HANH VI AP DAT GIA BAT H d P LY CUA DOANH NGHIEP CO VI TRI THONG L ! N H THI TRUdNG TRONG
P H A PLUAT CANH TRANH
BUI NGUYEN KHANH "
T R A N THUY LINH ^"'
Tom tat: Hanh vi ap dat gia bat help ly la mot hinh vi di§n hinh trong nhom cac hanh vi lam dung mang tinh true l<3i cisa doanh nghiep c6 vi tri thd'ng Iinh thi trixdng (VTTLTT), dixgc quy dinh trong luat canh tranh cua nhieu nifdc. Van de quan trong nhS't trong viec xac dinh hanh vi chinh la viec xac dinh yeu to' "bat hdp ly" trong mUc gia ditcfc an dinh bdi doanh nghiep co VTTLTT. Day luon la van de kho cho bat ky cd quan quan ly canh tranh hay toa an cua quo'c gia nao. Bai vi§'t phan tich difdi gdc dp so sanh quy dinh cua luat canh tranh EU va Viet Nam vehanh vi ap dat gia bat hap ly, tif do riit ra mot sogoi md cho viec hoan thiSn phap lukt canh tranh d Viet Nam ve van denay.
Tti khoa: Ap dat gia; thong linh thi trifdng; lam dung; canh tranh.
Ahtract: Unreasonal price fixing is a typical profit-based behavior of leading companies. It is illegal according to competitive law. To identify unreasonable price fixing, it is necessary to identify the unreasonability of the price set by leading companies. This issue is a hard question to any management institution or court. This article compared European competitve law to Vietnamese competitive law to identify unreasonable price fixing in order to further improve competitve law in Vietnam.
Keywords: Price fixing; market management; abuse; competition.
Ngay nhan bai: 04/7/2019; Ngay siia bai: 12/8/2019; Ngay duyet dang bai: 27/12/2019.
1. Dat van de hpp ly trong luat canh tranh cua mdt s6' Ap dat gia ba't hdp ly hay edn gpi la nUdc khac, trong dd ed Viet Nam, bao gdm dinh gia ba't hpp ly (excessive pricing) la ea hanh vi a'n djnh gia ban va a'n dinh gia mdt dang cd ban cua hanh vi lam dung mua ba't hdp ly tU doanh nghiep cd mang tinh true ldi, bde lot. Theo quan VTTLTT. Hanh vi ap dat gia ba't hdp ly diem eua OECD, dinh gia ba't hdp ly la gay thiet hai true tie'p eho ngudi tieu hanh vi "an dinh gia ban sin pham, dich dung, khach hang cua doanh nghiep cd vu cao hdn mot each dang ke so vdi miic VTTLTT nhUng khdng lam thay ddi ca'u gia canh tranh do lam dung svtc manh thi triic thi trUdng. Do dd, khdng phai mpi h§
trifdng hoac vi tri dgc quyen"'^'. Caeh tie'p thd'ng phap luat diu coi hanh vi ap dat gia can nay ciia OECD gid'ng luat canh tranh
cua mdt sd' nUdc chi tap trung dieu chinh HDZ-OTO u •- T^ U - U--
• ^ ^ II PGS.TS., Hoc vien Khoa hoc xa hoi;
h a n h vi d'n d i n h gia b a n ba't hpp ly theo Email: [email protected]
nghia la a'n dinh gia ban qua cao hay dinh '"' ^tiS., Dai hoc Thai Nguyen.
,, n . 1, . * ' . * • 1 •'[-'. *" OECD (1995), Glossary of Industrial Organization gia q u a m u c . Ben e a n h do, d m h gia b a t Economics and Competition La., Paris, ^.43- Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI SO 3-2020
BUI NGUYEN KHANH, TRAN THUY LINH ba't h p p ly l a h a n h vi c a n cd sU c a n t h i e p
ciia l u a t c a n h t r a n h . P h a p l u a t H o a Ky k h d n g eoi viec d o a n h nghidp cd vi t r i thd'ng l i n h h a y dde q u y e n d i n h gia b a n h a n g h d a dich v u q u a cao l a h a n h vi l a m d u n g , Q u a n d i e m n a y dUa t r e n l a p l u a n la d o a n h n g h i e p cd vi t r i thd'ng Iinh h a y ddc q u y e n mdt each e h i n h d a n g t h i ed q u y I n tU do dinh gia, q u y e n dd c u n g c h i n h la dpng lUc t h u c d a y d o a n h n g h i e p c a n h t r a n h , l a s u t u d n g t h u d n g cho nhflng nd Iflc e u a d o a n h n g h i e p . T r o n g k h i dd, t h i e t h a i trfle tiep cho ngfldi t i e u d u n g gay r a bdi h a n h vi dinh gia b a t h p p ly v a viec t h i trUdng thie'u di k h a n a n g tU dien e h i n h ciing cd' cho lap l u a n e u a eae qud'e gia iing hp cho sfl c a n thiep ciia l u a t c a n h t r a n h dd'i vdi h a n h vi nay*^'. S u can t h i e p cua p h a p l u a t c a n h t r a n h chd'ng lai h a n h vi ap d a t gia ba't hdp ly cd t h e giup t a n g cudng va bao ve phiic ldi cho ngUdi tieu diing, mdt t r o n g nhflng m u c tieu m a l u a t c a n h t r a n h ciia n h i i u nUdc h u d n g de'n. S u k h a c biet ve p h a m vi va da d a n g v l each tie'p can, edng t h e m b a n e h a t k i n h te' phfle t a p khie'n cho ly t h u y e t ve Idem soat h a n h vi d i n h gia q u a mUc la m d t trong n h i i n g v a n de gay t r a n h cai n h a t t r o n g p h a p l u d t c a n h tranh'^^
B a n cha't eiia h a n h vi d i n h gia ba't h p p ly la t i n h chCt l a m d u n g vi t r i thd'ng l i n h ap d a t mfle gia b a n h a y gia m u a s a n p h a m k h d n g dfla t r e n eac n g u y e n t i e eiia t h i t r u d n g de t r u e ldi. Va'n d l phUc t a p n h a t , cd't loi nha't t r o n g ly t h u y e t k i e m soat h a n h vi d i n h gia ba't h d p ly e h i n h la xac dinh t i n h cha't ba't h p p ly eiia mUc gia dupc xem xet. V l va'n de n a y , eae quy d i n h e u a l u a t c a n h t r a n h Viet N a m d a n g dfldc d a n h gia thie'u h i e u q u a , chUa p h a n a n h d u n g b a n cha't k i n h te' c u a h a n h vi d i n h gia.
503-2020
Q u a b a i vie't nay, tac gia mdt m a t p h a n tich quy d i n h e u a l u a t c a n h t r a n h Viet N a m ve d i n h gia ba't hdp ly, mdt m a t so s a n h each tie'p can cua Viet N a m vdi E U ve vd'n d l n a y de t i m kie'm giai p h a p h o a n t h i e n cac quy d i n h lien q u a n eua p h a p l u a t c a n h t r a n h eua Viet N a m t r o n g thdi gian tdi.
2. H a n h v i a p d a t g i a b a t h d p l y c u a d o a n h n g h i e p t h o n g l i n h t h e o L u a t c a n h t r a n h E U
L u d t c a n h t r a n h E U chiu a n h h u d n g m a n h me bdi tU t u d n g k i n h te' tU do (Ordoliberal ideology)'^' vdi m u e tieu e h i n h la bao ve sU tU do v l k i n h te' eua t a t ca cac lUe Iupng t h a m gia t h i t r u d n g . L u a t c a n h t r a n h E U nha'n m a n h viec c a n p h a i b a n che' quyen lUc k i n h te' r i e n g cua mdi ben, t r o n g dd, bao gdm ea h a n h vi cua doanh n g h i e p cd VTTLTT sit d u n g sfle m a n h t h i t r u d n g c u a m i n h d^ n a n g gia t r e n mflc e a n h t r a n h . Dieu 102 (a) Hiep Ude TFEU*^' cd'm eae d o a n h nghiep thd'ng Iinh "ap dat gia ban hoac gia mua bA't hgp ly hoac cac dieu kien thifdng mai bat hdp ly khad'.
T h e o dd, a p d a t gia ba't hdp ly t r o n g l u a t e a n h t r a n h E U bao gom h a n h vi ap d a t gia (ban) cao ba't hpp ly dd'i vdi k h a e h h a n g c u a d o a n h n g h i e p thd'ng linh va ap d a t gia (mua) tha'p ba't hdp ly dd'i vdi cac n h a cung '^' OECD {2011), Excessive Prices, OECD Policy Roundtables, DAF/COMP{2011)18
*^' Geradin, Damien, The Necessary Limits to the Control of 'Excessive' Prices by Competition Authorities - A View from Europe. Tilburg University Legal Studies Working Paper. Available at SSRN.
https://ssrn.com/abstract=1022678
'^> D. GERBER (2011), Law and Competition in Twentieth Century Europe Protecting Prometeus, OUP, Oxford.
'^' Hiep IJ6C ve chile nang cua Lien minh Chau Au - Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (viet t a t la TFEU)
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
HANH VI AP DAT GIA BAT H Q P LY CUA DOANH NGHIEP..
ca'p ciia doanh nghiep thd'ng linh. Quy dinh tai diiu 102 (a) TFEU mdi chi liet ke hanh vi ap dat gia bat hdp ly nhU la mdt hanh vi lam dung hi ca'm, cac tieu chi cho viec xac dinh lieu mpt mflc gia cd phai la bat hdp ly hay khdng theo quy dinh ciia Dieu 102 (a) dUdc xac lap qua cac vu viec thfle tiln dUde xet xit bdi Tda an Tu phap Chau Au (ECJ). Thuc tiln cho tha'y ap dat gia ba't hdp ly cua eae doanh nghidp thd'ng linh ehu yeu la ap dat gia eao bat hdp ly (the impososition of excessively high prices).
Trong phan quyd't chinh thflc ciia vu United Brands'-^\ ECJ cho rang mot mflc gia bi xem la ba't hdp ly khi nd khdng ed md'i lien he hdp ly vdi gia tri kinh te' cua san pham hoae dich vu dUde cung cap.
Theo dd, mfle gia bi eoi la qua eao khi nd giup doanh nghiep thd'ng linh gat hai dupe nhflng ldi ieh tfl giao dieh ma nd se khdng cd dupe ne'u cd sU ton tai canh tranh thdng thudng va du hieu qua. Do dd, viec ap dat mflc gia cao hdn chi phi can bien cdng vdi mdt khoan Ipi nhuan hdp ly se bi ca'm.
Trong vu viec United Brands, ECJ da sii dung mdt kiem nghiem 2 bUde de xac dinh mUe gia ban ed bi coi la ba't hdp ly hay khdng. Bude mpt Id xac dinh xem lieu each biet gifla chi phi thuc te phat sinh va gia ban thUc te cd Id qua mfle hay khdng;
va ne'u cau tra ldi la xac dinh, budc thU hai se dUde tie'n hanh de xac dinh lieu mUc gia thUe te' cd phai la sU ap dat va la ba't hdp ly so vdi gia tri kinh te' cua chinh san phdm hay so vdi cac san ph^m canh tranh khac khdng. Ndi each khdc, d bUdc dau se tie'n hanh so sanh gifla gia va chi phi cua san pham de danh gia ty sua't ldi nhuan dat dupe bdi cdng ty thd'ng linh thi trUdng.
Ne'u ty sua't ldi nhuan eho tha'y la qua mfle Q ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
thi chinh sdch gia cua edng ty thd'ng linh se tiep tuc dUde xem xet d bude thfl hai di xac dinh lieu cd sU ba't hpp ly hay khdng.
Vl mat ly luan, khung phan tich hai giai doan nhu tren dUdc thUa nhan la ed cd sd va ed the mang lai hieu qua trong viee xac dinh mfle gia nha't dinh la qua mflc va tfle la ba't hpp ly hay khdng. Tuy nhien, qua trinh thUc thi eua cd quan canh tranh chau Au cho tha'y nhflng khd khan trong vide thUc hidn kiem nghiem kep de xae dinh tinh bat hdp ly eiia mflc gia ma doanh nghiep thd'ng linh thi trfldng a'n dinh. Tfl vide xac dinh chi phi san xua't, tham ehi chi la xae dinh chi phi nao e^n dfldc xem xet da ed the la cUc ky khd khan*'\ Chi khi ty suat ldi nhuan dUdc phat hien la qua mflc, thi mflc gia thfle t l mdi phai dupc dieu tra them dd xac dinh xem nd cd phai la khdng cdng bang, bat hdp ly hay khdng. De'n day, khd khan tie'p theo chinh la xac dmh dUde dau la mflc gia ehuan de so sanh vdi gia thflc te' dUdc ap dat bdi doanh nghiep tho'ng linh de bie't dupe mUc gia thuc te' dd la ba't hdp ly hay khdng. Tuy nhien, ECJ khdng ed nhflng hudng din cu the ve va'n de nay. Trong cac vu viec tie'p theo, ECJ dudng nhU chap nhan cac mflc gia chu^n khac nhau, nhU la gia cua eac edng ty tUdng tU hoat ddng d cac thi trudng dia ly lan can'^^ hay gia
*'' Case United Brands v Commission (C-27/76) (1978), ECR207, 250.
<" D. GERADIN (2007), The necessary limits to the control of "excessive" prices by competition authorities - A view from Europe, Tillburg University Legal Studies Working Paper, No 32, p. 7.
Available at
http://papers.ssrn, CO m/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id= 10 22678&download^es;
*^' Case Corinne Bodson v. SA Pompes funebres des regions liberee (C 30/87) (1988).
Sd 3-2020
BUI NGUYEN KHANH, TRAN THUY LINH dUdc dfla ra bdi chinh doanh nghiep thd'ng
linh do dd'i vdi khach hang khac hoac d cac thdi diem khac^^'. Rd rang, khi sii dung each nay, viec so sanh gia - chi phi se dUdc bd qua ma ehi tap trung vao so sanh gia eua doanh nghiep thd'ng linh vdi cac mflc gia chuan dUde Ifla ehpn. Khi ma khoang each gifla gia do doanh nghiep thd'ng linh ap dat vdi cac mflc gia chuan dfldc Ifla ehpn la eao (ba't hdp ly), doanh nghiep thd'ng linh can dfla ra nhflng bien minh khaeh quan cho viec thie't lap sU ehenh lech gia do. Caeh nay ehi dfldc ap dung khi viee xac dinh chi phi la khdng the.
Viee xac dinh bien dp chi phi va gia ban thflc te dUde dat ra la qua mflc hay khdng gap phai hai khd khan: (i) Khd khan trong viee xac dinh chi phi cua doanh nghiep thd'ng linh thi trfldng va (ii) khd khan trong viec danh gia mfle ldi nhuan bien nhu t h i nao la dupe cha'p nhan va ngUde lai la ba't hdp ly. Trong viee xae dinh chi phi cua doanh nghidp thd'ng linh viee van dung ly thuye't kinh td' trd nen phUe tap, khd giai thich. Theo ly thuyet kinh te' chung, trong mdt thi trUdng eanh tranh can bang, gia eua hang hda, dieh vu bang ehi phi bien cua san phlim. Tuy nhien, viec dua vao ehi phi ciia mdt ddn vi san pham tang them la khdng hdp ly trdng cae nganh edng nghiep nang dpng, cdng nghe eao khi md chi phi cd' dinh thi cao nhUng chi phi bien lai ra't tha'p. Chang han nhU cae cdng ty thfldng dau tfl khoan tiln ra't ldn de nghien cflu, phat trien cdng nghe mdi vdi muc tieu dang ky va kinh doanh ban quyen. Trong khi ehi phi cd' dinh ra't eao, chi phi bien cho viec ban ban quyIn dd'i vdi cdng nghe dd se la bang hoae gan bang khdng. Do dd, trong nhflng nganh cdng nghiep nhfl vay, viec tinh chi phi de
so sanh vdi gia ban khdng chi la chi phi bien nhu ly thuye't kinh te' chung chi ra, ma can tinh de'n cac ehi phi R&D. Khd khan tie'p tue dupc dat ra la ehi phi R&D dUde xac dinh nhU the' nao, ehi la nhiing ehi phi trfle tie'p hay ca nhiing chi phi lien quan khi ma thUc te' la eac cdng ty thudng tham gia vad ra't nhieu dU an nghien cflu de phat trien thanh cdng mdt san pham cdng nghe. Trong nhiing nganh cdng nghiep truyen thd'ng, viec tinh toan chi phi bien cflng khdng phai Id vdh de ddn gian khi ma d nhieu cdng ty xuat hien ehi phi chung cho nhieu san pham va viec cd nhieu phUdng phap phan bo chi phi ciing la khd khan cho viec so sanh ehi phi va gia ban san pham. Nhflng khd khan nay dfla de'n ke't qua khac nhau cho eae vu vide tUdng tU khi ma Cd quan canh tranh hay Tda an su!
dung nhflng phUdng phap khac nhau trong viee tinh chi phi ciia san phdm.
Cd the tha'y, viec xay diing mdt thfl nghiem kep hai giai doan mac du dUdc dUa tren nhflng ed sd ly thuye't xdc dang nhung vln cdn bde Id nhieu nhflng ban ehe' ve ky thudt. Vdi nhflng khd khan ma eae cd quan thflc thi Luat canh tranh EU gap phai thi ro rang van edn sU md hd ve nhflng gi la cae yeu td' ea'u thanh de xac dinh the nao la gia qua mflc, hay gia ba't hdp ly*^"'.
3, H a n h vi ap dat gia bat hdp ly cua d o a n h nghiep thong linh thi trUdrng theo Luat canh t r a n h Viet Nam
Hanh vi ap dat gia ba't hdp ly ciia doanh nghiep thd'ng linh thi trfldng dupc
'^' Case British Leyland PubHc Limited Company v.
Commission (C 226/84) (1986), p.27-28.
'"" Pinar Akman & Luke Garrod (2011), When are excessive price unfair? Journal of Competition Law &
Economics, Volume 7, Issue 2, P.403-426.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q ]
HANH VI AP DAT GIA BAT HOP LY CUA DOANH NGHIEP...
quy dinh trdng Luat Canh tranh 2004 va tie'p tue dupc quy dinh trong Ludt Canh tranh 2018. Khoan 2 Dieu 13 Luat Canh tranh 2004 quy dinh cam doanh nghiep hoac nhdm doanh nghiep cd VTTLTT thUe hien hanh vi ap dat gia mua, gia ban hang hoa, dich vu b^t hgp ly gay thiet hai cho khach hang. Quy dinh nay da dUde srta doi tai Diem b Khoan 1 Diiu 27 Luat Canh tranh 2018, theo dd, doanh nghiep, nhdm doanh nghiep cd VTTLTT hi ca'm thUe hien hanh vi ap dat gia mua, gia ban hang hda, dich vu bai hdp ly gay ra hoac CO kha nang gay ra thiet hai cho khach hang. Nhu vay, hanh vi ap dat gia ba't hdp ly theo Luat Canh tranh 2004 hay Luat Canh tranh 2018 eua Viet Nam deu gom ed hai dang: (i) Ap dat gia mua hang hda, dieh vu bd't hpp va (ii) Ap dat gia ban hang hda, dich vu ba't hpp ly. Su khae nhau nam d ehd hau qua eiia hanh vi ap dat gia ba't hdp ly theo Luat Canh tranh 2004 la gay thiet hai cho khach hang, tiic la phai cd hau qua thuc te xay ra, cdn theo Luat Canh tranh 2018, hau qua cua hanh vi la gay ra hoac co kha nang gay ra thiet hai cho khach hang. Nhu vay, quy dinh eua Luat Canh tranh 2018 se md rdng gidi han eua hanh vi. Cd the thd'y, theo Luat Canh tranh Viet Nam hanh vi ap dat gia ba't hdp ly ciia doanh nghiep thd'ng linh thi trUdng cd ba da'u hieu phap ly: Ve mat chu the, doanh nghiep thUc hien hanh vi ap dat gia ba't hdp ly phai la doanh nghiep, nhdm doanh nghiep cd VTTLTT; ve mat hanh vi, viec ap dat mUc gia mua, gia ban eua doanh nghiep phai la "ba't hdp ly"; ve mat hau qua, hanh vi ap dat gia ba't hpp ly cua doanh nghiep thd'ng linh gay ra thiet hai cho khaeh hang (theo Luat Canh tranh 2004); gay
ra hoae cd kha nang gay ra thiet hai eho khaeh hang (theo Luat Canh tranh 2018).
Va'n de quan trpng nha't de xac dinh ed hay khdng ed hanh vi ap dat gia bat hdp ly chinh la xae dinh tinh cha't "ba't hdp ly" eua mflc gia ma doanh nghiep thd'ng linh dfla ra. Vide xac dinh tinh cha't "ba't hdp ly" trong trUdng hdp doanh nghiep thd'ng linh la ngudi "mua hang hda, dieh vu" se la gia mua thap bSft hdp ly, dUdc xae dinh theo Khoan 1 Dieu 27 Nghi dinh 116/2005/ND- CP. Cdn trong trUdng hpp doanh nghiep thd'ng linh thi trUdng la ngUdi "ban hang hda, dich vu" thi ap dat gia bat hpp ly se la ap dat gia ban cao b^t hdp ly, dfldc xac dinh theo Khoan Dieu 27 Nghi dinh 116/2005/ND - CP.
Trudng hpp doanh nghiep thd'ng linh thi trUdng ed gia ban hang hda, dich vu tha'p ba't hdp ly thi se xem xet theo hanh vi
"Bdn hang hda, cung Ung dich vu dUdi gia thanh toan bd nham loai bd dd'i thu canh tranh" theo Khoan 1 dieu 13 Luat Canh tranh 2004 (tUdng Ung hanh vi
"Ban hang hda, cung flng dich vu dudi gia thanh toan bd dan de'n hoac cd kha nang dan de'n loai bd dd'i thu canh tranh"
theo Diem a, Khoan 1 Dieu 27 Luat Canh tranh 2018).
Theo Khoan 1 Diiu 27 Nghi dinh 116/2005/ND- CP, de xae dinh mfle gia mua ma doanh nghiep thd'ng linh thi trfldng dUa ra la ba't hdp ly can chflng minh (i) mflc gia mua ma doanh nghiep thdng linh dat ra tha'p hdn gia thanh sin xuat cua hang hda, dich vu dat trong bd'i eanh Id (ii) hang hda, dich vu khdng cd sfl thay doi v l chd't Iflpng so vdi trflde dd va (iii) khdng ed sU xua't hien ciia eae diiu kien khach quan, bat thudng (khung hoing kinh te, thien tai, dich hoa hoac
Q ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI SO 3-2020
BUI NGUYEN KHANH, TRAN THUY LINH Men dgng beCt thifdng) chi phoi lam gia
ban budn cua hang hda, dich vu tren thi trudng lien quan giam tdi mfle dUdi gia thanh san xua't trong thdi gian td'i thieu 60 ngay lien tilp so vdi trUde dd.
Theo Khoan 2, Dieu 27, Nghi dinh 116/2005/ND CP, trong trUdng hdp hanh vi ap dat gia ban hang hda, dich vu dUdc coi la ba't hdp ly gay thiet hai cho khach hang ne'u cau ve hdng hda, dieh vu khdng tang dot bie'n tdi mfle vflpt qua cdng sua't thiet ke' hoae nang Iflc san xuat cua doanh nghiep va thda mdn hai dieu kidn (i) Gia ban le trung binh tai eflng thi trudng lien quan trong thdi gian td'i thieu 60 ngay lien tie'p dupe dat ra tang mdt lan vfldt qua 5%; hoae tang nhiiu lan vdi tong mflc tang vfldt qua 5% so vdi gia da ban trflde khoang thdi gian td'i thieu dd;
(ii) Khdng ed bie'n ddng ba't thudng Idm tang gia thanh san xua't eua hang hda, dich vu dd vUpt qua 5% trong thdi gian td'i thieu 60 ngay lien tie'p trflde khi bat dau tang gia. O trfldng hdp nay doanh nghiep thd'ng linh lai dflng d vi tri la ngUdi ban va mUe gia ban cua hang hda, dieh vu md doanh nghiep thd'ng linh dat ra la ddi tUdng bi xem xet la ba't hdp ly hay khdng.
Nhu vay, tinh ba't hdp ly trong viee dinh gia ban hang hda, dich vu cua doanh nghidp ed VTTLTT, theo Luat eanh tranh Viet Nam se dfldc xem xet ne'u ed dd'u hieu tang gia ban trong bd'i canh thi trfldng dang diin bie'n binh thudng (khdng ed bie'n dpng v l eau hang hda, khdng ed bie'n ddng lam tang gia thanh san xua't hang hda, dieh vu).
So sanh vdi quy dinh ciia EU v l dinh gia ba't hdp ly, cd the rut ra mot so' nhan xet nhu sau:
Mot la, each tiep can eiia Luat canh
tranh Viet Nam hoan toan khac vdi Luat canh tranh EU trong viec xae dinh the' nao la ap dat gia mua, gia ban ba't hdp ly.
Trong khi Luat canh tranh EU dUa tren phep so sanh gia mua
- Ve ap dat gia mua ba't hpp ly, Luat canh tranh Viet Nam quy dinh mUe gia ehuan de danh gia tinh cha't bat hdp ly eiia gia mua chinh la gia thanh san xua't cua hang hda, dich vu chU khdng phai la mfle gia eanh tranh dflpc quye't dinh bdi thi trfldng hay gia thanh toan bd eua hang hda, dich vu nhU Ludt canh tranh EU. Quy dinh nay cho thay Luat canh tranh Viet Nam dang ed'bao ve ngudi ban mot each ba't hdp ly va mue dieh bao ve nay thiie te' eung la khdng dii. Rd rang, tinh hdp ly eiia hanh vi tfl ngfldi mua (dat gia mua) lai dfldc xem xet tfl gdc dp eua ngUdi ban (chi phi hay gia thanh san xua't cua ngUdi ban). NgUdi mua dat gia mua se thed sU tinh toan eua rieng hp trong bd'i eanh thi trfldng cu the nhflng khdng bude phai bie't dUde gia thdnh san xua't ciia ben ban, vd'n cflng la ye'u to' rieng eiia ben ban. Mat khac, neu de thflc hien muc tieu bao ve ben ban (yeu the' hdn trflde doanh nghiep thd'ng linh la ben mua) thi viee quy dinh gidn tie'p la gia mua phai dat ra ngang hoac eao hdn gia thanh san xua't eflng khdng dii de dam bao ngfldi ban se khdng hi Id vi gia thdnh san xua't chi la mpt phan trong toan bp chi phi de san xua't hang hda, cung flng dich vu. Gia thflc te cua san pham khdng chi dUde hinh thanh dfla vao chi phi san xua't thfle te' ma edn bi chi phd'i bdi tinh hinh thi trfldng va mUe gid hpp ly phai la mUe gia canh tranh do thi trfldng quyet dinh.
Doanh nghiep thd'ng linh dat ra mflc gia mua cd the dudi gia thanh san xua't ciia
sd 3-2020 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
H A N H VI AP DAT GIA BAT H Q P LY CUA DOANH NGHIEP...
ngUdi ban nay nhUng vin ed the la mUc gia canh tranh eua thi trUdng. Do do, khdng the quy ke't viec doanh nghiep thd'ng linh dat ra gia mua hang hda, dich vu tha'p hdn gia thanh san xua't la ba't hdp ly va la hanh vi lam dung.
- Vl ap dat gia ban ba't hdp ly, Luat canh tranh Viet Nam thUc cha't ehi xae dinh dupc viec tang gia la ba't hpp ly chfl khdng phfl hdp de xae dinh viec an dinh gia ban la cao ba't hdp ly. Gia sii gia ban ban dau la gia ma doanh nghiep thd'ng linh dfla ra nham thu hut khach hang nhieu hdn, sau dd doanh nghiep tang gia de dam bao cd lai, mac dfl vfldt ngfldng 5% nhflng khdng vfldt qua ehi phi can bien, hoac van nam trong mflc gia canh tranh cua thi trfldng thi cd sd nao de xae dinh hanh vi dd la ba't hdp ly va la hanh vi lam dung. Ngfldc lai, ne'u gia ban dfldc a'n dinh cao ba't hdp ly ngay tfl d^u va dupe duy tri hdae tang vdi mflc tha'p hdn ngfldng 5% thi khdng ed can efl phap ly de xae dinh dd la hanh vi vi pham. Viee khdng he xem xet de'n ye'u to' ehi phi va mfle gia canh tranh ciia thi trfldng de xae dinh gia ban la qua mfle ciia Luat canh tranh Viet Nam la chfla bam vao dflng ban cha't eua hanh vi.
Hai la, quy dinh cua Luat canh tranh Viet Nam cd ca'u thanh phap ly phUc tap, khd kha thi va ed Id hong. Lien quan de'n viec xac dinh hanh vi ap dat gia mua ba't hdp ly, Khoan 1 Dieu 27 Nghi dinh 116/2005/ND- CP dat ra dieu kien de thflc hien so sanh gifla gia mua ciia hang hda, dich vu do doanh nghiep cd VTTLTT dat ra vdi gia thanh san xua't ciia hang hda, dich vu la khdng rd rang va thie'u tinh thfle te. Cu the, diiu kien (i) Chat lifdng hang hda, dich vu dat mua khong
kem han chS^t lifdng hang hoa, dich vu da mua trifdc dd se dfldc hieu la hang hda, dich vu da mua trflde cua eung ngfldi ban dd hay eua ngUdi bdn ba't ky va (ii) Khong cd khung hoang kinh te', thien tai, dich hoa hoac bien dgng bat thifdng lam gia ban budn hang hda, gia cung Ung dich vu trin thi trifdng lien quan giam tdi mvfc difdi gia thanh san xuat trong thdi gian toi thieu 60 ngay lien tie'p so vdi trifdc do thi viec so sanh mfle giam cua gia ban budn hang hda, gia eung flng dieh vu tren thi trfldng lien quan vdi gia thanh san xud't eua ngfldi ban nao, hay bdi le khdng the cd gia thanh san xua't ehung cua ca thi trUdng lien quan ma mdi ngUdi ban se ed gia thanh san xud't rieng. Trong khi dd, de ehUng minh cd tdn tai hanh vi ap dat gia ban bat hpp ly cua doanh nghiep, cd quan canh tranh trUde he't phai xac dinh mdt loat cac yeu to' gdm eau ve hang hda, dich vu; edng sua't thie't ke hoac nang lUc san xuat eiia doanh nghiep thd'ng linh va gia thanh san xud't cua hang hda, dieh vu... Cdc ye'u to' can xem xet vd chflng minh rd rang la khdng ddn gian va ma't nhiiu thdi gian. Mac du, hieu theo each ddn gian nha't la ed quan quan ly canh tranh can chflng minh viec doanh nghiep tang gia qua 5% trong thdi gian td'i thieu 60 ngay khi gia thanh san xud't tang khdng qua 5% trong thdi gian td'i thieu 60 ngay trUdc dd la ba't hpp ly.
Theo chieu hUdng ngflde lai, chi can mdt trong eac diiu kien cua phep so sanh khdng thda man hoac mUe tang gia khdng qua 5% va trong thdi gian dudi 60 ngay thi khdng dii ed sd de xac dinh hanh vi la ba't hpp ly. Day chinh la Id hong ma eae doanh nghiep hoan toan ed th^ dl dang tan dung. NgUdc lai vdi each quy dinh
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NHAN Lire KHOA HOC XA HOi Sd 3-2020BUI NGUYEN KHANH, TRAN THUY LINH qua chi tie't, phflc tap ciia Luat canh
tranh Viet Nam, Luat eanh tranh EU, nhu da chi ra d tren ehi quy dinh mang tinh nguyen t&c cho viec xac dinh hanh vi, dd'i vdi tflng vu viec, ed quan eanh tranh phai can efl vao tinh hud'ng cu the de xac dinh.
4. Mot so gtfi mdf cho viec hoan thien phap Luat canh tranh Viet Nam ve kiem soat hanh vi ap dat gia bat htfp ly cua doanh nghiep thong lmh thi trUiing
Viee can thiep kiem soat hanh vi dinh gia eua doanh nghiep, dfl la doanh nghiep thd'ng linh, ddc quyen thi trfldng thdng qua cac quy dinh ve d'n dinh gia ba't hdp ly can he't sfle can trpng. Bdi vi, v l ly thuye't kinh te', doanh nghiep ed quyen tfl do dinh gia san ph^m ciia minh va quyIn tU do dinh gia ehinh la mdt trong nhflng ye'u to' quan trpng ciia thi trfldng tU do. Vide ea'm hanh vi ap dat gia cd the lam giam tinh hieu qua eua eac thi trUdng, bdi chflc nang phan bo ciia gia ehinh la mdt tin hieu eiia sU khan hid'm (tren thi trUdng), dae biet ne'u tin hieu dd di n dd'n sU gia nhap mdi hay sU dtu tU, cai tie'n mdi cho thi trUdng.
Mac du cae quy dinh ciia Luat canh tranh EU ve hanh vi ap dat gia ba't hpp ly eua doanh nghiep cd vi tri thd'ng linh thi trUdng vdn cdn nhflng han che' nha't dinh, song cung mang lai nhflng kinh nghiem va gdi md hflu ich eho vide hoan thien eac quy dinh eua Viet Nam ve va'n d l nay.
Qua nhflng phan tieh d tren, tac gia eho rang viec hoan thien va thflc thi cac quy dinh v l kiem soat hanh vi ap dat gia ba't hdp ly eua ddanh nghidp thd'ng linh thi trfldng can Iflu y cac va'n de sau:
Thii nhat la viec xay difng cac quy dinh ve dinh gia bai hdp ly can dam bae: The
hien ro cac yeu td' cd'u thanh eua hanh vi lam dung. Cac yd'u to' ca'u thanh cua hanh vi lam dung dupe the hien rd va day dii se giup ed quan thuc thi cd the xay dUng dfldc khung phan tich chu^n trong viec danh gia hanh vi; Du ddn gian va rd rang de eanh bao eho doanh nghiep trflde ve hanh vi dinh gia nhu the' nao la vi pham va nhfl the' nao la khdng vi pham. Cac quy dinh eua ludt eanh tranh la quy dinh mang tinh ca'm doan, trUde he't can cd tac dpng ran de, do dd, quy dinh phai giup doanh nghiep, chu the bi ap dung ehu ddng dfl tinh trflde dupc chinh xae nha't ed the hanh vi hi eoi Id vi pham; Dii linh hoat va dam bao tinh thUe tien cho viec dieu tra, chflng minh ciia cac ed quan thflc thi. Thflc tiln canh tranh dien ra da dang va van ddng khdng ngflng, do dd ne'u quy dinh cUng nhac se khdng mang tinh kha thi.
Thii hai, vemiic gia bi coi la qua miic la can cii de danh gia hanh vi: Qua nghien cflu va danh gia eac quy dinh, tac gia eho rang, viec xae dinh hanh vi dinh gia qua mfle eua doanh nghiep ed vi tri thd'ng Hnh, dpc quyIn can dfldc xem xet ehUng minh tren ca hai dieu kien: Dieu kidn c^n la mflc gia dfldc dat ra phai eao hdn chi phi toan bd (trong trUdng hpp ap dat gia ban) hdae tha'p hdn chi phi can bien (trong trUdng hdp ap dat gia mua); Dieu kien du la mfle gia dat ra la ba't hdp ly so vdi mflc gia canh tranh cua thi trUdng.
Thii ba la ve cd che thifc thi, cln trao quyen cho eac cd quan quan ly canh tranh dupc phep chu ddng xem xet quye't dinh viee can thiep vao thi trUdng khi cd hanh vi ap dat gia ba't hpp ly ed thUe sU la can thie't va phu hdp hay khdng, tuy vao bdi eanh thi trUdng cu the. Rd rang d nhiing
SO 3-2020 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q |
HANH VI AP DAT GIA BAT HOP LY CUA DOANH NGHIEP..
thi trUdng ton tai lau dai rao can gia nhap thi trudng d mflc dp cao thi ed che tU dieu ehinh cua thi trUdng se bi gidi han, tham chi vd hieu, khi dd sfl can thiep ciia cd quan canh tranh dd'i vdi hanh vi lam dung ap dat gia bat hdp ly la can thiet de khae phuc khiem khuye't ciia thi trUdng. Rd rang, cd quan eanh tranh khdng phai ehu the phu hdp nha't de ed the tinh todn gia, chi phi ciia doanh nghiep. Gia ban hang hoa, dich vu phu thudc nhieu vao chi phi san xua't va eac ye'u td' thupc ve cdu ma cd quan eanh tranh khdng the nhdn bie't he't.
Do do, can ghi nhan vai trd cua ed quan quan ly gia va xay dflng ed ehe' phd'i hdp gifla hai ed quan nay trong vide thfle thi quy dinh lien quan de'n hanh vi ap dat gia ba't hdp ly.
5. Ket luan
Trong bd'i canh the che kinh te' thi trfldng d Viet Nam edn ehUa dong bd, kha nang tu dieu chinh cua thi trudng cdn han che' thi viec quy dinh hdnh vi djnh gia b^t hdp ly cua doanh nghiep cd VTTLTT Id lam dung va can kiem soat la phu hdp nham tang eudng va bao ve phuc ldi cho ngudi tieu diing. Phap luat canh tranh can cd nhflng quy dinh ed kha nang nhan dien chinh xac hanh vi de ngan ngfla, loai bd va cd nhflng bien phap che' tai du manh de xit ly nhflng doanh nghiep cd VTTLTT ed' tinh thflc hien hdnh vi dinh gia bat hdp ly nham true ldi. Vdi nhflng han chd', ba't cap ea tfl cdch tie'p can va quy chnh eu the nhu phan tich d tren, vide nghien cflu hoan thien quy dinh eua Luat eanh tranh Viet Nam vl va'n de nay la can thie't. Quy dinh cua EU ve va'n de nay ed the chfla phai la giai phdp td't nha't nhflng chac chan ed y nghia tham khao cd gia tri de hoan thien eac quy dinh ciia Luat canh tranh Viet Nam.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. OECD (1993), Glossary of Industrial Organization Economics and Competition Law, Paris.
2. OECD (2011), Excessive Prices, OECD Policy Roundtables, DAF/COMP(2011)18.
3. Geradin, Damien, The Necessary Limits to the Control of 'Excessive' Prices by Competition Authorities - A View from Europe. Tilburg University Legal Studies Working Paper. Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstraet=1022678.
4. D. GERBER (2011), Law and Competition in Twentieth Century Europe Protecting Prometeus, OUP, Oxford.
5. Hiep fldc v l ehfle nang eua Lien minh Chau Au - Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (viet tat la TFEU).
6. Case United Brands v Commission (C-27/76) [1978] ECR 207, 250.
7. D. GERADIN (2007), The necessary limits to the control of "excessive'' prices by competition authorities - A view from Europe, Tillburg University Legal Studies Working Paper, No 32.
8. Case Corinne Bodson v. SA Pompes funebres des regions hberee (C 30/87) (1988).
9. Case British Leyland Public Limited Company v. Commission (C 226/84), (1986).
10. Pinar Akman &Luke Garrod (2011), When are excessive price unfair? Journal of Competition Law & Economies, Volume 7, Issue 2.
11. Luat canh tranh 2004, 2018.
12. Nghi dinh 116/2005/ND - CP Quy dinh chi t i l t mot so' dieu ciia Luat canh tranh.
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