D AO TAG d r N H A N LUAl d Vl&r NAM
TRUCJC NHOKfG THACH THlTC CUA H(^I N H A P QUdc li
1. Hpi nhap quoc te - nhung thuan lpi va thach thvc doi vdi cong tac dko t^o cu*
nhan iuat if Vift Nam l.l, Thugn lgi
Thu nhdt, hpi nhgp qudc td tgo digu kien dg CO sd ddo tao cii nhan lugt md rgng khd nang thiet lap cdc quan hg hgp tdc, trao ddi trong nghien cuu va gidng day vdi cdc ca sd ddo tgo cii nhan ludt cua nudc ngoai.
Hgp tdc cd the diln ra trong khuon khd thyc hien nhung cdng trinh nghien ciiu khoa bpc phap li cd lidn quan tdi nhigu he thdng phdp Iuat md cac bgn quan tdm. Kgt qua nghign Cliu se dugc khai thdc vd su dung mdt each cd lgi nhat cho cdc bgn. Hgp tdc ciing co the diln ra trong ITnh vuc giang dgy lugt thdng qua viec thiet ke cac khod hgc ve lugt nudc ngoai, do chinh giang vign ludt ciia nudc cd lign quan true tilp gidng dgy. Nhiing khod hgc ndy cd khd nang cung cdp nhigu kign thuc quy bdu vi gidng vien lugt nudc ngodi CO sy hieu biet sdu sac ve mdng phdp ludt co lign quan ciia qudc gia minh va cd nhung van dg mang tinh thdi su chua kjp hogc khd cap nhgt vdo sdch vd. Hgp tac trong ITnh vuc gidng day cdn co thg tien hdnh bdng cdch cdc ben trao ddi sinh vien, giri sinh vien sang quoc gia co hgp tdc de theo hgc mdt sd mdn hoc ludt hogc mpt vai hgc ki tuy theo su thod thugn v l xdy dung chuong trinh hgp tac dao tgo md hai bdn da thdng nhdt.
PGS.TS. NGUYiN THIANH VAN * Thdng qua quan he hgp tdc, trao ddi noi trdn, cdc co sd ddo tgo trong nudc cd digu kipn d l bpc tgp, vgn dyng kinh nghipm, phuong phdp nghiep vy va kT nang chuyen mdn ciia ddi tdc nudc ngodi, nhd do, cdng tdc ddo tgo cii nhdn lugt eua Viet Nam cd digu kign de timg budc tiep cdn vd theo kjp trinh dp ddo tgo tien tien ciia cac nude phdt trien tren thg gidi.
TPta hai, hpi nhdp qudc tl tgo digu kipn tiiugn lgi cho viec chudn hod, hien dgi hod vd da dgng hod chdt lugng dao tao vd nghign ciiu luat.
Trong su vang bdng eiia hgi nhap qude te, cdc CO sd ddo tao ludt khd cd digu kien giao luu, tim higu ve cdng tde dao tgo ludt da, dang va se dien ra d cdc qudc gia tign tien. Co chdng, cdc ea sd ndy chi cd thg tham khao kinh nghiem dao tao ludt ciia nudc ngodi thdng qua sdch, bdo vdi nhiing thdng tin co thg phidn dign hoac phdn dnh quan digm, each nhin nhgn ca nhdn ciia tdc gid bdi viet... vi vdy, Idm mdt di tinh khdch quan ciia thyc tien ddo tao da vd dang dien ra d nudc ngoai. Dg ndng cao chdt lugng ddo tao Iuat trong bdi cdnh do, cdc co sd dao tgo lugt se phdi "md mdm" dd tim chudn muc vg ddo tao va kho cd dugc thudc do chudn xdc tiic thi ma cdn cd thdi gian kilm nghiem tren thyc tl. Ngugc Igi, thdng qua hgi nhgp qudc tl, CO hdi tim hilu v l chudn myc trong
* Giang vien chinh Trung tSm luSt so sinh Tnidng Bai hpe Lu§t HA Npi
ddo tgo lugt, ldm sao dl hi^n dgi hod vd da dgng hod chdt lugng ddo tgo vd nghien cuu ludt Id vipc ldm khdng mdy khd khdn. Khdo sdt thyc tidn cdng tdc ddo tao lugt ciia cdc qudc gia tign tiln bdng cdch cii cdc dodn chuyen gia trong nudc di tham quan, hgc hdi tgi ede CO sd ddo tgo ludt nudc ngodi; ki ket thod thuan vl hpp tdc ddo tgo; thilt lap quan h§ hgp tdc Idu ddi trong ITnh vyc ddo tgo luat vdi cdc ca sd ddo tao cii nhan lugt c6 tieng trgn till gidi... Id nhung budc di hipu qud dg cd the xac djnh chudn myc ddo tgo tien tiln vd ndng cao chdt lugng ddo tgo md khdng mdt nhilu thdi gian vd cdng sire nhu trudng hgp cac co sd ddo tgo ludt trong nudc ty "dd tim" vd xdc dinh chudn mye dao tgo cho rigng minh.
Nhu vdy, hdi nhdp qudc te tgo dieu kipn thudn Icri cho cdc co sd ddo tgo cu nhdn lugt tim higu, bpc boi de phdt trign cong tdc ddo tgo eii nhan ludt vdi quy md, chdt lugng vd hieu qud eao. Sdn pham eiia cdng tdc dao tgo trong bdi eanh hpi nhap dd se la nguon nhdn iyc manh, dii siic ddp iing nhiing thdch thiic ngay eang tang cua tidn trinh h$i nhgp quoc te.
1.2. Thdch thac
Tha nhdt, ca sd ddo tao ludt cdn c6 ddi mdi cdn bdn dg ddm bdo sdn phdm dao tao cua minh co du kha ndng ldm vipc trong mdi trudng todn cau hod.
Ngay nay, sinh vign lugt sau khi tdt nghiep trudng dai hpe phdi duong ddu vdi the gidi mdi: do la su xuat hipn ciia cdc kilu quan hp kinh te, chinh tri mdi giiia cdc qudc gia song song vdi su thay ddi trong kit cdu xd hpi.
Phdp ludt vdi tu cdch Id be thdng trgt tu xd hdi cung bj anh hudng bdi nhiing thay ddi ndy, do do, ddo tgo lugt, vdi tu cdch Id budc khdi ddu dl cd thl tgo ra luc lugng lao dgng
trong nghi ludt ciing cdn dugc thilt kl sao cho cd thl ddp img dugc nhihig thach tiiirc ndy sinh tir sy ddi thay dd.
Xu thl toan cdu hod vd hgi nhdp kinh tg qu6c tl dd md ra ca hpi dl phdt triln thi trudng djch vy phdp li. Hdnh nghi lugt trgn pham vi quoc tl se phat tridn mgnh, d§c biet trdn cdc ITnh vyc: hgp ddng cd ylu to nudc ngodi, ddu tu nudc ngodi, giao dich ngdn hang mang tinh qudc tl, boat dgng chdng dgc quyln, trgng tdi thuang mgi, ke khai thud, giao djch thuong mgi vugt qua bidn gidi qu6c gia. Sd di nhu cau mdi ndy sinh Id vi cdc co sd kinh doanh, cdc ben giao kgt hgp ddng trong giao djch dugc thilt lap vugt ra khdi bien gioi quoc gia se phdi tuan thu nhieu he thdng phap ludt. Vi Id dd, cdc cdng ti da quoc gia vd cac ben giao kit hgp ddng xuyen quoc gia se phdi ndm bdt dugc nhihig thay ddi trong chinh sdch, phdp ludt ciia cdc chinh phii hiiu quan eiing nhu xu hudng thj trudng d nhirng quoc gia, noi ma hg thyc hien boat dgng kinh doanh.
Thyc te ndy ddi hdi cdc ludt gia ldm viec troi^
cdng ti phdi cd khd nang truyen tai tiidng tin ve cdc hp thdng phdp ludt hiiu quan, phai lam gidm thidu tdi mure cd the nhiing sy cdch biet ve kinh nghidm, truygn thdng, tgp quan vd the che ciia cdc qudc gia co lidn quan.
Nhu vay, qud trinh hgi nhdp da ldm nay sinh nhu cdu djch vy phdp Ii xuyen quoc gia.
De ddp ling dugc nhu cdu ndy, doi hdi nguoi cung cdp dich vu phap li khong chi phdi nam bdt tdt kiln thiic vl he thdng phdp ludt quoc gia minh ma cdn phdi ldm chii dugc cd ITnh vuc phdp luat cd lien quan cua mdt sd quoc gia md minh cung iing djch vy, ciing nhu can am hilu vl nhiing nin van hod phap li khac nhau tren thl gidi. Hdnh nghi ludt d cdng ti
Iuat cd nhigu chi nhdnh tren pham vi qudc te, lam vigc d bd phdn phdp chl ciia cdng ti vd d td chiic tu vdn dd trd thanh hogt ddng nghi nghiep quan trgng ciia gidi ludt su, the hidn nhu cdu phdt triln tilm tdng trong ITnh vyc nghe ludt. Sy qudc te bod phdp lugt vd vdn hod phdp li dang ngdy cdng tang ldn ciing lam thay ddi dieu kien hogt d0ng ciia ludt su d phgm vi qudc td. Vi le do, cdc co sd ddo tao ludt cdn cd nhiing chuygn bien can bdn cd ve npi dung vd phuang phdp giang dgy de ddo tao dugc nhiing cOr nhdn lugt tuong lai, cd khd nang Idm viec trong mdi trudng toan cau bod vd hdi nhgp kinh td qudc tg, ddp iing dugc ygu cau mdi ndy sinh. Ndi cdch khdc, ddo tao iuat phai cd nhiing thay ddi mang tinh dot phd nhdm ddm bdo sdn phdm ddo tgo dap ling dugc yeu cdu hdi nhdp.
Tha hai, qud trinh hgi nhdp quoc te con dat cac CO sd ddo tgo lugt d Viet Nam trudc siie ep canh tranh tii phia cdc co sd ddo tao cii nhan ludt ciia nudc ngodi.
Cae CO sd dao tgo dgi hoc noi chung va dao tao cii nhan lugt noi rigng d nhieu qudc gia phat trign nhu Hoa Ky, Anh, Australia, Canada, Phdp, Diic, Nhgt Bdn... cd bl ddy Ijch Sli trong cdng tdc ddo lao dgi hoc ndi chung vd ddo tgo cii nhdn ludt ndi rigng. O cdc qudc gia nay, trudng dai bpc thudng c6 chat lugng gidng day cao, thg bien d npi dung chuang trinh gidng dgy tien tign, thigt bj va phuang phdp gidng day hien dgi, dpi ngu giang vign dugc ddo tao bdi bdn cd ve kiln thiic chuygn mdn vd kT ndng su phgm;
ddng thdi chi phi ddo tao ma cdc trudng dua ra d miic dd chap nhdn dugc, do dd eae co sd ddo tgo dgi hgc noi chung vd co sd ddo tao cic nhdn lugt ndi rieng d cdc qudc gia nay
dd vd dang thu hiit dugc lugng khdng nhd sinh vien nudc ngodi trong dd cd sinh vign Vigt Nam theo hge.*"
Dd din liic phdi nhin nhdn cdc co sd ddo tgo ludt nhu nhihig doa ih nghiep, kinh doanh trong ITnh vuc ddo tgo. Hipn tugng du hpe cua sinh vien Id duong nhien d bdt cir qudc gia ndo, xudt phdt til mdt sd li do nhu: Mgl la ngudi du hgc muon tim kidm mdi trudng ddo tao tdt hem mdi trudng trong nudc, vdi npi dung ddo tgo thiet thuc, phuang phdp ddo tgo hien dai, trang thidt bi phye vu cdng tac ddo tgo tien tign vdi ki vgng sau khi tdt nghiep se cd kign tbiic chuygn mdn viing vdng, ddp iing nhu cau cdng viec trong thdi dai mdi (nhdm I); hai la ngudi du hoc mudn md mang tim hieu biet khdng chi ve ITnh vuc chuygn ngdnh hep md minh se theo hoc d nudc ngodi ma con muon khdm phd ve dat nudc, con ngudi, nen van hod... ciia ddt nudc md hg djnh du hpe (nhdm 2). Tuy nhien, neu nhin nhdn dudi goc dd kinh doanh ddo tao, du bgc thye chdt Id hien tugng dg mdt thi phan sang.cdc co sd ddo tao nudc ngodi. Neu clidt lugng dao tgo troi^ nude tdt, Viet Nam ed thg thu hiit dugc ngudi du hoc thudc nhom 1, khi dd ti le thi phdn bj mat se thu hep lai vi chi bao gdm nhdm 2.
Cd le da dgn liic cdc ca sd ddo tao ludt cua Viet Nam ciing can thu hiit luu hoc sinh ngudi nudc ngodi tdi du hgc. Viec ldm ndy dem Igi it nhdt hai lgi ich khd c6 thl phu nhgn. Mgt Id eac ca sd ddo tgo lugt ciia Viet Nam CO thdm thu nhdp tir hpe phi eiia cdc luu hge sinh tdi hgc tgi Viet Nam. Vdi tu cdch Id chu thg kinh doanh trong ITnh vuc ddo tgo, ngudn thu nhdp tilm tdng tir hogt ddng ddo tao Id vdn dg cdn dugc suy tinh mdt cdch nghiem tiic de khai thac ngudn luc TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 10/2012
tai chinh do, biln tiem ndng thdnh hien thyc.
Hai la thu hiit ngudi nudc ngodi tdi Vipt Nam du hgc cdn Id co h0i dl chiing ta qudng bd vl hinh dnh Vipt Nam, vl ddt nudc, truyin thong vdn bod-lich sii vd con ngudi Vipt Nam. Y)k dgt dugc myc tigu nay, nhiing qudc gia phdt triln nhu Nhdt Bdn, Australia, Canada, Thuy Diln... da phdi bd ngudn kinh phi khdng nho tir ngan sdch nhd nudc dl cap hgc bong cho sinh vidn nudc ngodi khi dgn nudc minh du bpc. Tuy Vipt Nam khdng thg dimg ngdn sdch nhd nudc de dgt dugc muc tigu tren nhung ngu co sd ddo tgo Iuat ciia Viet Nam co the thu hiit dugc sinh vien nudc ngoai bang ehinh uy tin dao tgo ciia minh (du vdi sd lugng khiem tdn ban so vdi thu hiit bdng cap hgc bdng) se khdng chi tdng them ihi phan vd thu nhdp cho chinh cdc co sd dao lao md eon tao thgm ca bdi dg qudng bd binh dnh ciia Viet Nam ldi cdc qudc gia khdc tren thg gidi.
2. Giai phap cho dao tgo cir nhSn luat d Viet Nam trvdc thach tbirc cua hpi nhgp quoc te
Xu hudng loan cau hod vd hgi nhdp kinh te qudc lg se dan den hang logt he qua doi vdi quan he kinh doanh, vdi cdu tnic cdng ti, vdn dl nhdp cu vd quan he qudc tl. Sy phdt triln kinh tg tren pham vi todn cdu se tgo ra nhung thj trudng mdi vd quan hp thuong mgi mdi.
Thuc lien ndy cdnh bdo vl lugt le mdi vd nhu cdu mdi vl chuygn gia phdp li dugc ddo tgo bdi ban de lu vdn cho cd chinh phu vd doanh nghiep vk cdc chl dp phdp li mdi dang ndy sinh u-gn pham vi qudc te. Ddi mat vdi hipn tugng loan cdu hod vl kinh tl vd hdnh nghi ludt, cac nhd qudn li ddo tgo ludt se phdi nhanh chdng lien hdnh loan cdu hod hoat
dgng dao tao lugt. Vipc lam nay can dugc thyc hipn d6i vdi cd chuang trinh va phuong phdp ddo tao, cd chii y ldi vipc nang cao kign thiic cimg nhu nghipp vy su phgm ciia gidng vien nhdm dam bdo sdn phdm dao tgo cd thl
"bdn chay" trgn thj trudng lao dgng nghe lugt
"khd tinh" trong dieu kipn mdi.
Nhu dd phan tich, dnh hudng ciia xu thl qudc tl hod vd hgi nhgp da lam cho gidi hdnh nghe ludt d Viet Nam cung rtiiu d bat cii quoc gia nao deu phdi tu duy ve ludt theo kilu gidm bdt tinh qudc gia va tdng linh qudc te. Cdc yeu td nudc ngodi trong cac giao djch thucmg mai m^c dii van hipn hihi nhung nay dd trd ndn quan trgng ban vdi sir gia tdng nhanh chdng trong ddu tu qudc te.
Ngay ndy, nhieu doanh nghipp Id doanh nghigp da qudc gia vdi cac co sd sdn xuat dgt d mdt qudc gia, cdc Ihiet bj cdng nghe thdng tin dat d qudc gia thii hai, trong khi do try sd chinh va cdc van phdng dgi dipn Iai ddt d qudc gia thii ba, thii tu... Trong boi cdnh dd, phdp ludt ddng vai tro quan trpng va nhu cdng cu tgo dieu kien thudn lgi cho hogt dgng kinh doanh vd dinh ra khudn kho phdp li cho cdng ti da qudc gia hogt ddng.
Cdc dieu udc qudc te song phucmg vd da phuong da hgp thdnh khudn khd phdp Iuat digu chinh hogt dgng thuang mgi vd ddu tu qudc tg. Dieu nay ciing cd nghTa rdng thuong mgi qudc id ve djch vu phap li se ngdy cang ' chidm uu the lrong thdi gian tdi. Ddo tgo luat - ITnh vyc boat dgng cung cdp ngudn nhan lye cho nghg lugt, vi vdy ciing phdi thay doi de dap iing nhu cau thyc lien. Ben canh kien Ihiic vg hp thdng phap ludt ciia rieng minh, cae tot nghigp sinh cdn phdi co: I) kien thutc ve van de xa hgi, mdi trudng va kinh tg ciia
qudc gia co hd thdng phdp lugl lign quan.
Kiln Ihiie nay dam bdo cho cdc l6l nghidp sinh cd thg lam viec higu qud trong mdi trudng qudc Id boa nghe Iuat, cd the giiip do cdc khdch hang eiia minh ddnh gid va qudn li nhiing rui ro phdp li cd khd ndng xdy ra; 2) kl ndng ddm phdn va soan thdo hgp ddng cho cdc ddi tae kinh doanh khdng din tir ciing ngn van hod phdp li. Vdi kT ndng ndy, tot nghiep sinh co thg giup khdch hdng ddm phdn va thigt lap eac giao dich xuyen qudc gia; 3) du kien thiic ve lugt so sdnh, lugt qudc tg va vg nhiing van dd qudc tg cdn thiet dg cd thg tu vdn cho khdch hdng va cdc ben CO lien quan ve nhiing ngu y phdp lugl qudc te vd qudc gia didu chinh nhiing hanh vi ciia cae chu thd vugt qua bien gidi qudc gia; 4) CO du kien thiic ve dgo diic nghi nghiep dk hieu trach nhiem ciia ngudi hanh nghe lugt khi cung cdp djch vu tu van phdp li xuyen quoc gia. Cdc ludt su tuong lai can nhgn thiie dugc rang y kien tu van va hdnh ddng cua minh se dnh hudng rtiiu thl ndo tdi khdch hdng vd ldi nhiing giao djeh eiia hg, tir do cd trdch nhigm nghe nghiep hon trong qud trinh hdnh nghg. Trdch nhiem ndy khdng ehi bo hep trong mdi quan ldm vl lgi ich ciia khdch hang ma c6n phdi chii y den ca dnh hudng tdi mdi trudng, tdi xa hdi bdi hdnh vi md khdch hang thyc hign trgn co sd y kien tu van.
De trang bj eac cii nhdn M l tuang lai khdi kien thiic tren, cdc co sd ddo tgo lugt cdn tien hdnh mgl sd budc di sau:
Mdt la chuong trinh ddo tgo cii nhan lugl can tang thgm cdc mdn hoc ty chgn, mdn cung cap kl nang hdnh nghe lugt co ban va mdn hpe vg dgo diic ngudi hdnh nghe lugt.
Xu thg canh tranh theo hudng chuygn
mdn hod lrong hdnh nghg ddi hdi chuong Irinh gidng dgy ciia cdc co sd ddo tao ludt phdi tdng thgm nhigu mdn hgc tu chgn, bao gom cd nhiing mdn hoc khdng truyin thdng vd mdn hpe mang tlnJ- todn cdu, xdt vg cd phucmg dipn lgi ich vd tinh thyc lien md mdn bgc dem lgi. Ciing vdi vide da dgng hod mdn ly chpn, cdn ldng gid thdo lugn cho moi mdn bgc dd de sinh vien co co hgi trao ddi, khai Ihac cdc khia cgnh khdc nhau cua mdn hgc chir khdng chi thuan tuy nghe gidng mpt cdch thy ddng. CJ Hoa Ky, vdo dau nhirng nam 90 cua thg ki XX, trudc siic ep ciia tien trinh todn cdu hod, mot so khoa ludt da di theo hudng ndy vd thigt kd nhiing mdn hgc nhu: Ludt phap, luong tdm vd khdng sii dung bgo luc, chu nghTa tich cyc phdp li va su khdc biet vg gidi, ve van bod vd quyen con ngudi theo phap luat qudc tg. Viec dua thgm nhidu mdn hgc ty chpn vdo ehuong trinh dao tgo sg tgo digu kien de sinh vign md rgng kien thirc, khdm phd nhiing ITnh vuc mdi trong khoa bgc phdp li.
Song song vdi viee md rdng kidn thiic cho ngudi hge, cdc co sd dao tgo ludt cdn can trang bi cho cir nhan lugl tucmg lai nhiing kT ndng ldi thieu trong hanh nghg iuat nhu kT ndng ddm phdn, soan thdo hgp ddng.
0 Diic, vide ldm ndy da dugc chii trgng lrong cugc cdi cdch ddo tao ludt nam 2002 vd Ihuc lien cho thay nudc Dire da di diing hudng.^^' Ddi vdi Viet Nam, dl ldm dugc dieu dd, mpt mgt can dua vdo chuong trinh gidng day ludt nhimg khod hoc dudi dgng Ii thuyet di ddi vdi thuc hanh dl co the cung cdp nhiing kT nang nghe nghiep ldi thieu ndi tren cho sinh vign. Cd thl timg budc thanh ldp van phdng thyc hanh nghi ludt phi lgi TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 10/2012
nhudn tgi moi co sd ddo tgo lugl de tao dieu kipn cho sinh vign tilp cgn vdi cdng vipc thyc tl ngay tir khi cdn ngoi trgn ghe nhd trudng. Hogt dgng thyc lien ndy sg giiip tot nghiep sinh bill vgn dyng kT ndng hdnh nghi mgt each thdnh thgo sau khi ra Irudng song song vdi kT ndng vgn dyng li thuyet vdo thyc tiln. Mat khdc, gidng vign ddm nhiem vi$c gidng day cdc mdn kT ndng nghg nghipp cung can cd su chgn lpe vd phdi Id ngudi dd, dang hdnh nghi trgn thuc tg ehii khdng thl Id ngudi nghien ciiu thuan tuy. Cudi ciing, can nhgn thirc dugc ring kT ndng nghe nghidp khdng ehi duge trang bj cho sinh vign thdng qua cdc mdn hgc ve kT ndng md con thdng qua phuong phdp ma cdc co sd ddo tgo khai tilde va Sii dung trong qud trinh gidng dgy lugt. Kinh nghiem ciia Hoa Ky dd minh chiing cho nhdn djnh tren.* '
Bgn canh do, dgo diic nghe nghiep khdng chi Id phdm chdt cdn cd d tham phan, cdng td vien vd luat su chuyen nghiep ma cdn can cd d bdt ki cii nhdn ludt ndo hoat dgng nghe nghiep, dii Id bdn chuygn nghiep. Chinh vi vdy, mdn hoc vd dao diic nghg nghiep cdn phdi dua vdo chuang trinh ddo tao cii nhan ludt chii khdng chi cdn dua vao chuang trinh dgy nghi. Li do la trong sd cdc boat dpng ngbl nghiep, lu vdn phdp luat Id hogt dpng dugc cung cdp mot cdch chuygn nghiep (tu cdc van phdng lugl su, cdc cdng ti ludt) vd khdng chuygn nghiep (tir nhiing ngudi cd bdng cu nhdn lugl nhung khdng nhdt thilt phdi cd chimg chi hdnh nghi lugl su). Khi hogt ddng ngbl nghiep cd thl dugc thuc hien mgt each rpng rdi bdi bdt eir ai co bing cir nhdn ludt, viec trang bi dgo dire ngbl nghidp cho cdc cir nhdn ludt Id vdn dk cdn dugc thuc
hien nghidm tiic, triet de dl gidm thilu nii ro c6 the xdy ra cho cdc chii thg hiiu quan.
Hai Id cdc co sd dao tgo luat can thilt kl chuang trinh ddo tgo lien ngdnh.
D I ddo tgo dugc cdc lugt gia luang Iai ddp ling ygu cdu hgi nhgp qudc tl cdng tac ddo tgo lugt can ldm sao dl cac tdt nghipp sinh c6 sy nhgy cam vd hilu bilt ve su khac biet giO'a cdc nin vdn hod phdp Ii khae nhau;
cd khd ndng giiip khdch hang ciia minh hieu vd ddnh gid duge h^ qua thyc tien ciia cdc vdn dl phdp li ma hg gdp phdi va tdi thigu hod he qud tigu cue. Dao tgo ludt cdn phdi trang bj kT ndng cho sinh vign de sinh vien tu tim ra gidi phap phdp li, cd khd nang giam thieu nii ro va dem lgi lgi ich kmh doartii cho khach hdng ciia minh. Dieu dd cd nghTa la ngodi nhiing kign thitc tigu chudn ve luat trong nude, sinh vien iuat cdn cdn hoc cd nhiing ngii cdnh xa hgi, mdi trudng van boa vd kinh te nudc ngoai ma d do phdp lugt van hdnh. DO vai trd mdi ciia luat gia Id chiec cau ndi giiia cdc he thdng phdp ludt qudc gia, cdc bac gido dye dudi dgi hgc ciing cdn chii trgng tdi cdc kien thirc ve van hod, Ijeh sii va thgm chi cd kien thiic vg quan he qudc te.
Tuy nhien, cdc bgc ddo tgo phd thdng trang bi cho ngudi hgc ve khdi kign thiic do cdn qua ngheo ndn, do vgy cae khoa ludt cd the dua them cdc mdn hgc khdng thugc chuyen ngdnh luat vdo chuang trinh ddo tgo luat co ban; hoae eo the theo xu hudng dao tgo cii rtiidn lign ngdnh de bd sung kidn thiic can thiel cho ngudi hgc. Nghien cim va xay dung chuong trinh ddo tao lien ngdnh nham cung cdp kien thiic khoa hoc rdng ldn ddng thdi vdi dao tao kT nang chuyen nganh hep cho ngudi Cling Id gidi phdp can chii trgng.
Ba Id cdn chii trpng tdi khdi kien thirc vg Iuat qudc te, ludt so sdnh vd dua nhiing mdn hgc ndy vao danh muc mdn hge bat huge trong chuang trinh ddo tgo cir nhdn ludt
Viec truygn bd kign thiic ve luat quoc tg vd ludt so sdnh ngdy cang trd nen quan trgng vi loan eau hod nen kinh lg eang lan rdng, siic ep ve hdi hod hod phdp ludt giua cae quoe gia cdng lang. Han niia, kien thiic ve lugl va truygn thdng phap lugt trgn the gidi se Id ldi sdn cd gid tri cho cdc luat su lucmg lai. Co sd ddo lao ludt khdng nhat thiet phdi thigt kg tat ca cdc khod bpc ve lugt nudc ngodi nhung c6 the phdt trign chuang trinh gidng dgy co khd nang giup sinh vien cd dugc nhiing kiln tiiiic ve Ijch Sli vd su phat trign cua cdc nin vdn hod phap li khdc nhau. Day id kiln tiiitc quan trpng, giiip ngudi hgc hieu biet day dii hem ve nhiing chinh sach "an ndu" ddng sau phdp ludt ciia cac qudc gia md hg quan ldm. Co sd ddo tao lugt ciing cdn cung cdp kign tbiic tdng quan ve cac truygn thdng phdp lugt tren till gidi vi thieu kign tbiic ndy co thl ngudi hgc se higu sai mpt each cdn ban vg nhiing he thdng phap ludt khdc nhau.
Ngay cd cae qudc gia phdt triln nhu Hoa Ky vd Nhgt Ban, trudc siic ep ciia tiln Irinh hpi nhdp qudc tg cung da phdi tdng cudng nhiing mdn hpe vd ludt qudc te vd ludt so sanh vao chuong trinh ddo tgo eii nhan ludt.
Ci Hoa Ky, lir giua thdp ki thir 9 cua thl ki XX, Hipp hdi cdc khoa lugt Hoa Ky da Id chiic nhilu cudc hdi thdo, tpa ddm d l bdn v l dnh hudng ciia todn cdu hod vd hdi nhgp qudc l l tdi chuang trinh dao tgo ludt truyin thdng. Cung trong giai doan do, nhilu khoa lugl da dua cac vdn d l qudc l l vdo chuong trinh giang day, v/ du: tKilt k l khod hgc ldng quan trong nam tbii nhdt d l gidi thieu vdi
sinh vien ve the gidi phdp luat; nhiing mdn bpc nhu: gidi thipu ve phdp luat hay phuong phdp phdp li... Cling dugc dua vdo gidng day de giiip sinh vign ldm quen vdi phdp lugt quoc gia tren li tiiuyet vd trong thuc tien dp dyng. Nhiing khod hpe kigu ndy da dugc phdt trign rgng vd bao qudt cd vipc gidi Ihipu long quan vg lugt quoc tg vd ludt so sdnh.^'''
Tir ndm 2004, Nhgt Ban ciing tidn hdnh cdi each ddo tgo lugt vd dd quygt djnh tang them tinh thyc tien vd tinh qudc tg cho chuong trinh ddo tao cii nhdn ludt. D I dgt dugc muc tieu do, Nhgt Bdn da lang cudng ndi dung gidng day ludt so sdnh, Iuat qudc le va eoi do Id bipn phap hdng ddu dg dgt dugc muc tigu qudc te hod vd thyc liln hod chuang trinh giang dgy.'^'
(y Viet Nam, cdc co sd ddo tao lugl ciing mdi chi dua mon lugt so sanh dgi cucmg (so sanh cdc truygn thdng phdp lugt tren thg gidi) vdo chuong trinh dao tao cu nhdn ludt lrong nhiing nam gdn day. Mdn hoc ndy gidi thieu vdi sinh vidn pham vi kien thiic rdng ve van hod va truyen thdng phdp li cua mdt sd nhdm he thdng phdp lugl trgn thg gidi. Myc di'ch ciia mdn bpc mdi chi dimg Igi d viec giiip sinh vien nhdn thiic dugc rang nhiing truygn thdng phdp ludt khdc nhau tren thg gidi c6 nhiing quy ldc vd dgc digm rieng vdi hi vgng ring sau khi ra h-udng, cac tdt nghiep sinh cd Ihl chu dgng tim kiem, nghien ciiu mdng phdp ludt ndo do ciia qudc gia ma minh quan tdm de phuc phy cho hogt dgng nghi nghiep. Mdn hgc cung trang bj kien thiic v l Uuyin thdng vd vdn hod phdp li ciia cdc qudc gia lrong khu vyc nhu cdc qudc gia ASEAN, Trung Qudc, Nhal Ban... Tuy nhign, khi khdng djnh cdn chii trpng ldi kiln thiic lugt so sdnh, ngudi vigt khdng chi mudn diing lai d viec d l cao
nhu ciu gidng dgy mdn hgc ndy md cdn muon di xa hem, dd Id can dua cdch tilp cdn so sdnh lugt mgl each rgng rdi vdo qud trinh gidng dgy ludt. Cdch tilp can ndy giiip ngudi hoc hieu dugc ring vdi cung van de phdp li eu till cd thl dp dyng nhQng gidi phdp phdp li khdc nhau d cdc qu^c gia khdc nhau tuy thupe vdo hodn cdnh cy the; gidi phdp phdp li ma qudc gia minh dang dp dyng khdng phdi Id duy nhdt vd bat bign md ed thl dp dyng nhihig gidi phdp phdp li het siic da dgng... Day Id sy hieu biet quan trgng khdng ehi eho cdc nhd nghien ciiu khoa hgc phdp li ma cdn cho cd cdc nhd lap phdp, lu phdp vd nhiing ngudi hdnh ngbl ludt dgc lap sau nay.
Ap dung cdch tigp cdn so sdnh trong gidng dgy lugt co the gdp phdi khd khdn ldn, dd la ban than ddi ngii gidng vidn gidng luat chuygn ngdnh phdi ed du kha ndng dua kign thurc ludt chuyen ngdnh tdi ngudi hgc dudi gdc dd ludt hgc so sdnh. Trong giai doan ddu, nlu dpi ngii giang vign chua the ldm dugc nhipm vu khd khan ndy, co the thiel ke mdt sd mdn ludt chuygn ngdnh so sdnh, vi du: Ludt hgp ddng so sdnh, ludt hien phdp so sdnh, lugl thuang mai so sdnh, lugl hinh sy so sdnh... vdo chuong trinh giang day. Tuy nhidn, vl lau ddi, vi lgi ich cua ngudi hgc, cdch tilp can so sdnh trong giang day luat can dugc sir dyng d hdu het ede mdn ludt ehuydn nganh.
Bdn la cdn ddi mdi mdt cdch todn dien phuang phdp ddo tao cir nhan luat nhim khuyin khich ngudi hpe tham gia tich cyc vdo qud trinh dgy-hge ddng thdi trang bj kT nang nghe nghiep eho ngudi hoc.
Trong nhieu nam, ddo tgo cir nhdn luat d Viet Nam da dugc tiln hanh theo phuong phdp truygn tiidng - phuang phdp tiiuylt trinh dan xen vdi mgt sd till thdo lu|n. Gdn ddy.
mgt s6 ca sd ddo tgo ludt d Viet Nam dd chuyen ddi phuang phdp ddo tao tu nien che sang hoc che tin chi vdi gid tu hgc, ty nghien ciiu va Idm vifc nhom ciia ngudi hgc tdng len dang kl vd da thiic day ngudi hgc tham gia nhilu ban vdo qud trinh dgy-hgc. Tuy nhien, ngay cd vdi ehuong Irinh ddo tao theo hgc chg tin chi dudng nhu tinh thuc lien vd ylu td kT ndng nghe nghipp trong chuang trinh ddo tgo cii nhdn lugt ciia Viet Nam vdn cdn md nhal.
Nhu dd dl cap, kT ndng nghi nghipp va kiln thiic thye tien khdng chi din vdi ngudi hgc thong qua vipc thiet ke ngi dung chuong Irinh gidng dgy chiia dung nhiing mdn hoc giau tinh thyc tien md cdn thdng qua viec khai thae vd sii dyng phucmg phdp gidng day thich hgp. Kinh nghiem ciia eac khoa lugt a Hoa Ky dd cho thdy phuang phdp tinh hudng Id phuong phdp hihi ich trong viec cung cap kidn thiic thyc tien cho ngudi hgc ve cdc vu viee CO thyc vd cdch xii Ii cdc vy vipc dd lai tod dn; phucmg phap Socratic cd khd nang trang bj cho ngudi hgc kT nang xet dodn va phan tich cd phe phdn tnrdc nhimg van de dugc ddt ra. Ddy la kT ndng quan trpng cho cdc cir nhdn lugt tucmg lai, dii sau nay hg se tdc nghipp vdi tu cdch thdm phdn, cdng to vien, ludt su hay la can bg phap li lam viec trong cdc co quan nhd nudc vd doanh nghiep va quan trgng hon neu hg phdt trien con dudng ngbl nghipp sau ndy vdi lu cdch nhd khoa hoc ludt. Ciing theo kinh nghipm cua Hoa Ky, dl trang bi cho ngudi hgc kT ndng soan thdo vdn ban, dam phan va gidi quyet tranh chdp can sOr dung phdi kit hgp cae phuong phdp law clinics (van phdng thyc hanh nghe lugt), moot court vd mock trail (phidn tod gid dinh).
Vipc nghien ciioi va dua nhiing phuang phap gidng dgy noi trgn vdo thyc lien ddo tao
cii nhan ludt d Viet Nam la digu hodn todn kha thi. Dl dp dung phuang phdp tuih hudng vd phuong phdp Socratic, cdn cd sy chuyen biln tich cyc cua dpi ngu gidng vien trong cdng tdc chudn bj bai giang, nghien cim, lya chpn cac tinh hudng c6 that, dign hinh d l dua vdo gidng dgy; phuang phdp Socratic eiing ddi hdi gidng vien phdi ddu lu thdi gian chuan bj kT ludng trudc khi ldn ldp d l cd thl hodn loan ldm ehu vd kip thdi gidi quylt ede tinh hudng bat ngd cd the diln ra tren ldp, ngay cd khi cudc tranh luan trgn ldp cd diln biln phiic tap. So vdi phuong phdp tinh hudng vd phuang phdp Socratic, vipc dp dyng cdc phuong phdp law clinics, moot court vd mock trial khdng ddi hdi su nd luc qud ldn tir dpi ngu can bd gidng day nhung lgi can c6 sy ddu tu v l co sd vat chat d mirc do nhal djnh lu phia cdc ca sd dao tgo cii nhan ludt nhu phdng de va cdc trang thiet hi can thigt cho viec Id chiic mpt phien toa vd cho hogt dgng tu van phdp ludt thyc thy. Hon niia, ede hogt ddng ndy deu khdng dem lai ngudn thu nhap eho trudng, vi vgy cdc co sd ddo tgo cii nhan ludt co the ed mgl sd khd khdn vg tai chinh khi dua ba phuong phap nay vdo dp dung.
Nhung thay ddi noi tren se dgt cdc khoa luat trudc thdch thiic mdi do ngu6n nhan lye vd ngudn tai chinh han hep. Mgc dii co dnh hudng bdt lgi ldi khd ndng sang tgo ciia gidng vien trong qud trinh gidng day nhung hdu hit cac khoa Iuat d cac qudc gia da ddi phd vdi nhung khd khan fren bing cdch Id chiic ldp hgc ca ldn vd gidi hgn sy tilp can co sd vdt chdt ciia sinh vign. Tuy nhign, sy lua ehgn khdn ngoan hon la cae co sd dao tao ludt cd the xuc lien mot vdi hoat dgng c6 khd ndng dem lai ngudn thu nhgp, vi du: 1) thuc hien dk
lai nghign ciiu khoa hgc cho chinh phu vd cdc td chiic c6 khd ndng chi tid; 2) thuc hien cdc chuong trinh thuc hdnh ngbl ludt tren ca sd thu phi. Nhiing boat ddng ndy khdng chi cd khd ndng ldng ngudn thu nhdp cho cdc co sd dao tgo lugt vd khuyen khich sy sdng tgo trong ddo tgo ludt md cdn co thg dem lai lgi ich phy nhu thdi chdt m6i quan he giua cdc luat su thyc hdnh vd cdc nhd nghign ciiu khoa hgc phdp li. Dgn lugt minh, viec eung cd mdi quan he ndy lai hd trg, thiic day cdng tdc ddo lao ludt, ddp img nhu cdu thyc lien ciia nghg lugl va dam bdo rang gidi banh nghg ludt ndm bat dugc nhiing phdt hidn mdi nhdt ciia gidi nghign ciiu khoa hgc phdp li; vd ngugc lai khuyen khich gidi nghien eiiu khoa hgc phdp li tign bdnh nghien cuu dya tren nhu cdu thyc te cua gidi banh nghg luat vd gan bd mat thill vdi nhu cdu xa hgi.
Ndm la can timg budc nghien cuu dg dua chuong trinh dao tgo JD (Juris Doctor) vdo dp dung tgi cdc co sd dao tgo lugl d Viet Nam de true tiep ddo lao ra ngudn nhan lye nghe ludt chdt lugng cao.
JD la chuang trinh ddo tao ludt dugc dp dung tai hau het cac khoa ludt d Hoa Ky tir nhiing nam 1960. Ddi tugng dugc ddo tgo Id ngudi da co bdng cu nhan thudc ITnh vuc khoa hpe ndo do vd muc dich eua chuong trinh nay Id ddo tgo ra ngudi co khd nang hdnh nghg ludt tryc tigp chii khong nhdm trang bi khdi kien tbiic khoa hpe phdp li dai cuong cho ngudi bpc. Trong chuang trinh ddo tao ndy, ndi dung dao lao hodn loan dugc thidt kg theo hudng lap tnmg, chuyen sau ve lugt va bd qua nhung mdn hoc khdng thilt thyc, khdng tryc tiep phye vy cho cdng viec ciia ngudi hdnh nghi lugl sau nay.
TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 10/2012 75
Hidn nay, cdc co sd ddo tao ludt cua Vipt Nam dugc phdp tuyln sinh he vdn bing hai dg ddo tgo vd cdp bing cii nhdn lu^t chinh quy. Day chinh la ddi tugng cd khd ndng hgc dl nhdn bdng JD theo diing md hinh ciia M^, Vdn dl cdn lgi v§n Id xdy dyng dgi ngu gidng vign luat cd dii kiln thiic, kt ndng ciing nhu kinh nghipm tiiuc tiln dl tham gia vdo chuang trinh ddo tgo ndy. Tilp thu kinh nghiem cua Nhdt Bdn do la mdi dpi ngii nhiing ngudi dang hdnh nghg luat (ludt su, tham phan...) tham gia vdo dpi ngii giang dgy theo chuong trinh JD, viec thiet kg rieng ehuong Irinh ddo tao JD vd dua vao dp dung tgi Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi, se hodn loan khd thi.
Khdng phdi vd cd ede khoa lugl d Australia, Canada va gdn day cd d Nhgt Bdn, Trung Qudc, Han Qudc, Philippines deu dp dyng chuong trinh dao tgo JD. Thyc tl nay da chiing td lgi thg ma chuang trinh ddo tgo cdp bang JD dem lai trong viec cung cdp ngudn nhdn lye ehdl lugng cao cho ngbl Iuat trudc thdch thiie eua lign trinh hdi nhdp qudc tl.
Sdu Id edn trang bj tilng Anh phdp Ii cho cir nhdn ludt luang lai.
Trong bdi canh hpi nhdp qudc tl ngay cdng sdu rgng nhu hien nay, sii dung thanh thgo tigng Anh la tdi sdn quy gia cua cdc cir nhdn lugt, vi vgy, trang bj vd tdng cudng khd nang ngogi ngii, dgc biet la tilng Anh phdp Ii cho sinh vign lugl Id viec lam hit siic cdp bdch. Tilng Anh khdng chi cin thilt cho ede cu nhan ludt trong giao tilp vd xir li cdc vdn dl CO ylu Id nudc ngodi ma cdn d$e biel cdn thiet giiip hp tilp can dugc vdi thdng lin vl phdp lugl nudc ngodi vd lugl qudc tl nhanh chdng, kjp thdi dap img nhu cdu cdng vide trong bdi cdnh mdi. Bk dgt duge mye tieu nay, trudc hit, cdn cung cd ddi ngu gido vien
tilng Anh d6ng thdi vdi vipc xay dung vd hodn thif n gap nit he thdng gido trinh, hpe lifu ve tilng Anh chuyen ngdnh ludt. Buoc tilp theo cd thl Id xdy dyng chucmg Irinh ddo tgo cdp bing lien ngdnh lugl vd tigng Anh dl ddo tao ra cir nhan vira cd kien Ihuc lugt viing chdc lai vira sd dyng thdnh thgo tilng Artii chuyen ngdnh ludt. Day sg Id luc lugng lao dpng du sue tham gia vdo nhiing vy tranh tyng trudc co quan tdi phan qudc le.
Thyc tien trong nhiing vy kien cd da Iron xudi khdu sang thj trudng My, tom xual khdu sang mgt so qudc gia EU va vu Vipt Nam Airlines dd cho thdy Vipt Nam thilu hyt nghigm trgng ngudn nhdn luc trong nghg luat d& cd thg tham gia vdo qud trinh tranh tyng trong nhiing vy vice cd yeu to nude ngodi va dugc gidi quyet d co quan ldi phdn ndm ngodi lanh thd Viet Nam./.
(1). Theo c i c con sfi thong kfi, trong thSng 11/2007, so sinh vien nir6c ngodi nh^p hpe tai cSc trufing dai hpe cua Hoa Ky t i n g 3 % so v6i con sfi nhSp hpe nSm 2006 (14 582.984 sinh vien), xem: Embargoed for release November 12, 2007: International Student enrollment in US Rebounds, ngu6n: http://opendoors, iienetwork.org/. Con s6 dfi 0 Nhat Ban \k 120.000 sinh vifin vho cu6i nam 2007 vk NhJit Ban phan 6hi den nam 2020 se dat dupc chi tieu 300.000 sinh vifin nudc ngoai du hpe tai d ^ nu-fi€ nSy, nguon: http://www.
studyjapan.go.jp/en/.
(2) Xem: Nguyin Thj Anh VSn, "Dao tao cir nhSn luSt trong truyin thfing Civil Law vd Common Law dufii gfic dfi so s ^ h " . Thong tin khoa hoc phdp li, s6 2, 3/2011, tr. 11.
(3),Xem: NguySn Thi Anh Vdn, tldd, tr, 14 - 1 7 . (4).Xem: Alberto Bemabe - Riefkohl, "Tomorrow's Law Schools: Globalization and Legal Education", 32 San Diego Law Review, 137, at 154.
(5).Xem: Nguyen Thj Anh VSn, "Xu huiSrng mfii trong dSo t^o luSt a NhSt Ban vd vhi gpi mfi cho dfii min d i o tgo luat 6 Vi$t Nam", Tgp chi nhd nu&c va phdp lugt, s6 7/2009, tr. 73 - 74.