, ma can phai mfl rdng pham vi nghidn cdu, ndng cao tri thffe fl eac nganh khoa hpc gan vfli khoa hgc phap ly, efl ddi tffOng nghien eflu giae dien vfli khoa hge phdp ly, dac biet Id tridt hgc, ehinh trj hge, xa hdi hge, vdn boa hgc, dao dffc hpc vd my hgcH
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