TRUONG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chf Khoa hoc so 42 (02-2020)
Q U O C H O C V I E T DU^OHMG D A I :
N H A N T H l T c T I E N T R I N H P H A T T R I E N V A N H l £ M V U P H I A T R i r 6 c ®
• Dang Qudc Bao", Pham Minh GianH, Nguyin Chi Got'"' Tom t^t
Gido due Viet Nam trdi qua nam thdi ky tie thai Vdn Lang - Au Lac, tiep biin vdn hod Hdn, thdi Viet Nho. tiep bien vdn hod Phdp vd thdi hien dgi. trong dd gido due thdi ky Viet Nho vd gido due thdi hien dgi dd tgo nen nen Qudc hpc Viet duang dgi Bdi viet de cap ba idn doi mdi/cdi each gido due cua Viet Nam. tien trinh phdt trien cua qudc hoc Viet duang dgi vd nhiem vu cua ede nhd trudng dmdi cdng ddng.
Tie khod: Qudc hoc Viet, tien trinh phdt trien, ddi mai, cdi cdch gido due, nhd trudng.
1. Dat van de due Viet da ehuyen tii nen giao due thuc dan phong Giao due ngay nay dugc hieu khdng chi cd kien sang giao due "Dan tpc - Dan chii"
giao due nha trudng ma cdn cd giao due gia dinh va giao due xa hdi. Theo nghTa nay giao due Viet da trai qua nam thdi ky:
Giao dye thdi Van Lang - Au Lge;
Giao due thdi tiep bien Van hda Han, Giao due thai Viet - Nho;
Giao due thdi tiep bien Van hda Phap, Giao due thdi hien dgi
Trong dd, ed hai thdi ky tgo nen "Quoc hpc".
Thai ky Viet Nho (939 - 1864) vdi cac khai mmh eiia Tran Nhan Tdng - Chu Van An - Nguyen Trai-LeThanhTdng-QuangTnmg.. dagdpphan lam nen siic manh van hda Viet de "Son ha cuong vue da ehia - Phong tuc Bac Nam ciing khac".
Thdi Quoc hpc duong dai (Tir 02/09/1945) vol su tiep thu ly tudng "Tu do - Binh dang - Bac ai", va nhan thire mmh triet "Khai dan tri - Chan dan khi - Hau dan sinh" eiia Phan Chu Tnnh, eae nha khai phdng. Hd Chi Minh, Pham Van Ddng, Vd Nguyen Giap da kien tgo Qudc hgc toan dien cd ca qudc van, qudc ngii, quoc sir lam nen nhiing ehien cdng hien hach danh bgi mgi am muu eiia ke thii hung bgo
2. Noi dung
2.1. Ba lan doi moi /cai each giao due Viet duong dai
2.1.1 Ddi mdi gido due 10
Trong lan ddi mdi giao due lan thir nhat, giao
<•' Vien Tri Viet
<*"' Trucmg Dai hoc Dong Thap,
Sau khi Chd tich Hd Chi Minh dge Tuyen ngdn doe lap, Bd trudng Npi vu Vd Nguyen Giap thay mgt Chinh phu trinh bay dudng loi npi chinh. Ve giao due, dng khang dinh' "Nen giao due dang d thdi ky to ehirc, ch4e ch5n la bac sa hgc se cudng bach, bac trung hpc khdng ed hgc phi, hgc yd ngheo se dugc cap hgc bdng Viec giang day het sue thiet thyc, se dac biet chii ygng den su ren luyen dire tinh can thiet trong cude ddi doan the rdng rai va nang luc ky thuat can lao ciia con ngudi",
Xin neu su kien an t u g n g t r o n g ngay 03/09/1945:
Trong phien hgp dautienciiaHdi dong Chinh phu nude Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hoa, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh de nghi: "Md chien dieh chdng giac ddt", Ngay 08/09/1945 (chua day mdt tuan sau Tuyen ngdn ddc lap), Chinh phu ky 4 Sac lenh ve giao due:
• sac lenh sd 16/SL dat ra nganh thanh tra giao due, cir dng Dang Thai Mai lam thanh tia giao dye tnmg hoe, dng Nguyen Huu Tao lam thanh tra giao due tieu hoe.
• SJc lenh sd 17/SL thanh lap Nha binh dan hoe vu.
• Sae lenh sd 19/SL quy dinh han trong 6 thang, lang nao thi tran nao ciing phai cd ldp binh dan hpc vu
• Sac lenh sd 20/SL eudng bue hgc chir qudc ngu, vdi thdi ban mgt nam tat ea moi ngudi Viet Nam tir 8 tudi y d len phai biet dge biet viet ehii quoe ngir.
Khai trudng nam hgc 1945-1946, Chu tich
44
T R U O N G DAI H O C DONG THAP Tap chi Khoa hoc sd 42 (02-2020)
Hd Chi Minh cd thu giri hgc smh Viet Nam khang dinh quyet tam cua chinh quyen mdi, xay dyng nen giao due de dao tao hoe sinh Viet Nam thanh nhiing ngudi cdng dan hiru ich, nen giao due lam phat tiien hoan toan nhimg nang luc san cd ciia hgc sinh Viet Nam
Ngay 10/10/1945, Chii tich Ho Chi Minh ky sac lenh sd 43 thanh lap Quy tij tii dai hoc neu rd
"Viec quan tri quy dd do mgt Hdi ddng quan tn gom cd dng Giam doe Dai hge vu lam Chu tieh, ong Ddng ly van phdng Bd Qudc gia giao due lam Phd Chu tieh".
Ngay 10/08/1946, Chinh phu ky sac lenh so 146/SL quy dinh nen giao due bao gom: bac hoe CO ban 4 nam, bac hoc tdng quat va chuyen nghiep, bae dai hoe. Cimg ngay ban hanh sac lenh 147/SL quy dinh bac hgc eg ban khdng phai tra tien, eac mdn hgc dgy hge bang tieng Viet..
Khang ehien toan quoc (19/12/1946) cd lam gian dogn mdt so muc tieu chung, nhung d vimg tu do do chinh quyen each mang dieu hanh nen giao dye mdi, tiep tuc phat trien 3 nganh: binh dan hoc vu, pho tiidng, dai hgc. Timg cd nhung canh tuong hao himg:
"Cd nhung mai trudng xua Vira ehong can vira hgc Giac lui tiong phut ehdc Thay tid lai ngam tho".
Nam 1950, d vimg tu do, tien hanh eai each giao dye lan thir nhat xac dinh myc tieu dao tao con ngudi lay he gia tn: "nhan - nghia - tri - diing - liem" la eae gia tn cdt Idi cua nhan each
Thanh qua eua euge cai each giao due lan thir nhat da thirc day giao due gdp phan ximg dang vao chien thSng Dien Bien Phu (thang 5/1954), chdm dut su cai tri eiia thyc dan Phap.
Nam 1956, mien B5c dudi su lanh dao ciia chinh phii Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hoa, tien hanh eai each giao due lan thii hai, ed muc yeu xay dyng nha trudng lao dgng vdi nguyen ly giao due;
"Hoe di vdi lao ddng Ly luan di vdi thuc hanh Can cii di vdi tiet kiem".
Thanh qua ciia cude cai each giao due lan thir hai la dao tao ldp ngudi gdp phan ximg dang vao ehien thang cua cude dau tranh ebdng su xam luoe cua My, tai thdng nhat dat nude (30/04/1975).
Ba tuong dai anh himg giao due ma cac cuge cai each giao due da kien tgo duoe:
• Trudng cap 2 Bae Ly vdi minh triet giao due
"Tat ca vi hoc sinh than yeu".
• Trudng Thanh nien lao ddng xa hdi ehii nghia Hda Binh vdi su td ehire cd hieu qua "Giao due ket hgp vdi lao ddng san xuat".
• Trudng hge xa Ckm Binh de ra phuong thire giao due eho moi ngudi vahuy ddng sire manh eua xa hdi cho phat trien giao due
(Education For All /EFA~ All For Education /AFE).
Cai each giao due lan thii ba tien hanh vao nam 1979. Liic nay Viet Nam da thong nhat dat nude Cai each giao due (1979) thuc hien su hgp nhat he tiiong giao due Viet Nam Dan ehii cdng boa va he thong giao due d mien Nam cd tir trudc 30/04/1975 tiianh he thdng giao due quoc dan, bao quat 5 nganh hgc;
- Giao due nha tre mau giao, ngay nay la giao due mam non;
- Giao dye phd thdng;
- Giao due ky thuat nghe nghiep;
- Giao due dai hgc;
- Giao due bo tiic - tgi chiic, ngay nay la giao due thudng xuyen
2.12. Ddi mdi gido due 2.0
Tir thang 12/1986, ehuy§n ddng thai giao dge tiJ sy chi phoi bdi kmh te tap trung bao cap sang kmh te thi trudng vdi dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghia de phat tnen giao due rdng khip tien den xa hdi hgc tap
Thang 12/1986, dat nude cd su dieu chinh chien luoe dat ra muc tieu xay dung nen kmh te thi trudng vdi dmh hudng xa hgi chu nghTa.
Ngay 21/8/1987, nganh giao due cd su ehuyen hudng theo tdng Id tuyen nay Nha nude cd chu truong tai lap trudng ngoai edng lap (1989)
Thang 4/1990, Chinh phii thanh lap Bd Giao
45
TRUONG DAI HOC DONG THAP
due va Dao tao yen co sd hgp nh^t: Bd Dai hoc va Trung hoc chuyen nghiep, Bg Giag due, Nganh giao due dao tgo tir 1990 cd cac chii mrong thuc day sy nghiep giao due quoc dan thieh img vdi kinh te thi trudng, djnh hudng xa hdi chu nghia.
Sau thdi diem nay tren d4t nude cd su thuc hien cac ke hoach va chien luge theo tinh than PPP (Public - Private - Partnership). Cdng tu cimg phoi hgp thuc hi?n sy phat trien giao due.
Tir nam 1990, dge biet tii sau khi Viet Nam tham gia WTO, he thong tu thue duoe phat tnen mgnh me tai eac thanh phd Idn Hien nay da hinh thanh mdt so nhan to cd tinh "tgp doan giao due"
phat yien nha trudng lien cap tir mam non den dgi hpc. Nhieu doanh nghiep Idn dau tu dang ke de xay dyng cae trudng chat luong cao, eac trudng theo tieu chi: "trudng hoe hanh phuc".
2.1.3. Ddi mdi gido due 3 0
Tir bd giao due "quyen uy - kieu ngao - tu duy ddng phuc" tien den giao due "hap tae - nhan van - sang tgo"
Hai lan doi mdi giao due tren dii mang lai nhieu thanh tyu song d mdt so noi, mdt so nha trudng tu tudng quyen uy ban on van edn nang ne.
Minh triet giao due "Tat ca vi hge sinh than yeu"
chua tham sau vao qua trinh day hoc.
Ngay 04/11/2013, Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang Cdng san Viet Nam ban hanh nghi quyet so 29-NQ/TW "ve ddi mdi can ban, toan dien giao due va dao tao, dap img yeu eau edng nghiep hda, hien dgi hda trong dieu kien kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chu nghTa va hdi nhap qudc te", thudng goi la nghi quyet 29-NQ/TW khda XI. Nghi quyet nay xae dinh doi mdi nhiing van de Idn, cot loi, cap thiet tir tu tudng ehi dao den muc tieu, ndi dung phuong phap, co che, chinh saeh..
Mgt so nha nghien ciru coi day la "doi mdi trang thai van hda cua giao due", kien tgo duoc nen giao due thuc sy nen tdi muc tieu giao due "ciia dan - do dan - vi dan".
Bac Ho tirng de cap trong Di chuc (1969)
"Dau tien la cdng viec vdi eon ngudi", giao dye phai hudng vao hanh phiic ciia con ngudi.
Sy phat trien giao due phai dgt tien phuang
Tap chi Khoa hoc so 42 (02-2020)
cham "Phat trien nhan van" (Human Development), dd la su phat tnen khdng ngimg dap ling nhu cau ciia con ngudi, nang cao nang luc lua chpn eiia con ngudi va md rgng ea hgi lya chpn cho con ngudi.
2.2. Con ducmg phia triro'c cua Quoc h^c Viet dirong dai
2.2. L Vd ludn hoan cdnh nao gido due phdi thiic day tdng trudng kinh te song dd Id sie tdng trudng qudn triet 3 yeu cdu cdt loi
Giao due ngay nay vd luan hoan canh nao ciing phai tac ddng vao qua trinh kinh te giiip cho kinh te cd su tang trudng GDP song dd la su tang trudng quan triet 5 yeu cau sau'
- Tang trudng khdng mat viec lam;
- Tang trudng khdng mat tieng ndi;
- Tang trudng khdng mat luong tam;
- Tang trudng khdng mat goc re;
- Tang trudng khdng mat tuong lai.
Nha trudng d mdi cdng ddng phan dau la vang yan khai minh tri tue nhan dan cdng dong, la trai tim hda hgp nhan tam cdng dong, la ddi tay din dit cdng ddng di tdi eac tien bd mdi.
Ngudi thay trong moi nha trudng phan dau hoan thanh 3 sii menh: Ngudi truyen dao - Ngudi giai hogc - Ngudi thu nghiep, hoan thanh duoc 5 nhiem vu: Dgy kien thirc - Huan luyen phuong p h ^ - Kich thieh dgng co - Tmyen cam himg - Khoi day hoai bao cho trd
2 2 2 Qudc hoe Viet duang dgiphdn ddu giup eho "ddn gidu", Idm cho "ddn vui", khich le cho
"ddn tin " hang hdi thue hien "le sdng mdi"
Tren 74 nam phat trien giao due ciia ky nguyen mdi eho thay:
0 Viet Nam ngay nay dii gap hoan canh nao.
46
T R U Q N G DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chi Khoa hoc sd 42 (02-2020)
nan de gi, niitthSt gi, diemnghen gi thi giao due deu hudng den muc tieu' Phuc vu cho su nghiep "Dan giau - Dan vui - Dan tin" trong cude sdng mdi lam that bai mpi am muu ciia ke thii muon pha hogi hda binh, xam pham chu quyen, lanh thd ciia dat nude, Kmh te dat nude ngay nay dii cdn nhieu khd khan song co gSng cung img cac dieu kien de mgi cdng dan duge di hgc, hgc het bac pho cap cd co hpi phat trien tai nang Hien nay dan sd Viet Nam la tren 90 tri?u thi so ngudi di hoc tir giao due mam non den giao due dai hoe la tren 23 trieu (tren 'A dan so).
Phudng xa nao cung cd trudng mam non, trudng tieu hoc, trudng trung hgc co sd, quan huyen nao ciing cd trudng trung hpc phd thdng.
Tinh thanh nao ciing cd trudng eao dang. Mgt sd tinh thanh cd trudng dgi hge dia phuang He thong trudng ehuyen d bae trung hgc phd thdng cd mat tai nhieu tinh thanh tien toan qudc va gan vao nhieu tiudng dai hoc
Sy kien nam 2010, Ngd Bao Chau da lam rgng danh tri tue Viet Nam khi nhan giai thudng Fields (Toan hoc) tuong duong nhu giai Nobel Ngd Bao Chau timg la hoe smh khdi chuyen Toan Trudng Dai hgc Tdng hgp Ha Ndi
Nguon ehi cho giao dye tir ngan saeh Nha nude chiem tdi 20% (khoang 5% GDP) my nhien gia dinh Viet Nam nao ciing cd tam mem: "Con ban cha la nha cd phiic" nen khdng tiee edng, tiee ciia eho sy tien bd eiia eon em. Neu tinh ca chi phi ciia Nha nude va eae gia dinh eho viec hgc tap thi con so khdng dimg lai d 5% GDP ma ed the gap tdi hon 2 lan mite da cdng bd.
"Le song mdi" ciia ngudi Viet yong cuoc song hdm nay phai la le sdng thye hien dugc "can - kiem - liem - ehinh" chong dugc ludi bieng, tham nhiing, phii hga, xa xi, song theo he gia tri "nhan - nghia - tri - dung - liem" biet tu trgng, tu tin, ed hoai bao lam dugc vi$c tot cho dat nude.
2 2.3 Cdc nhd trudng tham nhudn "tdm nguyen/hudn diee " ciia Hd Chi Minh, Pham Vdn Bdng, Vo Nguyen Giap
u. Chu tich Hd Chi Minh yeu cdu todn Ddng, todn xd hpi quan tdm den gido due
"Giao due la sy nghiep eua quan chiing. Can phai phat huy day du dan ehu xa hdi chu nghia, xay dyng quan he that tdt, doan ket that chat che giiia thay va thay, giira thay va yd, giiia hoe trd vdi nhau, giiia can bd cac cap, giira nha trudng va nhan dan de hoan thanh thang loi nhiem vu dd.
Giao due nham dao tao nhiing ngudi ke tyc sy nghiep each mang to Idn cua Dang va nhan dan ta, do dd cae nganh, cac cap dang va chinh quyen dia phuong phai that su quan tam ban nua den su nghiep nay, phai cham sde Nha trudng ve moi mat, day sy nghiep giao due eua ta len nhimg bude phat trien mdi" (Thu gin nganh Giao dye nam 1968)
b. Nhd vdn hda Phgm Vdn Ddng hudn thi cho cdc dia phieang thuc hien
"Trudng ra trudng, Idp ra ldp, Thay ra thay, yd ra trd.
Day ra day, hoc ra hgc".
(Ong neu nam 1980 khi dang giU cuang vi 'Thu tudng Chinh phu, Chu tich Uy ban Cdi cdch gido due Trung uong)
c Dgi tudng Vo Nguyen Gidp xdc dinh sit menh cua gido due
"Giao due la muc dich cude sdng, vi con ngudi khdng chi cd sir menh nang cao dan tri, dao tgo nhan Iyc, boi dudng nhan tai ma cdn cd sir menh tao ra nhimg gia tn van hda, dao dire, the my va thiic day su tien bd cua xa hdi" (Tdm thu gin Bd Chinh tri nam 2009).
3. Ket luan
Nhin ehung, qua ba eude ddi mdi/eai each giao due, giao due Viet Nam ehuyen tir giao due thye dan phong kien sang giao due dan tdc - dan chii, rdi chuyen ddng thai giao due tir bi ehi phoi bdi kinh te tap trung bao cap sang nen giao due thdi kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hgi chu nghia - xay dung xa hdi hgc tap, cuoi cimg tien den nen giao due "hgp tac - nhan van - sang tao". Dii yong thdi dai nao, QUOC hgc Viet cung can song hanh cimg thdi dai, khdng ngimg tiep thu, eai bien cho phii hop vdi dan tdc, dat duoc sir menh giiip cho dan giau, lam cho dan vui, khich le eho dan tin, cimg nhau xay dung eude song mdi,/.
47
T R U Q N G DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chJ Khoa hoc so 42 (02-2020)
Chii thich: b^n vimg" do Vien Nghien euu Chau Phi va Trung
® Van dk nay da duac bao cao tgi Hgi tiiao ^ o n g - Vien Khoa hoc xa hgi vimg Nam Bd thupe khoa hgc quoc te "Tae ddng ciia chinh sach phat ^'^n Han lam Khoa hge xa hpi Viet Nam to chirc trien giao due den tang trudng kmh te va phat triSn tai Thanh pho Hd Chi Minh ngay 15/11/2019.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1], Dang Quoc Bao, Phgm Minh Gian (2019), Ddng chdy gido diic Viet tir truyin thdng den hien dgi, NXB Thdng tin va Truyen thdng. Ha Ndi
VIETNAM'S MODERN NATIONAL EDUCATION: UNDERSTANDING THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND PROSPECTIVE MISSIONS
Abstract
Vietnam's education has undergone five successive periods from the era of Van Lang-Au Lac state, followed by Han culture, Vietnamese- Han Chinese, French culture and modem time, respectively. Of these periods, the Vietnamese-Han Chinese and modem time have made up Vietnam's modem national education. This article aims to present three times of reforming and innovating Vietnam's education; its development process and missions for schools in each community.
Keywords Vietnam's national education, development process, reform, education innovayon, schools.
48