KHOA HOG C 6 N G NGHE
CHUdi GIA TR! TOAlXl CAU IVIEAIVH H A I V G RAU VA CACH THUC THAIU MHAP CO HIEU P U A VAO
TH! TRUCriVG THE GIOI
Luu Thdi Binh^
TOMTAT
Trong mo hinh chuoi gia tn toan cau doi voi nganh hang rau tren the gicri, gia tri gia tang ic'm nhat dat ducrc la d khau phan phoi va tiep thi (marketing), tiep do la khau nghien ciiu va iihat trien, khau clir bicni rau;
khau mang lai gia tri gia tang thap nhat la kliftu trcing rau. Hicn tai, nganh rau Vict Nam mcVi clui yeu tap trung vao eong doan san xuat rau vdi gia tn gia tang tlu'ip, e.ie eong doan ccnig ngliic-p elic birn rau, ngliic-n cuu va phat trien nganh hang rau chua ducre chii trong. Van de lien ket giua cac tac nlian trong chucn gi.-i tri rau cdn chua thirc su phat trien, su tham gia ciia cic tac nhan v.io chucn gia tri toan cAu nhin chimg cnn cr muc thap va han ehe, cac hang san xuat trong nganli hang rau eo vai trc) dau tau eon elura eci nhieu va ehua thuc sir du manh. Giai doan 2004-2009 tong kim ngach xuat kluiu rau ciua Vict Nam dat 1,82 ty USD, tang trudng binh quan 20%/nam, nhin chung kim ngach xua't khau rau hang nam eiia Vic^t Nam tang IrmVng kha deu. De co the tham nhap eo hieu qua vao thi tmdng rau tiie gicri ean to elide tlurc hu/n dong bc> eae nhom giai phap nhu: (1) nhom giai phap cho khau san xuat, ehe bien rau; (2) nhom gi.ii phap phat trien thi trucmg va san pham rau; (3) nhdm giai phap nang cap v.i qu<in ly theo ehucn gi.i tri r<iu; (4) nhcMii gi.ii phap hoan thien chinh sach quan ly cua Nha nucrc.
Tir khda: Chudi gia tri. gia tri gia tang, hieu qua, kim ngach xuiit kliiiu.
I. DilT VAN OE s^'^h va mang lai hieu qua kinh te cao hem cho nganh rr- 1 . 1 .- • • * , • . • , - hang rau.
Kinh te tlie gicn dang trong xu the toan cau hoa,
khu vuc hoa vd br do hoa thuang mai, ngdnh hdng "• ~ ^ ' « " " « "A PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU
rau cua mot quoc gia co the tim thdy cdc each thirc Khung phim tich. Tren co sci cac ly luan co ban de CO the thdm nhdp tot hon vdo thi trucmg the gioi ve chuoi gia tri (value chain), chuoi cung liiig (supply bdng nghien ciiu chudi gid tri todn cdu rau. Phuong chain), chuoi gia tri todn cau (global value chain), phdp tiep can todn cdu thong qua nghien ciiu mo kenh phdn phoi san pham; tong hcrp, phan tich cdc hinh chu6i gid tri todn cdu dd vd dang duoc sir dung van dt ve chuoi gia tri toan cau nganh hang rau, thuc tren the gicii. Chuoi gid tri todn cau ngdnh hdng rau trang chucn gia tri rau Viet Nam trong thcri gian qua.
Id mot ddy chuyen san xuat ehe bien tieu thu rau co xem xc?t nhiing bai lic)c kinh nghiem trong va theo phuong thiic todn cau hoa, trong do cdc chii the ngodi nucrc de de xuat giai phap cho van de tham kinh te b nhieu nuoc tham gia vdo cdc eong doan nhdp vao chuoi gia tri rau toan cau. De tai da sii dung khdc nhau, bi nghien ciru vd trien khai; thiet ke, san ly thuyet "Chuciigii tri"cua Michael Porter, tdc gia xudt, phdn phoi va tiep thi. Do gid nhdn eong, gid dd diing khai niem chuoi gia trj de phan tich chi phi thue dat, chi phi ddu tu san xudt trong chu6i gid tri thu nhap, ca cau gid tri gia tdng, kha ndng thdm nhap todn cau nganh hdng rau tai cdc nucic phdt trien ngdy ciia mot nganh hang vao thi truong....
cdng CO xu huang tang cao; dieu kien tu nhien phuc Phuong phip tiep can: (i) Phuang phap tiep can vu san xuat rau bi han ehe. Nhiing bat Icri nay duoc ^ ^ ^ ^au nghien ciiu chudi gid tri nganh hang rau;
xem nhu Id nhiing ca hpi thudn lai doi vai ngdnh (jj) tj^p ^an theo h$ thong giai phdp - cac yeu to anh hdng rau cua cdc nuoc dang phdt trien de co the tra ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^g ^^n chu6i gid tri toan cau rau.
thdnh mpt fa-ong nhung mat xich ciia chuoi gid tri Phuong phip thu tiiap tii lieu, sd lieu Ke thira ket todn cau nhdm giai quyet tot van de thdm nhdp thi ^^^ nghien cihi ciia cdc eong b-inh dd co b trong va truong rau the gioi, thu hiit von dau br vd tiep thu ^godi nuoc, qua bdo cdo hdng nam cua cdc Bp, eong nghe hien dai, khai thdc dupe cdc lai the so ^g^^h lien quan, cdc tinh, thanh pho tore thupc trung uong. Tai lieu da eong bo qua cac sdeh, bdo, tap chi, nien giam thdng ke.
' Trucmg Dai hoc Khoa hpc - Dai bpc Thai Nguyen Phucmg phip xu ly sd lieu. Cdc so lieu dupe xii
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON KY 1 - THANG 2/2012 3
KHOA HOC C 6 N G K G H E
lau dai va nhieu khi tao nen nhiing gia tri Ion hon nhieu nhung gi no vcrn co.
Chu6i gia tri toan cau nganh hang rau la mot ddy chuydn san xuat ehe bi^'n kinh doanh rau theo phuong tinic toan cau hoa, trong do cac chii th^ kinh te cLia nhieu nucrc tham gia vdo cac eong doan khae nhau, tir nghien ciiu vd phat trien, thi^t k^, san xuat, phan phoi va tiep thi (marketing). Chudi gid tri toan cau ngjiiih hang rau la mot hd thc'ing cdc boat dpng san xuat kinh domih rau nhdm cung cap cac gia tri cho khach hang, dap ung nhu cau cua nguai tieu diing b-en th6 gicri. Mc") hinh chuoi gia tri todn cau nganh hang ran eho phc'p cac eong doan trong day chuyen san xuat kinh doanh cua chuc'ii ddt tai cac qudc gia khdc nhau co kha ndng dat hieu qua kinh t^' cao nhfit vcri chi phi thap nhat. Cac qudc gia tren th^
gicri ngay eang tham gia sau rong hem vao chuoi gia tri toan cau, tim each nang cao vi the trong chudi, nhdm vao cac khau cd gia trj gia tang cao chinh la muc heu ciia cac qudc gia trong nghien ciiu ve chudi gia tri toan cau.
2. Ddc didm chudi gid tri todn cau ngdnh hang rau
Thu nhit, dieu hanh Id dac tinh trpng tdm trong phan tich theo phuong phdp chudi gid tri todn cau nganh hang rau. Dieu hanh la sir dieu phdi phi thi trudng cac boat dpng kinh te, sir dieu phdi nay dupe thuc hien thong qua viec mot sd hdng dau tau trong chudi gia trj dat ra cac tieu chi ma cac hdng khae trong chudi gia tr'\ toan cau phai tudn theo. Hdng dau tau la hang khen dau dcmg chay cua cac loai nguon lire va thong tin dpc theo chudi gid trj toan cdu bdng each phat b-ien san pham va tiep thi san pham cudi ciing.
Thu hai, mat hdng rau cd sd lupng cac khau trong chudi gia tri ngdn hon cdc mat hang eong nghiep vd gia tri gia tdng b mot sd khdu cung khae nhau. Tir khdu nghidn ciiu gidng rau vd tri^n khai san xuat thii nghiem thdnh eong cd the dua ra trdng trpt, sau dd den khau ehe bidn rau, khau marketing vd phdn phdi rau den ngudi tidu dimg cudi ciing.
Trong mo hinh chudi gid tri gia tdng toan cau ddi voi ngdnh hang rau the gidi, gia tri gia tang ldn nhat co dupe d khdu phdn phdi, marketing, tiep dd la khdu nghien ciiu va phdt trien, khdu ehe bien rau, khdu mang lai gid tri gia tang thap nhat la khdu trdng trot rau (Hinh 1). Mo hinh nay da phan ndo giai thich dupe vi sao cac tap doan kinh doanh hoat ddng tren
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON KY 1 - THANG 2/2012
ly thdng ke theo chuong trinh Excel.
III. KET QUA NGHIEN CUU VA THAO LUAN
L Khdi nidm vd chudi gid tri todn cdu ngdnh hang rau
Mdi san pham dupe san xuat ra deu cd gia tri, bao gdm mpt xau chudi niclt xich nhic^u gia tri ket ndi tao nen. Trong thdi ky bcri nhap, eae m<4t xich tao nen gia tri cudi ciing cua nipt san phain da vueyt ra ngoai bien gicri qudc gia - lanh thd, hodc nicit san pham thuan tiiy ra dcM tai liiot dia phuong cu the nhung van mang gia tri toan cau. Trong qua b'inh tao ra gia tri toan cau ed ba phan khiic chinh: nghien ciiu va phat trien - sd hxxv. tri bid, san xuat, xay dung thuong hieu va tliuong mai. Cac phdn khiic nghien ciru va phat trien, xay dung thucTiig hic^u, tieu thu la nhung mdt xich mang lai lpi nhuan thang du Icrii nhat deu ndm trong tay cae nucrc phat trien. Ddng chay gia tri gia tang toan cau cii the chay vao chd trung, tiic la tii mpt nudc ngheo sang nucVc giau, clni khong cd chieu ngupe lai. Neu cac nucrc dang phat trien nhu Viet Nam khong chpn muc tieu la phai vuon len canh tranh d hai phan khiic tao ra gia tri gia tang cao thi khoang each vcri cae nucrc phat trien ngay cdng mpt 1cm.
Chudi gia tri mo ta day du pham vi cac boat dpng cah thiet de bien mpt san pham hay dich vu phdt trien tir y tudng, trai qua cac giai doan khdc nhau cua qua trinh san xuat (thiet ke, tim nguyen vat Ueu, ban thanh pham dau vao, tiep thi) den phan phdi san pham, hd trp khach hang sau khi ban hang va xii ly phe thai sau khi sii dung [1, 4]. Chudi gid tri xem xet cdc mdi lidn ket ngupe vd xuoi tir khau nghidn ciiu vd trien khai cho den ngudi tidu diing, bao ham ca cdc van de ve td chiic vd dieu phdi, cdc chien lupc vd quan he quyen lire cua nhiing ngudi tham gia khdc nhau trong chudi, nhung gi Udn kdt hp vcM nhau, nhiing thong tin nao ducrc chia se, quan he giiia hp hinh thanh va phat trien nhu the ndo? Chudi gid tri la mpt Udn minh giua cac doanh nghidp Udn ket dpc de dat nhiing vi the xirng dang hon trdn thucmg trudng, h(?p tac tao ra gia tri gia tang vd giam chi phi. Cac doanh nghidp trong chudi gid tri ddc lap ve mat phap ly, nhung trd ndn phu thupc ldn nhau, vi hp cd nhung muc tidu chung vd boat ddng dd dat ducx: dieu dd. Hp ciing lam vide veil nhau trong thdi gian ddi, ciing thao ludn va giai quyet van de sao cho dat hidu qua cao nhat. Mdi quan he ndy nhieu khi rat dem gian, nhung ben chat hon ca nhung hpp ddng
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pham vi toan cau thudng tap trung nhieu vao cdc hoat dpng phan phdi vd marketing, nghidn ciiu gidng va quy trinh san xudt rdi chuyen giao cho cdc nucic chdm phdt trien vd dang phat trien de san xudt rau.
Gia Irj gia tang
1 2 I
10 I
8 : 6 •
4 •
Nghien ciru Trflng tnjt va plial triSn
Che bien Marketiig I'hin phdi
Hinh 1. M6 hinh chudi gid tri gia tdng todn cdu ddi vdi ngdnh hdng rau th^ gidi
Thu ba, chudi gid tri toan cdu nganh hdng rau khdc vcii cdc chudi gid tri ciia cdc ngdnh hang khdc ndi chung la cdc tdc nhdn tham gia vdo khdu san xuat ciia chudi lai chii yeu Id cdc hd nong ddn, cdc trang trai vd mpt sd it doanh nghidp. Tuy nhidn, ydu cdu de mpt tdc nhdn cd the tham gia vdo chudi gid tri Id sdn pham rau phai dap ling ducrc cdc tidu chuan qudc te hodc quy dinh ciia chudi. O khdu san xuat rau Id khdu cd gid tri gia tdng thap nhat neu khong ddp irng duoc cdc yeu cau ve chat lupng san pham rau vd dieu kidn giao hang thi ciing khong the tham gia dupe vdo chudi gid tri rau todn cau.
Thu tu, de ngdnh hang rau tham gia dupe vdo chudi gid tri todn c^au rau thi van de Udn ket chudi ciia nhung ngudi san xuat rau nhd nhdm ddp ling cdc ydu cau tidu chuan hay quy dinh ciia chudi gid tri todn cau la rat quan trpng. Mudn tham gia vdo chudi gid tri toan cau rau, can phai xdy dung vd phdt triln cac chudi gid tri ddi vdi nganh hang rau tir nhd den ldn, tir chudi gia tri rau or pham vi dia phuong ddn khu vuc va dinh hudng tham gia vao chudi gid tri todn cau rau theo mdt sd md hinh lien ket chdt chd giua cac tdc nhdn tham gia vdo chudi dang hoat dpng cd hidu qua.
3. Cdc mo hmh chudi gid tri todn cdu ngdnh hdng rau
Su phdn loai chudi gid tri toan cdu ngdnh hang rau dupe xuat phdt tir dac tinh dieu hdnh trong chudi vd vai trd ciia hang dau tau. Dua trdn vide xdc dinh ngucri mua hay ngudi san xuat ddng vai trd dau tdu ma ngudi ta phan chia didnh chudi gid tri todn cau
ngdnh hang rau do ngudi mua quan ly, chudi gia tri do nhd san xuat quan ly hay chudi gia tri do cac ben cung ling quan ly.
Md hinh chudi gii tii toin cau nganh hang rau do ngudi mua rau quan ly Chudi gia tri rau toan cau do ngucri mua rau quan ly la chudi ni.i trong dd ngucri mua (cac hang ban Ic' hay hang thucmg mai 1cm tren the gidi) ddng vai trd chinh trong vi('c xay dung va phan tan mang lucri san xuat rau dd'n cac nucrc xuat khau (chu ydu la cdc nucic dang phat b-ien). Sir hinh thdnh chudi do ngudi mua quan ly bdt ngudn tir sir chuyen ddi chien lupc dau tu true tiep ra nucrc ngoai ciia cdc eong ty 1cm. Sir tham gia cua nganh hang rau vao mo hinh chudi gia tri nay thudng d dang san pham rau dd chc^' bien hoan chinh hodc cac loai rau tucri, hodc mpt ty Id khong Icrii cdc loai rau so ehe de ddng gdi lai, ehe bien hep. De thiun gia vao chudi gid tri todn cau nay, quy trinh san xuat va chat lupng san pham rau phai tuan thii nhung quy dinh rat nghiem ngdt cua nha b:m le trdn the gicri. Lpi the ca ban khi tham gia vdo chudi gid tri toan cau do nha ban le quan ly la cdc san pham rau d cac qudc gia sd cd ca hpi gia tang hinh anh thuong hidu cua minh tai thi trudng nucic ngodi. Ddi vbi loai hinh nay dieu hdnh chudi thudng la mpt hidp hpi, mot lidn minh cua cac san pham rau.
Md hinh chudi gii tii toin cau nginh hing rau do nhi san xuit rau quan ly Ddy Id chudi gid tri do cdc nhd san xuat trien khai vd quan ly. Nhimg ngudi san xudt rau tu Udn kd't vdi nhau vd hinh thanh chudi gid tri todn cau rau, theo dd sd thu hiit sir tham gia ciia cdc bdn cung img vdt tu, gidng rau, cdc nha ehe bidn rau, thu hut cdc nhd xudt khau rau, ngudi van chuyen ciing tham gia vdo chudi vd cudi ciing la thu hiit cdc nhd phdn phdi, nhd bdn le hodc cdc nhd sdn xuat ke tiep khi sir dung san pham rau do chudi cung cap ldm nguyen Udu dau vdo cho qud trinh tid'p theo. Cdc nhd san xudt rau vdi vai trd la ngudi dieu hanh chudi can xdc ldp thuong hidu cho mdt hang rau nhu mpt yeu td then chdt dd canh tranh trdn thi trudng the gicM.
Md hinh chudi gia tii toin cau nganh hing rau do nhOng ngudi cung dng rau quan ly Ddy la chudi gid tri todn cdu rau do cdc nhd xudt khau, doanh nghidp nhdp khau hodc nhd phdn phdi, ehe bien lai... quan ly.
Ddi vbi loai hinh nay, hau het cdc mat hdng rau deu phai mang thuong hidu ciia bdn cung iicng hodc cd sir ket hop ca thuong hidu cua bdn cung ling vd thuong hidu ridng ciia mat hdng rau trong dd vai trd chii dao
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 THANG 2/2012
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la thuong hidu cua bdn cung ling. Mpt ty Id rat 1cm mdt hang rau Viet Nam dang tham gia chudi theo loai hinh nay, vi the chung ta buoc phai xuat khau san pham rau ducM dang tho hoae so ehe vcri gia tri gia tdng d eong doan mang lai thap nhat trong chudi gia b'i rau toan cau.
4. Bdi hpc vd thdm nhdp thj trudng rau thd gidi tir phuang phdp tidp cdn nghidn ciiu chudi gid trj todn cau ngdnh hdng rau
Nghien ciiu ve chudi gia tri toan cau nganh hang rau the gicri eho thay dupe cai nhin toan canh hem vd tlii trudng rau tlie gidi va each thirc tham nhdp cd hidu qua vao thj trucmg thd gicri.
Did nhit, sir dieu hdnh ciia hang dau tau trong chudi gia tri rau toan cau cho thay: de ddt dupe chdn vdo thi truong thd gidi md chi chii trpng den yeu td san xuat thoi thi chua dii, ngay ca khi mat hang rau san xuat ra co chat lupng tdt va gid ca hop ly. Neu chi ehli y den ndng cao chat lupng san pham rau nhung khong chii y den cdc quy dinh khdc nhu tidu chuan ve vd sinh an toan thuc pham, ydu td moi trudng, quy each ddng gdi san pham rau...thi vdn gap that bai va khd khdn trong vide thdm nhdp thi trudng the gicM.
Neu chiing ta cd xuat khau dupe nhieu mat hang rau md nhieu nudc dang phdt trien khdc cung tham gia san xudt vd cd sir canh tranh cao se dan den siic dp giam gid vd hidu qua kinh te thu dupe sd cd xu hucing suy giam, thdm chi khong cd hidu qua.
Thu hai, yeu td quyd't dinh su thdm nhdp dupe vdo thi trudng rau the gidi Id su phu thupc truck bet vdo chinh sach thuong mai cua nudc cd thi birdng dd vd phu thupc vdo chinh sdeh tim ngudn ciia cdc hdng dau tdu trong chudi gid tri rau todn cau.
Thu ba, nghien ciru chudi gid tri mang lai each phdn tich hidu qua kinh te, theo truyen thdng khi phdn tich hidu qua kinh te thi cdc nhd kinh te thudng chi ndi trong pham vi mdt ngdnh kinh te hay khdi kinh te. Nghidn ciiu chudi gid tri todn cdu ngdnh hang rau cho thdy biic tranh so sdnh vd hidu qua kinh te thu duoc trong todn canh hidu qua kinh td ciia tat ca cdc boat ddng trong chudi; cdc phdn tich chudi chi ra rdng cd nhung boat ddng b-ong chudi mang lai lai ich kinh te ldn hon vd bdn vQng ban rat nhieu so vdi cac hoat ddng san xuat rau dd la cdc hoat ddng nghidn ciiu, tiep thi vd tidu thu san pham rau trong chudi gid tri rau todn cau.
5. Thuc trang tham gia ciia ngdnh hang rau Vidt
Nam vdo chudi gid hi todn cdu rau
Chudi gia tri rau cua Viet N^rni bao gdm cac tac nhan chii ydu dd la nong ho, ngudi thu gom, ngudi ban buein, hpii tac xa, trang trai, doanh nghidp san xuat va ehe bien rau, cac hidp hpi, cac ca quan nghidn cuu va hd trp nganh hang rau. Sir tham gia ciia cac tac nhan va nhdm tac nhdn cua ngdnh hang rau Vidt Nam vao chudi gia tri toan cau rau nhin chung cdn d mii'c thap va ban chd. Kinh doanh theo mo hinh chudi gia tr'\ toan cau cdn rat mdi la ddi vdi hau het cac tiic nhan cua nganh hang rau Viet Nam.
Tham gia vao chudi gia tri rau nudc ta hidn nay chii yeu van la cdc ho ndng ddn chua cd kha ndng tid'p can vdi thi trucmg thd gicM, cac hd trdng rau da sd cdn san xuat manh miin, ndng suat rau thdp, chat luong khong ddng ddu, san xuat theo kinh nghidm vd dua vao nhung tinh todn chu quan ve thj trudng. Mo hinh hp san xuat rau dd bc)c lp cac didm ydu vd siic manh lidn ket nhung hidn tai cac ca quan chirc ndng nha nucic chua ban hanh ducrc ca chd chinh sdeh hiiu hidu de td chiic vd lidn ket cdc hp san xudt rau lai vdi nhau. Cac doanh nghidp san xuat, ehe bien vd tieu thu rau cua Viet Nam chu yeu la cdc doanh nghiep nhd vd vira, nang lire tai chinh, ndng lire canh tranh yeu kem, kha ndng lidn ket hop tdc san xuat kinh doanh yd'u kem, thieu kien thiic vd kinh nghidm kinh doanh qudc te. Nang luc tham gia cua nganh hang rau Viet Nam vao chudi gid tri todn cau rau hidn tai cho thay d khdu nghidn ciru vd phdt trien san xuat rau ndng lire tham gia cOia Viet Nam cdn d miic do trung binh kem, khdu san xudt rau cd ndng luc tham gia vdo chudi la trung binh khd, khdu ehe bidn rau co ndng luc tham gia Id trung binh kem, khdu tiep thi va phdn phdi cd nang lire tham gia d mirc trung binh kem vdo chudi gid tri todn cau.
Vide ban hanh cdc chinh sach quan ly ciia nha nuck ddi vdi nganh hdng rau cdn nhieu bat cap.
Chinh sach ban dien, chinh sach tu do hda kinh doanh vd chinh sach xudt khau rau hidn nay chua tao ra dpng lire thirc su de tich tu san xuat vd tap tmng de phdt trien cdc chudi gid tri cd quy mo Idn vd didm nhdp dupe vdo thi trudng rau the gidi. Cdc trung tdm nghidn ciiu vd td chiic tu van, trung tdm khuyeji ndng, bung tdm xiic tien thuang mai.trong ngdnh hang rau vdi tinh chat la ca quan nghien ciiu cua nha nudc, don vi sir nghidp cd thu cdn bi han ehe bdi so lupng cdc eong ti-inh nghien ciiu, vide hien khai cac ket qua nghidn ciiu vao thuc tidn cdn nhieu bat cap.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 2/2012
KHOA HOC CbNG NGHl
Nganh hang rau ciia Viet Nam cd nhieu tiem nang de dat dupe vi tri tdt trdn thi trudng rau the gicii. Vcri dieu kidn khi hdu vd thd nhuong thudn loi, 70% dan sd lam nghe nong vd didn tich canh tdc rau qua khoang 1,5 tridu ha, Viet Nam cd nhieu tiem nang phdt trien dn dinh lau dai trong san xudt vd xuat khau san pham rau, vdi nhieu loai san pham rau da dang, didn tich, ndng suat, chat lupng rau nudc ta ngay cdng dupe ndng ldn phuc vu tdt thj trudng tiong nudc vd xuat khau. Tuy nhidn, hidn nay vi tri ciia ngdnh hang rau Viet Nam trdn thi tiudng the gidi cdn rat han ehe, la nudc cd san lupng rau tiong tuong ddi cao so vdi cac nudc trong khu vuc nhung Viet Nam mdi chi xuat khau dupe rat it san lupng rau hdng nam, chiKi cd nhieu san pham rau ehe bien, rau cao cap.
Kim ngach xuat khau rau qua tir ndm 2004 den nay tdng trudng khd deu. Ucic tinh chung giai doan 2004-2009 tdng kim ngach xuat khau dat 1,82 ty USD, tdng trudng binh qudn dat 20%/ndni. Cu the:
Bang 1. Kim ngach xuat khau rau, qua sang
ndm 2004: 179 tridu USD; ndm 2005: 235 trieu USD;
ndm 2006: 259 tiidu USD; nam 2007: 306 tiieu USD;
ndm 2008: 407 tiieu USD; nam 2009: 439 trieu USD [5]. Kim ngach xua't khau rau sang tat ea cac thi trudng chinh, bao gdm nhidu thi trudng khd tinh truck ddy, nhu: My, Nhat Ban, Phap, Dire... deu tang manh. Tam diang dau mini 2011, kim ngach xuat khau rau, qua eiia ea nucrc sang Nhat Ban tiing 19%, dat 39,7 tiieu USD; xuat khfiu sang Dire tang 74%, dat 7,2 ti-idu USD; xuat kliau sang Phap tiing 62,6%, dat 6,95 tridu USD va xuat khau sang My tang 9%, dat 18,5 tridu USD (Bang 1). Kim ngach xuat khau rau tdng tru'criig kha deu nhung van chiem ti trpng rat nhd so vcri tdng kim ngach xuat khau cua ca nucrc, chua dil kha nang dap ling cac don hang ldn trong khi ndng lire ehe bien rau cua doanh nghidp cdn thira rat nhieu, hau bet xudt khau rau ducri nhan mac cua nuck ngoai; xuat khau tucri rat it, chiem ty trpng khoang 2,5%; mdt hang rau cein bj khieu nai ve chat lucnig, vi sinh an toan thuc pham.
mpt sd thi trudng chinh trong tdm thdng ndm 2011 Don vi tinh: USD
Thi truomg Trung Qudc Nhdt Ban Nga My
Han Qudc Diic Phdp Oxtrdylia Canada Hdng Kong Anh
Thdng 8/2011 15.668.583
6.436.315 2.361.109 2.585.247 1.944.115 741.837 1.119.579 1.169.519 919.866 938.310 677.317
Thdng 8/2010 10.336.490
6.080.968 3.853.203 3.043.086 1.244.712 601.568 817.428 878.226 1.156.449 591.294 236.744
So sdnh
(%)
51,6 5,8 -38,7 -15,0 56,2 23,3 37,0 33,2 -20,5 58,7 186,1
Tdm thdng ndm2011
89.514.740 39.683.030 21.839.076 18.527.874 15.183.414 7.238.991 6.954.943 6.848.237 6.394.651 4.692.187 4.236.327
Tdm thdng ndm 2010
41.440.908 33.339.808 18.278.317 17.038.573 9.742.142 4.160.253 4.276.958 4.386.650 5.392.882 3.682.070 1.947.550
So sdnh
(%)
116,0 19,0 19,5 8,7 55,9 74,0 62,6 56,1 18,6 27,4 117,5 Ngudn: VITIC-Bd Cdngtiiuang
6. Mpt sd nhdm giai phdp nham thiic ddy su tham gia cua ngdnh hang rau Vi$t Nam vdo chudi gid tri rau todn cau
Thu nhat, nhdm giai phip cho khau san xuat vi chd bien rau. (1) Can phai hinh thdnh viing san xudt rau hang hda tap trung vcA quy mo ldn. Can rd sodt ve dat trdng rau hidn nay b cac vimg dd xac dinh diing thuc trang didn tich, nang suat, san lupng timg chiing loai rau b tung viing. Trdn ca sa dd xdc dinh quy hoach dat trdng rau lau dai trdn quy mo ca nudc vd d
timg viing, timg tinh. (2) Can tap trung vdo klidu nghidn ciiu vd phat tiien gidng rau cd chat lucmg va ndng suat cao, da dang hda cdc loai gidng rau. Vide cai thidn chat luepng rau cdn phai dupe bdt dau tir vide cai thidn gidng rau vd cdc dich vu khuyen nong cho cdc hp tiong rau. (3) Day manh phdt trien eong nghiep ehe bien rau, Nhd nudc hd tip phdt trien mang ludi ca sd ehe bien rau qui md nhd va vira d cdc viing, can td chiic qui hoach cdc nhd may ehe bidn rau gdn vdi cdc viing san xudt rau nguydn Udu. Cd chinh sach hd trp phdt trien cdc viing san xudt rau nguydn Udu phuc vu
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON KY 1 - THANG 2/2012
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cho ehe bien rau, tao dieu kidn thuan Icri de thu hiit dau tu phat trien cac nha may ehe bien rau. (4) Tdng cudng sir tham gia hidu qua cua lien ket "bdn nha" va xay dung ca ehe phdi hpp san xuat rau. Su phdi hcyp
"bdn nha" gdm nha nong, nha nuck, nha klioa hpc va nha doanh nghidp tiong chudi gid tii san xuat chd bien - tidu thu rau.
Thu hai, nhdm giii phip phit tiien thi dvdng vi san pham rau: (1) Nang cao ndng lire canh tranh nganh hang rau, Viet Nam can chu trpng ca hai van de ve gid vd chat lupng rau, can dau tu ndng cao chat lupng rau de phat trien thi trudng xuat kliau rau. (2) Da dang hda san pham rau vd gia tdng gid tri san pham rau. Can tao ra cdc san pham rau mdi cung nhu tao ra nhieu su khdc bidt eua san pham rau. (3) Hd tip vide cap chiing nhan va xdy dung thuong hidu san pham. Tliuc hidn chuong trinh xdy dung chat lupng thuong hidu rau xuat khau theo tidu chuan GlobalGAP Can cd nhieu dja phuong trdn ca nudc san xuat rau hiiu ca, rau an todn theo nhimg quy chuan khoa hpc tidn tien va tidu chuan toan cau.
Thu ba, nhdm giai phip ning cip vi quan ly theo chudi: (1) Td chuc, tao dieu kidn tang cudng sir lidn ket chieu dpc vd tang cudng su gdn ket theo chudi gid tri rau todn cau, dam bao lpi ich ciia cac tac nhdn tham gia trong chudi gid tri rau, tang cudng lidn ket giira hp san xuat rau - nhd mdy ehe bien rau - nhd xuat khau rau. (2) Thdnh lap cdc hidp hpi trong ngdnh hang rau; de san xudt rau hang hda quy mo ldn thi cdc hidp hpi trp giiip tu van hp trdng rau ve mat kinh te - xd hpi, ddo tao ve khuyen nong, tiep can cdc dich vu nong nghidp; cdc hidp hpi ciing giiip cho van de td chiic lai ngdnh hdng rau, tid'p thi, ddng gdi bao bi, ddng ky nhdn mdc san pham... (3) Td chuc thuc hidn quan ly ngdnh hdng rau thong qua quan ly theo chudi.
Thu tu, nhdm giai phip hoin thien chinh sich quan ly cua Nhi nude: (1) Nhd nuck tap trung vdo vide xdc lap vd dinh hucing chien lupc phdt tiien ngdnh hdng rau theo hucing tham gia ngdy cdng sdu rpng hon vao chudi gid tri rau todn cdu, timg bude hodc chu ddng lua chpn de tham gia vdo khdu cd gid tri gia tang cao. (2) Xdy dung va hodn thidn the ehe mdi trudng kmh doanh nham tao dieu kidn thudn lpi de cdc chu the kinh te trong ngdnh hang rau cd nhidu ca hpi thudn lpi tham gia vdo chudi gid tri rau toan cau. (3) Phdt trien ket cau ha tang ddp ling tdt nhu cau phdt trien ngdnh hang rau. (4) On dinh kinh
te vl md, phat trien thi trudng ddng bd va hidu qua.
(5) Tdng cudng ndng luc khoa hpc va eong nghd. (6) Dao tao va phat tridn ngudn nhan lire. (7) Xay dung chinh sach tin dung phuc vu nganh hang rau. (8) Hoan thidn chinh sdeh dieu hanh xuat khau rau.
IV. KET LUAN
Tir nhCmg didu nghidn ciiru trdn day, cd thd rut ra mpt sd bai hpc cd y nghla ve phuong phdp luan va dinh hucmg, giai phap trong vic'c xdy dung chien lupc phat trien nganh hang rau cua Viet Nam, each thiic de nganh hang rau tham nhap cd hidu qua vdo thi trudng the gicri. Nhung diem can luu y Id: De tham gia vao chudi gia trj rau todn cau thi can phai day manh hpi nhap ngdnh hang rau vdi ngdnh hdng rau qudc td; nganh hang rau nuck ta can day manh tham gia vdo cdc eong doan trong chudi gid trj dem lai gia tri gia tdng cao, mang lai mirc thu nhdp cao ban cho nganh hang. Mudn tham nhdp vdo chudi gid tri rau toan cau, nganh hang rau Viet Nam can cd cdc eong ty vcri vai trd dau tdu trong vide dieu hdnh vd xam nhdp vdo chudi gid tri rau todn cau, ngdnh hdng rau can ndng cap cdc boat dong san xuat kinh doanh ciia minh dan chuyen djch sang nhirng boat dpng dem lai gia tn gia tang cao hon trong chudi gid tri rau todn cau. Can thuc hidn ddng bp cdc nhdm giai phap de ndng cao ndng lire tham gia ciia ngdnh hdng rau vao chudi gid tri rau toan cau.
TAI UEU THAM KHAO
1. Dang Thi Loan, Le Du Phong, Hoang Vdn Hoa (2006). I{inh te Viet Nam 20 nam ddi mdi (1986 - 2006: Thinh tuu vi nhiing van de dit ra. Nha xuat ban Dai hpc Kinh te Qudc dan. Ha Npi.
2. Ngo Kim Thanh (2004). Thuyet canh tianh qud'c gia cua M. Porter Tap chi Nhd quan ly, sd 11, tiiang 5/2004.
3. Tdng cue Thdng kd (2004-2010). Nien giam Thdng ke VietNam, Ha Ndi.
4. Td chirc Nong luong ciia Lidn hidp qudc (FAO) (1997). Bao cao tinh hinh sin xuat rau the gidi.
5. Vidn Nghidn ciiu Chinh sdeh Luong thuc Qudc td (2002). Nganh hang rau qua a Vidt Nam:
Tang gia tii tir khau san xuat den tieu dung, Hd Ndi.
6. Vien Quy hoach va Thiet ke Ndng nghiep (1998). Tdng quan phat trien san xuat rau qua Viit Nam giai doan 1999-2010, Ha Npi.
7. Gerrefi Gary, Humphrey John, Kaplinsky Raphael vd Sturgeon Timothy: "Gio7 tiii€u vd toan 8
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 2/2012
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cau hda, chudi gii tii va phit tiieffy Tap chi IDS, Q United Kingdom, Institute of Development Studies, 32, sd 3 nam 2001. University of Sussex.
8. Kaplinsky, R. and M. Morris (2001). A 9. Recklies. D. (2001). The value chains.
Handbook for Value Chain Reseaeh. Brighton, available:
httpL//themanager,org/modcls/ValucChain.htm
GLOBAL VEGETABLE VALUE CHAIN AND EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION INTO WORLD MARKET
Luu Thai Binh Summary
In model of global vegetable value chain, activities create the highest added value are trading and marketing, the second are processing, the third are R&D and the last are cultivation. At present, Vietnam vegetable industry focus on cultivation with low added value, whereas invest inadequately into processing, R&D.
Cooperation between factors of value chain was underdeveloped, participation of the factors into global value chain was low and remained many Umitations, leading vegetable production companies was few in number and not strong enough. Vietnam vegetable export turnover in 2004-2009 period was USD 1.82 billion, average increase was 20% per year. Generally, Vietnam annual increase of vegetable export was quite stably. In order to participate effectively to world vegetable market, following solution groups are proposed to be applied: (1) solutions for improving cultivation and processing; (2) solutions for marketing and promoting of vegetable products; (3) solutions for upgrading vegetable value chain and management based on value chain model; (4) solutions for completing government management policies.
Keywords: Value chain, added value, efdciency, expori turnover.
Ngudi phan bidn: GS.TS. Pham Thi My Dung