BAN VE DIEU KIEN T 6 N TAI CUA CyM
"PHO Ttr + DANH TlT" TRONG TIENG HAN HIEN D^^I
DISCUSSING THE CONDITIONS OF USING CLUSTER OF "ADVERB + N O U N " IN MODERN CHINESE
C A O N H i r N G U Y ] ^ : ! (TS; 8 9 1 b9c Ng09i ngfi:, D H Q G Hk N$i)
Abstract: The cluster of "adverb + noun" exists quite common in modem language but not entirely recognized by grammatical specialists. Based on the split of the cluster of "adverb + noun" into two categories: grammatical "adverb + noun" phrase and rhetoric "adverb + noun"
phrase, the purpose of this article is studying the conditions of using the cluster of "adverb + noun" in term of grammar and semantics in modem Chinese.
Key words: cluster of "adverb + noun"; conditions of using; grammar and semantics;
modem Chinese.
1. D § t v i n d l
1.1. Hau het sdch ngft ph&p vd gido trinh t i ^ Hdn hifn d^ deu nh|n djnh rdng, trudc danh tft cd dll didm cym tft chi s6 lupng, nhln chung Ididng thl them phd tir, Chiic ndng ngft p h ^ chu yeu ciia phd tft Id tu sue dio dfng tft ho$c hinh dung tft.
Nhung trong thyc te sft dyng ngdn ngft 1^ dang ton t^ hifn tugng phd tft diing ttudc danh tft, tu sftc cho danh tft, d$c bift sau nhung ndm 90 cua the ki XX dll hifn tugng ndy cdng didm pho biln, vf dy:
nhOng cym "phd tft + danh tir" nhu ^ : ^ A (rit con gdi), U'Pm (rit Tnmg QuocX ^^H ( ( ^ ndng ddnX "Si4^" (rit gjdi/ rit trau bd"), Mi^ff (cdng tinh cdm), ^^M Q (di^t AQ) . V|iy t^i sao mpt hifn tugng ngft p h ^ von khdr^ dugc gi(^ ngft phfip hodn todn thfta nh@n l^i khdng bj mit di mfi cdn n ^ y cfing phdt triln vd dupc v ^ dyng rfng i ^ den dll?
X6t ve diih difii (ciu tnic-hf tii6ng), dii trong tilng Hdn, phd tft khdng dil tryc tilp kit hgp vdi danh tft; nhung nlu xdt tft ^ dp dpng didi (dyng hgc) till phd tir cd till ket hgp tryc tilp vdi danh tft.
IZ Trong tieng Hdn h i ^ d?i, c ^ tnic "phd tft + danh tii" (dudi <Ky vilt tit Ifi "phd danh") cd till chia lfim hm lo^: Ciu tiiic "i^d danh" ngft p h ^ vfi ciu true **i^ danh" tu t^. Trong t6 bgp ''phd danh" ngft phdp, danh tft van thl hifn chftc ndng ngft f^idp von cd ciia danh tft, do dd gpi cym nfiy Id tS hgp "phd danh" ngft jAdp; Trong t6 hgp "jrfid danh" tu tft, danh tft khdng the hifn chiic ndng ngft
phdp v ^ cd cua nd md dd chuyin di chiic ndAg mang mft s6 ^ tnmg mang tinh tu tft, do dd ^ i Id t6 hgp "phd danh" tu tii, lo^i to hgp nfiy chft ylu do phd tii mftc dp kit hpp vdi danh tft ma didnh. Vf dy:
(1) AMR^flJ (chl 2 tiiudc vdiX :^—Tcft ( mdildong) ,'(R-Dl-h^^±(venv?nlDhpcsinh).
(2) a. | I i : * : ^ ^ T ( d a sinh vl&i r6i>, b. |BlfP-feT (da bf tmdng r^i"); c . E @ ^ ^ T ( d a mfta ddng r6i).
(3) ^ I f i i J f e ^ , ift^Blite (Tidn gid sdch toan sdch, khdng cd gi khdc); | ^ ^ M/^3fe^ (Trong vudn toan cd); tnLh/^ A (Tr&i bf bip todn nguM)
(4) te-feJt-?K^4'aWK (Anh ta cd mpt khudn m$t lit Trang Quoc); flll#¥^^|l4=6^
(Anh ta ldm vifc r ^ trfiu bd).
(5) fibaA4*B^ (Con ngudi anh ta rat Ldi Phong).
(6) $ f e ^ # # T f e # # ? (Cd ^ khdng tiianh xufin thl cdn ai tiianh xudn?)
Trong 6 nhdm vf dy trdn, nhdm (1), (2X (3) Id nhdm "phd danh" ngft phfip; nhdm (4), (5), (6) nhdm " [ ^ danh" tiJ tft. Dudi dfiy chiing tdi jdifin (fdi Id hon ^ ^ I m tiing lo^.
2. To hgp "phd danh" ngir phfip Cfic sddi ngft 1^1^ tilng H ^ chinh tii6ng tii tiudc drai nay ^ u dio ring ^iia phd tii vfi danh tft khdng trai t^i quan hf tu sue vfi dugc tu siic, nhm^
40 N G 6 N N G f & Bin S 6 N G S6 10 (240)-201S
cftr^ vdi sy i^idt triln cua xfi hpi vfi n ^ n ngft, nh§n 1 ^ ndy ^ g td ra qufi kbit khe, tii$m chf cd phin bdo tiiu. Nhftng nhd ngft p h ^ dll hf tmdc ciing iS diu ^ vfi bfin lu|ji d ^ vin d l nay d cfic c ^ dp Ididc nhau Chfing h ^ : Trifu Nguyen Nhifm trong quyin " Ngft p h ^ khau ngft tieng Hdn" dfi chi ra ling, vj tft mang tuih danh tft cd die dupc tu siic bdi phd tii; Lyc Chf Vt da tiln hanh phfin tfch to hpp b a i ^ t i i ^ . f t . I D i k ^ hgp vdi danh tft phuong vj dudi ^ df cau t^o tft {Ji^; Dinh Thanh Thy cho ring, cd mft v^ phd tii cd thl tu siic dio danh tft, d^ & so cd lien quan din so lugng vd j^i^m vi;
Trong cuon 'Tiaig Hdn hifn d^' (cfjyea hji), tfie gjd Hodng Bd Vinh cung dd chl ra Id, cd mpt so phd tft viia cd till tu sftc cho vj tii (tuc hlnh dung tii, dfng tft), viia cd till tu sftc cho danh tii, dif cd dilu cd hgn chl nhit djnh; Hlnh Hiuc N^iia trong cuon
"Bdn vl phd tft tu sftc danh tii" cung nh§n djnh ling, phd tft tu siic danh tft Id mpt hifn diyc, nhung
"ch! cd die coi Id mft hifn tupng d ^ diu". Tren ca sd n ^ d n cftu cua cdc hgc ^ £ tiud::, chiing tdi din hdnh j M i tfdi Hxm ve cdc nhdm vf dy "|:hd danh" n ^ p h d p d t r ^ dl tim hilu t&ih hpp If Idiien chiing cd the t6n tgi.
ANhdm (1): R^RIfi (cW2tiiudcvdiX t ~ Tcft (mdi 1 dong) , < R ' ( X + ^ ^ ^ (vdn v?n 10 hpc sinh).
- Thdnh [diin danh tft: nhftng danh tft ndy diu mang cym tft chi s6 lugng Odidng thl chl cd
"phd danh" nhir K ^ chi vdi, ^ S mdi tiln,
< X < X ^ i vdn v?n hpc sinh).
-Thdnh phin phd ti!n nhiing phd tft ndy cd tdc dyng hgn che phgm vi sy vgt vd so lugng ciia nd.
Tft dd cd thl thiy, khi danh tft mang cym s6 lupng tii ho$c khi sy v|lt vd s6 lugng cfta nd Id xfic djnh thl cd thl chju sy tu sftc cua phd tft bilu thj phgm vi ho$c tan suit Vd [ ^ tft ndy dimg dl till hign nhbi nh|ui chu quan cua ngu£ri ndi d6i vdi s& lupng dd.
a Nbdm (2): a. IP A ^ ^ T ( d a sinh vien roi>, b.
||iffli-fe7(da bf tmdng roiX c.ES=^3^T(da mfta ddngrSi).
Trong nhdm ndy, danh tii mfi i ^ tft til siic diu Id danh tii cd trinh ty. Cy till:
- Sy vgt mfi danh tii dll h i ^ Ifi sy vgt mang tinh cd binh ty ho$c cd sf d i ^ b i ^ dwo thdi gian (mft chiiu). Khi dd, tiii danh ti> the hifn sy vgt dftng ( ^ trong chu5i tiinh, tijr dd ra till nhiing danh tii diln td sy v$t khdc trong dniSi dki cd the difu sy til sdc ciia phd tii, vf dy a: ^ A ^ ^ T ( d a sinh vi&i roi).
Cd till tiiiy, tilr diia trd tmdc khi di hpc d u d^
bgc sinh ti^ hpc, hgc sinh tiling hgc, anh vi&i (^
hgc, digc a; tirai ^ hlnh tiifinh mft hf tii^^ hpc lyc cd tiinh ty, trong tiinh tydd, tiilrvitiibatdiuli
"dfta ti^ so sinh diua di hgc" la till nhung tft kh&
diu cd die chju sy tu sftc cfta i ^ tii.
- Sy v|t mfi danh tii bilu tlij diufc diuSi cd tfnh tiinh ti; vfi di&i b i ^ dieo didi gian, dong tiidi di^
hihi nfiy mang t ^ hai chieu, Idii dd danh tii cd die chju sytu siic ciia i*d tii, vfdyb: tPHP"fe7(dab5 tmdng roi)
Tft ngudi dfin d i u d n g d ^ Ifi ngudi cd diftc vv nhu phd tiudng ban, tmdng ban, {ihd tiudng phdng, tnidi^ f^dng, ]:^d gidm doc sd, gjfim doc sd, bf tiudng,.. .hlnh thfinh mpt hf d i ^ ngdidi dgc cd trinh ty, trong dd chiic vy mpt ngu^ cd tiie tiidng bo$c gjfing, mang t&ih hai chiiu. Cd till n6i:
t P n l I - ^ 7 (da Bp tiudng 1^0 bilu tiij sy tiidng chftc, cung cd till ndi B ^ ® 3 1 ^ W i f t 7 (da dfin tiiudng r6iX b i ^ dij sy gifing diiic, nhung nhin chung hay ndi theo diilu tdng hon Ifi gjfim.
- Sy vgt mfi danh tiJr bieu thj cd tfnh trinh t^
d&ng tiidi tiiufc vdng tuin hodn khdp kfn (tiiudng chl vdng tuin hodn thdi gian) thl nhihig danh tit dd cd the chju sy tu sftc ciia phd tft, vf dy c: BiS
^ ^ 7 ( d a mfta <teng r6i).
B6n mfta xufin, hg, tiiu, ddng Id mft vdng tii&i hofin khdp kfn, trong tiinh ty dd, mSi danh tii deu cd dll diju sy tu sftc dia liid tii. Fhd tii d <%
diudi^ Id phd tii difri gjan ho$c tan suit dll hifn SV sdm, m u ^ nhanh, di§m. Tuong ty cung cd till D^
"dd didng 11 rdi", "^ndm^chiiu",...
Ngodi ra, danh tft cd tiinh ty khi tiiem phd til ndu ra (^nh gjfi diu quan cda ngudi ndi d6i vdi d$
tiigng, till h i ^ mgt tinh cdm ho$c tiifii dg nhit il^nh, vf nhu "dd ndia d^g rdi" till h i ^ ngufri ndi cfim thay tlidi gian trdi nhanh, mang chftt cdm ididi liQ^tilc.
c Nhdm oy^m^^"^. awsow (Ti^ gifi
sdch todn sddi, khong cd ^ khfic); I ^ ^ S J ^ S f e ^ CTrong vudn todn cd>, ^nLb)^ A CTrSn bf b ^ todn ngufri).
Nbdm vf dy n ^ do "danh tii % ( £ l m + 1 ^ tft + danh tft" ciu tiianh. Khi chft ngft Id danh tii d^
dilm ho$c tii' chi (^a diem, danh tft tfin ngft chi cd till chju sy tiJ siic cua phd tii ^ (todn) ho$c 3*^
(todnX nlu doi difinh ^ K I J i ^ ^ ( t i ^ gifi sfich diu sdch) till sd khdng didnh cfiu. Cho ndn ba tiidnh phan "danh tii dja dilm, phd tft, danh tii" trong t6 hgp tidn phdi dya vfio nhau, lidn hf ch$t chd vdi nhau, nd thl hifn d mft dja dilm n ^ dd phS biM t ^ tgi mft sy v|t ho$c ngudi ndo dd.
Tft ba logi trdn cd the tiiiy, cym phd danh ngft p h ^ tiiudng dftng d vj tii chft ngft, vj ngft tiung cdu. Trong qud trinh sft dyng, chiing dya vdo nhfin to didi quoi ngft phdp vfi ngft cdiih.Cfi danh tft ^ph6 tft tCKig to hgp ndy deu cd dieu kifn cy the, phd tft Id I ^ tii tin suit, danh tft didi gjan ho§c phd tii"
phgm vi, danh tii ho$c phdi mang s6 lugng, ho§c phdi tiiufc tiinh ti; cy till.
3. Th hgp ph6 danh tu tilr
XI. N g ^ ^ khfic md ndi, to bgp j ^ danh ngft phdp khdng ph^ Ifi th hpp phd tft tu siic danh tft mft cdch thyc sy. Bdi \i, nhu cfic vf dy ndu tidn, diftng phdi dya vdo cfiu de ton tgi, phfin bo mang tfnh lidn kit di$t chd vd khdng dil ti; do lfim ti^ng ngft; bo ngft, 6^ ngft. Do vfiy, d6i vdi hlnh thiic ciu tilie trdn, gjdi ngft p h ^ nidn chung khdng cd nheu tianh dQ. Thyc sy gfiy ndn tranh cdi Id ciu tiic phd danh kilu nhu'1& "^ ® " (rit Trung Qu6c) fdifin b6 ciia chftng tuong d6i ty do, cd thl lfim v) ngft, djnh ngft, tigng ngft, b6 ngft. Cy die:
- T 6 hgp phd danh ngft jdidp cd till ldm:
+Chft ngtt : KiSP^—Ife/J^ftJ (Chl ben sdng cd mft chiec thuyai nhd).
+Vi ngtt : - T ' ^ i ^ S f f l — (Hdm wy mdi tiift hai).
+ T3nngtt : B ^ ^ t t ± 3 5 7 ^ M l S S S l J ( T l i q u a dien t ^ cfng hai vd Kinh kjdi).
- Th hgp phd danh tu tiJr cd dil lfim:
+vi ngft: rnm^n^. mm-fe. ibMisA
(Anh ta | ^ t ^ bd di, rat Ihu tmdng, cung lit ddn OTg).
4©inhngtt : attffiKiq^«*&A#N«^ftfl»Jil M. (^hoBg cdnh d d ^ mang d ^ dio ngudi ta nhttng tudng tupng <% till vO.
+ Tigng ngtt : P q I 5 K ® 9 t ± i f t t l : l l ^ a ^ ' t f ; 5
^ i ? (A Tniong rat ddn di^ bdo My Phuong ng6i chfic trni hmg anh)
+B6ngft : tt-fe#fS4'B(CdiytidngritTning Quoc).
3.1 Doi vdi vifc th hgp phd danh tu tii (tfiudng chl phd tft mftc df tu sftc danh tii) ton tgi cd hpp If hay khoig, cdch nhln ciia gjdi ngft i^idp khdng tiiong nhit, cd till ti^mtfit mft s6 quan nifm chft ylu nhu sau:
Thu nt^, tit logi danh tft khdng thay doi:
Vuong T 6 Mai (1996) cho rfing: phd tft cd till tu sftc cho vj tft (tft ldm vj ngft); danh tft trong ciu tilie "phd tii + danh tii" d&i^ Ifim vj ngft, da nh§n dugc mft s6 d$c dilm cfta vj ngft, khi dd sd tid tiidnh fhd tii tu sftc cho danh ti> vj ngft.
Tidu Khd Cudng (2001) dftng tii gde df nfi hfim vd n^igi didn dd phd phdn quan di«n dio rdng, "Idii phd tft mftc dp tryc tilp tu sftc cho danh tCr dll gjiia chung da bj tinh lupc, ho$c khi dd danh tii ^ hlnh dung tft (tbih tft) hda". 6ng dua ra mpt n g i Q ^ tic: Idii i ^ tii muc df tiyc ti^ kit bgp v ^ danh tii till danh tii dd van Id mft danh tii, nhung nd bilu dij n ^ ^ nfi ham cua khfii nifm nd tiiufc vl; n^ita nfi hdm ndy khdng | ^ t6ng hgp mpi tiiufc tMi bdn chit cfta doi tupi^ tixmg khfii n i ^ ndo dd, nd chi Idm n6i bgt d ^ liung md tit cfi mpi ngirfri ^ tiifta nh|in tnmg s6 thufc tbih bfin diit dd.
TTni'/tai, tft tfnh danh tft da cd sy chuyin hda 1) Thuyet cfich dftng linh hogt cua tii logi: Ld Thftc Tuong tiong bfii "7|^lftiSi5S35iSii' (E chl ra ifing, traag ti«ig Hfin cd lftc ^ ^ xuit hifn hifn
42 N G 6 N N G f & Bin S 6 N G S6 10 (240)-2015
tiigng "khdng phfii hinh dung tft nhung dupc dung nhu hinh dung tii", nhu "phfa tiudc cd phd tii bilu tiij miic df, titah dp da Wiiln tii phia sau nd dupc dimg nhu mft hinh tft". Vf dy: "3lfi5 , 'M , W B^fgfil:A;!S1ft7Cnigt id, tiai Nhan, cd liic cgu da qud cdm tfnh i^i); ^ i E ^ . ik¥B'.]5¥B*.(Di tiling, cdn quan dfi hon cd qudn dfi); f1"^:^?f 7
^^MXT^'M''m (Gl md dii het i^i. cdn Hong Kong hon cd ngudi H&ig Kon^', v.v. Ong cho ring,
^ y Id "mft hifn tupng cddi dung linh hogt cua tii logi md tatiiuJmg l ^ g ^ trong khiu ngft tieng Hfin hifn dgi". Theo H 6 Minh Duong (1992^ ti^ Hfin khdng cd sy tiiay doi hlnh diftc nhu ngdn ngft [Auong Tfiy, khdi^ dw tiidm mft hgu to vdo phfa sau danh tii <^ bien nd difinh hlnh dung tii, cho ndn chi cd till danh tii vdo vj trf dang ra Id cfta hlnh dung tii r6i tiiem mft phd tft "tS", cudng chl diay d6i chftc ndng vd y n^iia cua danh tft, do dd "cfich dftng ndy chi cd till dugc coi Ifi cdch dftng linh hogt ho$c tgm didi". Hlnh Phftc N ^ (1997) cho rdng, danh tft diln hinh (danh tft chuydn hftu) khi tham gia vdo ciu tiiic "IS X" dd danh tii d3 dugc dung linh hogt thdnh hlnh dung tft, tiiufc "hifn tugng cdch dung linh hogt cua tii logi". Vuong Tilu Tfin, Tiuong Kha (1998) dd tien hdnh quy n ^ cdc quan diem khdc nhau cfta cdc hpc gjd trong gjdi ngdn ngft vd nhftng ngudi lfim cwig tdc ^ang dgy ngdn ngft ve kit ciu " i ^ tft mftc df + danh tft", trong dd cdc Qng Cling dua ra quan diem "cd ngufri 1^ die ring dfiy Ifi mft cfich dftng chuyin logi mang tfnh tu tft, danh tii dd dugc chuyen thfinh hlnh dung tii."
2) Thuylt chuyin hda tii tfnh: tdc gjfi Phuong Hoa (198^, tii gde df "tiiuylt chuyen hda tii logi"
vd "tiiuylt tinh luge" dd ndu ra mft vdi tinh huong khdc nhau cOa kit ciu "jdid danh". Theo Truong N ^ Sinh (1996), tiong logi 3 (phd tii + danh tii) till danh tii da vj tii hda, tid didnh vj ngft dfeh tiiyc, cd kit ciu ddr^ vai trd mpt [difin cdu trong cfiu phftc. Lu Phuc Ba (1992) cd nhfn xdt, danh tii v6n Id mft logi tii &ih thfii chl bilu tiij danh xung cfta ngudi ho$c sy vft, nhung troi^ tieng Hdn hifn d^
cd mft s6 ngft cfinh d$c bift, danh tii da chiQ^ hda tiidnh mft logi tii dfng tiifii b i ^ tiij trgng tiidi tinh
d a t cua sy vft Trong bdi viet & ^ lay mft s6 vi (^
d6ng didi kit hgp tri tiiftc ngft n^fia hpc vd d$c dilm cua tilng l^ai, difio l u ^ d ^ dilm ngii n ^ cua danh tii khi nd diuyln hda ^ n ^ & dil xung tiidnh y n ^ tinh chit D 5 Thj Xufin (1995) d»
ring, nhftng cfiu kilu nhu " f i ^ l f e ^ ^ S S K " Qiai nfiy rat ngogi d) khdng ptid hpp ldm vdi tiidi quen ng&i ngft tilng Hdn, do dd kh&^ till chip nh§a d dfiy, % E (ngogi d) rd rdng Ifi mft danh tii, nhung phd tft t a da biln ^ E difinh hinh dung tft. kiln cfiu nhu nfiy dupc ggi Ifi cfiu vj ngft hlnh dung tit hda till tii. Theo £>dm Cdnh Xuan (1998), ngbb t&ih chit md danh tii cd dipc Ifi co sd ngtt i ^ cua danh tft khi nd d i u y ^ b i ^ thdnh hlnh Amg tii, ngjila cfta danh tft Idii dd thdng qua in dy hhA tugng vd chiQ>ln djch ngft nghm ciing cd sy tfi^
dii rd rftLuu Hilu Phong (2002) cho ifing, tiong kit ciu "phd tii + danh tii tiiiu tugng^' phd tii miic df mieu tii bdn dian danh tft ti^ tupng, danh tir biiu tugng dd cd IdiiQ^ hudng n g j i i ^ vl hlnli dung tii mft cfich mgnh md, khfing ^nh rdng chiing dang chuyin hda din tiifinh hlnh dung tii.
3.3. Cd dll tiiiy, gidi ngft phfip %^ cdn c6 nhthig y kiln khdc nhau doi vdi hifn tupng ciu tiuc phd danh tu tii. Chung ta ftng xft nhu till ndo v6i nhflng hifn tiigng ndy? Ching hgn: Tgl sao ^ ^ @ (lit Tnmg Quoc),1#^(i^ (d$c Ldi Phong) c6 till cfaip nhan vd sft dyn& cdn UM^ (rat ban), gg-^ff (li den) lgi khoig chigc tilp nhfn vfi sft dyng?; Tgi sao cd die ndi ^XM Q 7 (Cgu AQ qud diy) nhung lgi khdng ai ndi "'tfptil;fc^HT" (C§u cung L^Tft quddiy)?Ndi cdch khdc, phd tii tu sftc danh tit khdng ty do nhu khi chftng tu sftc cho ldnh dung tii vfi dfng tii, md phdi chju (Giu kifn hgn die nhit djnh. Nhln tii gde dg phd tft, nhChig phd tir chi miic df, tiinh dg tiiyft d^i nhu ^,XMM>
M, v.v cd thl dftng de tij sftc dio danh tft. NUntb gde df danh tii, trong npi bf danh tii cung cd sf khdc bift, cfic danh tii Ididc nhau cd die Idi&ig oil sy khfic bift ^ v l diiic ndng ngft jMp nhung l^
khdng phdi danh tii nfio cung cd the xuit h i ^ I n n ciu tiiic " i ^ tft muc df+danh tii*'. Nhiing danhft cd till xuit hifn tiong ciu ti^ ndy tiiudng c6 ifl
so (film diung v l m$t ngft n g h ^ diu ylu bao g6m nhftng b^i sau:
a. Danh tft cd nghm chl [^uang hudng vj tri (danh tii [rfiuong vj): Cd nhih^ {tniong hudng vj tii cd dll cd till tiidi^ qua "tfnh lugng^' dl xde (^nh, danh tii bieu thj phuong vj cd tinh trin tfau|t khdch quan, tftc cd tmh "do/ tinh lugngj", vl vfy tmdc chftng cd till thdm i^d tii mftc dg chi mftc df cao nhitnhu ^ . ^ , M ( f i : d f t n g p h 6 b i l n n h i ^ ^ , ^ dftng ft hon), bilu dij sy vft xIp did nhit v l Fdiuang vj khdng gjan, vf dy: fiftfj (phfa tiudc nhit/ ngofii cftng), ft^JA didifa nam nhit/ trong, ngofii ciing {Ml nam); ^St& (bdn trdi nhit/ trong, ngodi ciing b&i trdi); M-^^ (phfa ddng nhat/ trong, ngodi cftng i^ik ddng). Trong tilng Hdn, bilu thj n^iia {^uong^icd:
(D I%uong vj tft: Cfin eft theo cu6n " T i ^ Hfin hifn dgi" do Hodng Bfi Vinh chft bidn, phuang vj tii trong ti^g Hfin h i ^ dgi bao g6m:
1/Logi 1 : ± , T , M, J5,3K, m, ffi. db. S , :fe, m . ^ , 4 ' , 1^,31;
2/Logi2: ; ^ + ± ( T , S i f , ^ , S ^ , R f f i , Jb,i1^,
rt);
3/Logi 3 : te^+ ± ( T , BiT, ^ , J S . M. S . db, ^ ,
rt);
4/Logi 4 : ± ( T, M, ^ , ^ , K, 0 , db, £ , % S , ^ , 3 l ) + 3 i ;
Logi 5 : ± ( T, M. J5. S^, S , ^ , db, &, :&, m , ^ ) + ®;
Logi 6/± ( T. sir. jg, 3K, H, m, db. S , ^ ) + 5k;
Logi 7 : ± T , Birjg. ^ I S .Sdb, £ * ,M^, rt
^.
Khd ndng kit hgp vdi phd tft mftc dg ciia 7 logi tien nhu sau: Logi 1 ti^ 4^, ^ khdng till diju sy til sue ciia [^d tft mftc df ra, cfic tii khdc deu cd thl;
logi 2, logi 3 diu khdng till chju sy tu sftc cfta [ ^ tir mftc df; lo^ 4, logl S, logi 6 diu cd dil diju sy tu
sftc cua ph& tii sftc df; logi 7 cung diu Ididng till diju sy tu sftc cfta phd tft miic df. Khdng Idid i^ifit hifn quy luft trong dd: chl cd phuong vj tii bilu thj f^iuong hudng vj til c6 djnh, cyc doan mdi cd dil kit hpp vdi f*d tii muc df, irfiuong vj tii bilu dij [^uong hudng vj tii khdng co djnh. khdng cyc doan dii khdng k ^ hpp dugc vdi i ^ tii mftc df, vi dy khdng till n d i : ^% M^±., M^MM&^
® Danh tii bilu tiij n ^ f^uoi^ vj: '^^M^
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Ve ngft n^iia nd chl phuong hudng vj tii, vl ch&c nfing nd tuong diong vdi danh tft hgp difinh, cd thl kit bgp vdi mft so phd tii mftc df. Danh tii mang nghm phuong vj sau ldn kit h ^ vdi phd tft mftc dp da ldi&^ c ^ don diuin dil bidu thj [diuong hudng vj tri Idi^g ^an, mfi nhin mgnh thufc tfnh cfta phuong vj khdng gjan dgt din mftc "cyc <^", tixmg dd bao g ^ th^ df, dfinh gjfi chu quan nhat < : ^ cfta ngudi ndi.
b. Danh tii bao hdm tii to mang tuih hlnh dung tft Logi danh tft nfiy cd ngft t6 phfa tmdc mang tfnh hlnh dung tii, nhu: Ml, Sf3i^,iait,»1t,fii(L,ll
Trgng tfim ngft nghta ciia danh tii mang kit ciu difnh i ^ nfiy ddng Id phfii nim d ngft t6 trut^ tfim, tftc 1 ^ to danh tft [dim sau, nhung khi phd tft muc df ket hpp vdi nhflng danh tii nfiy, dd tidn tiiyc te ( ^ tmng ngft ngjua [+liipng mftc df] cua [did tft kh&ig tfil ket hpp dugc vdi danh tft. Ndi mft cdch ch&ih xde hon, ngft nghm cfta phd tft khdng thl chl hudng vl phfa tft t6 tmng tfim cfta danh tii, nhung lgi chi hudng dupc ngft t6 Idi&ig tiung tfim (tiic ngft to mang t&ih hlnh dung tii phfa tmdc). Tidn diyc te, ccm nguM cOng t i ^ hfinh If gjfil ngft n^ita tiieo hudng dd. Vf dy phd tii ^ I tiong cym ^ ^ i l k cd chf hudng n ^ n ^ d a v e " ^ vdi n g h i a l d # $ ^
^ n ( n ^ i i ^ vy rit chuydn n ^ f p ) . Logi danh tft nfiy bdn thfin bao ^ m ngft t6 ciu tgo tft mang tinh
44 N G O N N G f & B 6 1 S 6 N G S6 10 (240)-2015
hinh dung tii, cho ndn cd ( ^ tiung hinh diuc rat riS rdng, y nghm ndi hdm tiJong doi fdiong [did, sy khfic bift ve mftc dg cung till hifn rit ro, vi till de ket hpp vdi phd tii mftc df. T 6 hpp gifta phd tii miic df vd danh tii logi ndy bilu tiij sy binh lugn, ddnh gia doi vdi doi tiipng mfi danh tii ^ chi, ddnh gjd mftc dp ma ddc t n n ^ tinh chit cfta sy vft dd (dll hifn qua ngft to hinh dung tft) dgtdugc.
c. Danh tii bao ham y "cd die do ludng": © ^ , 2|sM,SKll.7^®.^SI,M^.JfeS,... tiong ban tiidn ngft nghta ciia chung cd bao hdm y "cd tiie do ludng" thl hifn miic dp sfiu nhit, nhir ^ S ^ (co bdn) Id can nguyen ho$c phan quan tipng nhit cfta sy v§t; ^ M (bdn chit) Id diufc tinh ca bdn nhit cua sy vgt; 7t^ (be d ^ ) dftng dl chi sy tiiay dSi vd cung to ldn. VI till, nhiing danh tii ndy cd thl chju sy tu sue cua cfic phd tft chl mftc lit df cao.
Phd tii mftc df tiiudt^ kit hpp nhat vdi lo^
danh tii ndy Id phd tft :i:, sau khi kit hpp, cd cym "
]^d danh" ndy se Idm thdnh phin tu sftc cho danh tft Ididc dl nhin mgnh d$c tiung nfi tgi vugt trdn titcfid6nglogi cuadanhtftnfiy.
d. Danh tir bilu dij nghia "tieu chuin": ^MM
itM^M^- Npi ham ngft n^da cua nd diln tfi sy ch$t did ngjiiem n ^ hay ncri Idr^ mdi hay cu, linh hogt hay bdo thft cua tieu chuan, ngiQ^ tdc ho$c hlnh tiiftc. Nfi hdm y n ^ ndy khien dio danh tft mang n^im "tidu chuin" cd thl kit hgp vdi [did tft muc df.
e. Danh tft mang n^im "[difin logi": bilu thj gjai ting h o ^ vai xd hpi, nd cdn eft vdo mft thufc tinh ndo dd dl gpi ^ dio mpt nhdm ngu^. E)$c tiung ngft nghta chung cfta danh tii logi ndy Id deu bao g6m hai phuong difn Id ' l o ^ " vd "tinh chif', cho ndn chung khd ti; do khi kit hgp vdi phd tft miic dp. Nhung do \h hgp "phd danh" mang hfim y 'Idioa tiucmgi" dio ndn nhQng danh tu xuit h i ^ tiong cym "[did tft + danh tii" phin ldn "<^u Ifi nhftng danh tft die hifn giai ting hay vai xd hfi n6i
bft" (Tidu Khe Cudng, 2001). Vf dy tii gpc df t ^ ldp xa hfi tided: ' h T f T K . l ^ ^ , ^ K . l S A : ¥ # . « S . ^ M ; Tft gde df vai xd hfi tid cd nhiing danh tu mang n^&i xiu nhu : ^ i ) ^ , ^ % , A H , « ^ 3 ; cd nhiing danh tft mang n^&i ^ nhu: ^ l £ , 5 $ ^ , m , Mt^\ Tft goc (^ gidi tfeihcdlSA./X^vd danhtir tidi n ^ m vdi nd nhu i ? A . f e t t ; Tu goc dp tl chi ciia con ngudi, cd fflJIL,^S;5R^.
Sau khi danh tft mang ng}ita "phfin lo^" ket bi;p vdi phd tii mftc df thl c^ md chftng bilu tiij kh^g cdn Id n^da ngogi didn cua tft, mfi bilu dij diu^c tfnh d$c tnmg nfi hdm ciia nd. Ciu tnic "phd daidf Idd dd Ididng chl lfim noi bft ^ tiung tiiufc tinh rieng cd cfta danh tii.
g. Danh tft t ^ ridng mang "tbdi chit d i i ^ biff*: chl nhiing danh tft mang ngjim nfi hdm vo cftng chuydn bift, rat gjdu sic d i ^ doi^ tiidi tuong doi phS cfp, chi cin nhic tdi sd khien ngudi n ^ lidn tudng i ^ y din mft tinh chit, d$c tiung chyfo bift ndo dd. E)$c tmng ngft ngjila "dii^oi biff' cia logi danh tii nay rat d l kit hgp vdi d^ bung
"mftc dp" cfta phd tft mftc df, tgo difinh kit ck
"phd tft + danh tii*'. Khi dd, danh tft rieng si Widng dugc hieu thfinh sy vft hifn tugng h^
ngudi cy the nd chf, mfi ndi bft len d$c tinli chuyen bift md sy vft, hifn tupng, hay ngucri dfi cd.
- Nhfin danh: cd till xuit hifn tiong ciu trie
"phd tii mftc df + danh tii" deu cd "df nli tien^' rit cao, vf c^ cfic nhfin vft cd trong hifn tiiin nhu Ldi Phong, Virong Sdc, Pavel Korcha^..
hay nhan vgt trong tfie phim vdn hpc, {diin tmyfn, phim difn dnh nhu A Q, Lfim D ^ Ngpc v.v. Nhflng phd tft miic dp nhu ^,i"5J",X^' khdng chi tiln hdnh dfinh gjd chft quan vl di
"lugngi" cua d$c tiung tinh chit cua danh tiX qi^
tipng hon la lfim noi bft d$c tiung tfnh chit iy.
- Dja danh: Ifi nhflng danh tii ri^ dd mftsl qu6c gja, khu vyc tuong d6i n6i ti^ cd ( ^ tniq ridng bi^ d§c sic, cd die dua doi mpt s6 lidn tirfu chung cho ngudi nghe, ngudi dpc. Vf dy: ^iffliS
NGdNNGCl&Ddl S 6 N G
s,mm.wm.iu-^.mm.mfs.,m-^,»ii,t$s..\u
K,^H,...TIiii d i ^ hlnh cua c ^ khu vyc niy 6n dinh trong rngt khodng thoi gian nhat d ^ khdng the thay 1h^ b9ng nhOng v} Iri dja H Idi^. Trong cym ph6 danh, nhOng danh tir niy chi dupc liy m$t p h ^ ( ^ tnmg mang tinh nOi him tieng bi$t, khdng phii mpi ^ trung li tinh don tiiuan, tuc t h u ^ g dl c§p den phong t ^ tip quin, truyen th6ng vin h6a, ^ sic dia phuong m i khu v ^ d6 ri^gc6.
h. Danh til thuit ngft chuy&i nginh: Trong ngD"
nghia cua chung tiir [dian gpi ten chuyen nginh thyc te, cdn t)ao gSm ( ^ d i ^ tinh chit cua nhQng chuyen nginh niy. Chinh p h ^ d$c d i ^ tinh chit niy li ca sd dl 1^ danh t£r niy c6 fhl kit h^ v6i phd tCr mite d?. Vf dy: * ( . S , ^ S , ' 2 ; * , S a , i f t ^ ,
rat,'>jw,...
L Ngoii ra, nhQng danh tii ho$c cym danh tix mang h^u 1^ nhu H.n^.li.^.jMCRO'^,... cung cd thl chiu sy tu sue cua phd tir miic dO, vi dy: ^•'J'*^
iF-n; i | * * t t ; * ^ t i i * ; a a a ± A ; ^'Sffft
4.Kltlu$n
TCr phan dch trSn diy cd thl thiy, sy kit hgp giQa tir vdi t^ir nhin v l ca t>in cd Ihl coi li sy kit hpp giQa nghia cua tiJr vdi nghia cOa tir, sy kit hpp ngft nghia li ca sd khich quan dl ket hpp tijr.
Miln tii gde dp ngft nghia hpc tir vyng, lliinh phiin ngft n^ila cOa danh tii bao g6m "tiiinh p h ^ ' ngft n^iia mang tinh lien h?" v i 'Hhinh p h ^ ngft nghm mang tinh mieu t i " (Phd Hoii Tlianli, 1996).
lliinh p h ^ ngft nghm mang tinh lien h$ li n^i dung khich quan cd tic dyng gidi tiiieu, ndi i& n$i him cua danh tft, nhtr l o ^ c ^ t^o, nguygn li$u, cich dung; Thinh phiin ngft n ^ a mang tinh miSu t i li n$i dung mang tinh hlnh x ^ dinh gli, cd tic dyng hinh dung, mieu t i nOi him cua danh tir, nhir thu$c tiiih, d$c trung, quan h^ bieu hien rieng,...Cd danh tft thinh phiin ngft n ^ a cua nd chii ylu mang tfnh lien h?, d$c tnmg ngft nghia mang tinh mieu t i khdng cd hojc khdng i 6 1 ^ nhftng danh tir dd rit khd tham gia vio ciu triic "phd tft miic dp + danh
tft", vi dy nhu "ngirdi, dan vj, hoa qui, n h i cfta,...". Cd nhiing danh tft l$i mang ngft nghTa cd tinh miSu t i n6i bit, diln hlnh, tftc nghta die tnmg, tfnh chat (nhu 8 loji danh tft ehung tdi gidi thi^u 6 tr6n), lo?i nghia djc tnmg, tinli chat niy khiln chiing gi6ng hlnh dung tft, rit de k i t hpp vdi phd tft miic d$.
T A I L i f u THAM K H A O
1. mmsL (1962), ^^=aia»w«ig, * a
i S * , ( 5 ) .
2. TPm (1999), «!ft3l®if aWiS , iS«
3. SffiS (1998), a f t a S i S f t ( TM )
4. ^iia(2ooi), JAi^mnm^mm9m»
«S€W . » i 9 * g . (5 ) .
5. B«i«(1992), *lftSi5S;»ia , ifSltli KStt.
6. ^mm (1992), •«»•»-, -ffiai*-!?, if Sgia , ( 4) ,
7. !Sit4(1996), ^WKliiiiaasaiffift
im^M»vsin, igss^^wse, (4 >.
8.i»«# (1998), ^Bnnm^mmx&m Rm^mm, "pmrnx. (5 >.
9 . e i t # (1995) , M-iX'hiliSfaSSK-iJi B , iSWS^fiffl , ( 3 ) .
