KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE MO
KHAO SAT QUY TRINH THANH LAP LUKifl GPS/GNSS
TRONG XAY D U ^ G DlTdNG HAM
TS. PHAM QUOC KHANH, NCS. VO NGOC DUNG, Truvng Dai hgc Md-B'ia chat
KS. N G U Y I N VAN T H A N H Tnfong Bai hgc Tai Nguyen va Mdi truxmg
• ^ ^ rong qua trinh thilt k l , thi cdng va khai thac I cdng trinh ngam vd dudng ham, cong tdc trie
•^ ^ a ddng vai trd quan trpng. Do ehinh xac eua cae phep do dgc va tfnh toan la nhdn t l quylt djnh hieu qua kinh te-ky thu§t cua qua trinh xdy dyng dudng ham. Ket qua thdng hudng dudng ham dugc t h i hien qua hai thanh phdn: do chinh xac hudng ngang vd dp chinh xac hudng dpc dudng hdm, trong dd hudng ngang Id ddi tugng can dugc dugc quan tam hon [1].
Sy sai lech ve hudng ngang vugt qud gidi hgn cho phep so vdi thiet ke se gay dinh tsi san xult, ton that ve kinh phf, tham chf gay nguy hilm tinh mang con ngudi. Cae cdng tde do dge phuc vu thi cdng trong dudng ham deu phai dya vdo mang ludi khong che trie dia tren mat dat. Chdt lugng eua mang ludi nay la yeu to quyet dinh dp chinh xac va dp tin cay eua cae phep eho hudng va kit qua thdng hudng dudng ham.
Trudc ddy, ludi khong chl mgt bang tren mat dat thudng dugc thanh lap bdng cac phuong phap tnjyin thong dudi dgng ludi do gdc-eanh nhu: cac phuong phap giao hpi, chuoi tam giac, ludi dudng chuyin... Cdc phuong phap nay ddi hdi nhilu thdi gian va cdng SLFC, chat lugng mgng ludi bj suy giam trong trudng hgp dudng ham dugc thi cdng tnsng cae dieu kien dia hinh phuc tap, sdng s u ^ chia cat,...
Trong thdi gian gan ddy, vdi sy phat trien cua he thing GNSS, cac mgng ludi khong chl trac dja ndi Chung va ludi khong chl phgc vu xdy dyng dudng ham ndi rieng da dugc thdnh lap bdng cdng nghe hidn dgi nay. Tinh uu vigt cua phuong phdp da dugc minh chung trong thye tiln, tuy vdy, chua ed quy chuan cu t h i ndo quy ^jnh quy trinh thilt k l , va thi cdng ludi khong d i l mgt bang trong xdy dyng cdng trinh dudng ham bdng cdng nghe GPS/GNSS.
1. Thiet k l lu'di GPS trong xdy dyng cdng trinh du'd'ng ham
1.1 Nguyin tac chgn diem Iwdn khing che mgt bang
Xuat phdt tu dac dilm cOa cdng tdc trac dja phuc vu thi cdng dudng him, vj tri diem ludi khong chl ed nhung yeu cau rieng. De bdo dam dp tin egy cdng tdc do chuyin tpa dd cho mgng ludi khong che trong dudng ham, tai vj trf cua ham va cdc 111 ddo phu (gilng dung, gilng nghieng, hdm phg bang, ham phu nghieng...) can phai cd ft nhat 3 dilm khIng c h l mat bang. Dilm d cCra him phai thuan Igi cho \flec bo trf true thi cdng, do noi diem khIng chl tren mat dat vdi dilm khIng chl trac dja trong ham; chieu dai canh djnh hudng de djnh hudng dudng hdm khdng ndn nhd hon 300 m [1].
1.2. LM'a chon he quy chieu
Chpn he true tpa dp. D l i vdi ludi khong chl dudng him, cd hai phuong an ve hd tryc tpa do:
He true tpa dp quoe gia va he tpa dp ddc lap. He tpa dd ddc ldp Id he tpa dp quy udc cd dilm glc tpa dp la mpt diem d cua ham; trye OY dugc chpn theo hudng vudng gdc vdi mgt ddo thdng ham[11.
Chpn mat chieu. Vdi cae dudng ham sau hoac dugc xdy dyng d vung nui cao can phai lya chpn mgt ehilu ludi thi cdng cho phCi hgp de tinh cac sd higu ehfnh khi ehuyen cdc tri do tCr mat dat ty nhidn xuong eilipxoid quy ehilu va ehuyin tu ellipxoid quy chieu len mat phang qua phep chieu Gauss ho0c phep chilu UTM[2]. Vdi cdng trinh dudng ham, thudng chpn mat chieu ed dp eao la dd cao tryc tim ham.
1.3. Wdv tinh d^ chinh xic cin thiit cua luvi Trong cac nguon sai so dao thdng ham, sai s l hudng ngang dugc coi la quan trpng nhlt. Khi thiet k l ludi khong che mat bdng, can xuat phat ti> yeu cau sai so thdng ham d l danh gia, udc tfnh dd chfnh xdc, qua dd xdc djnh cdc chf tieu ky thuat eua ludi khong che trie dia tren mgt dat. Cdng thue tong quat tfnh sai so trung phuong (SSTP) tong hgp hudng ngang tai vj tri ddo thdng ham ddi
CONG NGHIEP MO, SO 2 - 2 0 1 6
H
KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE MO hudng vdi dudng ham thang dugc the hidn bangcdng thue:
Mq = ymf + m l + m l + m4 + m l (1) Trong dd: m^ - SSTP hudng ngang eua khong che trie dja tren mat dat; m2, m^ - SSTP hudng ngang djnh hudng dudng ham qua loi dao phg (nlu cd);
m4, ms - SSTP hudng ngang cua hai tuyin dudng ehuyen nhanh trong him.
Doi vdi dudng ham cong, anh hLrdng cua sai so hLPdng dpc vd hudng ngang doi vdi dp chfnh xac thwig ham CO gia tri nhu nhau, cdng thuc (1) se ed dang:
- A = ^m? -H ml + ml + m4 + ms (2) De xac dinh cac nguon sai sd trong (1) vd (2), tuy thude vdo hinh dgng dudng ham, ed the su dung nguyen tae anh hLPdng bang nhau hogc khdng bdng nhau d l xdc djnh cdc nguon sai so.
1.4. Tinh yeu to dac trwng vi Ufoc tinh do chinh xac luo/i
a. Tinh cac ylu t l dge tnpng eua ludi
• Dya vao ban do dja hinh ty Id trung binh {vdi dudng ham ddi) hogc ban do ty le Idn (vdi dudng him ngdn) de thiet k l d l hinh vd do giai tga dg gan dung ludi thiet k l . Cae dilm trong ludi phai dugc chpn theo nguyen tac ndu trang muc 1.1;
• Thiet k l gde ludi GPS;
• Dya vdo kha ndng may mde vd thilt bj (so lugng may thu) tien hdnh tfnh todn cae dieu kign dac tnj'ng cua ludi [3].
So thdi dogn do:
C = ^ (3) N ^
Trong dd: n - Sd diem trong ludi; m - So lln dat may (dat trgm) d mdi diem; N - So may thu.
Ting so dudng day:
J,.C.N.(N-1) (4) ' 2
So dudng day cln thiet:
Jct=n-1 (5) So dudng day ddc lap:
Jdi=C(N^l) (6) S6 dudng day du:
Jd=C{N-l)-(n-l) (7) So cgnh GPS/GNSS trong mdt thdi doan do cua
dd hinh ding t>6 duoe tao thanh tir N may thu se la:
J = M
(8)D l hinh ludi GPS/GNSS linh hoat hon do hinh cua ludi trie dja truyen Uiong do cac diem ludi khdng can nhin thdng nhau. Can cu vao mue dich su dung, thdng thudng ed 4 phuong thue eo ban
thanh lap ludi Id lien kit diem;Jidn k i t canh; IN kit hon hgp eanh-dilm va lien k i t ludi.
b. LCdc tinh dO chfnh xac ludi
Theo nguyen ly do GPS/GNSS tuong dli, gia so tpa dp giua cae dilm dat may thu se dugc x^c djnh, tu dd cd the tinh dugc canh va phuong vj giua cac diem do. Neu coi day Id eac tri do dpc l§p, se udc tfnh dugc dp chfnh xac ludi GPS/GNSS dya tren thugt toan binh sat gian tilp quen thu§c.
Cd hai phuong phdp udc tfnh anh hudng eua In' trdn mat dat doi vdi dd chfnh xac dao thdng hli
bao gom: ^
• Udc tinh theo sai so hudng ngang diem cuoi chudi, tuc la lly SSTP hudng ngang diern cOa him cdn lai lam gid tri anh hudng sai so ludfi khong chl tren mgt dat ddi vdi do chfnh xdc hudng ngang dao thdng ham;
• Udc tinh theo sai so hudng ngang diem dao thdng ham, cdn ggi la phuong phap "e-lip sai s6 dilm khdng", lly anh hudng sai s l ludi khong chl tren mgt dat doi vdi do chinh xac hudng ngang dio thdng ham doi hudng la hinh chieu cua e-lip sai s^.
diem "khdng" tren mgt ddo thdng him dugc tfnfanii
theo cdng thCre: ^ | ! M^^E^cos^iV + F^sin^T (9) 3 i i
Trong dd: T - Gdc phuong vj cDa tme X khi lly ban t\ie Idn eua e-lip lam hudng khdi diu, 4'=360°-cpo; E, F, (po - Cac yeu to eua ellipse sal so tuong ho vj tri diem "khdng".
Sau khi udc tinh dO chinh xac ludi thiet ke cln so sdnh vdi dO chinh xac can thilt d l ed thi kltHii luan xem ludi thilt k l ed du dp chinh xac khdng hay can dilu chfnh.
3. Thi cong va XLP ly so lieu
Sau khi udc tinh dp ehinh xac ludi, tien hdnh triln khai thi cdng ludi GPS ngodi thyc dja vdi cdc npi dung ehinh sau day: chpn diem, chdn moctheo thilt ke; lap Ijch do; do dgc; XLP ly so lieu.
Quy trinh thanh lap ludi khIng chl mat bdng thi cdng dudng him bdng cdng ngh§ GPS/GNSS trdn ddy dugc minh hga theo so d l H.I.
4. Thifc nghiem
Md hinh thye nghidm Id mOt dudng him vira thing vOa cong cd hai cua ham la Ai va Ci dup'c chia 1dm 2 doan bdi gilng dung Gi, dogn him thing ddi khodng 2,2 km va dogn ham cong dai khodnh 1,3 km nhu hinh 2.
4.1. tf&c tinh do chfnh xac can thiet cua iw6fi Chpn he tnjc tpa dp cd dilm goc O trung dilm Al, true Y trung dudng noi gi&a hai eua ham, khi dd phdi dya vdo cdng thue dudng ham cong de tinh eho ea 2 dogn ham.
CONG NGHIEP MO, SO 2 - 2 0 1 6
b.MA HOC VA CONG NGHE MO
_gjm
Ky hidu cac nguon sai so anh hudng tdi dp chfnh xdc hudng ngang dao thdng ham doi hudng doan him AiGi la mn, mi2, m^, niis; cua dogn him G1C1 la m2i, m22, m24, m25. Khi dd sai so hudng ngang can thiet eua khong che tren mat dat la Mqmtj:
Vdi mii va mi2 dugc tfnh tu cdng thO-c tfnh SSTP tong hgp hudng ngang tai cho dao thdng ham doi hudng cua dudng ham cong:
Ml Vq1_
2 m-,1 +mi2 +mi3 +mi4 +mi5 (11) Ap dung nguyen tie anh hudng bdng nhau d l i vdi cdc ngudn sai so thanh phan, doan ham A1G1 dai 1,3 km nen Mqi=50 mm[1], suy ra:
"111 = (12)
H. 1. So do quy trinh thinh l$p Iwoi GPS phitc vy thi cdng dwong ham
Mqi ^ 50 _
\lt4 Vs"
Tuong ty vdi doan ham GiCita ed: m2i=17 mm.
Thay vao cdng thuc (10) cd: Mqmd=25 mm. Nhu v$y cln thanh tap ludi khong che mat bdng trdn mgt dat vdi sai sd hudng ngang khdng qua 25 mm.
4.2. Thiet ke do hinh liroi
Ludi khong c h l mat bang tren mat dat dy kiln dugc thanh lap bdng cdng nghd Gf^S vdi 5 may thu cua hang Trimble-My. Theo phan 2.1, tai cua ham va loi dao phu bit budc phai cd 3 dilm khIng che mgt bang; canh noi giua hai eua ham va loi dao phu phai dugc xac djnh vol dp chinh xac cao nhat, (tuc dugc do nhilu lln nhat).
Ti> cdc nguyen tae tren, ludi khong che tren mat dit can dugc thiet ke vdi cac dilm d hai cua ham va mi^ng gilng dung la Ai, Ci va Gi, cae diem i^nh hudng tai hai ci>a him vd gilng di>ng b l tri nhu hinh 2. Trong dd diem A2 va A3 la 2 diem djnh hudng cho diem Ai, dilm G2 vd G3 Id 2 dilm djnh hudng cho dilm Gi, dilm C2 va C3 la 2 diem dinh hudng eho diem Ci. Dilm djnh hudng phai nhin thay dilm d eCpa ham, diem d migng gilng du'ng vd khdng nhat thilt phdi thdng hudng vdi nhau. Cae diem djnh hudng nen cdch xa dilm ci>a him va dilm 0 midng gilng ft nhat la 300 m.
4.3. Tinh dieu kign dac trung luvi GPS Ap dung cae cdng thuc ti> 3 din 8, ta cd:
H.2. Md hinh dwd/ng ham Sd thdi doan do:
C = - = 3-
1)_
n.m 9.15/9 N ~ 5 ' Tong so dudng day:
, C . N . ( N - 1 ) 3.5.(5-
So difong day can ttiiet: Jct=n-1=9-1=8.
So difong day dgc lap: Ja=C(N-1)=3(5-1)=12.
So canh dif: Ja=C(N-1Hn-1)=3(5-1)-(9-1)=4.
So canti GPS trong mpt ttioi doan do cua do tiinh dong bp difpc tao ttianh Xis N may ttiu se la:
N.(N-1)_ 5(5-1)^
2 2
CONG NGHIEP MO, SO 2 - 2 0 1 6
KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE MO
rtnlir -,sol
H.3. So (To/uoi GPS So vong do d6ng bg it ntiat la:
T = J - ( N - 1 ) = (N-1)(N-2)
= 1 0 - ( 5 - 1 ) = 6 Nhu' vly, luoi diroc thi6t k4 3 ca do va c6 so dd nhif hinh H.3.
4.4. Wac tinh do chinh xac llfofi
Theo [1], udc tmh anh hirong sai so luoi tren mjt dat dSi v6i do chinh xac hu'dng ngang dSo th6ng ham doi hudng theo phuong phap "eJip sai so diem khSng" co dg chinh xac tot hon. Ket qu3 udc tinh theo phuong phap nay d6i voi luoi GPS thiet ke trinh bSy trong Bang 1.
Bang 1. Sai so vi tri diem luvi GPS Stt
1 2 3 4 5 6 7,.
o » .-9 10 M:
m m
T8n dilm A, Az A3 G, G2 G3 ,;-ritiCr. "'^
C2 C3 P,A PiG P2G P2C
" ^ ( m ) " ~ * 2324128,5 2323789,5 2323748.0 2325304,0 2325712,5 2324794.0
©327420,5 2327640,5 2327078,5 2324716.5 2324716,5 2326362,5 2326362,5
Y(m) 502148,0 501716,5 501990,0 501414,0 501444,5 501715,5 501977.9,1 501535,0 501789,5 501781,0 501781,5 501695,5 501695,5
mx (mm)
2,3 2,4 2,0 3,0 2,8 ,1 2,0
2,7 2,8 1,6 2,5 2,3 2,3
my (mm) 2,9 2,1 2,4 2,8 2,8 3,7
* 4,3 3,9 2,6 3,7 . 4,9
5,6'
mp (mm) 3,7 3,2 3,1 4,1 4,0 4,2 5,1 4,8 3,1 4,S J:3.4
•6ff
Ghi ehu Cua ham
Gilng dung
Cua ham Diem dao thdng Dilm ddo thdng Diem dao thdng Dilm ddo thdng Sang 2. E-lip sai so twong hd vi tri diem dao
thdng him
|Cilm1 1 P1A 1 P2G
{liem 2 PIG P2C
E, mm 4,9 6,9
F.mm 2,7 3,0
<k.(o-) 342 03 20,9 354 53 24,2
niq, mn"
4,7 6,9
Ket qua udc tinh cho thay, ludi GPS thilt ke di dp chfnh xac theo yeu cau.
4.5. Do dgc vi xw ly s6 lieu thiPC nghiem Ludi thuc nghiem dugc do tren md hinh tai khu vuc dd thj mdi My Dinh bang 5 may thu GPS (3 may Trimble R3 va 2 may Trimble 4600LS).
1
Bang 3. Kit qua binh sai luoi GPS
—
stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Ten diem A, A2 A3 G, G2 G3
c,
C2 C3
T ^ d Q s a u binh sai ''""' X(m).h..,
^412S.S'I77 2323789,4756 2323748,0282 2325304,0000 23257131,3322 2324^30216 2327421,8467 2327640,5342 2327078,5697
Y(m) • : 502148.1481' 501716.4060 501989.8016 501414.0000 501444.5244 501715.5970 501976.9316 501534.9096 501789.4522
' Sais6 mxlmiti)
1,0 2.4 1.8 1,7 2,8 1,1 1,8 1,9
mv (mm) 1,0 2,5 1,9 2,5 3,7 1,1 1,9 1,9
mo (mm) 1,4 3,5 2,6 3,0 4,6 1,6 2,6 2,7
Ghi chu
Fixed
CfiNG NGHIEP MO, SO 2-2016
nriuA HOC VA CONG NGHE MO
_l2[5l
Tiln hanh do 3 ca, mli ca 60 phut, eac thdng so khi do so vdi dilu kign Igp Ijch deu tot {sd ve tinh ludn
>6, PD0P<5) [3]. Su dgng phan mem GPS TBC (Trimble Business Center) d l xu ly so ligu do, cdc canh trong ludi de ed Idi giai tot nen tien hdnh binh sai iu'di. Trong ludi cd (Sim Gi ed tpa dp nhd nu'de nen lay lam dilm goc, kit qua binh sai neu d Bang 3.
Nhgn xet: kit qua binh sai ludi GPS vd kit qua udc tinh ludi tuong doi sat nhau, sai lech khdng dang ke cho thay tac dyng eua viec udc tinh ludi trudc khi do. Ludi mgt bdng xay dung dudng him thanh lap bdng GPS cho dp chfnh xac cao, sai s l vj tri diem nhd hon rat nhieu so vdi sai so cho phep. Vi day la md hinh dudng hdm nen khdng tfnh chuyen ve hg tpa dg cdng trinh.
5. Ket luan
• Thanh lap ludi mgt bang trdn mat dat trong thi cdng dudng him bang cdng nghd GPS nen tuan thu theo dOng quy trinh d l ludi dam bao dO chinh xac theo yeu cau;
• c l n udc tfnh ludi GPS trudc khi tiln hdnh do dac ludi;
• Ludi mat bang tren mat dat trong xdy dung dudng him khdng nhiing dam bao dp ehfnh xac ma cdn cd Igi ve thdi gian va chi phf.n
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1 Phan Van Hiln, 2014. Trac dja cdng trinh dudng ham, NXB Xdy dyng.
2 Phgm Quoe Khdnh, 2007. Nghidn cuu ung dung cdng nghe mdi trong trie dja cdng trinh dudng ham, Lugn van Thgc sT Ky friudt. Dai hpc Md-Dja chat.
3 Tran Viet TuIn vd nnk, 2007. Nghidn cuu ung dung GPS trong trie dja cdng trinh. D l tdi NCKH cap Bd, ma so 62005-36-75.
Nguxribien tap: V6 Chi My
In underground construction, the lateral error of cut-through play an important role.
The value of this error is depended on the quality of control network on the earth surface. The GPS/GNSS control network is more and more applicated for underground construction, however, until now there is no standarded procedure on its establishment.
The research results on the GPS/GNSS control network establishment procedure have been presented in this paper.
NGHIEN CUU xir LY...
(Tiip theo trang 31)
cdc chf tieu deu dat c^t A, ridng Pb vd Mn chf dgt cOt B (chat tugng nLPoe thai duyc phep xa vdo nguon nu'de khdng dung cho mgc dich cap nude sinh hoat).n
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Dgng Dinh Kim va nnk (1998). Su dung cac chat hap phu sinh hgc d l xir 1>? d nhilm CR, Ni va Pb trong nudc thai cdng nghigp. Hdi nghi Cdng nghg Sinh hgc todn quIc. Ha Ndi.
2. Kunwar P. Singh, Anjn K. Singh, Shikha Gupta, Sarita Sinha, "Optimization of Cr(Vl) reduction by zero-valent bimetallic nanoparticles usingthe response surface modeling approach".
Desalination 270 (2011) 275-284.
3. Le Due va nnk (2011). Nghidn cuu chl tao vat lidu Fe nano bang phuong phap dung bohidma (NaBhU) khu muoi sat II (FeS04.7H20), Tgp chi Khoa hgcDHQGHN, Khoa hpc T\jf nhien va Cdng nghe 27.
4. Pham Chi Cudng (2012). Xi> ly chit thai trong ngdnh cdng nghigp Thep Viet Nam. Tap chi Khoa hoc va Cdng nghd- So 10. 6/2012.
5. Mai Trpng Ba va nnk (2015). Ho so D l tdi
"Nghien cuu cdng nghe xu ly hda chat du va kim logi ngng trong nudc thdi cCia eac co sd nghien cuu thyc nghiem luyen kim". Vidn Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe Md-Luyen kim. Ha Npi.
6. Tran Van Nhdn, Ngd Thj Nga (2006). Giao trinh cdng nghd xu ly nudc thdi. NXB Khoa hoc vd Kythuat. HaNpi.
7. Vd Anh Khue (2010). Nghien cuu phuong phap keo tu didn hda k i t hgp vdi vl dign hda de xu ly cdc ion kim logi ngng vd florua trong nudc thai.
Khoa Cdng nghe Hda hpc, Trudng Cao dang Cdng nghiep Tuy Hda, Phu Yen.
Nguvi bien tap: Trin Van Trgch
Currently the majority of wastewater from pilot metallurgical facilities is either untreated or treated only by simple methods. This paper introduces a stidy on removal of residue chemicals and heavy metals in wastewater of ti^ical pilot metallurgical facility. It was found that two types of reducing agents FeS04.7HzO 12,5 % and Nano Fe° were efficient and economical in the
CtNGN6HlEPM6,$tf2-2016